Patent Application
20050226301
The present invention relates to gas discharge lasers, e.g., those used in the production of high power high output pulse repetition rate high stability UV light sources, e.g., DUV light, e.g., for the exposure of integrated circuit photoresists in integrated circuit lithography manufacturing processes.
It is known that in gas discharge lasers, e.g., utilizing fluorine in the laser gas, e.g., KrF, ArF and F2 gas discharge lasers, there is a great propensity for the production of debris, e.g., in the form of metal fluorides, e.g., due to the interaction of fluorine with metallic components within the laser gas discharge chamber. This can occur particularly during gas discharge, and e.g., with metal materials in the electrodes between which the electric discharge occurs to cause the gas discharge, a chemical and electrical phenomenon that generates radiation. Such gas discharge lasers may be used particularly at or about a selected desired center-wavelength, e.g., for KrF gas discharge lasers at about 248 nm and for ArF gas discharge lasers at about 193 nm. This debris can, over time, plate out on such things a optical components of the laser chamber, e.g., chamber windows, which can cause reduced output power for a number of reasons, e.g., undesired reflection of laser light off of the optic and/or blockage of transmission of laser light through the optic. This can cause, e.g., the need to operate the laser at, e.g., an undesired elevated discharge voltage, e.g., resulting in reduction in laser chamber lifetime. In addition, under some conditions depending on fluence levels and wavelength, among other things, the plated debris can cause, e.g., localized high absorption on an optical element, resulting in earlier than normal failure of the optical element under, e.g., DUV light at high fluence. More importantly, however, dust entrained in the flowing gas can cause, e.g., scatter loss. This phenomena akin to “white-out” on a weather context, can cause the photons generated in a gas discharge between the electrodes of the gas discharge laser to so scatter that they do not reach the mirrors in the laser resonance cavity in sufficient quantities to cause adequate lasing in the excited gas medium during the discharge. This can be significant enough when the dust content is high enough, that no lasing occurs at all in a given pulse or pulses. This phenomenon increases in frequency and likelihood as the dust accumulates in the chamber over the live of the chamber, e.g., measured in billions of shots, and eventually can lead to, or at least be a significant contributor to, what is referred to in the industry as old age syndrome (“OAS”), the onset of which generally requires chamber replacement to maintain, e.g., the required output laser pulse energy (dose), and may also be impacted by such other requirements as pulse to pulse parameter stability requirements being engendered by increasingly demanding requirements, e.g., from lithography tool makers.
It is known in the art of gas discharge laser systems to provide for a debris/dust trap external to the laser gas discharge chamber, with input and output ports from the chamber and returning to the chamber for chamber gas to flow out of the chamber, through the debris trap, and back into the chamber. For example, applicants' assignee has sold gas discharge laser systems with a so-called metal fluoride trap (“MFT”) having a trap inlet and a trap outlet, e.g., near an output window for generated laser light, to flush the area of that window with cleaned gas, as shown, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,018,161, entitled COMPACT EXCIMER LASER, issued to Akins et al. on May 21, 1991, e.g., as also shown in e.g., the 7000 series and XLA series lasers. Such an external trap may be electrostatic, requiring extra cost and power consumption added to the economics of utilizing such laser systems. Also U.S. Pat. No. 5,373,523, entitled EXCIMER LASER APARATUS, issued to Fujimoto on Dec. 13, 1994 shows an external dust trap on the side of a laser gas discharge chamber. U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,899, entitled GAS LASER DEVICE, issued to Yabu et al. on May 27, 2003, based upon an application Ser. No. 09/648,630, filed on Aug. 28, 2000, illustrates another form of external debris trap.
