Claims
- 1. A compound of the formula ##STR65## wherein R.sub.1 is a cyclic or secondary acyclic amino group which independently has antibacterial activity selected from the group consisting of ##STR66## in which ##STR67## represents a 5-, 6- or 7-membered substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle having one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; ##STR68## represents a 5- or 6-membered substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle having one or two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; Q is a substituted quinolinyl or naphthyridinyl group; R.sub.6 is lower alkyl or lower alkyl substituted with one or more azido, amino, halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, cyano, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkanoyloxy, alkoxy, ayloxy, mercapto, alkylthio, aylthio, alkylsulfinyl, or alkylsulfonyl groups; n is zero, 1, or 2; and
- R.sub.2 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkylthio, or formamido; ##STR69## where Y is S; R.sub.9 is hydrogen, halogen, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, or CH.sub.2 X where X is hydrogen --OCOCH.sub.3, or a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle linked via a heteroatom selected from O, S, or N; or a readily hydrolyzable ester or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, or a hydrate of any of the foregoing.
- 2. A compound as in claim 1, in which R.sub.1 is of the formula ##STR70## in which ##STR71## represents a 5-, 6- or 7-membered substituted or unsubstituted ring, and Q is a substituted quinolinyl or naphthyridinyl group.
- 3. A compound as in claim 2, in which R.sub.1 is a substituted piperazinyl group of the formula ##STR72## in which Q is a substituted quinolinyl or naphthyridinyl group.
- 4. A compound as in claim 2, in which R.sub.1 is a substituted piperazinyl group of the formula ##STR73## in which Q is a substituted quinolinyl or naphthyridinyl group.
- 5. A compound as in claim 2, in which R.sub.1 is a substituted diazepinyl group of the formula ##STR74## in which Q is a substituted quinolinyl or naphthyridinyl group.
- 6. A compound as in claim 1, in which R.sub.1 is of the formula ##STR75## in which ##STR76## represents a 5- or 6-membered substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, R.sub.6 is lower alkyl or substituted lower alkyl, Q represents a substituted quinolinyl or naphthyridinyl group, and n is zero, 1 or 2.
- 7. A compound as in claim 6, in which R.sub.1 is a substituted pyrrolidinylamino group of the formula ##STR77## in which Q is a substituted quinolinyl or naphthyridinyl group, and R.sub.6 is lower alkyl or substituted lower alkyl.
- 8. A compound as in claim 1, in which R.sub.1 is of the formula ##STR78## in which ##STR79## represents a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocycle which is substituted or unsubstituted, Q is a substituted quinolinyl or naphthyridinyl ring, and n is zero, 1 or 2.
- 9. A compound as in claim 7, in which R.sub.1 is a substituted pyrrolidinylmethylamino group of the formula ##STR80## in which Q is a substituted quinolinyl or naphthyridinyl group and R.sub.6 is lower alkyl or substituted lower alkyl.
- 10. A compound as in claim 1, which is of the formula ##STR81## in which R.sub.2 is hydrogen, lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio or formanido, Q is a substituted quinolinyl or naphthyidinyl group, R is hydrogen or a metal cation, and R.sub.9 is hydrogen, halogen, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, or CH.sub.2 X where X is hydrogen, --OCOCH.sub.3, or a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle linked via a heteroatom selected from O, S, or N.
- 11. A compound as in claim 10, in which Q is of the formula ##STR82## in which Z represents C--R.sub.10 or N; X represents S or O; R.sub.10 represents hydrogen, halogen or an oxymethylene (--OCH.sub.2 --) bridge to the piperazine nucleus to form a fused six-membered ring; alternatively, R.sub.10 may be an oxymethylene bridge to the first atom of the N-substituent so as to form a fused six-membered ring; R.sub.11 represents hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, C.sub.3 to C.sub.7 cycloalkyl, substituted lower alkyl, or mono-, di-, or trihalophenyl; R.sub.10 and R.sub.11 when taken together represent lower alkylene of 3 to 5 carbon atoms, a lower alkylene mono-oxy group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, or a group of the formula --OCH.sub.2 N(CH.sub.3)--; R.sub.12 is hydrogen or halogen; and R.sub.13 is hydrogen or amino.
- 12. A compound as in claim 1, which is 6R-[6.alpha.,7.beta.(E)]]-7-[4-[[(2-carboxy -3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]-oct-2-en-7-yl)-imino]-methyl]-1-piperazinyl]-1-ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- 13. A compound as in claim 1, which is [6R-[6.alpha.,7.beta.(Z)]]-7-[4-[[[3-[(acetyloxy) methyl]-2-carboxylic-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo [4.2.0]oct-2-en-7-yl]imino]methyl]-1-piperazinyl]-1-ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro -4-oxo-3-quinoline-carboxylic acid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- 14. A compound as in claim 1, which is [6R-[6.alpha.,7.beta.(Z)]]-7-[4-[[[2-carboxy -3-[[(1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)thio]methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo [4.2.0]-oct-2-en-7-yl]-imino]methyl]-1-piperazinyl]-ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro -4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
The present application is a continuation-in-part application of Ser. No. 07/383,783, filed on Jul. 21, 1989.
