This invention relates to ion traps, ion trap mass spectrometers, and more particularly to a radio frequency system for driving a mass spectrometer ion trap or mass filter, such as a linear quadrupole.
A radio frequency (RF) system for driving a mass spectrometer ion trap has a frequency programmable RF generator that produces an RF signal. An RF gain stage receives the RF signal and generates an amplified RF signal. Sense circuitry generates a sense signal proportional to a supply current delivered to the RF gain stage. A transformer has a primary coupled to the output of the RF gain stage and a secondary coupled to form a tank circuit with the capacitance of the mass spectrometer ion trap. The power circuitry uses the sense signal to determine power consumption of the RF gain stage in order to adjust the frequency of the RF generator so that the power supplied to the RF gain stage is decreased.
Once the frequency of the RF generator is set, the power monitoring may be used to continuously adjust the frequency as variable conditions cause the resonance frequency of the transformer secondary and the ion trap to drift. Because much lower power is required to drive the mass spectrometer ion trap or mass filter (such as a linear quadrupole), the mass spectrometer may be reduced in size and cost thereby increasing the number of potential applications.
The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
In embodiments of the present invention, an ion trap performs mass spectrometric chemical analysis. The ion trap dynamically traps ions from a measurement sample using a dynamic electric field generated by a driving signal or signals. The ions are selectively ejected corresponding to their mass-charge ratio (mass (m)/charge (z)) by changing the characteristics of the radio frequency (RF) electric field (e.g., amplitude, frequency, etc.) that is trapping them.
In embodiments of the present invention, the ion trap dynamically traps ions in a quadrupole field within the ion trap. This field is created by an electrical signal from a RP source applied to the center electrode relative to the end cap voltages (or signals). In the simplest form, a signal of constant RF frequency is applied to the center electrode and the two end cap electrodes are maintained at a static zero volts. The amplitude of the center electrode signal is ramped up linearly in order to selectively destabilize different masses of ions held within the ion trap. This amplitude ejection configuration may not result in optimal performance or resolution and may actually result in double peaks in the output spectra. This amplitude ejection method may be improved upon by applying a second signal differentially across the end caps. This second signal causes a dipole axial excitation that results in the resonant ejection of ions from the ion trap when the ions' secular frequency of oscillation within the trap matches the end cap excitation frequency.
The ion trap or mass filter has an equivalent circuit that appears as a nearly pure capacitance. The amplitude of the voltage necessary to drive the ion trap may be high (e.g., 1500 volts) and often requires the use of transformer coupling to generate the high voltage. The inductance of the transformer secondary and the capacitance of the ion trap form a parallel tank circuit. Driving this circuit at a frequency other than resonance may create unnecessary losses and may increase the cost and size of the circuitry. This would particularly impede efforts to miniaturize a mass spectrometer to increase its use and marketability.
In addition, driving the circuit at resonance has other benefits such as producing the cleanest, lowest distortion, and lowest noise signal possible. A tank circuit attenuates signals of all frequencies except the resonant frequency; in this way, the tank circuit operates as its own narrow bandpass filter in which only a particular frequency resonates. Off frequency noise and harmonies are filtered out. Also, at resonance, the amount of power coming from the signal driving amplifier is very low. The power needed is only the power that is lost in transformer inefficiencies or resistive losses. The circuit power is transferred back and forth between the inductive and capacitive elements in the tank circuit in a small physical area. Since little power is driven from an external amplifier, less power is being radiated as electromagnetic interference (EMI).
Therefore, it may be advantageous for a RF system to ensure that the ion trap is driven with circuitry that minimizes size of the components, reduces cost and power, provides an ultra high quality signal, and results in reduced radiated EMI. This may be very important in a portable mass spectrometer application.
Permeable membrane 102 may include an imbedded heating apparatus (not shown) to ensure that a gas sample is at a uniform temperature. Additionally, apparatus 111 providing electrons 113 may include an electrostatic lens that is operable to focus electrons 113 that enter ion trap 104. The electrostatic lens may have a focal point in front of the aperture of the end cap (e.g., see
In embodiments of the present invention, ion trap 104 is configured to have a design that produces a minimum capacitance load to circuitry 109. Ion trap 104 may have its inside surface roughness minimized to improve its characteristics.
