HCV NS3 protein fragments having helicase activity and improved solubility

TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to the molecular biology and virology of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). More specifically, this invention relates to (1) carboxy terminus fragments of the HCV NS3 protein having helicase activity and improved solubility in extraction and assay buffers, (2) methods of expressing the novel NS3 protein fragments having helicase activity and improved solubility; (3) recombinant NS3 protein fragments having helicase activity and improved solubility; (4) NS3 protein mutant fragments; and (5) method of using the HCV NS3 protein fragments for screening helicase inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Non-A, Non-B hepatitis (NANBH) is a transmissible disease (or family of diseases) that is believed to be virally induced, and is distinguishable from other forms of virus-associated liver disease, such as those caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), delta hepatitis virus (HDV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Epidemiologic evidence suggests that there may be three types of NANBH: the water-borne epidemic type; the blood or needle associated type; and the sporadically occurring (community acquired) type. However, the number of causative agents is unknown. Recently, however, a new viral species, hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been identified as the primary (if not only) cause of blood-associated NANBH (BB-NANBH). See for example, PCT WO89/046699; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 7/456,637, filed Dec. 21, 1989; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 7/456,637, filed Dec. 21, 1989, incorporated herein by reference. Hepatitis C appears to be the major form of transfusion-associated hepatitis in a number of countries, including the United States and Japan. There is also evidence implicating HCV in induction of hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, a need exists for an effective method for treating HCV infection: currently, there is none.
HCV is a positive strand RNA virus. Upon infection, its genomic RNA produces a large polyprotein that is processed by viral and cellular proteins into at least 10 different viral proteins. Like other positive strand RNA viruses, replication of the positive strand involves initial synthesis of a negative strand RNA. This negative strand RNA, which is a replication intermediate, serves as a template for the production of progeny genomic RNA. This process is believed to be carried out by two or more viral encoded enzymes, including RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and RNA helicase. RNA polymerase copies template RNA for the production of progeny RNA. This enzyme does not synthesize RNA molecules from DNA template.
The RNA helicase unwinds the secondary structure present in the single-strand RNA molecule. The helicase also unwinds the duplex RNA into single-strand forms. Genomic HCV RNA molecules contain extensive secondary structure. Replication intermediates of HCV RNA are believed to be present as duplex RNA consisting of positive and negative strand RNA molecules. The activity of RNA helicase is believed to be crucial to RNA dependent RNA polymerase which requires unwound single stranded RNA molecules as a template. Therefor, the biological activity of helicase is believed to be required for HCV replication.
NS3 proteins of the three genera of the Flaviviridae family: flavivirus, pestivirus and HCV, have been shown to have conserved sequence motifs of a serine-type proteinase and of a nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPase)/RNA helicase. One third of the N'-terminal of the HCV NS3 protein has been shown to be a trypsin like serine proteinase which cleaves the NS3-NS4A, NS4A-NS4B, NS4B-NS5A, and NS60A-NS5B junctions. Faila et al., J. Virol. 68:3753-3760 (1994). Two thirds of the NS3 C'-terminal fragment has been shown to encode NTPase/RNA helicase activity. Choo et al., PNAS, 88:2451-2455 (1991) and Gorbalenya et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 17:4713-4729 (1989). Suzich et al. showed that two thirds of the carboxy terminal fragment of HCV NS3 expressed in E. coli had polynucleotide-stimulated NTPase activity. J. Virol, 67:6152-6158 (1993). Gwack et al., in "NTPase Activity of Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Protein Expressed in Insect Cells" Mol. Cells. 5(2): 171-175 (1995), showed two HCV NS3 proteins, p70 and p43, were expressed in a baculovirus expression system. The p70 showed a specific NTPase activity that was inhibited by NS3 monoclonal antibodies. Warrener et al., "Pestivirus NS3 (p80) Protein Possesses RNA Helicase Activity," J. Virol. 69:1720-1726 (1995), demonstrated that bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) NS3 protein expressed in a baculovirus expression system had a RNA helicase activity. JP 0631 9583A describes the preparation of a helicase protein encoded by HCV by introducing a HCV helicase gene into the non-essential region of a baculovirus. The helicase amino acid sequence is reported as 1200 through 1500 of the HCV polyprotein. All documents mentioned above are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
We have now invented recombinant HCV NS3 protein fragments having helicase activity and improved solubility, fusion HCV NS3 protein fragments having helicase activity and improved solubility, truncated and altered HCV NS3 protein fragments having helicase activity and improved solubility, and cloning and expression vectors therefore, and methods for using these protein fragments in screening assays to assess whether a compound is capable of inhibiting RNA helicase activity and thus inhibiting HCV replication.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows the sequence of the of the NS3 protein of HCV-1, which is approximately from amino acid 1027 to 1657 of the HCV-1 polyprotein. (SEQ ID NO: 1)
FIG. 2 is a schematic presentation of the HCV NS3 protein. The numbers indicate the amino acid positions of the HCV-1 polyprotein.
FIG. 3 shows the conserved sequence motif of DEXH box RNA helicase proteins and comparative alignment of the RNA helicase domain of the HCV NS3 protein. The numbers between boxes indicate the distance in amino acids residues.
FIG. 4 shows the structure of double strand RNA substrate for RNA helicase assay. The thick line indicates the .sup.32 P-labeled RNA strand. The thin line indicates the unlabeled RNA strand.
FIG. 5 shows the expression and purification of HCV NS3 from E. Coli. M: protein size markers, Lane 1: Total protein from uninduced cells, Lane 2: Total protein from 3 hr IPTG induced cells, Lane 3: HCV NS3:His-tag fusion protein purified by nickel binding chromatography.
FIG. 6 shows the results of an RNA helicase assay of the HCV NS3 protein fragments. Lane 1; Fraction from negative control cell (pET vector only), Lane 2: 3 mM Mn.sup.2+, Lane 3: no Mn.sup.2+, Lane 4: 3 mM Mg.sup.2+, Lane 5:no Mg.sub.2+, Lane 6:3 mM KC1, Lane 7:no ATP, Lane 8:1 mM ATP, Lane 9:preincubation of the NS3 protein with NS3-specific monoclonal antibody, Lanes 10, 11: preincubation of the NS3 protein with anticonnexin monoclonal antibody at 0.5 .mu.g, 1.0 .mu.g per 20 .mu.l, respectively. Monoclonal antibodies were preincubated with the S3 protein at room temperature for 5 min.
FIG. 7 shows the activity profiles of the HCV NS3 RNA fragment having helicase activity with different ATP and divalent cations concentrations. The effects of cations were tested at two different ATP concentrations (1 mM and 5 mM).

MODES OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
A. Definitions
The terms "Hepatitis C Virus" and "HCV" refer to the viral species that is the major etiological agent of BB-NANBH, the prototype isolate of which is identified in PCT WO89/046699; EPO publication 318,216; U.S. Ser. No. 07/355,008, filed May 18 1989; and U.S. Ser. No. 7/456,637, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. "HCV" as used herein includes the pathogenic strains capable of causing hepatitis C, and attenuated strains or defective interfering particles derived therefrom. The HCV genome is comprised of RNA. It is known that RNA-containing viruses have relatively high rates of spontaneous mutation, reportedly on the order of 10.sup.-3 to 10.sup.-4 per incorporated nucleotide (Fields & Knipe, "Fundamental Virology" (1986, Raven Press, N.Y.)). As heterogeneity and fluidity of genotype are inherent characteristics of RNA viruses, there will be multiple strains/isolates, which may be virulent or avirulent, within the HCV species.
Information on several different strains/isolates of HCV is disclosed herein, particularly strain or isolate CDC/HCVI (also called HCV1). Information from one strain or isolate, such as a partial genomic sequence, is sufficient to allow those skilled in the art using standard techniques to isolate new strains/isolates and to identify whether such new strains/isolates are HCV. Typically, different strains, which may be obtained from a number of human sera (and from different geographical areas), are isolated utilizing the information from the genomic sequence of HCV1.
HCV is now classified as a new genus of the Flavivinidae family of which the other two genera are pestivirus and flavivirus. The Flavivirus family contains a large number of viruses which are small, enveloped pathogens of man. The morphology and composition of Flavivirus particles are known, and are discussed in M. A. Brinton, in "The Viruses: The Togaviridae And Flaviviridae" (Series eds. Fraenkel-Conrat and Wagner, vol. eds. Schlesinger and Schlesinger, Plenum Press, 1986), pp. 327-374. Generally, with respect to morphology, Flaviviruses contain a central nucleocapsid surrounded by a lipid bilayer. Virions are spherical and have a diameter of about 40-50 nm. Their cores are about 25-30 mn in diameter. Along the outer surface of the virion envelope are projections measuring about 5-10 nm in length with terminal knobs about 2 nm in diameter. Typical examples of the family include Yellow Fever virus, West Nile virus, and Dengue Fever virus. They possess positive-stranded RNA genomes (about 11,000 nucleotides) that are slightly larger than that of HCV and encode a polyprotein precursor of about 3500 amino acids. Individual viral proteins are cleaved from this precursor polypeptide.
The genome of HCV appears to be single-stranded RNA containing about 10,000 nucleotides. The genome is positive-stranded, and possesses a continuous translational open reading frame (ORF) that encodes a polyprotein of about 3,000 amino acids. In the ORF, the structural proteins appear to be encoded in approximately the first quarter of the N-terminal region, with the majority of the polyprotein attributed to non-structural proteins. When compared with all known viral sequences, small but significant co-linear homologies are observed with the non-structural proteins of the Flavivirus family, and with the pestiviruses (which are now also considered to be part of the Flavivirus family).
The HCV polyprotein is processed by the host and viral proteases during or after translation. The genetic map of HCV is as follows: from the amino terminus to the carboxy terminus, the nucleocapsid protein (C), the envelope proteins (E1) and (E2), and the non-structural proteins 2, 3, 4 (a+b), and 5 (a+b) (NS2, NS3, NS4, and NS5). Based upon the putative amino acids encoded in the nucleotide sequence of HCV1, a small domain at the extreme N-terminus of the HCV polyprotein appears similar both in size and high content of basic residues to the nucleocapsid protein (C) found at the N-terminus of flaviviral polyproteins. The non-structural proteins 2,3,4, and 5 (NS2-5) of HCV and of yellow fever virus (YFV) appear to have counterparts of similar size and hydropathicity, although the amino acid sequences diverge. However, the region of HCV which would correspond to the regions of YFV polyprotein which contains the M, E, and NS1 protein not only differs in sequence, but also appears to be quite different in size and hydropathicity. Thus, while certain domains of the HCV genome may be referred to herein as, for example, E1, E2, or NS2, it should be understood that these designations are for convenience of reference only; there may be considerable differences between the HCV family and flaviviruses that have yet to be appreciated and as these differences surface, domain designations may change.