The present invention comprises compounds of the formula ##STR2## in which
R.sub.1 is a cyclic or secondary acyclic amino group which independently has antibacterial activity;
R.sub.2 is hydrogen, lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio or formamido;
R.sub.3 is hydrogen or an organic group bonded through carbon, oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen;
R.sub.4 is an electronegative acidic group; or R.sub.3 and
R.sub.4 together form a heterocycle; and
R.sub.5 is hydrogen or lower alkyl, except when R.sub.3 and
R.sub.4 form a heterocycle, in which case R.sub.5 is hydrogen only.
Also included within the scope of this invention are the corresponding readily hydrolyzable esters, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrates of any of the foregoing.
These compounds are useful as antibacterial agents, for both prophylactic and therapeutic purposes.
Pharmaceutical compositions containing an antibacterial amount of such compounds and the combatting of bacterial infections in a host by the administration of an effective amount of such compounds constitute additional aspects of this invention.
Listed below are the definitions of various terms used in this disclosure. These definitions apply throughout the specification unless otherwise stated.
The terms "alkyl" and "lower alkyl" refer to both straight and branched chain, saturated hydrocarbon groups having from 1 to 7, preferably from 1 to 4, carbon atoms; for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tertiary butyl, and the like.
The terms "lower alkoxy" and "alkoxy" refer to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbonoxy group wherein the alkyl portion is an alkyl group as defined above. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and the like.
The terms "alkanoyl", "alkenyl" and "alkynyl" refer to both straight and branched chain groups. Preferred are those having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms.
The terms "halogen" or "halo" wherever used herein refer to chloro, bromo, iodo and fluoro.
The term "electronegative acidic group" refers to acidic groups capable of forming a negatively charged radical.
The term "aryl" refers to phenyl and phenyl substituted with 1, 2 or 3 amino, halogen, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, alkyl, alkoxy or carboxy groups.
The term "heteroaryl" refers to those 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocycles which are aromatic.
The expression "5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycle" refers to substituted and unsubstituted, aromatic and non-aromatic groups containing one or more, preferably one or two, heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Exemplary substituents are oxo (.dbd.O), halogen, hydroxy, nitro, amino, cyano, trifluoromethyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylsulfonyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, etc. The non-aromatic heterocycles may be fully saturated or partially saturated. Examples of non-aromatic heterocycles are substituted and unsubstituted piperidinyl, piperazinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, and dihydrothiazolyl. Examples of the substituted 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycles are 2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl, 3-alkyl-sulfonyl-2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl, 3-benzylimino-2-oxo-1- imidazolidinyl, 3-alkyl-2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl, 3-aryl-2- oxo-1-imidazolidinyl, 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-oxo-1- imidazolidinyl, 3-[(1-methylethylidene)amino]-2-oxo-1- imidazolidinyl, 3-benzyl-2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl, 3-(2-aminoethyl)-2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl, 3-[(2-alkyl-amino)ethyl]-2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl, 3-[(2-dialkylamino)ethyl]-2-oxo-1 -imidazolidinyl, 3-amino-2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl, 3-ureido-2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl, 3-[(alkoxycarbonyl)-amino]-2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl, 3-[2-[(alkoxycarbonyl)amino]ethyl]-2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl, 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl, 2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl, 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrimidinyl, 2-oxo-3-pyrrolidinyl, 2-oxo-3-tetrahydrofuranyl, 2,3-dioxo-1-piperazinyl, 2,5-dioxo-1-piperazinyl, 4-alkyl-2,3-dioxo-1-piperazinyl, and 4-phenyl-2,3-dioxo-1-piperazinyl. Examples of aromatic heterocycles (heteroaryl group) are substituted and unsubstituted pyridinyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyrimidinyl, oxazolyl, triazinyl and tetrazolyl.
The term "substituted alkyl" refers to alkyl groups substituted with one or more azido, amino, halogen, hydroxy, carboxy, cyano, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkanoyloxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylsulfinyl, or alkylsulfonyl groups.