RF source 201 generates a sinusoidal RF signal and is shown having an input coupled to control line(s) 221. Values of control line(s) 221 are operable to adjust the frequency of the RF signal either up or down. In embodiments, the frequency of RF source 201 may be adjusted manually in response to an optimizing parameter. Differential amplifier 204 (e.g., operational amplifier) has positive and negative inputs and an output. Negative feedback using resistors 205 and 206 may be used to set the closed loop gain of the amplifier stage as the ratio of the resistor values. The RF signal is filtered (e.g., low pass or band pass) with filter 203 and applied to the positive input of amplifier 204. Amplifier 204 uses capacitor 209 to block the amplifier output offset voltage, and resistor 210 to improve amplifier stability. The filtered output of amplifier 204 is applied to the input of transformer 211. Since a high voltage (e.g., 1500 volts) may be required to drive ion trap 104, transformer 211 may be a step up transformer. This allows the primary side components of the amplifying stage to have a relatively low voltage.
Amplifier 204 may be powered by bipolar power supply (PS) voltages 216 and 217. Current sensing circuitry 208 may be used to monitor the current from PS voltage 216. Power control circuitry 207 may be configured to monitor the power being dissipated driving ion trap 104 in order to control RF source 201 via control line(s) 221. Control circuitry 207 may be either analog or digital depending on the characteristics of RF source 201. In either case, the circuitry 109 operates to drive ion trap 104 at a frequency that minimizes the power provided by PS voltages 216 and 217.
The frequency of RF source 201 may be adjusted to minimize the power required to drive ion trap 104. The resulting frequency of RF source 201 that minimizes the drive power is the frequency that resonates the circuitry comprising the inductance at the secondary of transformer 211 and the capacitance of ion trap 104. The frequency of RF source 201 may be set at a desired value, and a variable component (e.g., variable capacitor 212) used to change the secondary circuitry to resonate with the set desired frequency of RF source 201. A center frequency of RF source 201 may be set and the secondary circuitry adjusted to tune the secondary of transformer 211. The feedback with control 221 may be then used to adjust the resonant frequency to dynamically minimize the power required to drive ion trap 104.
Circuitry 207 may employ a programmable processor that first sets the frequency of RF source 201 to minimize the power to ion trap 104. Then, after a time period where ions are trapped, amplitude feedback from the secondary of transformer 211 may be used to adjust either the amplitude of RF source 201 or the gain of the amplifier stage such that the amplitude of the secondary signal driving ion trap 104 is amplitude modulated in a manner that operates to eject ions.
Circuitry 207 may employ a programmable processor that first sets the frequency of RF source 201 to minimize the power to ion trap 104. Then, after a time period where ions are trapped, the frequency of RF source 201 is varied such that the frequency of the secondary signal driving ion trap 104 is frequency modulated in a manner that operates to eject ions.
In one embodiment, circuitry 109 may employ a capacitive voltage divider to feedback a sample of the output voltage of transformer 211 to the negative input of amplifier 204. This negative feedback may be used to stabilize the voltage output transformer 211 when driving ion trap 104.
Embodiment 400 illustrated in
Amplifier 204 has two power supply inputs that supply the power to amplifier 204, one for a positive voltage 216 and one for a negative voltage 217. A small resistor (current shunt resistor) may be placed in line with the positive power supply pin 216 (see circuitry 208 in
Embodiments described herein operate to reduce the power and size of a mass spectrometer so that the mass spectrometer system may become a component in other systems that previously could not use such a unit because of cost and the size of conventional units. For example, mini-mass spectrometer 100 may be placed in a hazard site to analyze gases and remotely send back a report of conditions presenting danger to personnel. Mini-mass spectrometer 100 using embodiments herein may be placed at strategic positions on air transport to test the environment for hazardous gases that may be an indication of malfunction or even a terrorist threat. The present invention has anticipated the value in reducing the size and power required to make a functioning mass spectrometer so that its operation may be used in places and in applications not normally considered for such a device.
A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/056,362, filed on May 27, 2008, which is incorporated by reference herein. This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/329,787, filed Dec. 8, 2008.
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Child | 12472111 | US |