Patent Grant
RE50283
The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII file, created on May 15, 2024, is named 716968_TIGEM-001REI_ST25.txt and is 74,120 bytes in size.
The present invention relates to constructs, vectors, relative host cells and pharmaceutical compositions which allow an effective gene therapy, in particular of genes larger than 5 Kb.
Inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs), with an overall global prevalence of 1/2,000 (1), are a major cause of blindness worldwide. Among the most frequent and severe IRDs are retinitis pigmentosa (RP), Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), and Stargardt disease (STGD), which are most often inherited as monogenic conditions. The majority of mutations causing IRDs occur in genes expressed in neuronal photoreceptors (PR), rods and/or cones in the retina (2). No therapy is currently available for these blinding diseases.
Gene therapy holds great promise for the treatment of IRDs. Among the available gene transfer vectors, those based on the small adeno-associated virus (AAV) are most efficient at targeting both PR and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (3-4) for long-term treatment upon a single subretinal administration (3-4). Recently the inventors and others, have demonstrated that subretinal administration of AAV is well-tolerated and effective for improving vision in patients affected with type 2 LCA, which is caused by mutations in RPE65, a gene expressed in the RPE (5-9). These results bode well for the treatment of other forms of LCA and IRDs in general. The availability of AAV vector serotypes such as AAV2/8, which efficiently targets PR (10-14) and RPE, further supports this approach. However, a major limitation of AAV is its cargo capacity, which is thought to be limited to around 5 kb, the size of the parental viral genome (15-19). This limits the application of AAV gene therapy approaches for common IRDs that are caused by mutations in genes whose coding sequence (CDS) is larger than 5 kb (herein referred to as large genes). These include:
Stargardt disease (STGD; MIM#248200) is the most common form of inherited macular degeneration caused by mutations in the ABCA4 gene (CDS: 6822 bp), which encodes the all-trans retinal transporter located in the PR outer segment (20); Usher syndrome type IB (USH1B; MIM#276900) is the most severe form of RP and deafness caused by mutations in the MYO7A gene (CDS: 6648 bp) (21) encoding the unconventional MYO7A, an actin-based motor expressed in both PR and RPE within the retina (22-24).
Cone-rod dystrophy type 3, fundus flavimaculatus, age-related macular degeneration type 2, Early-onset severe retinal dystrophy, and Retinitis pigmentosa type 19 are also associated with ABCA4 mutations (ABCA4-associated diseases).
Various strategies have been investigated to overcome the limitation of AAV cargo capacity. Several groups, including the inventors' own, have attempted to “force” large genes into one of the many AAV caspids available by developing the so-called oversize vectors (25-27). Although administration of oversize AAV vectors achieves therapeutically-relevant levels of transgene expression in rodent and canine models of human inherited diseases (27-30), including the retina of the Abca4−/− and shaker 1 (sh1) mouse models of STGD and USH1B (27, 30), the mechanism underlying oversize AAV-mediated transduction remains elusive. In contrast to what the inventors and others originally proposed (25-27), oversize AAV vectors do not contain a pure population of intact large size genomes but rather a heterogeneous mixture of mostly truncated genomes≤5 kb in length (15-18). Following infection, reassembly of these truncated genomes in the target cell nucleus has been proposed as a mechanism for oversize AAV vector transduction (15-17, 31). Independent of transduction mechanism and in vivo efficacy, the heterogeneity in oversize AAV genome sizes is a major limitation for their application in human gene therapy.
Alternatively, the inherent ability of AAV genomes to undergo intermolecular concatemerization (32) is exploited to transfer large genes in vivo by splitting a large gene expression cassette into halves (<5 kb in size), each contained in one of two separate (dual) AAV vectors (33-35). In the dual AAV trans-splicing strategy, a splice donor (SD) signal is placed at the 3′ end of the 5′-half vector and a splice acceptor (SA) signal is placed at the 5′ end of the 3′-half vector. Upon co-infection of the same cell by the dual AAV vectors and inverted terminal repeat (ITR)-mediated head-to-tail concatemerization of the two halves, trans-splicing results in the production of a mature mRNA and full-size protein (33). Trans-splicing has been successfully used to express large genes in muscle and retina (36-37).
In particular, Reich et al. (37) used the trans-splicing strategy with AAV2 and AAV5 capsids and show that both vectors transduce both retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors using LacZ gene as a reporter gene. This strategy was not employed using a therapeutic and/or large gene.
Alternatively, the two halves of a large transgene expression cassette contained in dual AAV vectors may contain homologous overlapping sequences (at the 3′ end of the 5′-half vector and at the 5′ end of the 3′-half vector, dual AAV overlapping), which will mediate reconstitution of a single large genome by homologous recombination (34). This strategy depends on the recombinogenic properties of the transgene overlapping sequences (38). A third dual AAV strategy (hybrid) is based on adding a highly recombinogenic region from an exogenous gene [i.e. alkaline phosphatase, AP (35, 39)] to the trans-splicing vector. The added region is placed downstream of the SD signal in the 5′-half vector and upstream of the SA signal in the 3′-half vector in order to increase recombination between the dual AAVs. The document US2010/003218 is directed to an AP-based hybrid dual vector system. The document shows the transduction efficiency of the AP-based hybrid dual vector expressing mini-dystrophin but no data concerning efficacy.
Lopes et al. (30) studied retinal gene therapy with a large MYO7A cDNA using adeno-associated virus and found that MYO7A therapy with AAV2 or AAV5 single vectors is efficacious to some extent, while the dual AAV2 approach proved to be less effective.
Therefore there is still the need for constructs and vectors that can be exploited to reconstitute large gene expression for an effective gene therapy.
Retinal gene therapy with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors is safe and effective in humans. However, AAV cargo capacity limited to 5 kb prevents it from being applied to therapies of those inherited retinal diseases, such as Stargardt disease (STGD) or Usher syndrome type IB (USH1B) that are due to mutations of genes exceeding 5 kb. Previous methods for large gene transfer tested in the retina and based on “forced” packaging of large genes into AAV capsids (oversize AAV) may not be easily translated to the clinical arena due to the heterogeneity of vector genome size, which represents a safety concern.
Taking advantage of AAV ability to undergo intermolecular concatemerization, the inventors generated dual AAV vectors which reconstitute a large gene by either splicing (trans-splicing), homologous recombination (overlapping), or a combination of the two (hybrid).
To determine which AAV-based strategy most efficiently transduces large genes in the retina, the inventors compared several AAV-based strategies side-by-side in HEK293 cells and in mouse and pig retina in vivo using EGFP, ABCA4 or MYO7A.
The inventors found that dual trans-splicing and hybrid but not overlapping AAV vectors transduce efficiently mouse and pig photoreceptors, the major cell target for treatment of inherited retinal degenerations. The levels of retinal transduction by dual trans-splicing or hybrid AAV resulted in a significant improvement of the phenotype of Abca4−/− and sh1 mouse models of STGD and USH1B. Dual AAV trans-splicing or hybrid vectors are an attractive strategy for gene therapy of retinal diseases that require delivery of large genes.
It is therefore an embodiment of the present invention a dual construct system to express the coding sequence of a gene of interest in an host cell, said coding sequence consisting of a 5′ end portion and of a 3′ end portion, comprising:
A preferred embodiment of the present invention is a dual construct system to express the coding sequence of a gene of interest in an host cell, said coding sequence consisting of a 5′end portion and of a 3′ end portion, comprising:
Preferably, said first plasmid and said second plasmid further comprise a nucleic acid sequence of a recombinogenic region in 5′ position of the 3′ITR and in 3′ position of the 5′-ITR, respectively.
More preferably, the recombinogenic region is a F1 phage recombinogenic region.
Still preferably the nucleic acid sequence of a recombinogenic region consists essentially of the sequence:
The recombinogenic region may also be a fragment of SEQ ID NO. 3, said fragment maintaining the recombinogenic properties of the full length sequence. Preferably the fragment has 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO. 3.
Still preferably, the nucleotide sequence of the ITRs derives from the same or different AAV serotype.
Preferably, the 3′-ITR of the first plasmid and the 5′-ITR of the second plasmid are from the same AAV serotype.
Yet preferably, the 5′-ITR and 3′-ITR of the first plasmid and the 5′-ITR and 3′-ITR of the second plasmid are respectively from different AAV serotypes.
Preferably, the 5′-ITR of the first plasmid and the 3′-ITR of the second plasmid are from different AAV serotypes.
Yet preferably the coding sequence is split into the 5′ end portion and the 3′ end portion at a natural exon-exon junction.