These types of external traps are also bulky, and tend to fill and become clogged and require replacement, or potentially allow undetected operation over, e.g., several billion laser output pulses (“shots”) of operation with “dirty” gas wherein unwanted OAS events, e.g., zero or low pulse energy lasing are occurring. In addition, they may not be capable of removing debris from the gas circulating within the laser gas discharge chamber fast enough, e.g., at elevated repetition rates of 4K and above, and especially at, e.g., the 6K and 8K and above levels, to prevent detrimental effects on the discharge due to debris presence in the gas between the electrodes at the time of discharge, which, e.g., is variable from discharge to discharge with resultant detrimental effects on such things as bandwidth and wavelength stability, beam shape and spatial coherence stability, etc.
As laser light pulse output repetition rates have increased, along with tighter and tighter controls required on such things as center wavelength, bandwidth and dose and the stability of such characteristics of the laser output light pulses have become necessary for keeping up with the demands of, e.g., integrated circuit lithography light sources, it has become even more important to effectively, efficiently and quickly remove debris, e.g., metal fluoride dust and the like from the circulating gas.
Debris removal from the gas, e.g., between discharges in the gas discharge chamber between the electrodes can, e.g., require very high fan motor speeds that both add temperature to the chamber gas and vibrations that can interfere with meeting laser output light parameter requirements and/or interfere with maintaining stability over time and over different duty cycles and over different output light pulse repetition rates. More debris in the gas can increase rates of deposition of the debris on optical elements, e.g., chamber windows contributing to reductions in performance and/or failures of the optical elements requiring more frequent replacements that are desirable. For these reasons there is a need for an improved debris removal system and method for very high repetition rate narrow band gas discharge lasers. According to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention applicants have proposed additional, low cost, easily implemented and very reliable means for debris removal from the gas circulating within the gas circulation flow path in the laser gas discharge chamber. This also, e.g., extends the life of the MFT, whose function is mostly to maintain a supply of cleaned gas to the chamber window regions.
It is also known in the art of gas discharge laser light sources to utilize preionization of the gas discharge region between gas discharge electrodes that produce the chemical and electrical changes in the gas between the electrodes. Each discharge of electrical energy between the electrodes causes laser light emission and/or amplification, e.g., in an oscillator resonance cavity or an amplification chamber, e.g., amplifying a narrow banded beam output from an oscillator chamber, e.g., in a master oscillator, power amplifier (“MOPA”) configuration. Preionization may be done, e.g., in lasers sold by applicants' assignee with one or more preionization tubes positioned near the gas discharge region. The preionization tubes emit, via, e.g., a corona discharge UV and X-ray radiation which creates electrons via photoionization in the gas between the electrodes assisting the onset of the electric discharge in the gas between the electrodes. Applicants have determined that photoionization in the gas discharge region is less than ideal because most of the electrons are formed in the region of the preionization tube(s) and not in the gas discharge region. Such spatial nonuniformity of the electron distribution is believed by applicants to contribute to adverse effects on energy stability, especially early in a burst of laser output pulses. Applicants, therefore, according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention propose certain methods and apparatus for improvement of preionization. Applicants propose a number of other improvements for the preionization.
In addition, it is known that acoustic effects in the laser can interfere with proper formation of the discharge in the discharge region, e.g., uniformity in the horizontal or vertical axes of the discharge, which can be caused by a variety of sources of acoustic wavefronts produced in and transmitted through the gas discharge chamber, including, e.g., from the gas circulation fan. Applicants herein propose ways to mitigate or eliminate most of such harmful effects, e.g., on the shape of the discharge.
Another problem facing the operation of gas discharge lasers, particularly as the requirements, e.g., for lithography light sources call for ever narrower bandwidths, bandwidth stability and center wavelength stability shot to shot, power (dose) stability shot to shot or at least over a plurality of shots on average, e.g., within a burst of shots, is in chamber acoustic effects on the repeatability shot to shot. Such requirements for repeatability may, e.g., require essentially exactly the same gas discharge conditions. In addition to the variability of the gas debris content mentioned above there are other possible sources of variability, e.g. two principal sources of these acoustic variations in the gas discharge chamber, shock waves generated from the spinning of and, to a degree, vibrations within the gas circulating fan and acoustic waves created by a prior discharge reflecting back to the discharge in time with a subsequent discharge, and, usually also aligned to the longitudinal axis of the discharge so as to substantially effect the entire length of the subsequent discharge.