Due to the evolutionary relationship of the strains or isolates of HCV, putative HCV strains and isolates are identifiable by their homology at the polypeptide level. With respect to the isolates disclosed herein, new HCV strains or isolates are expected to be at least about 40% homologous, some more than about 70% homologous, and some even more than about 80% homologous: some may be more than about 90% homologous at the polypeptide level. The techliques for determining amino acid sequence homology are known in the art. For example, the amino acid sequence may be determined directly and compared to the sequences provided herein. Alternatively the nucleotide sequence of the genomic material of the putative HCV may be determined (usually via a cDNA intprmediate), the amino acid sequence encoded therein can be determined, and the corresponding regions compared.
The term "NS3 protein fragment showing helicase activity" or "NS3 protein helicase fragment" refers to an enzyme derived from an HCV NS3 protein which exhibits helicase activity, specifically the portion of polypeptide that is encoded in the carboxy two-third terminus of the NS3 domain of the HCV genome. Generally, the portion of the HCV NS3 protein showing protease activity, i.e., that is found in the amino one-third terminus has been removed. At least one strain of HCV contains a NS3 protein fragment showing helicase activity believed to be substantially encoded by or within the following sequence of amino acids residues within the NS3 protein fragment i.e.; approximately amino acids 1193 to 1657 of the NS3 protein shown in FIG. 1. The sequence of such helicase is depicted below:
1193 Val Asp Phe Ile Pro Val Glu Asn Leu Glu (SEQ ID NO: 2) Thr Thr Met Arg Ser Pro Val Phe Thr Asp Asn Ser Ser Pro Pro Val Val Pro Gln Ser Phe Gln Val Ala His Leu His Ala Pro Thr Gly Ser Gly Lys Ser Thr Lys Val Pro Ala Ala Tyr Ala Ala Gln Glu Tyr Lys Val Leu Val Leu Asn Pro Ser Val Ala Ala Thr Leu Gly Phe Gly Ala Tyr Met Ser Lys Ala His (Leu) Gly Ile Asp Pro Asn Ile Arg Thr Gly Val Arg Thr Ile Thr Thr Gly Ser Pro Ile Thr Tyr Ser Thr Tyr Gly Lys Phe Leu Ala Asp Gly Gly Cys Ser Gly Gly Ala Tyr Asp Ile Ile Ile Cys Asp Glu Cys His Ser Thr Asp Ala Thr Ser Ile Leu Gly Ile Gly Thr Val Leu Asp Gln Ala Glu Thr Ala Gly Ala Arg Leu Val Val Leu Ala Thr Ala Thr Pro Pro Gly Ser Val Thr Val Pro His Pro Asn Ile Glu Glu Val Ala Leu Ser Thr Thr Gly Glu Ile Pro Phe Tyr Gly Lys Ala Ile Pro Leu Glu Val Ile Lys Gly Gly Arg His Leu Ile Phe Cys His Ser Lys Lys Lys Cys Asp Glu Leu Ala Ala Lys Leu Val Ala Leu Gly Ile Asn Ala Val Ala Tyr Tyr Arg Gly Leu Asp Val Ser Val Ile Pro Thr Ser Gly Asp Val Val Val Val Ala Thr Asp Ala Leu Met Thr Gly Tyr Thr Gly Asp Phe Asp Ser Val Ile (Tyr) Asp Cys Asn Thr Cys Val Thr Gln Thr Val (Ser) Asp Phe Ser Leu Asp Pro Thr Phe Thr Ile Glu Thr Ile Thr Leu Pro Gln Asp Ala Val Ser Arg Thr Gln Arg Arg Gly Arg Thr Gly Arg Gly Lys Pro Gly Ile Tyr Arg Phe Val Ala Pro Gly Glu Arg Pro Ser Gly Met Phe Asp Ser Ser Val Leu Cys Glu Cys Tyr Asp Ala Gly Cys Ala Trp Tyr Glu Leu Thr Pro Ala Glu Thr Thr Val Arg Leu Arg Ala Tyr Met Asn Thr Pro Gly Leu Pro Val Cys Gln Asp His Leu Glu Phe Trp Glu Gly Val Phe Thr Gly Leu Thr His Ile Asp Ala His Phe Leu Ser Gln Thr Lys Gln Ser Gly Glu Asn Leu Pro Tyr Leu Val Ala Tyr Gln Ala Thr Val Cys Ala Arg Ala Gln Ala Pro Pro Pro Ser Trp Asp Gln Met Trp Lys Cys Leu Ile Arg Leu Lys Pro Thr Leu His Gly Pro Thr Pro Leu Leu Tyr Arg Leu Gly Ala Val Gln Asn Glu Ile Thr Leu Thr His Pro Val Thr Lys Tyr Ile Met Thr Cys Met Ser Ala Asp Leu Glu Val Val Thr 1657
The above N and C termini of the helicase fragment are putative, the actual termini being defined by expressing and processing in an appropriate host of a DNA construct encoding the entire NS3 domain. It is understood that this sequence may vary from strain to strain, as RNA viruses, like HCV, are known to exhibit a great deal of variation. Further, the actual N and C termini may vary, as the NS3 protein fragment showing helicase activity is cleaved from a precursor polyprotein: variations in the helicase amino acid sequence can result in different termini for helicase activity. Thus, the amino- and carboxy-termini may differ from strain to strain of HCV. A minimum sequence necessary for activity does exist and has been determined herein. The sequence of the NS3 fragment may be truncated at either end by treating an appropriate expression vector with exonuclease after cleavage with a restriction endonuclease at the 5' or 3' end of the coding sequence to remove any desired number of base pairs. The resulting coding polynucleotide is then expressed and the sequence determined. In this manner the activity of the resulting product may be correlated with the amino acid sequence: a limited series of such experiments (removing progressively greater numbers of base pairs) determines the minimum internal sequence necessary for helicase activity. The sequence of the HCV NS3 fragment may be substantially truncated, particularly at the carboxy terminus up to approximately 50 amino acids, with full retention of helicase activity. Successive carboxy truncations do eventually result in the loss of helicase activity. Further carboxy truncation, at around 135 amino acids results in the loss of NTPase activity. The amino terminus of the NS3 fragment, i.e., that beginning around 1190 of the HCV-1 amino acid sequence may also be truncated to a degree without a loss of helicase activity. Surprisingly, an amino terminus truncation to around twenty amino acids of the putative helicase domain does, however, result in an increase in the solubility of the fragment in purification and assay buffers. The NS3 protein generally is insoluble in buffers. When approximately 20 amino acids of helicase N terminus are deleted, the fragments become soluble in buffer. When approximately thirty-five amino acids are deleted, however, the fragments lose both NTPase and helicase activity. It is known that a portion of the NS3 protein at the amino terminus i.e., that beginning around amino acid 1027 exhibits protease activity. Protease activity, however, is not required of the HCV helicases of the invention and, in fact, the amino terminus fragments of NS3 exhibiting protease activity have been deleted from the helicase or fragments of the present invention.
"HCV NS3 fragment helicase analogs" refer to polypeptides which vary from the NS3 carboxy fragment having helicase activity, shown above, by deletion, alteration and/or addition to the amino acid sequence of the native helicase fragment. HCV NS3 helicase fragment analogs include the truncated helicase fragments described above, as well as HCV NS3 fragment helicase mutants and fusion helicase fragments comprising HCV NS3 protein helicase fragments, truncated NS3 protein helicase fragments, or NS3 fragment helicase mutants. Alterations to form HCV NS3 fragment helicase mutants are preferably conservative amino acid substitutions, in which an amino acid is replaced with another naturally-occurring amino acid of similar character. For example, the following substitutions are considered "conservative":
GlyAla; AspGlu; ValIleLeu;
LysArg; AsnGln; and PheTrpTyr.
Nonconservative changes are generally substitutions of one of the above amino acids with an amino acid from a different group (e.g., substituting Asn for Glu), or substituting Cys, Met, His, or Pro for any of the above amino acids. Substitutions involving common amino acids are conveniently performed by site specific mutagenesis of an expression vector encoding the desired protein, and subsequent expression of the altered form. One may also alter amino acids by synthetic or semi-synthetic methods. For example, one may convert cysteine or serine residues to selenocysteine by appropriate chemical treatment of the isolated protein. Alternatively, one may incorporate uncommon amino acids in standard in vitro protein synthetic methods. Typically, the total number of residues changed, deleted or added to the native sequence in the mutants will be no more than about 20, preferably no more than about 10, and most preferably no more than about 5.
The term fusion protein generally refers to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence drawn from two or more individual proteins. In the present invention, "fusion protein" is used to denote a polypeptide comprising the HCV NS3 helicase fragment, truncate, mutant or a functional portion thereof, fused to a non-HCV protein or polypeptide ("fusion partner"). Fusion proteins are most conveniently produced by expressing of a fused gene, which encodes a portion of one polypeptide at the 5' end and a portion of a different polypepitide at the 3' end, where the different portions are joined in one reading frame which may be expressed in a suitable host. It is presently preferred (although not required) to position the HCV NS3 helicase fragment or analog at the carboxy terminus of the fusion protein, and to employ a functional enzyme fragment at the amino terminus. The HCV NS3 helicase fragment is normally expressed within a large polyprotein. The helicase fragment is not expected to include cell tnansport signals (e.g., export or secretion signals). Suitable functional enzyme fragments are those polypeptides which exhibit a quantifiable activity when expressed fused to the HCV NS3 helicase fragment. Exemplary enzymes include, without limitation, .beta.-galactosidase (.beta.-gal), .beta.-lactamase, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), glucose oxidase (GO), human superoxide dismutase (hSOD), urease, and the like. These enzymes are convenient because the amount of fusion protein produced can be quantified by means of simple colorimetric assays. Alternatively, one may employ fragments or antigenic proteins, to permit simple detection by metal-binding columns and quantification of fusion proteins using antibodies specific for the fusion partner. The presently preferred fusion partner is six histidine residues at the carboxy terminus.
B. General Method
The practice of the present invention generally employs conventional techniques of molecular biology, microbiology, recombinant DNA, and immunology, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See for example J. Sambrook et al, "Molecular Cloning; A Laboratory Manual (1989); "DNA Cloning", Vol. I and II (D. N Glover ed. 1985); "Oligonucleotide Synthesis" (M. J. Gait ed, 1984); "Nucleic Acid Hybridization" (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); "Transcription And Translation" (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); "Animal Cell Culture" (R. I. Freshney ed. 1986); "Immobilized Cells And Enzymes" (IRL Press, 1986); B. Perbal, "A Practical Guide To Molecular Cloning" (1984); the series, "Methods In Enzymology" (Academic Press, Inc.); "Gene Transfer Vectors For Mammalian Cells" (J. H. Miller and M. P. Calos eds. 1987, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory); Meth Enzymol (1987) 154 and 155 (Wu and Grossman, and Wu, eds., respectively); Mayer & Walker, eds. (1987), "Immunochemical Methods In Cell And Molecular Biology" (Academic Press, London); Scopes, "Protein Purification: Principles And Practice", 2nd Ed (Springer-Verlag, N.Y., 1987); and "Handbook Of Experimental Immunology", volumes I-IV (Weir and Blackwell, eds, 1986).