In a preferred embodiment the nucleic acid sequence of the splicing donor signal consists essentially of the sequence:
In a preferred embodiment the nucleic acid sequence of the splicing acceptor signal consists essentially of the sequence:
The spicing acceptor signal and the splicing donor signal may also be chosen by the skilled person in the art among sequences known in the art.
Spliceosomal introns often reside within the sequence of eukaryotic protein-coding genes. Within the intron, a donor site (5′ end of the intron), a branch site (near the 3′ end of the intron) and an acceptor site (3′ end of the intron) are required for splicing. The splice donor site includes an almost invariant sequence GU at the 5′ end of the intron, within a larger, less highly conserved region. The splice acceptor site at the 3′ end of the intron terminates the intron with an almost invariant AG sequence. Upstream (5′-ward) from the AG there is a region high in pyrimidines (C and U), or polypyrimidine tract. Upstream from the polypyrimidine tract is the branchpoint, which includes an adenine nucleotide.
In a preferred embodiment the first plasmid further comprises at least one enhancer sequence, operably linked to the coding sequence. Any known suitable enhancer sequence may be selected by the skilled person in the art.
Preferably the coding sequence is a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein able to correct a genetic disease, in particular an inherited retinal degeneration.
Still preferably the coding sequence is selected from the group consisting of: ABCA4, MYO7A, CEP290, CDH23, EYS, USH2a, GPR98 or ALMS1.
It is a further embodiment of the invention a dual viral vector system comprising:
Preferably the vectors are adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors.
Still preferably the adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are selected from the same or different AAV serotypes.
Still preferably the adeno-associated virus is selected from the serotype 2, the serotype 8, the serotype 5, the serotype 7 or the serotype 9.
It is a further embodiment of the invention a host cell transformed with the dual viral vector system according to the invention.
Preferably the host cell is a mammalian cell, a human cell, a retinal cell, a non-embryonic stem cell.
It is a further embodiment of the invention the dual construct system of the invention, the dual viral vector system of the invention or the host cell of the invention for medical use, preferably for use in a gene therapy, still preferably for the treatment and/or prevention of a pathology or disease characterized by a retinal degeneration. Preferably, the retinal degeneration is inherited.
Still preferably the pathology or disease is selected from the group consisting of: retinitis pigmentosa, Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), Stargardt disease, Usher disease, Alstrom syndrome, a disease caused by a mutation in the ABCA4 gene (also named a ABCA4-associated disease). Cone-rod dystrophy type 3, fundus flavimaculatus, age-related macular degeneration type 2, Early-onset severe retinal dystrophy, and Retinitis pigmentosa type 19 are examples of disease caused by a mutation in the ABCA4 gene (ABCA4-associated diseases).
It is a further embodiment of the invention a pharmaceutical composition comprising the dual construct system according to the invention, the dual viral vector system according to the invention or the host cell according to the invention and pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
It is a further embodiment of the invention a method for treating and/or preventing a pathology or disease characterized by a retinal degeneration comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the dual construct system as described herein, the dual viral vector system as described herein or the host cell as described herein.
It is a further embodiment of the invention a nucleic acid consisting of SEQ ID No. 3 for use as a recombinogenic region.
It is a further embodiment of the invention a method to induce genetic recombination comprising using the sequence consisting of SEQ ID No. 3.
In the present invention preferably the promoter is selected from the group consisting of: cytomegalovirus promoter, Rhodopsin promoter, Rhodopsin kinase promoter, Interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein promoter, vitelliform macular dystrophy 2 promoter. However any suitable promoter known in the art may be used.
In the present invention, the coding sequence is split into a first and a second fragment (5′ end portion and 3′ end portion) at a natural exon-exon junction. Preferably each fragment of the coding sequence should not exceed a size of 10 kb. Preferably each 5′ end portion and 3′ end portion may have a size of 4.5 Kb, 5 Kb, 5.5 Kb, 6 Kb, 6.5 Kb, 7 kb, 7.5 Kb, 8 Kb, 8.5 Kb, 9 Kb, 9.5 Kb or a smaller size.
During the past decade, gene therapy has been applied to the treatment of disease in hundreds of clinical trials. Various tools have been developed to deliver genes into human cells; among them, genetically engineered viruses, including adenoviruses, are currently amongst the most popular tool for gene delivery. Most of the systems contain vectors that are capable of accommodating genes of interest and helper cells that can provide the viral structural proteins and enzymes to allow for the generation of vector-containing infectious viral particles. Adeno-associated virus is a family of viruses that differs in nucleotide and amino acid sequence, genome structure, pathogenicity, and host range. This diversity provides opportunities to use viruses with different biological characteristics to develop different therapeutic applications. As with any delivery tool, the efficiency, the ability to target certain tissue or cell type, the expression of the gene of interest, and the safety of adenoviral-based systems are important for successful application of gene therapy. Significant efforts have been dedicated to these areas of research in recent years. Various modifications have been made to Adeno-associated virus-based vectors and helper cells to alter gene expression, target delivery, improve viral titers, and increase safety. The present invention represents an improvement in this design process in that it acts to efficiently deliver genes of interest into such viral vectors. Viruses are logical tools for gene delivery. They replicate inside cells and therefore have evolved mechanisms to enter the cells and use the cellular machinery to express their genes. The concept of virus-based gene delivery is to engineer the virus so that it can express the gene of interest. Depending on the specific application and the type of virus, most viral vectors contain mutations that hamper their ability to replicate freely as wild-type viruses in the host. Viruses from several different families have been modified to generate viral vectors for gene delivery. These viruses include retroviruses, lentivirus, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, herpes simplex viruses, picornaviruses, and alphaviruses. The present invention preferably employs adeno-associated viruses.
An ideal adeno-associated virus based vector for gene delivery must be efficient, cell-specific, regulated, and safe. The efficiency of delivery is important because it can determine the efficacy of the therapy. Current efforts are aimed at achieving cell-type-specific infection and gene expression with adeno-associated viral vectors. In addition, adeno-associated viral vectors are being developed to regulate the expression of the gene of interest, since the therapy may require long-lasting or regulated expression. Safety is a major issue for viral gene delivery because most viruses are either pathogens or have a pathogenic potential. It is important that during gene delivery, the patient does not also inadvertently receive a pathogenic virus that has full replication potential.
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small virus which infects humans and some other primate species. AAV is not currently known to cause disease and consequently the virus causes a very mild immune response. Gene therapy vectors using AAV can infect both dividing and quiescent cells and persist in an extrachromosomal state without integrating into the genome of the host cell. These features make AAV a very attractive candidate for creating viral vectors for gene therapy, and for the creation of isogenic human disease models.
Wild-type AAV has attracted considerable interest from gene therapy researchers due to a number of features. Chief amongst these is the virus's apparent lack of pathogenicity. It can also infect non-dividing cells and has the ability to stably integrate into the host cell genome at a specific site (designated AAVS1) in the human chromosome 19. The feature makes it somewhat more predictable than retroviruses, which present the threat of a random insertion and of mutagenesis, which is sometimes followed by development of a cancer. The AAV genome integrates most frequently into the site mentioned, while random incorporations into the genome take place with a negligible frequency. Development of AAVs as gene therapy vectors, however, has eliminated this integrative capacity by removal of the rep and cap from the DNA of the vector. The desired gene together with a promoter to drive transcription of the gene is inserted between the inverted terminal repeats (ITR) that aid in concatamer formation in the nucleus after the single-stranded vector DNA is converted by host cell DNA polymerase complexes into double-stranded DNA. AAV-based gene therapy vectors form episomal concatamers in the host cell nucleus. In non-dividing cells, these concatemers remain intact for the life of the host cell. In dividing cells, AAV DNA is lost through cell division, since the episomal DNA is not replicated along with the host cell DNA. Random integration of AAV DNA into the host genome is detectable but occurs at very low frequency. AAVs also present very low immunogenicity, seemingly restricted to generation of neutralizing antibodies, while they induce no clearly defined cytotoxic response. This feature, along with the ability to infect quiescent cells present their dominance over adenoviruses as vectors for the human gene therapy.
AAV Genome, Transcriptome and Proteome
The AAV genome is built of single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA), either positive- or negative-sensed, which is about 4.7 kilobase long. The genome comprises inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) at both ends of the DNA strand, and two open reading frames (ORFs): rep and cap. The former is composed of four overlapping genes encoding Rep proteins required for the AAV life cycle, and the latter contains overlapping nucleotide sequences of capsid proteins: VP1, VP2 and VP3, which interact together to form a capsid of an icosahedral symmetry.