The expression "5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur" is intended to represent the following ring systems commonly found in bicyclic beta-lactam antibiotics (the term "antibiotic" being used in this disclosure interchangeably with the term antibacterial agent): namely, thiazolidine (penams), 2,3-dihydrothiazole (penems), 2,3-dihydropyrrole (carbapenems , 2,3-dihydro-1,3-thiazine (cephalosporins), 2,3-dihydro-1,3-oxazine (oxacephalosporins), and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine (carbacephalosporins). Each of these heterocyclic rings may be further substituted in the manner of conventional beta-lactam antibiotics as exemplified in the art; see, for example, Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics, ed. J. Elks, Royal Society of Chemistry, London (1977); Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics-Second International Symposium-1980, ed G. I. Gregory, Royal Society of Chemistry, London (1981); Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics-Third International Symposium-1984, ed. A. G. Brown and S. M. Roberts, Royal Society of Chemistry, London (1985); Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics-Fourth International Symposium-1988, ed. P. H. Bentley and R. Southgate, Royal Society of Chemistry, London (1989); Chemistry and Biology of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics, Vols. 1-3, ed. R. B. Morin and M. Gorman, Academic Press, New York (1982); Cephalosporins and Penicillins. Chemistry and Biology, ed. E. H. Flynn, Academic Press, New York (1972); Beta-Lactam Antibiotics. Mode of Action, New Developments and Future Prospects, ed. M. R. J. Salton and G. D. Shockman, Academic Press, New York (1981); Beta-Lactam Antibiotics for Clinical Use, ed. S. F. Queener, S. W. Queener and J. A. Webber, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1986).
Preferred compounds of formula I are those having the following features:
R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.5 are as defined previously;
R.sub.3 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycle, azido, halomethyl, dihalomethyl, trihalomethyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, --CH.sub.2 X.sub.1, --S--X.sub.2, --O--X.sub.2, ##STR3##
X.sub.1 is azido, amino, hydroxy, alkanoylamino, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, aryl, cyano, --S--X.sub.2, or --O--X.sub.2 ;
X.sub.2 is alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkanoyl, substituted alkanoyl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl;
X.sub.3 is hydrogen and X.sub.4 is hydrogen or alkyl; or X.sub.3 and X.sub.4 when taken together with the carbon to which they are attached form a cycloalkyl ring;
X.sub.5 is formyl, alkanoyl, arylcarbonyl, arylalkylcarbonyl, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, (substituted amino)carbonyl, or cyano;
A is --CH.dbd.CH--, --CH.sub.2 --CH.dbd.CH--, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m --, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n --O--, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n --NH--, --(CH.sub.2 n--S--CH.sub.2 --, or --(CH.sub.2).sub.n --O--CH.sub.2 --;
m=0, 1, 2 or 3;
n=1 or 2;
X.sub.6 and X.sub.7 are the same or different and each is hydrogen or alkyl, or X.sub.6 is hydrogen and X.sub.7 is amino, substituted amino, acylamino or alkoxy;
R.sub.4 is --SO.sub.3 H, --PO.sub.3 H, --PO.sub.2 HOR, --PO.sub.2 HNHX.sub.4, --CH.sub.2 CO.sub.2 H, --OSO.sub.3 H, --OPO.sub.3 H, --OCH.sub.2 CO.sub.2 H, --CONHSO.sub.2 NX.sub.4 X.sub.8, --CONHSO.sub.2 X.sub.8, and --SO.sub.2 NHCOX.sub.3 ;
X.sub.3 and X.sub.4 are as described above; and
X.sub.8 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocycle; or
R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 together form a carboxylic acid-substituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 hetero (non-carbon) atoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, provided that if there is only one hetero atom in the ring it must be nitrogen.
Especially preferred compounds in accordance with this invention are those of the formula ##STR4## in which ##STR5## represent either of the following ##STR6## in which Y is O, S or C; R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl, R.sub.9 is hydrogen, halogen, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl or CH.sub.2 X; and X is hydrogen, --OCOCH.sub.3, or a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle linked via a heteroatom selected from O, S, N or any other group found in that position in cephalosporin chemistry.
In preferred antibacterial compounds of formula I according to this invention, R.sub.1 is of the formula ##STR7## in which represents a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring, substituted or unsubstituted, ##STR8## represents a 5- or 6-membered ring, substituted or unsubstituted, R.sub.6 is lower alkyl or substituted lower alkyl, Q represents a substituted quinolinyl or naphthyridinyl group, and n is zero, 1 or 2.
In especially preferred embodiments, as illustrated in the working examples, R.sub.1 is a substituted piperazinyl group of the formula ##STR9## or a substituted diazepinyl group of the formula ##STR10## or a substituted pyrrolidinylamino group of the formula ##STR11## or a substituted pyrrolidinylmethylamino group of the formula ##STR12## in which Q is defined as above, the piperazine, pyrrolidine and diazepine nuclei may be optionally substituted with one or more lower alkyl or substituted lower alkyl groups, and R.sub.6 is a lower alkyl or substituted lower alkyl group.