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic host cells are useful for expressing desired coding sequences when appropriate control sequences compatible with the designated host are used. Among prokaryotic hosts, E. coli is most frequently used. Expression control sequences for prokaryotes include promoters, optionally containing operator portions, and ribosome binding sites. Transfer vectors compatible with prokaryotic hosts are commonly derived from, for example, pBR322, a plasmid containing operons conferring ampicillin and tetracycline resistance, and the various pUC vectors, which also contain sequences conferring antibiotic resistance markers. These plasmids are commercially available. The markers may be used to obtain successful transformants by selection. Commonly used prokaryotic control sequences include the T7 bacteriophage promoter (Dunn and Studier, J. Mol. Biol. (1983) 166:477) the .beta.-lactamase (penicilliase) and lactose promoter systems (Chang et al, Nature (1977) 198:1056), the tryptophan (trp) promoter system (Goeddel et al, Nuc Acids Res (1980) 8:4057) and the lambda-derived P.sub.L promoter and N gene ribosome binding site (Shimatake et al, Nature (1981) 292:128) and the hybrid tac promoter (De Boer et al, Proc Nat Acad Sci USA (1983) 292:128) derived from sequences of the trp and lac UV5 promoters. The foregoing systems are particularly compatible with E. coli; if desired, other prokaryotic hosts such as strains of Bacillus or Pseudomonas may be used, with corresponding control sequences.
Eukaryotic hosts include, without limitation, yeast and mammalian cells in culture systems. Yeast expression hosts include Saccharomnyces, Klebsiella, Picia, and the like. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis and K. lactis are the most commonly used yeast hosts, and are convenient fungal hosts. Yeast-compatible vectors carry markers which permit selection of successful transformants by conferring prototrophy to auxotrophic mutants or resistance to heavy metals on wild-type strains. Yeast compatible vectors may employ the 2.mu. origin of replication (Broach et al, Meth Enzymol (1983) 101:307), the combination of CEN3 and ARS1 or other means for assuring replication, such as sequences which will result in incorporation of an appropriate fragment into the host cell genome. Control sequences for yeast vectors are known in the art and include promoters for the synthesis of glycolytic enzymes (Hess et al, J Adv Enzyme Reg (1968) 7:149; Holland et al, Biochem (1978), 17:4900), including the promoter for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (R. Hitzeman et al, J Biol Chem (1980) 255:2073). Terminators may also be included, such as those derived from the enolase gene (Holland, J Biol Chem (1981) 256:1385). Particularly useful control systems are those which comprise the glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) promoter or alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) regulatable promoter, terminators also derived from GAPDH, and if secretion is desired, a leader sequence derived from yeast .alpha.-factor (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,008, incorporated herein by reference).
A presently preferred expression system employs the ubiquitin leader as the fusion partner. Copending application U.S. Ser. No. 7/390,599 filed Aug. 7, 1989 disclosed vectors for high expression of yeast ubiquitin fusion proteins. Yeast ubiquitin provides a 76 amino acid polypeptide which is automatically cleaved from the fused protein upon expression. The ubiquitin amino acid sequence is as follows:
(SEQ ID NO:3)Gln Ile Phe Val Lys Thr Leu Thr Gly LysThr Ile Thr Leu Glu Val Glu Ser Ser AspThr Ile Asp Asn Val Lys Ser Lys Ile GlnAsp Lys Glu Gly Ile Pro Pro Asp Gln GlnArg Leu Ile Phe Ala Gly Lys Gln Leu GluAsp Gly Arg Thr Leu Ser Asp Tyr Asn IleGln Lys Glu Ser Thr Leu His Leu Val LeuArg Leu Arg Gly Gly
See also Ozkaynak et al, Nature (1984) 312:663-66. Polynucleotides encoding the ubiquitin polypeptide may be synthesized by standard methods, for example following the technique of Barr et al, J Biol Chem (1988) 268:1671-78 using an Applied Biosystem 380A DNA synthesizer. Using appropriate linkers, the ubiquitin gene may be inserted into a suitable vector and ligated to a sequence encoding the HCV helicase or a fragment thereof.
In addition, the transcriptional regulatory region and the transcriptional initiation region which are operably linked may be such that they are not naturally associated in the wild-type organism. These systems are described in detail in EPO 120,551, published Oct. 3, 1984; EPO 116,201, published Aug. 22, 1984; and EPO 164,556, published Dec. 18, 1985, all of which are commonly owned with the present invention, and are hereby incorporated herein by reference in full.
Mammalian cell lines available as hosts for expression are known in the art and include many immortalized cell lines available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), including HeLa cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, and a number of other cell lines. Suitable promoters for mammalian cells are also known in the art and include viral promoters such as that from Simian Virus 40 (SV40) (Fiers et al, Nature (1978) 273:113), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), adenovirus (ADV), and bovine papilloma virus (BPV). Mammalian cells may also require terminator sequences and poly-A addition sequences. Enhancer sequences which increase expression may also be included, and sequences which promote amplification of the gene may also be desirable (for example methotrexate resistance genes). These sequences are known in the art.
Vectors suitable for replication in mammalian cells are known in the art, and may include viral replicons, or sequences which insure integration of the appropriate sequences encoding HCV epitopes into the host genome. For example, another vector used to express foreign DNA is Vaccinia virus. In this case the heterologous DNA is inserted into the Vaccinia genome. Techniques for the insertion of foreign DNA into the vaccinia virus genome are known in the art, and may utilize, for example, homologous recombination. The heterologous DNA is generally inserted into a gene which is nonessential to the virus, for example, the thymidine kinase gene (tk), which also provides a selectable marker. Plasmid vectors that greatly facilitate the construction of recombinant viruses have been described (see, for example, Mackett et al, J Virol (1984) 49:857; Chakrabarti et al, Mol Cell Biol (1985) 5:3403; Moss, in GENE TRANSFER VECTORS FOR MAMMALIAN CELLS (Miller and Calos, eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY, 1987), p. 10). Expression of the HCV polypeptide then occurs in cells or animals which are infected with the live recombinant vaccinia virus.
In order to detect whether or not the HCV polypeptide is expressed from the vaccinia vector, BSC 1 cells may be infected with the recombinant vector and grown on microscope slides under conditions which allow expression. The cells may then be acetone-fixed, and immunofluorescence assays performed using serum which is known to contain anti-HCV antibodies to a polypeptide(s) encoded in the region of the HCV genome from which the HCV segment in the recombinant expression vector was derived.
Other systems for expression of eukaryotic or viral genomes include insect cells and vectors suitable for use in these cells. These systems are known in the art, and include, for example, insect expression transfer vectors derived from the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV), which is a helper-independent, viral expression vector. Expression vectors derived from this system usually use the strong viral polyhedrin gene promoter to drive expression of heterologous genes. Currently the most commonly used transfer vector for introducing foreign genes into AcNPV is pAc373 (see PCT WO89/046699 and U.S. Ser. No. 7/456,637). Many other vectors known to those of skill in the art have also been designed for improved expression. These include, for example, pVL985 (which alters the polyhedrin start codon from ATG to ATT, and introduces a BamHI cloning site 32 bp downstream from the ATT; See Luckow and Summers, Virol (1989) 17:31). AcNPV transfer vectors for high level expression of nonfused foreign proteins are described in copending applications PCT WO89/046699 and U.S. Ser. No. 7/456,637. A unique BamHI site is located following position-8 with respect to the translation initiation codon ATG of the polyhedrin gene. There are no cleavage sites for SmaI, PstI, BglII, XbaI or SstI. Good expression of nonfused foreign proteins usually requires foreign genes that ideally have a short leader sequence containing suitable translation initiation signals preceding an ATG start signal. The plasmid also contains the polyhedrin polyadenylation signal and the ampicillin-resistance (amp) gene and origin of replication for selection and propagation in E. coli.
Methods for the introduction of heterologous DNA into the desired site in the baculovirus virus are known in the art. (See Summer and Smith, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 1555; Smith et al, Mol Cell Biol (1983) 3:2156-2165; and Luckow and Summers, Virol (1989) 17:31). For example, the heterologous DNA can be inserted into a gene such as the polyhedrin gene by homologous recombination, or into a restriction enzyme site engineered into the desired baculovirus gene. The inserted sequences may be those that encode all or varying segments of the polyprotein, or other orfs that encode viral polypeptides. For example, the insert could encode the following numbers of amino acid segments from the polyprotein: amino acids 1-1078; amino acids 332-662; amino acids 406-662; amino acids 156-328, and amino acids 199-328.
The signals for post-translational modifications, such as signal peptide cleavage, proteolytic cleavage, and phosphorylation, appear to be recognized by insect cells. The signals required for secretion and nuclear accumulation also appear to be conserved between the invertebrate cells and vertebrate cells. Examples of the signal sequences from vertebrate cells which are effective in invertebrate cells are known in the art, for example, the human interleukin-2 signal (IL2.sub.s) which signals for secretion from the cell, is recognized and properly removed in insect cells.
Transformation may be by any known method for introducing polynucleotides into a host cell, including, for example packaging the polynucleotide in a virus and transducing a host cell with the virus, and by direct uptake of the polynucleotide. The transformation procedure used depends upon the host to be transformed. Bacterial transformation by direct uptake generally employs treatment with calcium or rubidium chloride (Cohen, Proc Nat Acad Sci USA (1972) 69:2110; T. Maniatis et al, "Molecular Cloning; A Laboratory Manual" (Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1982). Yeast transformation by direct uptake may be carried out using the method of Hinnen et al, Proc Nat Acad Sci USA (1978) 75:1929. Mammalian transformations by direct uptake may be conducted using the calcium phosphate precipitation method of Graham and Van der Eb, Virol (1978) 52:546, or the various known modifications thereof. Other methods for introducing recombinant polynucleotides into cells, particularly into mammalian cells, include dextran-mediated transfection, calcium phosphate mediated transfection, polybrene mediated transfection, protoplast fusion, electroporation, encapsulation of the polynucleotide(s) in liposomes, and direct microinjection of the polynucleotides into nuclei.
Vector construction employs techniques which are known in the art. Site-specific DNA cleavage is performed by treating with suitable restriction enzymes under conditions which generally are specified by the manufacturer of these commercially available enzymes. In general, about 1 .mu.g of plasmid or DNA sequence is cleaved by 1 unit of enzyme in about 20 .mu.L buffer solution by incubation for 1-2 hr at 37.degree. C. After incubation with the restriction enzyme, protein is removed by phenol/chloroform extraction and the DNA recovered by precipitation with ethanol. The cleaved fragments may be separated using polyacrylamide or agarose gel electrophoresis techniques, according to the general procedures described in Meth Enzymol (1980) 65:499-560.