ITR Sequences
The Inverted Terminal Repeat (ITR) sequences comprise 145 bases each. They were named so because of their symmetry, which was shown to be required for efficient multiplication of the AAV genome. Another property of these sequences is their ability to form a hairpin, which contributes to so-called self-priming that allows primase-independent synthesis of the second DNA strand. The ITRs were also shown to be required for both integration of the AAV DNA into the host cell genome (19th chromosome in humans) and rescue from it, as well as for efficient encapsidation of the AAV DNA combined with generation of a fully assembled, deoxyribonuclease-resistant AAV particles.
With regard to gene therapy, ITRs seem to be the only sequences required in cis next to the therapeutic gene: structural (cap) and packaging (rep) genes can be delivered in trans. With this assumption many methods were established for efficient production of recombinant AAV (rAAV) vectors containing a reporter or therapeutic gene. However, it was also published that the ITRs are not the only elements required in cis for the effective replication and encapsidation. A few research groups have identified a sequence designated cis-acting Rep-dependent element (CARE) inside the coding sequence of the rep gene. CARE was shown to augment the replication and encapsidation when present in cis.
As of 2006 there have been 11 AAV serotypes described, the 11th in 2004. All of the known serotypes can infect cells from multiple diverse tissue types. Tissue specificity is determined by the capsid serotype and pseudotyping of AAV vectors to alter their tropism range will likely be important to their use in therapy. In the present invention ITRs of AVV serotype 2 and serotype 5 are preferred.
Serotype 2
Serotype 2 (AAV2) has been the most extensively examined so far. AAV2 presents natural tropism towards skeletal muscles, neurons, vascular smooth muscle cells and hepatocytes.
Three cell receptors have been described for AAV2: heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), αvβ5 integrin and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR-1). The first functions as a primary receptor, while the latter two have a co-receptor activity and enable AAV to enter the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis. These study results have been disputed by Qiu, Handa, et al. HSPG functions as the primary receptor, though its abundance in the extracellular matrix can scavenge AAV particles and impair the infection efficiency.
Serotype 2 and Cancer
Studies have shown that serotype 2 of the virus (AAV-2) apparently kills cancer cells without harming healthy ones. “Our results suggest that adeno-associated virus type 2, which infects the majority of the population but has no known ill effects, kills multiple types of cancer cells yet has no effect on healthy cells,” said Craig Meyers, a professor of immunology and microbiology at the Penn State College of Medicine in Pennsylvania. This could lead to a new anti-cancer agent.
Other Serotypes
Although AAV2 is the most popular serotype in various AAV-based research, it has been shown that other serotypes can be more effective as gene delivery vectors. For instance AAV6 appears much better in infecting airway epithelial cells, AAV7 presents very high transduction rate of murine skeletal muscle cells (similarly to AAV1 and AAV5), AAV8 is superb in transducing hepatocytes and AAV1 and 5 were shown to be very efficient in gene delivery to vascular endothelial cells. In the brain, most AAV serotypes show neuronal tropism, while AAV5 also transduces astrocytes. AAV6, a hybrid of AAV1 and AAV2, also shows lower immunogenicity than AAV2.
Serotypes can differ with the respect to the receptors they are bound to. For example AAV4 and AAV5 transduction can be inhibited by soluble sialic acids (of different form for each of these serotypes), and AAV5 was shown to enter cells via the platelet-derived growth factor receptor.
In the present invention the delivery vehicles of the present invention may be administered to a patient. A skilled worker would be able to determined appropriate dosage rates. The term “administered” includes delivery by viral or non-viral techniques. Viral delivery mechanisms include but are not limited to adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, herpes viral vectors, retroviral vectors, lentiviral vectors, and baculoviral vectors etc as described above. Non-viral delivery mechanisms include lipid mediated transfection, liposomes, immunoliposomes, lipofectin, cationic facial amphiphiles (CFAs) and combinations thereof.
The delivery of one or more therapeutic genes by a vector system according to the present invention may be used alone or in combination with other treatments or components of the treatment.
The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating an individual by gene therapy, wherein the composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the vector/construct or host cell of the present invention comprising one or more deliverable therapeutic and/or diagnostic transgenes(s) or a viral particle produced by or obtained from same. The pharmaceutical composition may be for human or animal usage. Typically, a physician will determine the actual dosage which will be most suitable for an individual subject and it will vary with the age, weight and response of the particular individual. The composition may optionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, excipient or adjuvant. The choice of pharmaceutical carrier, excipient or diluent can be selected with regard to the intended route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice. The pharmaceutical compositions may comprise as—or in addition to—the carrier, excipient or diluent any suitable binder(s), lubricant(s), suspending agent(s), coating agent(s), solubilising agent(s), and other carrier agents that may aid or increase the viral entry into the target site (such as for example a lipid delivery system). Where appropriate, the pharmaceutical compositions can be administered by any one or more of: inhalation, in the form of a suppository or pessary, topically in the form of a lotion, solution, cream, ointment or dusting powder, by use of a skin patch, orally in the form of tablets containing excipients such as starch or lactose, or in capsules or ovules either alone or in admixture with excipients, or in the form of elixirs, solutions or suspensions containing flavouring or colouring agents, or they can be injected parenterally, for example intracavernosally, intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously. For parenteral administration, the compositions may be best used in the form of a sterile aqueous solution which may contain other substances, for example enough salts or monosaccharides to make the solution isotonic with blood. For buccal or sublingual administration the compositions may be administered in the form of tablets or lozenges which can be formulated in a conventional manner.
The man skilled in the art is well aware of the standard methods for incorporation of a polynucleotide or vector into a host cell, for example transfection, lipofection, electroporation, microinjection, viral infection, thermal shock, transformation after chemical permeabilisation of the membrane or cell fusion.
As used herein, the term “host cell or host cell genetically engineered” relates to host cells which have been transduced, transformed or transfected with the construct or with the vector described previously.
As representative examples of appropriate host cells, one can cites bacterial cells, such as E. coli, Streptomyces, Salmonella typhimurium, fungal cells such as yeast, insect cells such as Sf9, animal cells such as CHO or COS, plant cells, etc. The selection of an appropriate host is deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art from the teachings herein. Preferably, said host cell is an animal cell, and most preferably a human cell. The invention further provides a host cell comprising any of the recombinant expression vectors described herein. The host cell can be a cultured cell or a primary cell, i.e., isolated directly from an organism, e.g., a human. The host cell can be an adherent cell or a suspended cell, i.e., a cell that grows in suspension. Suitable host cells are known in the art and include, for instance, DH5α, E. coli cells, Chinese hamster ovarian cells, monkey VERO cells, COS cells, HEK293 cells, and the like.
The present invention will now be illustrated by means of non-limiting examples in reference to the following drawings.
CDS: coding sequence; pA: poly-adenilation signal; SD: splicing donor signal; SA: splicing acceptor signal; AP: alkaline phosphatase recombinogenic region (39); AK: F1 phage recombinogenic region. Dotted lines show the splicing occurring between SD and SA, pointed lines show overlapping regions available for homologous recombination. The inventors found that dual trans-splicing and hybrid AK may be used to successfully reconstitute large gene expression. In particular dual trans-splicing and hybrid AK vectors, but not overlapping and hybrid AP vectors, transduce efficiently mouse and pig photoreceptors. Normal size and oversize AAV vector plasmids contained full length expression cassettes including the promoter, the full-length transgene CDS and the poly-adenilation signal (pA) (Table 1). The two separate AAV vector plasmids (5′ and 3′) required to generate dual AAV vectors contained either the promoter followed by the N-terminal portion of the transgene CDS (5′ plasmid) or the C-terminal portion of the transgene CDS followed by the pA signal (3′ plasmid, Table 1). The structure of all plasmids is indicated in the material and method section.