By way of illustration, R.sub.1 includes, among others, compounds of the following formulas: ##STR13##
As readily hydrolyzable esters of the compounds of formula I there are to be understood compounds of formula I, the carboxy group(s) of which is/are present in the form of readily hydrolyzable ester groups. Examples of such esters, which can be of the conventional type, are the lower alkanoyloxyalkyl esters e.g., the acetoxymethyl, pivaloyloxymethyl, 1-acetoxyethyl and 1-pivaloyloxyethyl ester), the lower alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl esters (e.g., the methoxycarbonyloxymethyl, 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl and 1-isopropoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester), the lactonyl esters (e.g., the phthalidyl and thiophthalidyl ester), the lower alkoxymethyl esters (e.g., the methoxymethyl ester) and the lower alkanoylaminomethyl esters (e.g., the acetamidomethyl ester). Other esters (e.g., the benzyl and cyanomethyl esters) can also be used. These ester groups are preferably introduced at an intermediate stage in the process of making the claimed compounds, rather than by reaction with the final product of formula I.
Examples of salts of the compounds of formula I are alkali metal salts such as the sodium and potassium salt, the ammonium salt, alkaline earth metal salts such as the calcium salt, salts with organic bases such as salts with amines (e.g., salts with N-ethyl-piperidine, procaine, dibenzylamine, N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, alkylamines or dialkylamines), as well as salts with amino acids such as, for example, salts with arginine or lysine.
The compounds of formula I as well as their salts and readily hydrolyzable esters can be hydrates. The hydration can be effected in the course of the manufacturing process or can occur gradually as a result of hygroscopic properties of an initially anhydrous product.
The .beta.-lactam derivatives aforesaid are manufactured in accordance with the invention by a process which comprises
a) reacting a compound of formula ##STR14## in which R.sub.2 -R.sub.5 are as above, or a readily hydrolyzable ester thereof with an acetal of formula
b) splitting off a carboxy protecting group(s) in a compound of formula ##STR15## in which R.sub.2 or R.sub.5 are as above and R.sub.10, R.sub.30 and R.sub.40 are as R.sub.1, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 but at least one of them contains a protected carboxy group. or
c) for the manufacture of salts or hydrates of a compound of formula I or hydrates of said salts converting a compound of formula I into a salt or hydrate or into a hydrate of said salt.
The reaction of the compounds of formula XVI or their readily hydrolyzable esters with the acetals of formula R.sub.1 --R.sub.b or their embodiment (a) above can be carried out in a manner known per se. It is preferred to neutralize acidic functionalities in compounds XVI by allowing the reaction to proceed in the presence of a base such as triethylamine or diisopropylethylamine. The reaction is preferably carried out in an organic solvent such as dichloromethane, chloroform or acetonitrile and in a temperature range of about 10.degree. C. to about 40.degree. C. preferably at room temperature. The reaction is usually completed within about 2 to about 10 hours.
When readily hydrolyzable esters of the compounds XVI and/or R.sub.1 --R.sub.b are employed, those exemplified above for the compounds of formula I can be employed. Such esters are manufactured in the same manner as illustrated for the esters in the reaction schemes 1 and 2.
The deprotection of the esters XVII according to embodiment (b) is effected using agents compatible with the ester protecting group utilized and carried out under conditions mild enough so as not to distupt the .beta.-lactam ring or the amidino moiety. As ester protecting groups one may utilize an ester form which can be easily converted into a free carboxyl group under mild conditions, the ester protecting group being exemplified by, for example, t-butyl, p-nitrobenzyl, benzhydryl, allyl, 2,2,2-dichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilylethyl etc. Also the aforementioned readily hydrolyzable ester end products may be employed. For example, the following reagents and their corresponding compatible esters are utilized: p-nitrobenzyl removed by hydrogenolysis in the presence of a supported catalysis such as palladium-on-carbon at about room temperature in a solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran (aqueous); t-butyl and benzhydryl removed by reaction with trifluoroacetic acid, optionally in the presence of anisole, at about 0.degree. C. to room temperature with or without a co-solvent such as methylene chloride; allyl removed by a palladium (O) catalyzed transallylation reaction in the presence of sodium or potassium salt of 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, see for example J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47. 586, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl removed by zinc and acetic acid without a solvent or in tetrahydrofuran or ether at about 0.degree. C. to about 20.degree. C.; 2-trimethylsilylethyl is removed by 1 equivalent of tetra-n-butyl ammonium fluoride in tetrahydrofuran as the solvent at about room temperature.