According to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention applicants have proposed certain methods and apparatus for the mitigation of these detrimental effects on high repetition rate (e.g., 4 KHz+), high power (e.g., 40 W+), narrow banded, e.g., <about 0.25 pm bandwidth at full width half max (“FWHM”) for ArF and <1.2 pm E95% for ArF and less than about 0.35 pm FWHM and 1.5 pm E95% for KrF, laser light sources. Along with the above are requirements, e.g., for tighter dose stability requirements, e.g., ±about 0.3% for dense lines and less than that for isolated lines, wavelength stability, e.g., ±0.1 pm 3σ, and bandwidth stability, e.g., about ±0.05 pm FWHM 3σ, all of which will become even more stringent requirements as feature sizes (“critical dimensions” “CDs”) continue to decrease with resulting decreases in k1, along with increasing throughput and therefore dose requirements.
A method and apparatus if disclosed which may comprise a high power high repetition rate gas discharge laser UV light source which may comprise: a gas discharge chamber comprising an interior wall comprising a vertical wall and an adjacent bottom wall; a gas circulation fan creating a gas flow path adjacent the interior vertical wall and the adjacent bottom wall; an in-chamber dust trap positioned a region of low gas flow, which may be along an interior wall and may comprise at least one meshed screen, e.g., a plurality of meshed screens, which may comprise at least two different gauge meshed screens. The dust trap may extend along the bottom interior wall of the chamber and/or a vertical portion of the interior wall. The dust trap may comprise a first meshed screen having a first gauge; a second meshed screen having a second gauge smaller than the first gauge; and the second meshed screen intermediate the first meshed screen and the interior wall. The chamber may comprise a plurality of dust collecting recesses in at least one of the vertical interior wall and the bottom wall of the chamber which may be selected from a group comprising a one-part recess and a multi-part recess, which may comprise two sections angled with respect to each other. The dust trap may comprise a pressure trap positioned between a portion of a main insulator and an interior wall of the chamber. The chamber may comprise a gas circulating fan comprising a cross-flow fan with a fan cutoff that may comprise a vortex control pocket. The chamber may comprise a preionization mechanism comprising a preionization tub containing a ground rod within an elongated opening in the preionization tube that may comprise a compliant member, an automatic preionization shut-off mechanism, a preionization onset control mechanism and/or a focusing element. The chamber may comprise an elongated baffle plate that may comprise a plurality of pyramidal structures including varying numbers of generally pyramidal elements and oriented in groups of varying numbers of generally pyramidal elements and oriented along and transverse to the longitudinal axis. Acoustic resonances within the chamber may also be reduced by introducing an artificial jitter into the timing of the laser discharges varying the inter-pulse period randomly or in a repeating pattern from pulse to pulse within a burst.
FIGS. 2A-D show aspects of an embodiment of the present invention employing in-chamber debris catching and holding;
FIGS. 3A-C show aspects of another embodiment of the present invention employing in chamber debris catching and holding;
FIGS. 6A-C show in greater detail aspects of an embodiment of the present invention shown, e.g., in FIGS. 3A-B;
Turning now to
Also contained within the chamber 26 is, e.g., a gas discharge system comprising two elongated opposing electrodes, cathode 30 and anode 32, defining between them a gas discharge region 34, wherein in response to sufficient voltage being present across the cathode 34 and anode 32 the gas between the electrodes in the also elongated discharge region 34 conducts and certain chemical and electrical reactions take place in the ionized plasma of the discharge that result in the production of radiation, e.g., at or near a characteristic center wavelength, that is optically directed along the optical axis of an output laser light pulse generally aligned to the longitudinal axis of the electrodes 30, 32.