Western blot of HEK293 cells infected with AAV2/2 vectors encoding for EGFP (A and D), ABCA4 (B and E) and MYO7A (C and F). (A to C) The arrows indicate full-length proteins, the micrograms of proteins loaded are depicted under each lane, the molecular weight ladder is depicted on the left. (D to F) Quantification of EGFP (D), ABCA4 (E) and MYO7A (F) protein bands. The intensity of the EGFP, ABCA4 and MYO7A bands was divided by the intensity of the Tubulin (D) or Filamin A (E-F) bands. The histograms show the expression of proteins as a percentage relative to dual AAV trans-splicing (TS) vectors, the mean value is depicted above the corresponding bar. Error bars: mean±s.e.m. (standard error of the mean). (A-C) The Western blot images are representative of and the quantifications are from n=4 (A-B) or n=3 (C) independent experiments. OZ: AAV oversize; OV: dual AAV overlapping; TS: dual AAV trans-splicing; AP: dual AAV hybrid AP; AK: dual AAV hybrid AK; 5′+3′: cells co-infected with 5′- and 3′-half vectors; 5′: control cells infected with the 5′-half vector only; 3′: control cells infected with the 3′-half only; α-EGFP: anti-EGFP antibody; α-3×flag: anti-3×flag antibody; α-MYO7A: anti-MYO7A antibody; α-β-Tubulin: anti-β-tubulin antibody; α-Filamin A: anti-filamin A antibody. * ANOVA p value<0.05; ** ANOVA p value<0.001. (F) The asterisks depicted in the lower panel represent significant differences with both OZ and AP. In
Western blot analysis of C57BL/6 (A) and Large White pig (B) retinal lysates one month following injection of AAV2/8 dual AAV overlapping vectors encoding for ABCA4-3×flag (OV) or AAV2/8 vectors encoding for normal size EGFP (EGFP), under the control of the ubiquitous cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, the PR-specific Rhodopsin (RHO) and Rhodopsin kinase (RHOK) promoters, or the RPE-specific vitelliform macular dystrophy 2 (VMD2) promoter. (A-B) The arrows indicate full-length proteins, the molecular weight ladder is depicted on the left, 150 micrograms of proteins were loaded in each lane. The number (n) and percentage of ABCA4-positive retinas out of total retinas analyzed is depicted; α-3×flag: anti-3×flag antibody; α-Dysferlin: anti-Dysferlin antibody (C) Western blot analysis on C57/BL6 eyecups (left panel) and retinas (right panel) at 3 months following the injection of AAV2/8 overlapping vectors encoding for MYO7A-HA (OV) under the control of the ubiquitous chicken-beta-actin (CBA) promoter or the photoreceptor-specific rhodopsin (RHO) promoter. The arrow points at full-length proteins, the molecular weight ladder is depicted on the left, 100 micrograms of protein were loaded in each lane. The number (n) and percentage of MYO7A positive retinas out of total retinas analyzed is depicted. α-HA: anti-hemagglutinin (HA) antibody.
Fluorescence analysis of retinal cryosections from C57BL/6 mice one month following subretinal injection of AAV2/8 vectors encoding for EGFP under the control of the ubiquitous cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. The scale bar (20 μm) is depicted in the figure. NS: AAV normal size; OZ: AAV oversize; TS: dual AAV trans-splicing; AP: dual AAV hybrid AP; AK: dual AAV hybrid AK; RPE: retinal pigmented epithelium; ONL: outer nuclear layer.
(A) Fluorescence analysis of retinal cryosections from C57BL/6 mice one month following subretinal injection of AAV2/8 vectors encoding for EGFP under the control of the PR-specific Rhodopsin promoter (RHO). The scale bar (20 μm) is depicted in the figure. (B) Fluorescence analysis of retinal cryosections from Large White pigs one month following subretinal injection of AAV2/8 vectors encoding for EGFP under the control of the PR-specific RHO promoter. The scale bar (50 μm) is depicted in the figure. NS: AAV normal size; TS: dual AAV trans-splicing; AK: dual AAV hybrid AK; RPE: retinal pigmented epithelium; ONL: outer nuclear layer.
(A) Western blot analysis of C57BL/6 retinal lysates one month following the injection of dual AAV trans-splicing (TS) and dual AAV hybrid AK (AK) vectors encoding for ABCA4 under the control of the PR-specific Rhodopsin promoter (RHO). The arrow points at full-length proteins, the molecular weight ladder is depicted on the left, 150 micrograms of protein were loaded in each lane. The number (n) and percentage of ABCA4-positive retinas out of total retinas analysed is depicted. 5′+3′: retinas co-injected with 5′- and 3′-half vectors; α-3×flag: anti-3×flag antibody; α-Dysferlin: anti-Dysferlin antibody. (B) Immuno-electron microscopy analysis with anti-HA antibody of retinal sections from wild-type Balb/C (WT; n=3 eyes) and Abca4−/− mice injected with dual AAV hybrid AK vectors (AK-ABCA4; n=5 eyes) or with AAV normal size EGFP (EGFP, n=3 eyes) as control. The black dots represent the immuno-gold labelling of the ABCA4-HA protein. The scale bar (200 nm) is depicted in the figure.
(A) Transmission electron microscopy analysis of retinal sections from wild-type Balb/c (WT) and Abca4−/− mice injected with either dual AAV hybrid AK vectors (Abca4−/− AK-ABCA4) or with AAV normal size EGFP (Abca4−/− EGFP) as control. The black arrows indicate lipofuscin granules. The scale bar (1.6 μm) is depicted in the figure. (B) Quantification of the mean number of lipofuscin granules counted in at least 30 fields (25 μm2) for each sample. WT: Balb/c mice; Abca4−/− EGFP/5′/3′: Abca4−/− mice injected with either AAV normal size EGFP or the 5′ or 3′ half vector of the dual AAV hybrid AK, as control; Abca4−/− AK-ABCA4: mice injected with dual AAV hybrid AK vectors; Abca4−/− TS-ABCA4: mice injected with dual AAV trans-splicing vectors. The number (n) of eyes analysed is depicted. The mean value is depicted above the corresponding bar. Error bars: mean±s.e.m. (standard error of the mean). * p ANOVA<0.05
(A) Representative pictures of transmission electron microscopy analysis of retinal sections from wild-type Balb/c (WT) and Abca4−/− mice injected with either dual AAV trans-splicing (TS-ABCA4) and hybrid AK vectors (AK-ABCA4) or with AAV normal size EGFP (EGFP) and 5′ or 3′ half of the dual hybrid AK vectors (5′/3′) as control. The dotted lines indicate the edges of RPE cells. The scale bar (3.8 μm) is depicted in the figure. (B) Quantification of the mean RPE thickness counted in at least 30 fields for each sample. The number (n) of eyes analysed is depicted. The mean value is depicted above the corresponding bar. Error bars: mean±s.e.m (standard error of the mean). s.d.m: WT: ±716; TS-ABCA4: ±698.
Western blot analysis of C57BL/6 eyecups one month following the injection of dual AAV trans-splicing (TS) and hybrid AK (AK) vectors encoding for MYO7A-HA under the control of the ubiquitous chicken beta-actin (CBA) promoter. The arrow indicates full-length proteins, the molecular weight ladder is depicted on the left, 100 micrograms of proteins were loaded in each lane. The number (n) and percentage of MYO7A-positive eyecups out of total retinas analyzed is depicted. 5′+3′: eyes co-injected with 5′- and 3′-half vectors; 5′: eyes injected with 5′-half vectors; 3′: eyes injected with 3′-half vectors; α-HA: anti-hemagglutinin (HA) antibody; α-Dysferlin: anti-Dysferlin antibody.
(A) Representative semi-thin retinal sections stained with Epoxy tissue stain of sh1+/+ and sh1+/− eyes injected with AAV normal size EGFP (EGFP, n=4 eyes), and of sh1−/− eyes injected with dual AAV trans-splicing (TS-MYO7A, n=3 eyes), hybrid AK (AK-MYO7A; n=3 eyes) or 5′-half vectors (5′TS/5′AK, n=4 eyes), as control. The scale bar (10 μm) is depicted in the figure. (B) Quantification of melanosome localization in the RPE villi of sh1 mice two months following subretinal delivery of dual AAV vectors. The quantification is depicted as the mean number of apical melanosomes/field, the mean value is depicted above the corresponding bar. Error bars: mean±s.e.m. (standard error of the mean). * p ANOVA<0.05, ** p ANOVA<0.001.
Quantification of the number of rhodopsin gold particles at the PR connecting cilium of sh1 mice two months following subretinal delivery of dual AAV vectors. The quantification is depicted as the mean number of gold particles per length of connecting cilia (nm), the mean value is depicted above the corresponding bar. Error bars: mean±s.e.m. (standard error of the mean).
Western blot of HEK293 cells infected with AAV2/2 vectors encoding for CEP290 tagged at its C-terminus with the hemagglutinin (HA) tag (A-B). (A) The arrow indicate the full-length protein, 60 micrograms of proteins were loaded for each lane, the molecular weight ladder is depicted on the left. (B) Quantification of CEP290 protein bands. The intensity of the CEP290 bands was divided by the intensity of the Filamin A bands. The histogram shows the expression of proteins as a percentage relative to dual AAV trans-splicing (TS) vectors, the mean value is depicted above the corresponding bar. Error bars: mean±s.e.m. (standard error of the mean). The Western blot image is representative of and the quantification is from n=5 independent experiments. OV: dual AAV overlapping; TS: dual AAV trans-splicing; AK: dual AAV hybrid AK; 5′+3′: cells co-infected with 5′- and 3′-half vectors; 3′: control cells infected with the 3′-half only; α-HA: anti-HA antibody; α-Filamin A: anti-filamin A antibody.