The manufacture of the salts and hydrates of the compounds of formula I or the hydrates of said salts in accordance with embodiment (c) of the process provided by the present invention can be carried out in a manner known per se; for example, by reacting a carboxylic acid of formula I or a salt thereof with an equivalent amount of the desired base, conveniently in a solvent such as water or an organic solvent (e.g. ethanol, methanol, acetone and the like). Correspondingly, salt formation is brought about by the addition of an organic or inorganic salt. The temperature at which the salt formation is carried out is not critical. The salt formation is generally carried out at room temperature, but it can be carried out at a temperature slightly above or below room temperature, for example in the range of about 0.degree. C. to about +50.degree. C.
The manufacture of the hydrates usually takes place automatically in the course of the manufacturing process or as a result of the hygroscopic properties of an initially anhydrous product. For the controlled manufacture of a hydrate, a completely or partially anhydrous carboxylic acid of formula I or salt thereof can be exposed to a moist atmosphere (e.g. at about +10.degree. C. to about +40.degree. C.).
A preferred class of compounds according to this invention are those of the formula ##STR16## in which R.sub.2 and Q are as defined above, R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl, and R is hydrogen or a metal cation.
Also preferred are compounds of the formula ##STR17## in which R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and Q are as previously defined.
Additionally preferred are compounds of the formula ##STR18## in which R, R.sub.2, R.sub.9 and Q are as defined above.
In the compounds of formulas II, III and IV, Q is preferably of the formula ##STR19## in which Z represents C--R.sub.10 or N; X represents S or O; R.sub.10 represents hydrogen, halogen or an oxymethylene (--CH.sub.2 O--) bridge to the piperazine nucleus to form a fused six-membered ring; alternatively, R.sub.10 may be an oxymethylene bridge to the first atom of the N-substituent so as to form a fused six-membered ring; R.sub.11 represents hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, C.sub.3 to C.sub.7 cycloalkyl, substituted lower alkyl (preferably halo substituted), or mono-, di-, or trihalophenyl; R.sub.10 and R.sub.11 when taken together represent lower alkylene of 3 to 5 carbon atoms, a lower alkylene mono-oxy group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, or a group of the formula --OCH.sub.2 N(CH.sub.3)--; R.sub.12 is hydrogen or halogen; and R.sub.13 is hydrogen or amino.
In the most preferred embodiments, Z is N or C--R.sub.10 in which R.sub.10 is hydrogen, chlorine, bromine, fluorine or an oxymethylene bridge; R.sub.11 is lower alkyl, especially ethyl, or halogen lower alkyl, especially fluoroethyl; and R.sub.12 is hydrogen, chlorine or fluorine, especially fluorine.
The compounds of this invention can be used as agents to combat bacterial infections in mammalian species, for example, dogs, cats, etc., and humans.
The in vitro activity of the compounds of this invention as measured by the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) in micrograms per milliliter (mcg/ml) against various bacterial microorganisms, utilizing the Broth Dilution Method and the Agar Well Diffusion Method, is demonstrated as follows:
The diluted agents prepared in Mueller-Hinton broth were dispensed from a Dynatech MIC 2000 machine, in 100 microliter (.mu.L) volumes, into 96 well trays and used immediately or frozen at -10.degree. to -70.degree. C. until needed. Using a Dynatech inoculator and inoculum trays, 1.5 .mu.L of a 10.sup.-2 dilution of an overnight culture was added to each well of the tray. The tops of the trays were then sealed with tape, and the trays were incubated overnight at 37.degree. C. and then examined with a viewer. The lowest concentration at which no growth was observed was considered to be the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
In vitro antimicrobial activity was determined in BBL seed agar. Serial dilutions of the test compound were pipetted into agar wells (80 .mu.L per well). After incubation, the lowest concentration of compound which showed a zone of inhibition was designated the "minimum inhibitory concentration". For reference, see A. H. Litton, Antibiotics: Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity and Resistance, Academic Press, New York, pages 19-30 (1983).
For combatting bacterial infections in mammals, a therapeutically active compound of formula I can be administered to a mammal in an amount of about 5 mg/kg/day to about 500 mg/kg/day, preferably about 10 mg/kg/day to 100 mg/kg/day, and most especially about 10 mg/kg/day to about 55 mg/kg/day.
Modes of administration which have been used in the past to deliver penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics to the site of infection are also contemplated for use with the compounds of the present invention. By way of illustration, such methods of administration include parenteral, for example, intravenous or intramuscular, and enteral, for example, as a suppository.