Also within the chamber 26 may be, e.g., an anode support 36, which may be made, e.g., of a suitable dielectric material, e.g., a ceramic material, and an anode support bar 38, which may be made of a suitable conductive material, e.g., brass. the anode may be connected to the chamber upper half 22 through a plurality of current returns 46, with the chamber top 22, along with the chamber bottom 24, e.g. kept as a common voltage, e.g., at ground voltage.
The cathode 32 may, e.g., be connected to an electrical discharge high voltage feed through assembly 40, e.g., by a high voltage feed through 42, which passes through a main insulator 44. The main insulator 44 may keep the cathode electrically isolated from the chamber upper half 22.
Also within the chamber interior 26 may be, e.g., a preionizer 50, e.g., in the vicinity of the cathode 30. The preionizer 50 may include, e.g., a ground rod 52 that may be made of a suitable conductive material, e.g., brass (shown in more detail in
Also within the gas discharge chamber 26 may be, e.g., a gas circulation system comprising, e.g., a gas circulation fan 60, which may be, e.g., a generally cylindrical crossflow fan 60. The fan 60 serves to move gas within the chamber interior 26, generally in a circular fashion as seen, e.g., in the cross-sectional view of, e.g.,
The gas circulation system may also have, e.g., a plurality of curved baffles 80 and a flow directing vane 62, which may serve, e.g., to shape the generally circular gas flow path out of the discharge region 34 toward the heat exchangers 70 and ultimately the intake of the fan 60 and from the output of the fan 60 to the discharge region 34, respectively.
The chamber 26 may also have a metal fluoride trap 90 as is known in the art, although an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention is to replace the MFT where possible.
Also contained in the chamber interior 26, e.g., along the horizontal bottom interior wall 29 of the bottom 24 of the chamber 20 may be, e.g., a dust trap 100. It will be understood that by dust is meant the various forms of debris, e.g., mostly metal fluoride material, that circulates with the gas circulation and appears to the naked eye to be dust-like or lint-like.
The dust trap 100 according to an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention may be illustrated by reference to FIGS. 2A-D as an example. As shown in FIGS. 2A-D, the dust trap 100 may be comprised of at least one meshed element, e.g., a wire mesh 102 having a first gauge, e.g., [______] and a first pitch, e.g., [______] and may be comprised of vertical mesh members 102a and horizontal mesh members 102b, e.g., made of wire of, e.g., a suitable metallic material, e.g., brass. Each wire may have, e.g. a wire gauge, i.e., diameter, e.g., [______]. The meshed horizontal mesh members 102b and vertical mesh members 102a may form mesh openings, illustrated according to an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention to be rectilinear, but to be understood to be of any suitable meshed shape, e.g., triangular and/or of square or rectangular shape may be employed.
The dust trap 100 may also comprise, e.g., a second meshed element 104, which may be similar to the first mesh element 102, but may comprise a second gauge and pitch smaller than the first, e.g., [______] and [______]. It will also be understood that the second meshed element 104 may also have horizontal mesh wires 104b and vertical mesh wires 104a having a respective wire gauge or gauges, and forming mesh openings 108 of any possible suitable shape. The first and second meshed elements 102, 104 may have differing shaped mesh openings. It is also possible according to an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention to have more than two different meshed elements varying, e.g., in gauge, pitch and opening shape and wire gauge size.
Turning now to
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FIGS. 3A-C illustrate an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention wherein dust catcher/collector elements, e.g., 130, 132, 134 may, e.g., be formed in the interior wall portions, e.g., 28, 29 of the chamber 20. According to an aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, the elements 130, 134 may comprise a first portion 130a, 134a and a second portion 130b, 134b extending in a direction angled from the respective first portion 130a, 134b and the elements 132 may have only a single portion formed, e.g., in the respective portion, e.g., walls 28, 29 of the chamber 20.