Sticky-ended cleavage fragments may be blunt ended using E. coli DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) with the appropriate deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) present in the mixture. Treatment with S1 nuclease may also be used, resulting in the hydrolysis of any single stranded DNA portions.
Ligations are carried out under standard buffer and temperature conditions using T4 DNA ligase and ATP; sticky end ligations require less ATP and less ligase than blunt end ligations. When vector fragments are used as part of a ligation mixture, the vector fragment is often treated with bacterial alkaline phosphatase (BAP) or calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase to remove the 5'-phosphate, thus preventing religation of the vector. Alternatively, restriction enzyme digestion of unwanted fragments can be used to prevent ligation.
Ligation mixtures are transformed into suitable cloning hosts, such as E. coli, and successful transformants selected using the markers incorporated (e.g., antibiotic resistance), and screened for the correct construction.
Synthetic oligonucleotides may be prepared using an automated oligonucleotide synthesizer as described by Warner, DNA (1984) 3:401. If desired, the synthetic strands may be labeled with .sup.32 P by treatment with polynucleotide kinase in the presence of .sup.32 P-ATP under standard reaction conditions.
DNA sequences, including those isolated from cDNA libraries, may be modified by known techniques, for example by site directed mutagenesis (see e.g., Zoller, Nuc Acids Res (1982) 10:6487). Briefly, the DNA to be modified is packaged into phage as a single stranded sequence, and converted to a double stranded DNA with DNA polymerase, using as a primer a synthetic oligonucleotide complementary to the portion of the DNA to be modified, where the desired modification is included in the primer sequence. The resulting double stranded DNA is transformed into a phage-supporting host bacterium. Cultures of the transformed bacteria which contain copies of each strand of the phage are plated in agar to obtain plaques. Theoretically, 50% of the new plaques contain phage having the mutated sequence, and the remaining 50% have the original sequence. Replicates of the plaques are hybridized to labeled synthetic probe at temperatures and conditions which permit hybridization with the correct strand, but not with the unmodified sequence. The sequences which have been identified by hybridization are recovered and cloned.
DNA libraries may be probed using the procedure of Grunstein and Hogness Proc Nat Acad Sci USA (1975) 73:3961. Briefly, in this procedure the DNA to be probed is immobilized on nitrocellulose filters, denatured, and prehybridized with a buffer containing 0-50% formamide, 0.75 M NaCl, 75 mM Na citrate, 0.02% (wt/v) each of bovine serum albumin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and Ficoll.RTM., 50 mM NaH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 (pH 6.5), 0.1% SDS, and 100 .mu.g/mL carrier denatured DNA. The percentage of formamide in the buffer, as well as the time and temperature conditions of the prehybridization and subsequent hybridization steps depend on the stringency required. Oligomeric probes which require lower stringency conditions are generally used with low percentages of formamide, lower temperatures, and longer hybridization times. Probes containing more than 30 or 40 nucleotides, such as those derived from cDNA or genomic sequences generally employ higher temperatures, e.g., about 40-42.degree. C., and a high percentage formamide, e.g., 50%. Following prehybridization, 5'-.sup.32 P-labeled oligonucleotide probe is added to the buffer, and the filters are incubated in this mixture under hybridization conditions. After washing, the treated filters are subjected to autoradiography to show the location of the hybridized probe; DNA in corresponding locations on the original agar plates is used as the source of the desired DNA.
For routine vector constructions, ligation mixtures are transformed into E. coli strain HB101 or other suitable hosts, and successful transformnants selected by antibiotic resistance or other markers. Plasmids from the transformants are then prepared according to the method of Clewell et al, Proc Nat Acad Sci USA (1969) 62:1159, usually following chloramphenicol amplification (Clewell, J Bacteriol (1972) 110:667). The DNA is isolated and analyzed, usually by restriction enzyme analysis and/or sequencing. Sequencing may be performed by the dideoxy method of Sanger et al, Proc Nat Acad Sci USA (1977) 74:5463, as further described by Messing et al, Nuc Acids Res (1981) 9:309, or by the method of Maxam et al, Meth Enzymol (1980) 65:499. Problems with band compression, which are sometimes observed in GC-rich regions, were overcome by use of T-deazoguanosine according to Barr et al, Biotechniques (1986) 4:428.
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be used to measure either antigen or antibody concentrations. This method depends upon conjugation of an enzyme to either an antigen or an antibody, and uses the bound enzyme activity as a quantitative label. To measure antibody, the known antigen is fixed to a solid phase (e.g., a microtiter dish, plastic cup, dipstick, plastic bead, or the like), incubated with test serum dilutions, washed, incubated with anti-immunoglobulin labeled with an enzyme, and washed again. Enzymes suitable for labeling are known in the art, and include, for example, horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Enzyme activity bound to the solid phase is usually measured by adding a specific substrate, and determining product formation or substrate utilization colorimetrically. The enzyme activity bound is a direct function of the amount of antibody bound.
To measure antigen, a known specific antibody is fixed to the solid phase, the test material containing antigen is added, after an incubation the solid phase is washed, and a second enzyme-labeled antibody is added. After washing, substrate is added, and enzyme activity is measured colorimetrically, and related to antigen concentration.
The NS3 proteins of the three genera of Flavivitidea: flavivirus, pestivirus and HCV, have conserved sequence motifs of serine type proteinase and of nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPase)/RNA helicase. See FIG. 2. The NTPase/RNA helicase carboxy two-thirds of the NS3 protein fragment belongs to the DEAD box family. The DEAD box protein family has eight highly consenred amino acid motifs, one of which is the DEAD region where it is also known as an ATPase motif. The DEAD protein family consists of three subfamilies: DEAD proteins, DEAH proteins and DEXH proteins. FIG. 3 shows the conserved sequence motifs of DEXH protein family and the corresponding motifs of HCV NS3. The HCV NS3 protein has sequence motif of DECH which results in its classification in the DEXH protein subfamily.
The HCV NS3 protein fragments disclosed herein have similar characteristics with other known RNA helicases, i.e., they show RNA helicase activity only in the presence of divalent cations (Mn.sup.2+ or Mg.sup.2+) and ATP. At a lower level of ATP, (approximately 1 mM) an increasing amount of either cation inhibits the enzymatic activity of the NS3 fragment. When the ATP concentration is high, (approximately 5 mM), helicase activity remains at a high level even when Mg.sup.2+ or Mn.sup.2+ cations are present at high concentrations. RNA helicase A purified from HeLa cells, needs only Mg.sup.2+ for its cofactor, and Mn.sup.2+ does not substituted for Mg.sup.2+. See Lee et al., J. Biol. 267:4398-4407 (1992), incorporated herein by reference. Pestivirus NS3 and Vaccinia virus RNA helicase have shown to use both cations. Likewise, HCV NS3 protein helicase fragments disclosed herein can utilize both metal ions.
The helicase activity of the HCV NS3 protein helicase fragments is likely pH specific. The experiments in the examples were carried out at pH 6.5. When the pH was increased to 7.6, however, HCV NS3 protein helicase fragments showed not more than 10% strand separation, keeping all other components constant. (data not shown) These characteristics of HCV NS3 protein helicase fragments imply that it has a similar nature to pestivirus NS3 RNA helicase, which is known to pH sensitive.
RNA helicase activity was confirmed not to be derived from E. coli contaminants in two ways. First, a pET21b plasmid without a HCV NS3 protein fragment insert was used as a negative control. The enzymatic activity of the same eluted fraction from the negative control cell culture was tested and there was no detectable level of NTPase or RNA helicase activity. Second, the NS3 protein fragment's helicase activity was inhibited by a NS3-specific monoclonal antibody, but, an unrelated antibody did not affect the activity. From these results, it was determined that the helicase activity was derived not from E. coli contaminants, but from the HCV NS3 protein fragments.
Most of the investigated RNA helicases bound to single strand region and then unwound double strand RNA by moving unidirectionaly or bidirectionaly. The substrate with the single strand region on both 3' and 5' ends was used. Suzich et al., J. Virol., 67:6152-6158 (1993) showed that the two thirds of the C'-terminal of HCV NS3 could hydrolyze all NTPs and dNTPs. This NTPase activity was observed with the HCV NS3 protein fragments disclosed herein. (data not shown) The results showing that the truncated NS3 protein fragments described herein having biochemical helicase activity in spite of deleted N'-terminal proteinase domain suggest that the proteinase and NTPase domains may act independently.
The HCV NS3 protein fragments showing helicase activity of the present invention are advantageous because they are soluble in purification and assay buffers, while the entire NS3 protein generally is not. The solubility of the helicase fragments was determined by first constructing several clones from various vectors and fusion proteins. For example, a pGEX-2T vector containing a glutathione-s-transferase (GST) fusion protein was used to clone the HCV NS3 protein i.e., from 1027 to 1657 a.a. of HCV-1. The resulting fusion protein of GST and HCV NS3 protein was insoluble, i.e., the only portion of the fusion protein that was isolated was that from the insoluble portion of the bacterial extract. That fusion protein was solubilized by denaturing with 6 M urea. When the denatured fusion protein was refolded by serial dialysis against a concentration step gradient, only a small fraction of the renatured fusion protein was correctly refolded and no enzymatic activity was observed in the renatured protein. When an HCV NS3 protein was fused with a maltose binding protein using a pMAL vector, the fusion protein was soluble. The molecular weight of the fusion protein, however, was relatively large (M.W. 110 kDa) because the maltose binding protein itself is about 40 kDa. Thus, such a fusion protein is undesirable to use. In addition, it is difficult to separate the maltose binding protein domain out from the fusion protein containing it and the HCV NS3 protein. In addition, a pET21b vector was utilized to express the domain of HCV NS3 protein, amino acids 1027 to 1657. The expression level of the protein was very low and only a small quantity of the protein was isolated.
Thus, the HCV NS3 protein fragments of the present invention in, e.g., a pET vector system, provides the following advantages:
1) a better T7 promoter system when compared to the promoters of pMAL or pGEX vector;
2) an increase in solubility of the expressed NS3 protein fragment having helicase activity;
3) an elimination of the necessity to remove the non-HCV NS3 protein fragment from the fusion protein; and
4) a convenient purification step by using nickel column chromatography.
Further, a soluble NS3 protein fragment having helicase activity has several advantages to the insoluble full lentgth protein. First, it is not necessary for the soluble protein fragments to denature and refold for use in purification and enzyme assays. An insoluble protein or fragment needs to be denatured by urea or Guanidium-HC1 for purification and then must be dialyzed against a concentration step gradient for removing the urea or Guanidium-HC1 before refolding and recovery of the enzymatic activity of the protein fragment. Second, the yield of soluble NS3 protein fragments from expression systems is higher than that of insoluble NS3 protein fragments. During the denaturation-refolding process, an insoluble protein fragment is lost in a large portion of the cell extract. Third, the enzymatic activity of the insoluble NS3 proteins cannot be observed after refolding.