Recovery from light desensitization in Abca4−/− and Balb/c mice at 6 weeks post-injection. The relative b-wave is the ratio between the post- and the pre-desensitization b-wave amplitudes (μV) both evoked by 1 cd s/m2. The time (minutes) refers to the time post-desensitization. The mean recovery (%) at 60 minutes is depicted. p ANOVA Abca4−/− AK-ABCA4 vs Abca4−/− uninjected/5′: 0.05; p ANOVA Abca4−/− TS-ABCA4 vs Abca4−/− uninjected/5′: 0.009; p ANOVA Abca4−/− AK-ABCA4 vs WT: 0.002; p ANOVA Abca4−/− TS-ABCA4 vs WT: 0.02; p ANOVA WT vs Abca4−/− uninjected/5′: 0.00001. WT: Balb/c mice (n=4); Abca4−/− TS-ABCA4: mice injected with dual AAV trans-splicing vectors (n=5); Abca4−/− AK-ABCA4: mice injected with dual AAV hybrid AK vectors (n=5); Abca4−/− uninjected/5′: Abca4−/− mice either not injected (n=2) or injected with the 5′ half of the dual AAV TS or hybrid AK vectors (n=5). Data are depicted as mean±s.e.m (standard error of the mean). * p ANOVA<0.05.
Quantification of MYO7A levels from dual AAV vectors in sh1−/− eyes relative to endogenous Myo7a expressed in sh1+/+ eyes. Sh1−/− eyes were injected with dual AAV TS and hybrid AK vectors encoding MYO7A under the control of either the CBA (left panel) or RHO (right panel) promoters. The histograms show the expression of MYO7A protein as percentage relative to sh1+/+Myo7a; the mean value is depicted above the corresponding bar. The quantification was performed by Western blot analysis using the anti-MYO7A antibody and measurements of MYO7A and Myo7a band intensities normalized to Dysferlin (data not shown). Error bars: mean±s.d.m. (standard deviation of the mean). The quantification is representative of: i. left panel: n=2 sh1+/+ eyecups, and n=5 or n=1 sh1−/− eyecups treated with either TS-MYO7A or AK-MYO7A, respectively; ii. right panel: n=2 sh1+/+ retinas, and n=1 or n=3 sh1−/− retinas treated with either TS-MYO7A or AK-MYO7A, respectively. ** p Student's t-test<0.001.
Live-imaging fundus fluorescence of C57BL/6 eyes one month following subretinal injection of AAV2/8 vectors encoding for EGFP. NZ: Normal Size; OZ: AAV oversize; TS: dual AAV trans-splicing; AP: dual AAV hybrid AP; AK: dual AAV hybrid AK. Each panel shows a different eye.
Materials and Methods
Generation of AAV Vector Plasmids
The plasmids used for AAV vector production were derived from either the pZac2.1 (52) or pAAV2.1 (53) plasmids that contain the inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of AAV serotype 2 (Table 1).
Normal size and oversize AAV vector plasmids contained full length expression cassettes including the promoter, the full-length transgene CDS and the poly-adenilation signal (pA) (Table 1). The two separate AAV vector plasmids (5′ and 3′) required to generate dual AAV vectors contained either the promoter followed by the N-terminal portion of the transgene CDS (5′ plasmid) or the C-terminal portion of the transgene CDS followed by the pA signal (3′ plasmid, Table 1). Normal size EGFP plasmids were generated by cloning the EGFP CDS of pAAV2.1-CMV-EGFP plasmid (720 bp) (53) in pZac2.1 (52); oversize EGFP was generated from pAAV2.1-CMV-EGFP (53) by inserting a DNA stuffer sequence of 3632 bp from human ABCA4 (NM_000350.2, bp 1960-5591) upstream of the CMV promoter and a second DNA stuffer sequence of 3621 bp, composed of: murine ABCA4 (NM 007378.1, 1066-1 and 7124-6046 bp; 2145 total bp) and human Harmonin (NM153676.3 131-1606 bp; 1476 total bp), downstream of the pA signal (This construct was used in the experiments of
The oversize ABCA4 plasmids contained the full-length human ABCA4 CDS (GeneNM_000350.2, bp 105-6926), while the oversize MYO7A plasmids contained the full-length human MYO7A CDS from isoform 1 (NM_000260.3, bp 273-6920). To generate plasmids for dual AAV OV vectors the ABCA4 and MYO7A CDS were split into two constructs, one containing N-terminal CDS (ABCA4: NM_000350.2, bp 105-3588; MYO7A: NM_000350.2, bp 273-3782) and the other containing C-terminal CDS (ABCA4: NM_000350.2, bp 2819-6926; MYO7A: NM_000350.2, bp 2913-6920). Therefore, the region of homology shared by overlapping vector plasmids was 770 bp for ABCA4 and 870 bp for MYO7A. To generate plasmids for dual AAV OV vectors the human CEP290 CDS was split into two constructs, one containing N-terminal CDS (CEP290: NM_025114, bp 345-4076) and the other containing C-terminal CDS (CEP290: NM_025114, bp 3575-7784). Therefore, the region of homology shared by overlapping vector plasmids was 502 bp.
To generate trans-splicing and hybrid vector plasmids the ABCA4 and MYO7A CDS were split at a natural exon-exon junction. ABCA4 was split between exons 19-20 (5′ half: NM_000350.2, 105-3022 bp; 3′ half: NM_000350.2, bp 3023-6926) and MYO7A was split between exons 24-25 (5′ half: NM_000350.2, bp 273-3380; 3′ half: NM_000350.2, bp 3381-6926). The ABCA4 and MYO7A proteins were both tagged at their C-terminus: ABCA4 with either the 3×flag (gactacaaagaccatgacggtgattataaagatcatgacatcgactacaaggatgacgatgacaag) (SEQ ID NO: 30) or hemagglutinin (HA) tag (tatccgtatgatgtgccggattatgcg) (SEQ ID NO:32) ; MYO7A with the HA tag only. To generate trans-splicing and hybrid vector plasmids the CEP290 CDS was split at a natural exon-exon junction: between exons 29-30 (5′ half: NM_025114, 345-3805; 3′ half: NM_025114, 3806-7784). The CEP290 protein was tagged at its C-terminus with the hemagglutinin (HA) tag. The splice donor (SD) and splice acceptor (SA) signals contained in trans-splicing and hybrid dual AAV vector plasmids are as follows:
The recombinogenic sequence contained in hybrid AP vector plasmids (present in both first and second plasmids) were derived from alkaline phosphate (AP) genes (NM_001632, bp 823-1100), as previously described (39). The recombinogenic sequence contained in hybrid AK vector plasmids (present in both first and second plasmids) were derived from the phage F1 genome (Gene Bank accession number: J02448.1; bp 5850-5926). The AK sequence is:
5′GGGATTTTGCCGATTTCGGCCTATTGGTTAAAAAATGAGCTGATTTAACAAAAATTTAACGCGAATTTTAACAAAAT-3′, SEQ ID No. 3.
The ubiquitous CMV promoter is that contained in pZac2.1 (52) or pAAV2.1-CMV-EGFP (53); the ubiquitous CBA promoter was derived from pAAV2.1-CBA-EGFP (11), the PR-specific human RHO and RHOK promoters were derived from pAAV2.1-RHO-EGFP and pAAV2.1RHOK-EGFP, respectively (10); the RPE-specific Vmd2 promoter (NG_009033.1, 4870-5470 bp) corresponds to the previously described EcoRI-XcmI promoter fragment (41) and was amplified by human genomic DNA.
To generate dual AAV hybrid AK vectors with heterologous ITRs from AAV serotype 2 and 5 we exchanged the left ITR2 of the 5′-half plasmid and the right ITR2 of the 3′-half plasmid with the ITR5 (as depicted in
For the purposes of this invention, a coding sequence of ABCA4, MYO7A and CEP290 which are preferably respectively selected from the sequences herein enclosed, or sequences encoding the same amino acid sequence due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, is functionally linked to a promoter sequence able to regulate the expression thereof in a mammalian retinal cell, particularly in photoreceptor cells. Suitable promoters that can be used according to the invention include the cytomegalovirus promoter, Rhodopsin promoter, Rhodopsin kinase promoter, Interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein promoter, vitelliform macular dystrophy 2 promoter, fragments and variants thereof retaining a transcription promoter activity.