The cephalosporin derivatives provided by the present invention can be used as medicaments; for example, in the form of pharmaceutical preparations which contain them in combination with a compatible pharmaceutical carrier material. This carrier material can be an organic or inorganic inert carrier material which is suitable for enteral or parenteral administration such as, for example, water, gelatin, gum arabic, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, talc, vegatable oils, polyalkyleneglycols, petroleum jelly etc. The pharmaceutical preparations can be made up in solid form (e.g. as tablets, dragees, suppositories or capsules) or in liquid form (e.g. as solutions, suspensions or emulsions). The pharmaceutical preparations may be sterilized and/or may contain adjuvants such as preserving, stabilizing, wetting or emulsifying agents, salts for varying the osmotic pressure, anaesthetics or buffers. The pharmaceutical preparations can also contain other therapeutically valuable substances. The carboxylic acids of formula I as well as their salts and hydrates are especially suitable for parenteral administration and for this purpose they are preferably made up in the form of lyophilisates or dry powders for dilution with customary agents such as water of isotonic sodium chloride solution as well as solvent acids such as propylene glycol. The readily hydrolyzable esters of formula I are also suitable for enteral administration.
The following reaction schemes set forth the methods and intermediates useful in producing the end products of formula I. Unless otherwise noted, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and Q are as previously defined. ##STR20##
R.sub.a is a readily removable amine nitrogen-protecting group
R.sub.b is a masked carbonyl activating group required for amidino formation, e.g., dialkylacetal.
Q' is an ester derivative of Q
The compound of formula V is selectively protected on the secondary nitrogen with a readily removable protecting group, Ra, such as those commonly used in peptide chemistry. Examples of types of protecting groups that can be used are alkoxycarbonyl (e.g., tert-butyloxycarbonyl, and the like), substituted alkoxycarbonyl (e.g., 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, and the like), aralkoxycarbonyl and substituted aralkoxycarbonyl (e.g., p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, and the like), or an aralkyl group (e.g., triphenylmethyl) The actual choice of the nitrogen protecting group must be such as to be stable to the esterification conditions required in the next step, but be readily removable after esterification without affecting the newly formed ester function. A preferred protecting group for the secondary nitrogen in the compound of formula V is the tert-butyloxycarbonyl (t-BOC) group For example, reaction of V with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate gives the compound of formula VI, in which the nitrogen is protected with the tert-butyloxycarbonyl group.
Compound VI is then protected on the quinoline carboxylic acid group, Q', with a readily removable protecting group such as those typically found in peptide and .beta.-lactam chemistry. As an example, one may utilize an ester function which can be readily converted back to the carboxylic acid under mild conditions. Esterification of compound VI by methods known in the art provides compound VII. The ester group can be, for example, tert-butyl, p-nitrobenzyl, benzhydryl, allyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilylethyl, etc. The readily hydrolyzable ester group exemplified above for the compounds of formula I can be employed. The preferred choice of ester function is one which is stable to the conditions required to deprotect the protected secondary nitrogen in compound VII, but which can be removed readily under conditions mild enough so as not to disrupt the .beta.-lactam ring or the amidino moiety in compound X. A preferred carboxylic acid protecting group is the p-nitrobenzyl group. Thus, treatment of compound VI, preferably protected with a t-BOC group, with a base yields the corresponding carboxylic acid salt of the base. A preferred base is sodium hydroxide, which gives the corresponding sodium salt of compound VI. This salt is then treated in an organic solvent, preferably dimethylformamide, with p-nitrobenzyl bromide and the mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for three days to give the compound of formula VII. The amine nitrogen- protecting group is then removed by a method known in the art that will leave the ester function intact. In the case of t-BOC protection and a p-nitrobenzyl ester function, for example, the preferred method of removal of the t-BOC protecting group is treatment with trifluoroacetic acid and anisole, to give the compound of formula VIII.
The compound of formula VIII is then reacted at the secondary nitrogen atom to convert it to the corresponding N-formyl dialkyl acetal, formula IX, which is required for subsequent amidine formation. This is accomplished by treatment of compound VIII with dimethylformamide dialkyl acetal. The alkyl group can be lower alkyl, or branched alkyl. Preferably, if the quinolone ester is formed from a lower alkyl or branched alkyl group, then this alkyl group should be the same one found in the dimethylformamide dialkyl acetal. Thus, for a quinolone methyl ester, dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal is the preferred reagent. For other ester groups the preferred reagent for this transformation is dimethylformamide dineopentyl acetal. Thus, treatment of the quinolone ester of formula VIII with dimethylformamide dineopentyl acetal in anhydrous chloroform as the preferred solvent, and preferably under conditions of reflux for from 5 to 15 hours, yields the compound of formula IX.
Reaction of the compound of formula IX with a .beta.-lactam of the formula ##STR21## in the presence of a base such as triethylamine or diisopropylethylamine, in an organic solvent such as dichloromethane, chloroform or acetonitrile, at ambient temperature for about 2 to 10 hours, gives the amidino compound of formula X. The base is required to neutralize any acidic functionality in R.sub.3 and/or R.sub.4 If any acidic function contained in R.sub.3 and/or R.sub.4 has been selectively blocked with a readily removable protecting group by methods known in the art, then the base may be omitted. For example, reaction of the compound of formula IX with 6-aminopenicillanic acid and diisopropylamine in chloroform for about 2 to 10 hours results in the compound of formula X in which R.sub.2 and R.sub.5 are hydrogen and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 together form the thiazolidine ring of a penam.