Soluble helicase fragments of a HCV NS3 protein can be used to screen for specific helicase inhibitors from a combinatorial library. The screening assay can be performed based on the mobility shift of the double stranded template RNA in a polyacrylamide gel by studying the unwinding activity of the helicase fragment. The screening assay can also be automated in a microtiter dish (96-well plate) format. In the latter assay, the double-stranded template RNA is labeled with biotin at the 5'-end of one strand and with .sup.32 P at the 5'-end of the other strand. This labeled template can be attached to the bottom of the well that is coated with streptoavidin. The helicase activity from the added fragments can be measured by counting radioactivity from the displaced .sup.32 P-labeled RNA strand that is now present in the well supernatant. Potential helicase inhibitors present in the combinatorial library can be found by detecting specific inhibition of the strand displacement reaction by helicase fragments.
C. Examples
The examples presented below are provided as a further guide to the practitioner of ordinary skill in the art, and are not to be construed as limiting the invention in any way.
EXAMPLE 1
Expression and Purification of HCV NS3 Protein.
For expressing the carboxy two-thirds of HCV NS3 protein, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a 1.4 Kb DNA fragment encompassing amino acids 1193 to 1657 from HCV-1 cDNA. The sense primer used was JCK-1 5'-GGGGATCCGGTGGACTTTATCCCT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 4), and the antisense primer JCK-7 5'GGAAGCTTGCTGACGACCTCG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 5). The PCR produced was digested with BamHI and HindIII inserted into BamHI and HindIII sites of pET21b (purchased from Novagen. Wis.)..sup.1 The recombinant plasmid was designated as pET21b-NS3HCV and transformed to E. coli BL21 (DE3), and the inserted region was verified by sequencing. pET21b-NS3HCV consisted of 466 amino acid residues from the carboxy terminus of HCV NS3 and contained His-Tag (6 histidines) and 19 additional residues from the pET expression vector at C-terminal end for easier purification. About 54 kDa of (481 a.a residues) HCV NS3 His-tag fusion protein was induced by 1 mM IPTG from E. coli BL21 (DE3) harboring the recombinant plasmid to exponentially grow cells in LB medium with 10 .mu.g/ml of ampicillin. (See FIG. 5, lanes 1 and 2)..sup.2 From 200 ml of the culture, 400 .mu.g of protein of approximately 95% purity was obtained. After 3 hrs of culturing at 37.degree. C., the cells were harvested and disrupted. Soluble parts of cell extract were loaded onto a metal-binding column. Resin-bound protein was eluted with 1 M imidazole, 0.5 M NaCl, 20 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.9. Eluted fractions were subjected to SDS-PAGE, and protein-containing fractions were pooled and dialyzed against 50 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.9 for 4 hrs. The NTPase assay on polyethyleneimine cellulose TLC (J. T. Baker) was performed as previously described in Suzich et al., to confirm that final purified protein had active conformation. The purified protein showed an NTPase activity (data not shown).
1 As a negative control, a pET21b plasmid without the insert was transformed to E. coli BL21 (DE3) and induced with 1 mM IPTG. The negative control cell culture was processed with the same purification step as pET21b-NS3HCV. The negative control showed no enzymatic activity. See FIG. 6, lane 1.
2 (One or more protein bands about 50 kDa appeared by IPTG induction, but only the 54 kDA NS3-His fusion protein was purified from the metal binding affinity column. (See FIG. 5, lane 3)
EXAMPLE 2
Preparation of Substrate for RNA Helicase.
FIG. 4 shows the structure of the double strand RNA used as a substrate of an RNA helicase. The long strand was prepared by in vitro transcription of pGEM1 that had been cleaved with PvuII, and the short strand was transcribed from the BamHI digested pSP65. Both strands were transcribed with SP6 RNA polymerase (New England Biolabs) according to the manufacturer's manual. After the transcription reaction, each aliquot was treated with RNase-free DNase (Promega) and extracted with phenol:chloroform, and precipitated with ethanol. Each RNA strand was resuspended with 25 .mu.l of hybridization buffer (20 mM HEPES-KOH pH 7.6, 0.5 M NaC1, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1% SDS), and mixed. The mixture was heated to 100.degree. C. for 5 min. and incubated at 65.degree. C. for 30 min. and incubated at 25.degree. C. overnight. The long strand RNA was labeled with [.alpha.-.sup.32 P]-CTP, and the specific activity of labeled substrated was 1-1.5.times.10.sup.5 cpm/pmol ds RNA substrate..sup.3 Duplex RNA was electrophoresed on 6% native polyacrylamide gel (30:0.8), and the location of the ds RNA was identified by autoradiography. To recover the RNA substrate, a sliced gel fragment was ground in 400 .mu.l of elution buffer (0.5 M annomium acetate, 0.1% SDS, 10 mM EDTA) and shaked vigorously at 4.degree. C. for 2 hrs. The supernatants were extracted with chloroform and precipitated with ethanol, and the RNA pellet was dissolved in D.W.
3 Strand displacement were observed by band shift of the radiolabeled long strand.
EXAMPLE 3
RNA Helicase Assay.
An RNA helicase assay was performed in 20 .mu.l of reaction mixture: 1 pmol NS3 HCV protein fragment, 0.5 pmol ds RNA substrate, 25 mM MOPS-KOH (pH 6.5), 5 mM ATP, 3 mM MnCl.sub.2, 2 mM DTT, 100 .mu.g/ml BSA, and 2.5 U RNasin (Promega). The reaction mixture was incubated at 37.degree. C. for 30 min. The reaction was stopped by adding 5 .mu.l of 5.times. termination buffer [0.1 M Tris-Cl (pH 7.4), 20 mM EDTA, 0.5% SDS, 0.1% NP40, 0.1% bromophenol blue, 0.1% xylene cyanol, and 50% glycerol]. Each aliquot was loaded on 6% native polyacrylamide gel (30:0.8) and electrophoresed at 80 V for 3 hr. The ds RNA substrate and unwound RNA strand were visualized by autoradiography. The effect of ATP and divalent metal ion on the NS3 protein fragment's helicase activity was investigated by carrying out the same reactions with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 mM Mn.sup.2+ or Mg.sup.2+ in the presence of 1 mM or 5 mM ATP. Strand separation efficiencies were calculated by counting the radioactivities of the bands with PhosphoImager (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.). See FIG. 7 for the activity change of the HCV NS3 protein fragments at various concentrations of ATP and the divalent cations. The HCV NS3 RNA helicase fragments required divalent ions such as Mg.sup.2+ and Mn.sup.2+ (See FIG. 6, lane 2 to 5). Strand displacement was observed only when Mg.sup.2+ or Mn.sup.2+ ions were present (See FIG. 6, lanes 2 and 4). When either these divalent cations or ATP was deleted, ds RNA was not unwound (See FIG. 6, lanes 3, 5, and 7). Monovalent potassium ion did not activate the HCV NS3 protein fragment's helicase activity at these conditions (See FIG. 6, lane 6). At 1 mM ATP, the helicase activity was lower than at 5 mM (See FIG. 6, lane 8). Enzymatic activity of NS3 was inhibited by monoclonal antibodies of HCV NS3 protein fragments (See FIG. 6, lane 9), and was not blocked by a non-specific antibody at two different concentrations (See FIG. 6, lanes 10 and 11).
As mentioned above, RNA helicase activity of the HCV NS3 protein fragments was dependent on divalent cations and ATP. At low concentration of ATP (1 mM), helicase activity of NS3 was highest at a low concentration of either of the divalent cations, and, the helicase activity decreased when the concentration of the cations was increased. At high concentration of ATP (5 mM), most of the substrates were unwound at all of the tested cation concentrations. At 3 mM or 4 mM of cation concentration, either Mn.sup.2+ or Mg.sup.2+, the helicase activity was the highest. Thus, the helicase activity appears more sensitive to the divalent cation concentration in lower concentrations of ATP. In addition, the HCV NS3 protein fragments showed a slight bias for Mg.sup.2+.
EXAMPLE 4
Testing of Truncated HCV NS3 Fragments for Helicase Activity
HCV NS3 fragments of varying sizes were expressed and purified as described above. The fragments were then tested for helicase activity as described above, and for NTPase activity as is known in the art. Table 1 depicts the fragments tested and whether the fragments showed helicase/NTPase activity. The following fragments were tested: No. 1, a full length helicase fragment, i.e., from amino acid 1193 to amino acid 1657 of the HCV NS3 domain, ATCC deposit no. 97306; No. 2, an HCV NS3 fragment having 10 amino acids deleted from the C-terminus of the HCV NS3 helicase domain, i.e., from amino acid 1193 to amino acid 1647 of the HCV NS3 domain, ATCC deposit no. 97307; No. 3, an HCV NS3 fragment having 30 amino acids deleted from the C-terminus of the HCV NS3 helicase domain, i.e., amino acid 1193 to amino acid 1627 of the HCV NS3 domain, ATCC deposit no. 97308; No. 4, an HCV NS3 fragment having 50 amino acids deleted from the C-terminus of the HCV NS3 helicase domain, i.e., amino acid 1193 to amino acid 1607 of the HCV NS3 domain, ATCC deposit no. 97309; No. 5, an HCV HS3 fragment having 97 amino acids deleted from the C-terminus of the HCV NS3 helicase domain, i.e., amino acid 1193 to amino acid 1560 of the HCV NS3 domain, ATCC deposit no. 97310; No. 6, an HCV NS3 fragment having 135 amino acids deleted from the C-terminus of the HCV NS3 helicase domain, i.e., amino acid 1193 to amino acid 1522 of the HCV NS3 domain, ATCC deposit no. 97311; No. 7, an HCV NS3 fragment having 16 amino acids deleted from the N-terminus of the HCV NS3 helicase domain, i.e., from amino acid 1209 to amino acid 1657 of the HCV NS3 domain, ATCC deposit no. 97312; and No. 8, an HCV NS3 fragment having 32 amino acids deleted from the N-terminus of the HCV NS3 helicase domain, i.e., from amino acid 1225 to amino acid 1657 of the HCV NS3 domain ATCC deposit no. 97313.
TABLE 1______________________________________1 #STR1##______________________________________2 #STR2##3 #STR3##4 #STR4##5 #STR5##6 #STR6##7 #STR7##8 #STR8##9 #STR9##______________________________________
As shown in Table 1, truncated mutants, numbers 5, 6, and 8 mutants did not demonstrate RNA helicase activity. Mutant 7, however, did demonstrate NTPase activity even though its activity was about half of No. 1 (full length) protein. Boiled RNA indicates denatured dsRNA after boiling for 5 min, and was therefore a control for ssRNA. As shown in Table 1, truncated fragments numbers 5, 6, and 8 lost RNA helicase activity.