In operation the above-described dust collectors/traps have the effect of minimizing the equilibrium particle density of the debris in the gas flow without significantly increasing the impedance within the chamber interior 26 to gas circulation. This is important because at higher gas discharge repetition rates, e.g., beyond 4 KHz the blower power and heat budget becomes a critical performance issue as well as blower wear, e.g., bearing wear at higher speeds and eventual requirements for blower replacement due to excessive vibration. The collectors/traps may also be assisted in their operation by the changing gas flow patterns as the fan is cycled through on and off periods and as flow recommences in the on cycle. In operation with the collectors, e.g., 130, 132, 134 and or traps, e.g., 100, 100′, 100″ in and/or along the walls of the chamber, essentially in the boundary flow region, the boundary layer flow, along what would be the otherwise smooth-wall, may, e.g., be disrupted in such a way that particles of debris (so-called dust) are accelerated into the openings, e.g., 130, 132, 143 in the wall and/or meshed elements in the dust traps, e.g., 100, 100′ and 100″, and once inside essentially cannot return to the gas flow inside the chamber interior 26. For example once inside the meshed elements of the traps 100, 100′, 100″, e.g., having entered a mesh opening in the outermost layer, the particle may, e.g., be slowed by eddy currents, or otherwise, and then is further slowed in each succeeding meshed layer such that the particles then remain within the meshed structure. Applicants also suspect that flow can be created, e.g., around the wire in the mesh, e.g., orthogonal to the flow direction, which also accelerates particles in the direction of the next succeeding internal mesh layer.
This so-called boundary layer effect is taken advantage of by applicants according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention. With regard to the dust trap 100,100′, 100″, as illustrated very schematically and not to proportion in
FIGS. 6A-C illustrate the operation dust traps 100-100″ according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art of fluid dynamics that the gas circulation in the generally circular circulation path referenced above is of relatively high velocities, e.g., measured at points in the cross-section of the circulation path on the order of tens of meters per second, determined, e.g., by the amount of gas flow necessary through the discharge region to adequately and properly clear the discharge region between shots. More toward the boundaries of the container in which the gas is circulating, e.g., the wall sections 28, 29, due, e.g., to friction of the moving gas along these boundary portions, the gas flow slows down until its profile at the surface of the boundary element, e.g., interior wall 28 or 29 to zero or almost zero.
Applicants have found that after relatively short operating times the floating debris being circulated with the laser gas in the gas circulation path essentially all collects in the dust collector, e.g., a dust collector 100 on the floor of the chamber 20 and does not thereafter significantly migrate or get shocked back into the gas circulation flow path. In the past, applicants believe that dust tended to precipitate to the bottom of the chamber, but that various acoustic and other shock wave and vibrational disturbances then periodically entrained the dust, or significant quantities of it, back into the gas circulation path. A dust trap, e.g., 100, 100′, 100″ according to aspects of an embodiment of the present invention have been found by applicants to virtually eliminate the reintrainment of dust collected in the dust traps, e.g., 100, 100′ and 100″ according to aspects of embodiments of the present invention.
Similarly, the catcher and collector elements, 130, 132 and 134 are believed to work alone or in conjunction with a dust trap 100, 100′, 100″, e.g., as shown in
Turning now to
Also shown in
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It will be understood that in operation the ground rod 54 at first will be connected to ground through the resistor 292. However, over time as the cathode 30 is successively brought to high voltage for successive pulses in the burst, the capacitor 294 will charge according to the selected time constant of the RC network 290, until at some point in the burst the potential difference between the capacitor 294 and the cathode 30 will be such that the potential difference between the cathode 30 and the ground rod 54 of the preionizer 50 cannot generate a corona discharge any longer during that burst. Between bursts the resistor 292 can be selected to be of such a value that all or substantially al of the charge on the capacitor 294 bleeds to ground and the ground rod 54 is effectively connected to ground awaiting the next burst.