Viral delivery systems include but are not limited to adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, pseudotyped AAV vectors, herpes viral vectors, retroviral vectors, lentiviral vectors, baculoviral vectors. Pseudotyped AAV vectors are those which contain the genome of one AAV serotype in the capsid of a second AAV serotype; for example an AAV2/8 vector contains the AAV8 capsid and the AAV 2 genome (Auricchio et al. (2001) Hum. Mol. Genet. 10(26):3075-81). Such vectors are also known as chimeric vectors. Other examples of delivery systems include ex vivo delivery systems, which include but are not limited to DNA transfection methods such as electroporation, DNA biolistics, lipid-mediated transfection, compacted DNA-mediated transfection.
The construction of an AAV vector can be carried out following procedures and using techniques which are known to a person skilled in the art. The theory and practice for adeno-associated viral vector construction and use in therapy are illustrated in several scientific and patent publications (the following bibliography is herein incorporated by reference: Flotte T R. Adeno-associated virus-based gene therapy for inherited disorders. Pediatr Res. 2005 December; 58(6):1143-7; Goncalves M A. Adeno-associated virus: from defective virus to effective vector, Virol J. 2005 May 6; 2:43; Surace E M, Auricchio A. Adeno-associated viral vectors for retinal gene transfer. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2003 November; 22(6):705-19; Mandel R J, Manfredsson F P, Foust K D, Rising A, Reimsnider S, Nash K, Burger C. Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors as therapeutic agents to treat neurological disorders. Mol Ther. 2006 March; 13(3):463-83).
Suitable administration forms of a pharmaceutical composition containing AAV vectors include, but are not limited to, injectable solutions or suspensions, eye lotions and ophthalmic ointment. In a preferred embodiment, the AAV vector is administered by subretinal injection, e.g. by injection in the subretinal space, in the anterior chamber or in the retrobulbar space. Preferably the viral vectors are delivered via subretinal approach (as described in Bennicelli J, et al Mol Ther. 2008 Jan. 22; Reversal of Blindness in Animal Models of Leber Congenital Amaurosis Using Optimized AAV2-mediated Gene Transfer).
The doses of virus for use in therapy shall be determined on a case by case basis, depending on the administration route, the severity of the disease, the general conditions of the patients, and other clinical parameters. In general, suitable dosages will vary from 108 to 1013 vg (vector genomes)/eye.
AAV Vector Production
AAV vectors were produced by the TIGEM AAV Vector Core by triple transfection of HEK293 cells followed by two rounds of CsCl2 purification (54). For each viral preparation, physical titers [genome copies (GC)/ml] were determined by averaging the titer achieved by dot-blot analysis (55) and by PCR quantification using TaqMan (54) (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, Calif.).
AAV Infection of HEK293 Cells
HEK293 cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 2 mM L-glutamine (GIBCO, Invitrogen S.R.L., Milan, Italy). Cells were plated in six-well plates at a density of 2×106 cells/well and transfected 16 hours later with 1.3 μg of pDeltaF6 helper plasmid which contains the Ad helper genes (56) using the calcium phosphate method. After 5 hours, cells were washed once with DMEM and incubated with AAV2/2 vectors (m.o.i: 105 GC/cell of each vector; 1:1 co-infection with dual AAV vectors resulted in of 2×105 total GC/cell) in a final volume of 700 μL serum-free DMEM. Two hours later 2 ml of complete DMEM was added to the cells. Cells were harvested 72 hours following infection for Western blot analysis.
Animal Models
This study was carried out in accordance with the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research, and the Italian Ministry of Health regulation for animal procedures. Mice were housed at the Institute of Genetics and Biophysics animal house (Naples, Italy) and maintained under a 12-hour light/dark cycle (10-50 lux exposure during the light phase). C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were purchased from Harlan Italy SRL (Udine, Italy). Albino Abca4−/− mice were generated through successive crosses and backcrosses with BALB/c mice (homozygous for Rpe65 Leu450) (57) and maintained inbred. Breeding was performed crossing homozygous mice. Pigmented sh14626SB/4626SB (referred to as sh1−/−) mice were imported from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (Cambridge, UK, a kind gift of Dr. Karen Steel) and back-crossed twice with CBA/Ca mice purchased from Harlan Italy SRL (Udine, Italy) to obtain heterozygous sh1+/4626SB (referred to as sh1+/−) mice to expand the colony. The mice were maintained intercrossed; breeding was performed crossing heterozygous females with heterozygous males. The pigmented sh1 mice used in this study were either Usher 1B affected (sh1−/−) or unaffected (sh1+/− and sh1+/+). The genotype for the MYO7A4626SB allele was performed by PCR analysis of genomic DNA (extracted from the mouse tail tip) followed by DNA sequencing. The primers used for the PCR amplification are as follows: Fw1 (GTGGAGCTTGACATCTACTTGACC) (SEQ ID NO: 33) and Rev3 (AGCTGACCCTCATGACTCTGC) (SEQ ID NO: 34), which generate a product of 712 bp that was sequenced with the Fw1 primer. The Large White Female pigs used in this study were registered as purebred in the LWHerd Book of the Italian National Pig Breeders' Association (Azienda Agricola Pasotti, Imola, Italy).
Subretinal Injection of AAV Vectors in Mice and Pigs
Mice (4-5 weeks-old) were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of 2 ml/100 g body weight of avertin [1.25% w/v of 2,2,2-tribromoethanol and 2.5% v/v of 2-methyl-2-butanol (Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy)] (58), then AAV2/8 vectors were delivered subretinally via a trans-scleral transchoroidal approach as described by Liang et al (59). All eyes were treated with 1 μL of vector solution. The AAV2/8 doses (GC/eye) delivered vary across the different mouse experiments as it is described in the “RESULTS” section. AAV2/1-CMV-human Tyrosinase (60) (dose: 2×108 GC/eye) or AAV2/5-CMV-EGFP (encoding normal size EGFP, dose: 4×108 GC/eye) was added to the AAV2/8 vector solution that was subretinally delivered to albino (Abca4−/− and BALB/c) (
Western Blot Analysis
Samples (HEK293 cells, retinas or eyecups) for Western blot analysis were lysed in RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris-Hcl pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP40, 0.5% Na-Deoxycholate, 1 mM EDTA pH 8.0, 0.1% SDS) to extract EGFP and MYO7A proteins, or in SIE buffer (250 mM sucrose, 3 mM imidazole pH 7.4, 1% ethanol, and 1% NP-40) to extract ABCA4 protein.
Pig samples (the treated areas of the retina as well as whole RPE sheets) were lysed in RIPA buffer to extract MYO7A from RPE sheets, and in SIE buffer to extract MYO7A and ABCA4 from retinas.
Lysis buffers were supplemented with protease inhibitors (Complete Protease inhibitor cocktail tablets, Roche, Milan, Italy) and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl. After lysis EGFP and MYO7A samples were denatured at 99° C. for 5 minutes in 1× Laemli Sample buffer; ABCA4 samples were denatured at 37° C. for 15 minutes in 1× Laemli sample buffer supplemented with 4M urea. Lysates were separated by 7% (ABCA4 and MYO7A samples) or 12% (EGFP samples) SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The antibodies used for immuno-blotting are as follows: anti EGFP (sc-8334, Santa Cruz, Dallas, Tex., USA, 1:500); anti-3×flag (A8592, Sigma-Aldrich, 1:1000); anti-Myo7a (polyclonal, Primm Srl, Milan, Italy, 1:500) generated using a peptide corresponding to aminoacids 941-1070 of the human MYO7A protein; anti-HA antibody (PRB-101P-200, HA.11, Covance, Princeton, N.J., USA, 1:2000); anti-β Tubulin (T5201, Sigma Aldrich, 1:10000); anti-Filamin A (catalog#4762, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Mass., USA, 1:1000); anti-Dysferlin (Dysferlin, clone Ham1/7B6, MONX10795, Tebu-bio, Le Perray-en-Yveline, France, 1:500). The quantification of EGFP, ABCA4 and MYO7A bands detected by Western blot was performed using ImageJ software (free download is available at http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/). ABCA4 and MYO7A expression was normalized to Filamin A or Dysferlin for the in vitro and in vivo experiments, respectively. EGFP expression was normalized to β-Tubulin or μg of proteins for in vitro and in vivo experiments, respectively. Different proteins were used for normalization based on the similarity of their molecular weight to those of the different transgene products.
Fundus Photography
The fundus live-imaging was performed by dilating the eye of C57BL/6 with a drop of tropicamide 1% (Visufarma, Rome, Italy) and subsequent eye stimulation with a 300 W flash. Fundus photographs were taken using a Topcon TRC-50IX retinal camera connected to a charge-coupled-device Nikon D1H digital camera (Topcon Medical System, Oakland, N.J., USA).