EXAMPLE 5
Determining Solubility of the HCV NS3 Fragments
The solubility of the expressed protein from pET21b-HCVNS3 vector was determined by the following method: ITPG-induced cells were harvested at 6000 G for 5 mins. The cells were then resuspended with 1.times. binding buffer (5 mM imidazole, 500 mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.9). The resuspended cells were then frozen in a dry ice-ethanol bath and thawed on ice and sonicated for 2 min. Cell extracts were centrifuged at 27000 G for 30 min. The soluble part of the cell extract, the supernatent and the insoluble part of the cell extract, the pellet, were subjected on SDS-PAGE. When a western blot was carried out for the SDS-PAGE using a monoclonal antibody against the HCV NS3 protein fragment, the expressed protein was observed only in the soluble part of the cell extract.
The above materials deposited with the ATCC under the accession numbers indicated, will be maintained under the terms of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for purposes of Patent Procedure. These deposits are provided as a convenience to those of skill in the art, and are not an admission that a deposit is required under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.112. The polynucleotide sequences contained in the deposited materials, as well as the amino acid sequence of the polypeptides encoded thereby, are incorporated herein by reference and are controlling in the event of any conflict with the sequences described herein. A license may be required to make, use or sell the deposited materials, and no such license is granted hereby.
__________________________________________________________________________# SEQUENCE LISTING- (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:- (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 6- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#acids (A) LENGTH: 631 amino (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:- Ala Pro Ile Thr Ala Tyr Ala Gln Gln Thr Ar - #g Gly Leu Leu Gly Cys# 15- Ile Ile Thr Ser Leu Thr Gly Arg Asp Lys As - #n Gln Val Glu Gly Glu# 30- Val Gln Ile Val Ser Thr Ala Ala Gln Thr Ph - #e Leu Ala Thr Cys Ile# 45- Asn Gly Val Cys Trp Thr Val Tyr His Gly Al - #a Gly Thr Arg Thr Ile# 60- Ala Ser Pro Lys Gly Pro Val Ile Gln Met Ty - #r Thr Asn Val Asp Gln#80- Asp Leu Val Gly Trp Pro Ala Pro Gln Gly Se - #r Arg Ser Leu Thr Pro# 95- Cys Thr Cys Gly Ser Ser Asp Leu Tyr Leu Va - #l Thr Arg His Ala Asp# 110- Val Ile Pro Val Arg Arg Arg Gly Asp Ser Ar - #g Gly Ser Leu Leu Ser# 125- Pro Arg Pro Ile Ser Tyr Leu Lys Gly Ser Se - #r Gly Gly Pro Leu Leu# 140- Cys Pro Ala Gly His Ala Val Gly Ile Phe Ar - #g Ala Ala Val Cys Thr145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60- Arg Gly Val Ala Lys Ala Val Asp Phe Ile Pr - #o Val Glu Asn Leu Glu# 175- Thr Thr Met Arg Ser Pro Val Phe Thr Asp As - #n Ser Ser Pro Pro Val# 190- Val Pro Gln Ser Phe Gln Val Ala His Leu Hi - #s Ala Pro Thr Gly Ser# 205- Gly Lys Ser Thr Lys Val Pro Ala Ala Tyr Al - #a Ala Gln Gly Tyr Lys# 220- Val Leu Val Leu Asn Pro Ser Val Ala Ala Th - #r Leu Gly Phe Gly Ala225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40- Tyr Met Ser Lys Ala His Gly Ile Asp Pro As - #n Ile Arg Thr Gly Val# 255- Arg Thr Ile Thr Thr Gly Ser Pro Ile Thr Ty - #r Ser Thr Tyr Gly Lys# 270- Phe Leu Ala Asp Gly Gly Cys Ser Gly Gly Al - #a Tyr Asp Ile Ile Ile# 285- Cys Asp Glu Cys His Ser Thr Asp Ala Thr Se - #r Ile Leu Gly Ile Gly# 300- Thr Val Leu Asp Gln Ala Glu Thr Ala Gly Al - #a Arg Leu Val Val Leu305 3 - #10 3 - #15 3 -#20- Ala Thr Ala Thr Pro Pro Gly Ser Val Thr Va - #l Pro His Pro Asn Ile# 335- Glu Glu Val Ala Leu Ser Thr Thr Gly Glu Il - #e Pro Phe Tyr Gly Lys# 350- Ala Ile Pro Leu Glu Val Ile Lys Gly Gly Ar - #g His Leu Ile Phe Cys# 365- His Ser Lys Lys Lys Cys Asp Glu Leu Ala Al - #a Lys Leu Val Ala Leu# 380- Gly Ile Asn Ala Val Ala Tyr Tyr Arg Gly Le - #u Asp Val Ser Val Ile385 3 - #90 3 - #95 4 -#00- Pro Thr Ser Gly Asp Val Val Val Val Ala Th - #r Asp Ala Leu Met Thr# 415- Gly Tyr Thr Gly Asp Phe Asp Ser Val Ile As - #p Cys Asn Thr Cys Val# 430- Thr Gln Thr Val Asp Phe Ser Leu Asp Pro Th - #r Phe Thr Ile Glu Thr# 445- Ile Thr Leu Pro Gln Asp Ala Val Ser Arg Th - #r Gln Arg Arg Gly Arg# 460- Thr Gly Arg Gly Lys Pro Gly Ile Tyr Arg Ph - #e Val Ala Pro Gly Glu465 4 - #70 4 - #75 4 -#80- Arg Pro Ser Gly Met Phe Asp Ser Ser Val Le - #u Cys Glu Cys Tyr Asp# 495- Ala Gly Cys Ala Trp Tyr Glu Leu Thr Pro Al - #a Glu Thr Thr Val Arg# 510- Leu Arg Ala Tyr Met Asn Thr Pro Gly Leu Pr - #o Val Cys Gln Asp His# 525- Leu Glu Phe Trp Glu Gly Val Phe Thr Gly Le - #u Thr His Ile Asp Ala# 540- His Phe Leu Ser Gln Thr Lys Gln Ser Gly Gl - #u Asn Leu Pro Tyr Leu545 5 - #50 5 - #55 5 -#60- Val Ala Tyr Gln Ala Thr Val Cys Ala Arg Al - #a Gln Ala Pro Pro Pro# 575- Ser Trp Asp Gln Met Trp Lys Cys Leu Ile Ar - #g Leu Lys Pro Thr Leu# 590- His Gly Pro Thr Pro Leu Leu Tyr Arg Leu Gl - #y Ala Val Gln Asn Glu# 605- Ile Thr Leu Thr His Pro Val Thr Lys Tyr Il - #e Met Thr Cys Met Ser# 620- Ala Asp Leu Glu Val Val Thr625 6 - #30- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#acids (A) LENGTH: 465 amino (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:- Val Asp Phe Ile Pro Val Glu Asn Leu Glu Th - #r Thr Met Arg Ser Pro# 15- Val Phe Thr Asp Asn Ser Ser Pro Pro Val Va - #l Pro Gln Ser Phe Gln# 30- Val Ala His Leu His Ala Pro Thr Gly Ser Gl - #y Lys Ser Thr Lys Val# 45- Pro Ala Ala Tyr Ala Ala Gln Gly Tyr Lys Va - #l Leu Val Leu Asn Pro# 60- Ser Val Ala Ala Thr Leu Gly Phe Gly Ala Ty - #r Met Ser Lys Ala His#80- Gly Ile Asp Pro Asn Ile Arg Thr Gly Val Ar - #g Thr Ile Thr Thr Gly# 95- Ser Pro Ile Thr Tyr Ser Thr Tyr Gly Lys Ph - #e Leu Ala Asp Gly Gly# 110- Cys Ser Gly Gly Ala Tyr Asp Ile Ile Ile Cy - #s Asp Glu Cys His Ser# 125- Thr Asp Ala Thr Ser Ile Leu Gly Ile Gly Th - #r Val Leu Asp Gln Ala# 140- Glu Thr Ala Gly Ala Arg Leu Val Val Leu Al - #a Thr Ala Thr Pro Pro145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60- Gly Ser Val Thr Val Pro His Pro Asn Ile Gl - #u Glu Val Ala Leu Ser# 175- Thr Thr Gly Glu Ile Pro Phe Tyr Gly Lys Al - #a Ile Pro Leu Glu Val# 190- Ile Lys Gly Gly Arg His Leu Ile Phe Cys Hi - #s Ser Lys Lys Lys Cys# 205- Asp Glu Leu Ala Ala Lys Leu Val Ala Leu Gl - #y Ile Asn Ala Val Ala# 220- Tyr Tyr Arg Gly Leu Asp Val Ser Val Ile Pr - #o Thr Ser Gly Asp Val225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40- Val Val Val Ala Thr Asp Ala Leu Met Thr Gl - #y Tyr Thr Gly Asp Phe# 255- Asp Ser Val Ile Asp Cys Asn Thr Cys Val Th - #r Gln Thr Val Asp Phe# 270- Ser Leu Asp Pro Thr Phe Thr Ile Glu Thr Il - #e Thr Leu Pro Gln Asp# 285- Ala Val Ser Arg Thr Gln Arg Arg Gly Arg Th - #r Gly Arg Gly Lys Pro# 300- Gly Ile Tyr Arg Phe Val Ala Pro Gly Glu Ar - #g Pro Ser Gly Met Phe305 3 - #10 3 - #15 3 -#20- Asp Ser Ser Val Leu Cys Glu Cys Tyr Asp Al - #a Gly Cys Ala Trp Tyr# 335- Glu Leu Thr Pro Ala Glu Thr Thr Val Arg Le - #u Arg Ala Tyr Met Asn# 350- Thr Pro Gly Leu Pro Val Cys Gln Asp His Le - #u Glu Phe Trp Glu Gly# 365- Val Phe Thr Gly Leu Thr His Ile Asp Ala Hi - #s Phe Leu Ser Gln Thr# 380- Lys Gln Ser Gly Glu Asn Leu Pro Tyr Leu Va - #l Ala Tyr Gln Ala Thr385 3 - #90 3 - #95 4 -#00- Val Cys Ala Arg Ala Gln Ala Pro Pro Pro Se - #r Trp Asp Gln Met Trp# 415- Lys Cys Leu Ile Arg Leu Lys Pro Thr Leu Hi - #s Gly Pro Thr Pro Leu# 430- Leu Tyr Arg Leu Gly Ala Val Gln Asn Glu Il - #e Thr Leu Thr His Pro# 445- Val Thr Lys Tyr Ile Met Thr Cys Met Ser Al - #a Asp Leu Glu Val Val# 460- Thr465- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#acids (A) LENGTH: 75 amino (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:- Gln Ile Phe Val Lys Thr Leu Thr Gly Lys Th - #r Ile Thr Leu Glu Val# 15- Glu Ser Ser Asp Thr Ile Asp Asn Val Lys Se - #r Lys Ile Gln Asp Lys# 30- Glu Gly Ile Pro Pro Asp Gln Gln Arg Leu Il - #e Phe Ala Gly Lys Gln# 45- Leu Glu Asp Gly Arg Thr Leu Ser Asp Tyr As - #n Ile Gln Lys Glu Ser# 60- Thr Leu His Leu Val Leu Arg Leu Arg Gly Gl - #y#75- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#pairs (A) LENGTH: 24 base (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:# 24TTAT CCCT- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#pairs (A) LENGTH: 21 base (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:#21 CCTC G- (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:- (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:#acids (A) LENGTH: 3011 amino (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear- (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 9#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Lys or Arg"erogeneit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 11#/note= "There exists aRMATION: Xaa = Asn or Thr"erogeneit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 176#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Ile or Thr"erogeneit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 334#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Met or Val"erogeneit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 603#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Leu or Ile"erogeneit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 848#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Tyr or Asn - #"neit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 1114#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Pro or Ser"erogeneit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 1117#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Ser or Thr"erogeneit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 1276#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Pro or Leu"erogeneit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 1454#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Cys or Tyr"erogeneit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 1471#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Thr or Ser - #"neit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 1877#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Glu or Gly"erogeneit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 1948#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Leu or His"erogeneit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 1949#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Ser or Cys"erogeneit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 2021#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Gly or Val"erogeneit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 2349#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Thr or Ser"erogeneit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 2385#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Tyr or Phe - #"neit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 2386#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Ser or Ala - #"neit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 2502#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Leu or Phe"erogeneit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 2690#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Arg or Gly - #"neit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 2921#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Arg or Gly - #"neit - #y at this position- (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Duplication (B) LOCATION: 2996#/note= "There exists aORMATION: Xaa = Leu or Pro - #"neit - #y at this position- (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6:- Met Ser Thr Asn Pro Lys Pro Gln Xaa Lys Xa - #a Lys Arg Asn Thr Asn# 15- Arg Arg Pro Gln Asp Val Lys Phe Pro Gly Gl - #y Gly Gln Ile Val Gly# 30- Gly Val Tyr Leu Leu Pro Arg Arg Gly Pro Ar - #g Leu Gly Val Arg Ala# 45- Thr Arg Lys Thr Ser Glu Arg Ser Gln Pro Ar - #g Gly Arg Arg Gln Pro# 60- Ile Pro Lys Ala Arg Arg Pro Glu Gly Arg Th - #r Trp Ala Gln Pro Gly#80- Tyr Pro Trp Pro Leu Tyr Gly Asn Glu Gly Cy - #s Gly Trp Ala Gly Trp# 95- Leu Leu Ser Pro Arg Gly Ser Arg Pro Ser Tr - #p Gly Pro Thr Asp Pro# 110- Arg Arg Arg Ser Arg Asn Leu Gly Lys Val Il - #e Asp Thr Leu Thr Cys# 125- Gly Phe Ala Asp Leu Met Gly Tyr Ile Pro Le - #u Val Gly Ala Pro Leu# 140- Gly Ser Ala Ala Arg Ala Leu Ala His Gly Va - #l Arg Val Leu Glu Asp145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60- Gly Val Asn Tyr Ala Thr Gly Asn Leu Pro Gl - #y Cys Ser Phe Ser Xaa# 175- Phe Leu Leu Ala Leu Leu Ser Cys Leu Thr Va - #l Pro Ala Ser Ala Tyr# 190- Gln Val Arg Asn Ser Thr Gly Leu Tyr His Va - #l Thr Asn Asp Cys Pro# 205- Asn Ser Ser Ile Val Tyr Glu Ala Ala Asp Al - #a Ile Leu His Thr Pro# 220- Gly Cys Val Pro Cys Val Arg Glu Gly Asn Al - #a Ser Arg Cys Trp Val225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40- Ala Met Thr Pro Thr Val Ala Thr Arg Asp Gl - #y Lys Leu Pro Ala Thr# 255- Gln Leu Arg Arg His Ile Asp Leu Leu Val Gl - #y Ser Ala Thr Leu Cys# 270- Ser Ala Leu Tyr Val Gly Asp Leu Cys Gly Se - #r Val Phe Leu Val Gly# 285- Gln Leu Phe Thr Phe Ser Pro Arg Arg His Tr - #p Thr Thr Gln Gly Cys# 300- Asn Cys Ser Ile Tyr Pro Gly His Ile Thr Gl - #y His Arg Met Ala Trp305 3 - #10 3 - #15 3 -#20- Asp Met Met Met Asn Trp Ser Pro Thr Thr Al - #a Leu Val Xaa Ala Gln# 335- Leu Leu Arg Ile Pro Gln Ala Ile Leu Asp Me - #t Ile Ala Gly Ala His# 350- Trp Gly Val Leu Ala Gly Ile Ala Tyr Phe Se - #r Met Val Gly Asn Trp# 365- Ala Lys Val Leu Val Val Leu Leu Leu Phe Al - #a Gly Val Asp Ala Glu# 380- Thr His Val Thr Gly Gly Ser Ala Gly His Th - #r Val Ser Gly Phe Val385 3 - #90 3 - #95 4 -#00- Ser Leu Leu Ala Pro Gly Ala Lys Gln Asn Va - #l Gln Leu Ile Asn Thr# 415- Asn Gly Ser Trp His Leu Asn Ser Thr Ala Le - #u Asn Cys Asn Asp Ser# 430- Leu Asn Thr Gly Trp Leu Ala Gly Leu Phe Ty - #r His His Lys Phe Asn# 445- Ser Ser Gly Cys Pro Glu Arg Leu Ala Ser Cy - #s Arg Pro Leu Thr Asp# 460- Phe Asp Gln Gly Trp Gly Pro Ile Ser Tyr Al - #a Asn Gly Ser Gly Pro465 4 - #70 4 - #75 4 -#80- Asp Gln Arg Pro Tyr Cys Trp His Tyr Pro Pr - #o Lys Pro Cys Gly Ile# 495- Val Pro Ala Lys Ser Val Cys Gly Pro Val Ty - #r Cys Phe Thr Pro Ser# 510- Pro Val Val Val Gly Thr Thr Asp Arg Ser Gl - #y Ala Pro Thr Tyr Ser# 525- Trp Gly Glu Asn Asp Thr Asp Val Phe Val Le - #u Asn Asn Thr Arg Pro# 540- Pro Leu Gly Asn Trp Phe Gly Cys Thr Trp Me - #t Asn Ser Thr Gly Phe545 5 - #50 5 - #55 5 -#60- Thr Lys Val Cys Gly Ala Pro Pro Cys Val Il - #e Gly Gly Ala Gly Asn# 575- Asn Thr Leu His Cys Pro Thr Asp Cys Phe Ar - #g Lys His Pro Asp Ala# 590- Thr Tyr Ser Arg Cys Gly Ser Gly Pro Trp Xa - #a Thr Pro Arg Cys Leu# 605- Val Asp Tyr Pro Tyr Arg Leu Trp His Tyr Pr - #o Cys Thr Ile Asn Tyr# 620- Thr Ile Phe Lys Ile Arg Met Tyr Val Gly Gl - #y Val Glu His Arg Leu625 6 - #30 6 - #35 6 -#40- Glu Ala Ala Cys Asn Trp Thr Arg Gly Glu Ar - #g Cys Asp Leu Glu Asp# 655- Arg Asp Arg Ser Glu Leu Ser Pro Leu Leu Le - #u Thr Thr Thr Gln Trp# 670- Gln Val Leu Pro Cys Ser Phe Thr Thr Leu Pr - #o Ala Leu Ser Thr Gly# 685- Leu Ile His Leu His Gln Asn Ile Val Asp Va - #l Gln Tyr Leu Tyr Gly# 700- Val Gly Ser Ser Ile Ala Ser Trp Ala Ile Ly - #s Trp Glu Tyr Val Val705 7 - #10 7 - #15 7 -#20- Leu Leu Phe Leu Leu Leu Ala Asp Ala Arg Va - #l Cys Ser Cys Leu Trp# 735- Met Met Leu Leu Ile Ser Gln Ala Glu Ala Al - #a Leu Glu Asn Leu Val# 750- Ile Leu Asn Ala Ala Ser Leu Ala Gly Thr Hi - #s