Compound X, if it contains a free acidic function, may be isolated as the free acid or as a salt by standard methods known in the art. For instance, with 6-aminopenicillanic acid, addition of the sodium salt of 2-ethylhexanoic acid to the reaction during workup gives the corresponding compound of formula X as the sodium salt.
In the final step in Scheme 1, the quinolone ester (protected) function, Q' is converted into the free carboxylic acid (deprotected) according to the methods known in the art that will not affect the .beta.-lactam ring and the amidino function Additionally, if an acidic function in R.sub.3 and/or R.sub.4 is present in a protected form it can also be deprotected at this point by methods known in the art which are compatible with the preceding criteria. For example, in the case of compound X containing the preferred p-nitrobenzyl ester function, the free carboxylic acid can be generated by a catalytic hydrogenation process. This is preferably carried out at atmospheric pressure with a supported catalyst, such as palladium-on-carbon, in an appropriate solvent compatible with the process, such as aqueous - tetrahydrofuran, to give the compound of formula IB. ##STR22##
R.sub.c represents an acetal function
Q' is a salt derivative of Q
The compound of formula V, as previously defined, is converted into a salt of the free carboxylic acid by treatment with an appropriate base, using methods known in the art. The choice of base is such as to render the salt soluble in organic solvents. The preferred soluble salt of compound V is a tetra-alkyl ammonium salt, such as tetra-n-butyl ammonium salt. Thus, for example, treatment of the compound of formula V containing a free carboxylic acid group, with tetra-n-butyl ammonium hydroxide, results in the corresponding tetra-n-butylammonium salt, Q'. Alternatively, the same salt may be obtained by treatment of the corresponding sodium salt with tetra-n-butylammonium bisulfate. The resulting organic solvent-soluble quinolone salt is then converted into the N-formyl dialkyl acetal - functionalized quinolone of formula XI. This is accomplished by treatment of the organic solvent-soluble quinolone salt with a dimethylformamide dialkyl acetal in an organic solvent such as chloroform, dimethylformamide or methanol. The alkyl group of the acetal function may be lower alkyl or branched alkyl as described previously. The preferred alkyl group is methyl and, thus, the preferred reagent for this transformation is dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal. For example, treatment of the tetra-n-butyl ammonium salt of compound V with dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal in refluxing methanol for 10 to 60 hours, yields the compound of formula XI.
Reaction of the compound of formula XI with a beta-lactam of the formula ##STR23## in the presence of a base such as triethylamine or diisopropylamine, in an organic solvent such as dichloromethane, chloroform, acetonitrile or dimethylformamide, at ambient temperature for about 2 to 10 hours, yields the amidino compound of formula X. The base is required to neutralize any acidic functionality in R.sub.3 and/or R.sub.4 Alternatively, if any acidic functions contained in R.sub.3 and/or R.sub.4 have been selectively blocked with a readily removable protecting group, such as by standard methods known in the art, then the base may be omitted. For example, reaction of the compound of formula XI in which R.sub.c is --CH(OCH.sub.3).sub.2, with desacetoxy-7-cephalosporanic acid in anhydrous dimethylformamide for about 4 to 10 hours, gives compound X in which R.sub.2 and R.sub.5 are hydrogen and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 together form the dihydrothiazine ring of a cephalosporin, that is, ##STR24## The final product in the sequence may be isolated as a salt or as the free acid, by methods standard to the art. Thus, in the above example addition of a solution of sodium-2-ethylhexanoate in the ethyl acetate results in the precipitation of the corresponding disodium salt of compound IB. ##STR25##
Q'=ester or soluble salt of Q.
R.sub.d =lower alkyl.
A compound of formula XII, preferably with the acidic group in R.sub.4 being selectively blocked with a readily removable protecting group, as by methods standard to one skilled in the art, is first converted to the corresponding imidic ester .beta.-lactam, the compound XIII. This may be accomplished in one of two ways. The first involves the reaction of the suitably protected .beta.-lactam of formula XII with an .alpha.,.alpha.-dichloromethyl-alkyl ether, preferably .alpha.,.alpha.-dichloromethyl-methyl ether, in an inert solvent such as chloroform for 10-24 hours at room temperature, in the presence of a tertiary amine such as triethylamine. The second, and more preferred, method involves the reaction of compound XII with a formimidic ester hydrochloride (prepared as described in Angew. Chem., 1967, 79. 531), of the formula
Thus, treatment of the suitably protected .beta.lactam XII (as described previously) with the formimidic ester hydrochloride in a suitable inert solvent, for 1-5 hours at room temperature, gives the desired N-alkoxy-methylene-.beta.-lactam a compound of formula XIII in good yield. The formimidic ester hydrochloride should be either the methyl or more preferably, the isopropyl formimidic ester hydrochloride, i.e, R.sub.d is CH.sub.3 or --CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2. The preferred solvents for this reaction are tetrahydrofuran or dichloromethane.