Histology, Light and Fluorescence Microscopy
To evaluate EGFP expression in histological sections, eyes from C57BL/6 mice or Large White pigs (11) were enucleated one month after AAV2/8 injection. Mouse eyes were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde over-night and infiltrated with 30% sucrose over-night; the cornea and the lens were then dissected and the eyecups were embedded in optimal cutting temperature compound (O.C.T. matrix, Kaltek, Padua, Italy). Pig eyes were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 48 hours, infiltrated with 10% sucrose for 4 hours, 20% sucrose for 4 hours and finally 30% sucrose overnight. Then, the cornea, the lens, and the vitreous body were dissected and the EGFP-positive portions of the eyecups were embedded in optimal cutting temperature compound (O.C.T. matrix, Kaltek). Serial cryosections (10 μm thick) were cut along the horizontal meridian and progressively distributed on slides. Retinal histology pictures were captured using a Zeiss Axiocam (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). To analyze melanosome localization in the RPE of pigmented sh1 mice, eyes were enucleated 2 months following the AAV injection, fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde-2% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M phosphate buffer over-night, rinsed in 0.1M phosphate buffer, and dissected under a florescence microscope. The EGFP-positive portions of the eyecups were embedded in Araldite 502/EMbed 812 (catalog #13940, Araldite 502/EMbed 812 KIT, Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, Pa., USA). Semi-thin (0.5-μm) sections were transversally cut on a Leica Ultratome RM2235 (Leica Microsystems, Bannockburn, Ill., USA), mounted on slides, and stained with Epoxy tissue stain (catalog #14950, Electron Microscopy Sciences). Melanosomes were counted by a masked operator analyzing 10 different fields/eye under a light microscope at 100× magnification. Retinal pictures were captured using a Zeiss Axiocam (Carl Zeiss).
Electron Microscopy and Immuno-Gold Labelling
For electron microscopy analyses eyes were harvested from Abca4−/− or sh1 mice at 3 and 2 months after AAV injection, respectively. Eyes were fixed in 0.2% glutaraldehyde-2% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M PHEM buffer pH 6.9 (240 mM PIPES, 100 mM HEPES, 8 mM MgCl2, 40 mM EGTA) for 2 hours and then rinsed in 0.1 M PHEM buffer. Eyes were then dissected under light or fluorescence microscope to select the Tyrosinase- or EGFP-positive portions of the eyecups of albino (Abca4−/− and BALB/c) and pigmented sh1 mice, respectively. The transduced portion of the eyecups were subsequently embedded in 12% gelatin, infused with 2.3M sucrose and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Cryosections (50 nm) were cut using a Leica Ultramicrotome EM FC7 (Leica Microsystems) and extreme care was taken to align PR connecting cilia longitudinally. Measurements of RPE thickness and counts of lipofuscin granules in Abca4−/− eyes were performed by a masked operator (Roman Polishchuk) using the iTEM software (Olympus SYS, Hamburg, Germany). Briefly, RPE thickness was measured in at least 30 different areas along the specimen length using the “Arbitrary Line” tool of iTEM software. The “Touch count” module of the iTEM software was utilized to count the number of lipofuscin granules in the 25 μm2 areas distributed randomly across the RPE layer. The granule density was expressed as number of granules per 25 μm2. The immuno-gold analysis aimed at testing the expression of ABCA4-HA in Abca4−/− samples after AAV vector delivery was performed by incubating cryosections successively with monoclonal anti-HA antibody (MMS-101P-50, Covance, 1:50), rabbit anti-mouse IgG, and 10-nm gold particle-conjugated protein A. To quantify rhodopsin localization to the connecting cilium of sh1 PR, cryosections of sh1 mice were successively incubated with anti-rhodopsin antibody (1D4, ab5417, Abcam, Cambridge, UK, 1:100), rabbit anti-mouse IgG, and 10-nm gold particle-conjugated protein A. The quantification of gold density of rhodospin in the connecting cilia was performed by a masked operator using iTEM software (Olympus SYS). Briefly, the “Touch count” module of the iTEM software was used to count the number of gold particles per cilium that were normalized to the cilium perimeter (nm) that was measured using the “Closed polygon tool”. Gold density was expressed as gold particles/nm. Immunogold labelled cryosections were analyzed under FEI Tecnai-12 (FEI, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) electron microscope equipped with a Veletta CCD camera for digital image acquisition.
Electrophysiological Analyses
To assess the recovery from light desensitization eyes were stimulated with 3 light flashes of 1 cd s/m2 and then desensitized by exposure to constant light (300 cd/m2) for 3 minutes. Then, eyes were stimulated over time using the pre-desensitization flash (1 cd s/m2) at 0, 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes post-desensitization. The recovery of rod activity was evaluated by performing the ratio between the b-wave generated post-desensitization (at the different time points) and that generated pre-desensitization. The recovery from light desensitization was evaluated in 2-month-old Abca4−/− mice at 6 weeks post treatment (
Statistical Analysis
Data are presented as mean±standard error of the mean (s.e.m.). Statistical p values<0.05 were considered significant. One-way ANOVA with post-hoc Multiple Comparison Procedure was used to compare data depicted in:
Results
Generation of Normal Size, Oversize and Dual AAV Vectors.
The inventors generated oversize (OZ), dual AAV trans-splicing (TS), and hybrid vectors that included either the reporter EGFP, the therapeutic ABCA4-3×flag or the MYO7A-HA coding sequences. The inventors also generated dual AAV trans-splicing (TS), and hybrid vectors that included the therapeutic CEP290 tagged at its C-terminus with HA tag. The recombinogenic sequences included in the dual AAV hybrid vectors were based on either a previously reported region of the alkaline phosphatase transgene (AP, dual AAV hybrid AP) (39) or a 77 bp sequence from the F1 phage genome (AK, dual AAV hybrid AK) that the inventors found to be recombinogenic in previous experiments (Colella and Auricchio, unpublished data). The inventors also generated dual AAV overlapping (OV) vectors for ABCA4, MYO7A and CEP290. The inventors did not generate dual AAV OV vectors for EGFP because the efficiency of this approach relies on transgene-specific overlaps for reconstitution (38) and therefore cannot be extrapolated from one gene to another. Instead, for EGFP the inventors generated single AAV vectors of normal size (NS) to compare levels of transgene expression from the various strategies. The constructs generated for production of all AAV vectors used in this study are listed in Table 1 and a schematic representation of the various approaches is depicted in
The inventors used AAV2/2 vectors for the in vitro experiments, with the ubiquitous cytomegalovirus (CMV) or chicken beta-actin (CBA) promoters, which efficiently transduce HEK293 cells (40). In addition, since the use of heterologous ITRs from AAV serotypes 2 and 5 can increase the productive reassembly of dual AAV vectors (51), the inventors also generated dual AAV AK vectors with heterologous ITRs (
In the experiments performed in vivo in the retina, The inventors used AAV2/8 vectors, which efficiently transduce RPE and PR (10-12) but poorly infect HEK293 cells, and either the ubiquitous CBA and CMV promoters (11), or the RPE-specific vitelliform macular dystrophy 2 (VMD2) (41) or the PR-specific Rhodopsin (RHO) and Rhodopsin kinase (RHOK) promoters (10) (Table 1).
Dual AAV Vectors Allow High Levels of Transduction In Vitro.
The inventors initially compared the efficiency of the various OZ, dual AAV OV, TS and hybrid AP and AK strategies for AAV-mediated large gene transduction in vitro by infecting HEK293 cells with the AAV2/2 vectors [multiplicity of infection, m.o.i.: 105 genome copies (GC)/cell of each vector] with ubiquitous promoters (CMV for EGFP, ABCA4-3×flag, and CEP290-HA, and CBA for MYO7A-HA).
Cell lysates were analyzed by Western blot with anti-EGFP (
Dual AAV TS and Hybrid AK but not OV Vectors Transduce Mouse and Pig Photoreceptors.