It will also be understood that, while only one preionization tube 50 is illustrated in
Turning now to
Currently a manner of effecting preionization in gas discharge lasers is to utilize the preionizer as essentially a capacitive element, e.g., with the dielectric of the preionization tube 52 acting as the dielectric in a capacitor formed, e.g., between the cathode 30 and the ground rod 54. As a high voltage, e.g., a high negative voltage, is applied to the cathode 30 at some point the differential in voltage between the cathode 30 and anode 32 causes an electrical discharge between the two as the gas medium becomes conductive. The preionizer tube is selected in radial dimension and shape to initiate a corona discharge on the surface of the preionization tube 52 at a time just shortly before the peak anode to cathode voltage is reached to seed the gas medium with electrons to help initiate and speed up the formation of the electrical discharge between the electrodes 30, 32.
In some circumstances of operation, however, e.g., in a molecular fluorine laser and/or one operating a reduced high voltage, the initiation and/or duration of the electrical discharge may tend to hang up more than normal before the actual discharge occurs and the high voltage begins ringing between the electrodes 30,32. Thus, e.g., the preionization effect may be mis-timed enough to interfere with the timing and adequacy of preionization.
Applicants believe that a solution to this problem can be found in putting a switch on the ground rod 54, e.g., to more actively control preionization by controlling when the ground rod 54 is at common potential and thus can cause the corona discharge due to a difference in potential between the cathode 30 and the ground rod 54. This switch could be, e.g., in one embodiment, a saturable magnetic switch (not shown), such that variations in the voltage applied to the cathode and to the switch could provide a suitable preionization at, e.g., 20-40 ns before the actual occurrence of the discharge, based on a volt-second product that changes this delay time appropriately according to voltage applied, i.e., for a lower voltage a longer delay in switch closure and vise-versa for higher voltage. Alternatively, a non-active inductive element (not shown), e.g., a [______] could be employed, perhaps at the expense of some amplitude of the displacement current (corona discharge) of the preionizer, or alternatively a surface flashover ceramic connector (not shown) could be utilized, e.g., connecting the ground rod 54 to ground to delay the onset of preionization as appropriate. Although this is not as active a control of preionization onset as the use of, e.g., a switch, it still may be effective.
Turning now to
Acoustic effects within the chamber 26 may also be attenuated or removed by, e.g., introducing artificial jitter into the timing of the laser discharge, so that the inter-pulse period varies, e.g., from one pulse to another within, e.g., a burst of pulses, e.g., randomly or with a repeatable pattern, e.g., within the given burst. Variations in the discharge timing so produced, e.g., on the order of 1/width of a resonance peak can, e.g., break up the periodicity and reduce the growth rate of resonance leading to the formation of resonance peaks, e.g., in the output bandwidth of the laser system. By way of example, for the case of a typical, e.g., 20 Hz wide resonance peak, e.g., at about 3000 Hz laser pulse repetition rate, e.g., a few microsecond artificial jitter can, e.g., correlate acoustic disturbances sufficiently. Instead of a truly random pattern, the pattern of jitter error introduced into the trigger delay can be made to repeat, e.g., every Nslit pulses, where Nslit is the number of pulsed in the exposure slit. This insures, e.g., that the number of pulses seen by the resist at any point in the slit remains the same regardless of jitter magnitude and stage speed. For a MOPA arrangement the jitter would need to be introduced in, e.g., the MOPA firing, with the firing of the PA based on the actual time of the jittered firing of the MO. This may be done, e.g., using existing firing control panels on lasers sold by applicant's assignee, e.g., 7000 series lasers, to manipulate, e.g., trigger-in to discharge timing.
Turning now to
As can be seen from
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that many modification and changes can be made to the aspects of embodiments of the present invention disclosed in this specification without departing from the scope and spirit of the inventions embodied in the aspects of embodiments of the present invention disclosed in this application. Therefore, the appended claims should not be interpreted to be limited to or narrowed in scope in any way by the specifics of aspects of embodiments described herein.