Compound XIII is then converted without isolation into the amidino .beta.-lactam compound of formula X, by reaction with a suitably protected quinolone containing a secondary nitrogen atom as previously described. The reaction is preferably carried out in the same solvent used to form the N-alkoxy-methylene derivative of formula XIII, at room temperature for 1-10 hours. The protecting group on the quinolone is chosen such that its subsequent removal is compatible with the .beta.-lactam function and the newly formed amidino group. The preferred protecting group for the carboxylic acid group in the quinolone is the p-nitrobenzyl ester group. Alternatively, the quinolone carboxylic acid group may be converted into a soluble tetra-alkyl ammonium salt, preferably the tetra-n-butyl ammonium salt, for the subsequent reaction of compound VIII with compound XIII.
The protected carboxylic acid group in the compound of formula X is converted into the free carboxylic acid group, using conventional methods such that the rest of the molecule is unaffected. Additionally, the acid-protecting group in R.sub.4 is removed by methods compatible with the preceding restrictions. For instance, in the case of compound X containing the preferred p-nitrobenzyl ester function as the protecting group on both the quinolone and R.sub.4 carboxylic acid groups, and where R.sub.2 and R.sub.5 are hydrogen and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 together form the thiazolidine ring of a penam, ##STR26## deprotection of both carboxylic acid groups may be carried out simultaneously by a catalytic hydrogenation process. This is preferably conducted at atmospheric pressure with a supported catalyst such as palladium-on-carbon, in an appropriate solvent such as aqueous tetrahydrofuran, to give the compound of formula IB. ##STR27##
A=Cl, OR.sub.d, SR.sub.d
X=Cl.sup.-, BF.sub.4.sup.-, MeSO.sub.4.sup.-
R.sub.d =lower alkyl.
Q'=ester derivative of Q
A compound of formula VIII, selectively protected on the carboxylic acid function as an ester derivative, Q', is formylated on the secondary nitrogen atom by reaction with formyl acetyl anhydride, in an inert solvent such as dichloromethane, to give the compound of formula XIV. The ester group can be, for example, tert-butyl, p-nitrobenzyl, benzhydryl, allyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl or 2-trimethylsilylethyl. The preferred choice of ester functions is one which can be readily removed after amidino formation without affecting either the .beta.-lactam ring or the amidino function. A preferred carboxylic acid protecting group is the p-nitrobenzyl group.
For activation via the imminium chloride route (A.dbd.Cl, X.dbd.Cl.sup.-), a compound of formula XIV is treated with phosgene or oxalyl chloride in a suitably inert solvent such as ether, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane or, preferably, chloroform, at from -20.degree. C. to room temperature for 1-24 hours, to give the imminium chloride, compound XV (A.dbd.Cl, X.dbd.Cl.sup.-).
The compound of formula XV is then reacted with the free amino group of a .beta.-lactam of the formula ##STR28## in an inert solvent such as chloroform, in the presence of a tertiary amine such as triethylamine, to give the amidino-.beta.-lactam of formula X. Any acidic function in R.sub.4 is selectively protected, preferably as an ester function such as p-nitrobenzyl or trialkylsilyl. Thus, for example, reaction of a protected N-formyl quinolone of formula VIII with oxalyl chloride in dichloromethane at -20.degree. C. for one hour, gives the corresponding imminium chloride, of formula XV (A.dbd.X.dbd.Cl). This is then reacted with the trimethylsilyl ester for 6-APA in the presence of triethylamine at -20.degree. C. for one hour to give a compound of formula X in which R.sub.2 and R.sub.5 are hydrogen and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 together form the thiazolidene ring of a penam.
An alternative to activation via the imminium chloride involves the use of imminium ethers or thioethers for activation of the tertiary acid amide groups. Thus, for instance, treatment of a protected N-formyl quinolone of formula XIV with Meerweins reagent (Et.sub.3 O.sup.+ BF.sub.4.sup.-) gives the corresponding imminium methyl ether of formula XV (A.dbd.OCH.sub.3, X.dbd.CH.sub.3 SO.sub.4). If the corresponding thioamide is used instead of the N-formyl analog, compound XIV, then the imminium thioether may be obtained. Either of these compounds can then be converted to the amidino-.beta.-lactam compound of formula X, as previously described for the imminium chloride activation method.
Compound X is then converted to compound IB in the same way as described in Scheme 3.
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Continuation in Parts (1)
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383783 |
Jul 1989 |
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Patent Grant
5162523