The inventors then evaluated each of the AAV-based systems for large gene transduction in the mouse retina. To test the dual AAV OV, which was transgene-specific, The inventors used the therapeutic ABCA4 and MYO7A genes (
To find an AAV-based strategy that efficiently transduces large genes in PR, the inventors evaluated the retinal transduction properties of the AAV OZ and dual AAV TS, hybrid AP, and AK approaches. The inventors initially used EGFP, which allowed us to easily localize transgene expression in the various retinal cell types including PR as well as to properly compare the levels of AAV-based large transgene transduction to those of a single AAV NS vector. C57BL/6 mice were subretinally injected with AAV NS, OZ and dual AAV TS, and hybrid AP and AK vectors (dose of each vector/eye: 1.7×109 GC), all encoding EGFP under the transcriptional control of the CMV promoter. One month later, fundus photographs showed that the highest levels of fluorescence were obtained with the AAV NS, and dual AAV TS and hybrid AK approaches (
The inventors then assessed PR-specific transduction levels in C57BL/6 mice following subretinal administration of dual AAV TS and hybrid AK vectors, which appears the most promising for large gene reconstitution in PR, as well as AAV NS vectors for comparison (dose of each vector/eye: 2.4×109 GC). All vectors encoded EGFP under the transcriptional control of the PR-specific RHO promoter. One month after vector administration retinas were cryosectioned and analyzed under a fluorescence microscope (
In addition, subretinal delivery to the pig retina of dual AAV TS and hybrid AK vectors (dose of each vector/eye: 1×1011) resulted in efficient expression of both full-length ABCA4-3×flag specifically in PRs (
Dual AAV Vectors Improve the Retinal Phenotype of STGD and USH1B Mouse Models.
To understand whether the levels of PR transduction obtained with the dual AAV TS and hybrid AK approaches may be therapeutically relevant, the inventors investigated them in the retina of two mouse models of IRDs, STGD and USH1B caused by mutations in the large ABCA4 and MYO7A genes, respectively.
Although the Abca4−/− mouse model does not undergo severe PR degeneration (42), the absence of the ABCA4-encoded all-trans retinal transporter in PR outer segments (43-44) causes an accumulation of lipofuscin in PR as well as in RPE, as result of PR phagocytosis by RPE (45). As a consequence, both the number of lipofuscin granules in the RPE and the thickness of RPE cells are greater in Abca4−/− mice than in control mice (45). Moreover the Abca4−/− mouse model is characterized by delayed dark adaptation (57, 62). Since ABCA4 is expressed specifically in PR, the inventors generated dual AAV TS and hybrid AK vectors encoding ABCA4-3×flag under the transcriptional control of the RHO promoter. These vectors were subretinally injected in wild-type C57BL/6 mice (dose of each vector/eye: 3-5×109 GC) and one month later retinas were lysed and analyzed by Western blot with anti-3×flag antibodies. Both approaches resulted in robust yet variable levels of ABCA4-3×flag expression. ABCA4-3×flag expression levels were more consistent in retina treated with the dual AAV hybrid AK vectors (
The inventors then tested PR transduction levels and efficacy of dual AAV-mediated MYO7A gene transfer in the retina of sh1 mice, the most commonly used model of USH1B (23-24, 46-48). In sh1 mice, a deficiency in the motor Myo7a causes the mis-localization of RPE melanosomes (47), which do not enter into the RPE microvilli, and the accumulation of rhodopsin at the PR connecting cilium (48). Since MYO7A is expressed in both RPE and PR (22-23), the inventors then used dual AAV TS and hybrid AK vectors expressing MYO7A-HA under the transcriptional control of the ubiquitous CBA promoter. One month-old wild-type C57BL/6 mice were injected with the dual AAV vectors (dose of each vector/eye: 1.7×109 GC) and eyecup lysates were evaluated one month later using Western blot analysis with anti-HA antibodies. Results showed similarly robust and consistent levels of MYO7A expression in retinas treated with both approaches (
To test the ability of MYO7A expressed from dual AAV vectors to rescue the defects of the sh1−/− retina, the inventors then subretinally injected the CBA sets of dual AAV TS and hybrid AK vectors (dose of each vector/eye: 2.5×109 GC) in one month-old sh1 mice. The inventors assessed RPE melanosome (
Discussion
While AAV-mediated gene therapy is effective in animal models and in patients with inherited blinding conditions (5-9, 49), its application to diseases affecting the retina and requiring a transfer of genes larger than 5 kb (referred to as large genes) is inhibited by AAV limited cargo capacity. To overcome this, the inventors compared the efficiency of various AAV-based strategies for large gene transduction including: AAV OZ and dual AAV OV, TS and hybrid approaches in vitro and in mouse and pig retina. In previous experiments, inventors selected a 77 bp sequence from the F1 phage genome that the inventors identified for its recombinogenic properties and used in the dual hybrid approach (AK, dual AAV hybrid AK).
The inventors' in vitro and in vivo results show that the dual AAV hybrid AK surprisingly outperforms the dual AAV hybrid AP and that all dual AAV strategies the inventors tested (with the exception of the dual AAV hybrid AP) outperform AAV OZ vectors in terms of transduction levels. This may be explained by the homogenous size of the dual AAV genome population when compared to OZ genomes, which may favor the generation of transcriptionally active large transgene expression cassettes.
The dual AAV OV approach seems particularly interesting when compared to the TS or hybrid AK approaches as dual AAV OV vectors only contain sequences belonging to the therapeutic transgene expression cassette. However, when the inventors administered dual AAV OV vectors to the subretinal space of adult mice and pigs, the inventors were only able to detect expression of the large ABCA4 protein when the ubiquitous or the RPE-specific promoters, but not the PR-specific promoters, were used. This may suggest that the homologous recombination required for dual AAV OV reconstitution is more efficient in RPE than PR. This is consistent with the low levels of homologous recombination reported in post-mitotic neurons (50) and may partially explain the lack of dual AAV OV-mediated MYO7A transduction recently reported by other groups (30). The inventors conclude that subretinal administration of dual AAV OV vectors should not be used for large gene transfer to PR, although the inventors cannot exclude that sequences that are more recombinogenic than those included in the inventors' dual AAV OV ABCA4 and MYO7A vectors may allow efficient homologous recombination in PR.
Dual AAV TS and hybrid AK approaches efficiently transduce mouse and pig PR, differently from what the inventors observed with dual AAV OV. This is consistent with the knowledge that the mechanism of large gene reconstitution mediated by dual AAV TS and hybrid AK approaches may be via ITR-mediated head-to-tail rejoining (32, 35, 51) rather than homologous recombination.
The levels of mouse PR transduction the inventors achieved with dual AAV TS and hybrid AK is lower and less consistent than with single NS vectors. However, dual AAV may be effective for treating inherited blinding conditions that require relatively low levels of transgene expression, i.e. diseases inherited as autosomal recessive. Indeed, the inventors show that subretinal delivery of dual AAV TS and hybrid AK improves and even normalizes the retinal defects of two animal models of inherited retinal diseases, STGD and USH1B, which are due to mutations in large genes and are attractive targets of gene therapy.
The genome size of dual AAV vectors is homogenous, which means identity and safety issues related to their use should be less considerable than those related to AAV OZ vectors, which have heterogeneous genome sizes. In contrast, the inventors detected neither ERG or retinal histological abnormalities in the mice that the inventors followed up to 1-2 months after dual AAV vector delivery (data not shown).
In conclusion, the inventors identified a new recombinogenic sequence (AK) that strikingly improves the performance of the AAV dual hybrid vector system. In fact they found that dual AAV vectors are efficient both in vitro and in the retina in vivo. While dual AAV OV vectors efficiently transduce RPE, they do not transduce PR, whereas dual AAV TS and hybrid AK approaches drive efficient large gene reconstitution in both cell types. Administration of dual AAV TS and hybrid AK approaches improved the retinal phenotype of mouse models of STGD and USH1B, providing evidence of the efficacy of these strategies for gene therapy for these and other blinding conditions, which require large gene transfer to retinal PR as well as RPE. These findings will greatly broaden the application of AAV vectors for gene therapies not only to eyes, but also to muscle as well as to other organs and tissues. Diseases other than IRD caused by defective genes larger than 5 kb include non-limiting examples of muscular dystrophies, dysferlin deficiencies (limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B and Miyoshi myopathy), Cystic Fibrosis, Hemophilia.
This application is a reissue application of U.S. Pat. No. 10,494,645, issued Dec. 3, 2019, which is a 371 of PCT/EP2014/058000 filed on Apr. 18, 2014 which claims the benefit of priority from U.S. 61/813,342 filed on Apr. 18, 2013.
This invention was made with the support of the Italian Telethon Foundation (grant TGM11MT1 and European funds). The Italian Telethon Foundation has rights in this invention. Studies on the dual AAV trans-splicing and dual AAV hybrid AP strategies were made with U.S. Government support under Contract No. R24RY019861 awarded by the National Eye Institute. The U.S. Government has certain rights in this invention.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61813342 | Apr 2013 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14785229 | Apr 2014 | US |
| Child | 17541846 | US |