Gly Leu Val Ser Phe# 765- Leu Val Phe Phe Cys Phe Ala Trp Tyr Leu Ly - #s Gly Lys Trp Val Pro# 780- Gly Ala Val Tyr Thr Phe Tyr Gly Met Trp Pr - #o Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu785 7 - #90 7 - #95 8 -#00- Leu Ala Leu Pro Gln Arg Ala Tyr Ala Leu As - #p Thr Glu Val Ala Ala# 815- Ser Cys Gly Gly Val Val Leu Val Gly Leu Me - #t Ala Leu Thr Leu Ser# 830- Pro Tyr Tyr Lys Arg Tyr Ile Ser Trp Cys Le - #u Trp Trp Leu Gln Xaa# 845- Phe Leu Thr Arg Val Glu Ala Gln Leu His Va - #l Trp Ile Pro Pro Leu# 860- Asn Val Arg Gly Gly Arg Asp Ala Val Ile Le - #u Leu Met Cys Ala Val865 8 - #70 8 - #75 8 -#80- His Pro Thr Leu Val Phe Asp Ile Thr Lys Le - #u Leu Leu Ala Val Phe# 895- Gly Pro Leu Trp Ile Leu Gln Ala Ser Leu Le - #u Lys Val Pro Tyr Phe# 910- Val Arg Val Gln Gly Leu Leu Arg Phe Cys Al - #a Leu Ala Arg Lys Met# 925- Ile Gly Gly His Tyr Val Gln Met Val Ile Il - #e Lys Leu Gly Ala Leu# 940- Thr Gly Thr Tyr Val Tyr Asn His Leu Thr Pr - #o Leu Arg Asp Trp Ala945 9 - #50 9 - #55 9 -#60- His Asn Gly Leu Arg Asp Leu Ala Val Ala Va - #l Glu Pro Val Val Phe# 975- Ser Gln Met Glu Thr Lys Leu Ile Thr Trp Gl - #y Ala Asp Thr Ala Ala# 990- Cys Gly Asp Ile Ile Asn Gly Leu Pro Val Se - #r Ala Arg Arg Gly Arg# 10050- Glu Ile Leu Leu Gly Pro Ala Asp Gly Met Va - #l Ser Lys Gly Trp Arg# 10205- Leu Leu Ala Pro Ile Thr Ala Tyr Ala Gln Gl - #n Thr Arg Gly Leu Leu# 10401030 - # 1035- Gly Cys Ile Ile Thr Ser Leu Thr Gly Arg As - #p Lys Asn Gln Val Glu# 10550- Gly Glu Val Gln Ile Val Ser Thr Ala Ala Gl - #n Thr Phe Leu Ala Thr# 10705- Cys Ile Asn Gly Val Cys Trp Thr Val Tyr Hi - #s Gly Ala Gly Thr Arg# 10850- Thr Ile Ala Ser Pro Lys Gly Pro Val Ile Gl - #n Met Tyr Thr Asn Val# 11005- Asp Gln Asp Leu Val Gly Trp Pro Ala Xaa Gl - #n Gly Xaa Arg Ser Leu# 11201110 - # 1115- Thr Pro Cys Thr Cys Gly Ser Ser Asp Leu Ty - #r Leu Val Thr Arg His# 11350- Ala Asp Val Ile Pro Val Arg Arg Arg Gly As - #p Ser Arg Gly Ser Leu# 11505- Leu Ser Pro Arg Pro Ile Ser Tyr Leu Lys Gl - #y Ser Ser Gly Gly Pro# 11650- Leu Leu Cys Pro Ala Gly His Ala Val Gly Il - #e Phe Arg Ala Ala Val# 11805- Cys Thr Arg Gly Val Ala Lys Ala Val Asp Ph - #e Ile Pro Val Glu Asn# 12001190 - # 1195- Leu Glu Thr Thr Met Arg Ser Pro Val Phe Th - #r Asp Asn Ser Ser Pro# 12150- Pro Val Val Pro Gln Ser Phe Gln Val Ala Hi - #s Leu His Ala Pro Thr# 12305- Gly Ser Gly Lys Ser Thr Lys Val Pro Ala Al - #a Tyr Ala Ala Gln Gly# 12450- Tyr Lys Val Leu Val Leu Asn Pro Ser Val Al - #a Ala Thr Leu Gly Phe# 12605- Gly Ala Tyr Met Ser Lys Ala His Gly Ile As - #p Xaa Asn Ile Arg Thr# 12801270 - # 1275- Gly Val Arg Thr Ile Thr Thr Gly Ser Pro Il - #e Thr Tyr Ser Thr Tyr# 12950- Gly Lys Phe Leu Ala Asp Gly Gly Cys Ser Gl - #y Gly Ala Tyr Asp Ile# 13105- Ile Ile Cys Asp Glu Cys His Ser Thr Asp Al - #a Thr Ser Ile Leu Gly# 13250- Ile Gly Thr Val Leu Asp Gln Ala Glu Thr Al - #a Gly Ala Arg Leu Val# 13405- Val Leu Ala Thr Ala Thr Pro Pro Gly Ser Va - #l Thr Val Pro His Pro# 13601350 - # 1355- Asn Ile Glu Glu Val Ala Leu Ser Thr Thr Gl - #y Glu Ile Pro Phe Tyr# 13750- Gly Lys Ala Ile Pro Leu Glu Val Ile Lys Gl - #y Gly Arg His Leu Ile# 13905- Phe Cys His Ser Lys Lys Lys Cys Asp Glu Le - #u Ala Ala Lys Leu Val# 14050- Ala Leu Gly Ile Asn Ala Val Ala Tyr Tyr Ar - #g Gly Leu Asp Val Ser# 14205- Val Ile Pro Thr Ser Gly Asp Val Val Val Va - #l Ala Thr Asp Ala Leu# 14401430 - # 1435- Met Thr Gly Tyr Thr Gly Asp Phe Asp Ser Va - #l Ile Asp Xaa Asn Thr# 14550- Cys Val Thr Gln Thr Val Asp Phe Ser Leu As - #p Pro Thr Phe Xaa Ile# 14705- Glu Thr Ile Thr Leu Pro Gln Asp Ala Val Se - #r Arg Thr Gln Arg Arg# 14850- Gly Arg Thr Gly Arg Gly Lys Pro Gly Ile As - #n Arg Phe Val Ala Pro# 15005- Gly Glu Arg Pro Ser Gly Met Phe Asp Ser Se - #r Val Leu Cys Glu Cys# 15201510 - # 1515- Tyr Asp Ala Gly Cys Ala Trp Tyr Glu Leu Th - #r Pro Ala Glu Thr Thr# 15350- Val Arg Leu Arg Ala Tyr Met Asn Thr Pro Gl - #y Leu Pro Val Cys Gln# 15505- Asp His Leu Glu Phe Trp Glu Gly Val Phe Th - #r Gly Leu Thr His Ile# 15650- Asp Ala His Phe Leu Ser Gln Thr Lys Gln Se - #r Gly Glu Asn Leu Pro# 15805- Tyr Leu Val Ala Tyr Gln Ala Thr Val Cys Al - #a Arg Ala Gln Ala Pro# 16001590 - # 1595- Pro Pro Ser Trp Asp Gln Met Trp Lys Cys Le - #u Ile Arg Leu Lys Pro# 16150- Thr Leu His Gly Pro Thr Pro Leu Leu Tyr Ar - #g Leu Gly Ala Val Gln# 16305- Asn Glu Ile Thr Leu Thr His Pro Val Thr Ly - #s Tyr Ile Met Thr Cys# 16450- Met Ser Ala Asp Leu Glu Val Val Thr Ser Th - #r Trp Val Leu Val Gly# 16605- Gly Val Leu Ala Ala Leu Ala Ala Tyr Cys Le - #u Ser Thr Gly Cys Val# 16801670 - # 1675- Val Ile Val Gly Arg Val Val Leu Ser Gly Ly - #s Pro Ala Ile Ile Pro# 16950- Asp Arg Glu Val Leu Tyr Arg Glu Phe Asp Gl - #u Met Glu Glu Cys Ser# 17105- Gln His Leu Pro Tyr Ile Glu Gln Gly Met Me - #t Leu Ala Glu Gln Phe# 17250- Lys Gln Lys Ala Leu Gly Leu Leu Gln Thr Al - #a Ser Arg Gln Ala Glu# 17405- Val Ile Ala Pro Ala Val Gln Thr Asn Trp Gl - #n Lys Leu Glu Thr Phe# 17601750 - # 1755- Trp Ala Lys His Met Trp Asn Phe Ile Ser Gl - #y Ile Gln Tyr Leu Ala# 17750- Gly Leu Ser Thr Leu Pro Gly Asn Pro Ala Il - #e Ala Ser Leu Met Ala# 17905- Phe Thr Ala Ala Val Thr Ser Pro Leu Thr Th - #r Ser Gln Thr Leu Leu# 18050- Phe Asn Ile Leu Gly Gly Trp Val Ala Ala Gl - #n Leu Ala Ala Pro Gly# 18205- Ala Ala Thr Ala Phe Val Gly Ala Gly Leu Al - #a Gly Ala Ala Ile Gly# 18401830 - # 1835- Ser Val Gly Leu Gly Lys Val Leu Ile Asp Il - #e Leu Ala Gly Tyr Gly# 18550- Ala Gly Val Ala Gly Ala Leu Val Ala Phe Ly - #s Ile Met Ser Gly Glu# 18705- Val Pro Ser Thr Xaa Asp Leu Val Asn Leu Le - #u Pro Ala Ile Leu Ser# 18850- Pro Gly Ala Leu Val Val Gly Val Val Cys Al - #a Ala Ile Leu Arg Arg# 19005- His Val Gly Pro Gly Glu Gly Ala Val Gln Tr - #p Met Asn Arg Leu Ile# 19201910 - # 1915- Ala Phe Ala Ser Arg Gly Asn His Val Ser Pr - #o Thr His Tyr Val Pro# 19350- Glu Ser Asp Ala Ala Ala Arg Val Thr Ala Il - #e Xaa Xaa Ser Leu Thr# 19505- Val Thr Gln Leu Leu Arg Arg Leu His Gln Tr - #p Ile Ser Ser Glu Cys# 19650- Thr Thr Pro Cys Ser Gly Ser Trp Leu Arg As - #p Ile Trp Asp Trp Ile# 19805- Cys Glu Val Leu Ser Asp Phe Lys Thr Trp Le - #u Lys Ala Lys Leu Met# 20001990 - # 1995- Pro Gln Leu Pro Gly Ile Pro Phe Val Ser Cy - #s Gln Arg Gly Tyr Lys# 20150- Gly Val Trp Arg Xaa Asp Gly Ile Met His Th - #r Arg Cys His Cys Gly# 20305- Ala Glu Ile Thr Gly His Val Lys Asn Gly Th - #r Met Arg Ile Val Gly# 20450- Pro Arg Thr Cys Arg Asn Met Trp Ser Gly Th - #r Phe Pro Ile Asn Ala# 20605- Tyr Thr Thr Gly Pro Cys Thr Pro Leu Pro Al - #a Pro Asn Tyr Thr Phe# 20802070 - # 2075- Ala Leu Trp Arg Val Ser Ala Glu Glu Tyr Va - #l Glu Ile Arg Gln Val# 20950- Gly Asp Phe His Tyr Val Thr Gly Met Thr Th - #r Asp Asn Leu Lys Cys# 21105- Pro Cys Gln Val Pro Ser Pro Glu Phe Phe Th - #r Glu Leu Asp Gly Val# 21250- Arg Leu His Arg Phe Ala Pro Pro Cys Lys Pr - #o Leu Leu Arg Glu Glu# 21405- Val Ser Phe Arg Val Gly Leu His Glu Tyr Pr - #o Val Gly Ser Gln Leu# 21602150 - # 2155- Pro Cys Glu Pro Glu Pro Asp Val Ala Val Le - #u Thr Ser Met Leu Thr# 21750- Asp Pro Ser His Ile Thr Ala Glu Ala Ala Gl - #y Arg Arg Leu Ala Arg# 21905- Gly Ser Pro Pro Ser Val Ala Ser Ser Ser Al - #a Ser Gln Leu Ser Ala# 22050- Pro Ser Leu Lys Ala Thr Cys Thr Ala Asn Hi - #s Asp Ser Pro Asp Ala# 22205- Glu Leu Ile Glu Ala Asn Leu Leu Trp Arg Gl - #n Glu Met Gly Gly Asn# 22402230 - # 2235- Ile Thr Arg Val Glu Ser Glu Asn Lys Val Va - #l Ile Leu Asp Ser Phe# 22550- Asp Pro Leu Val Ala Glu Glu Asp Glu Arg Gl - #u Ile Ser Val Pro Ala# 22705- Glu Ile Leu Arg Lys Ser Arg Arg Phe Ala Gl - #n Ala Leu Pro Val Trp# 22850- Ala Arg Pro Asp Tyr Asn Pro Pro Leu Val Gl - #u Thr Trp Lys Lys Pro# 23005- Asp Tyr Glu Pro Pro Val Val His Gly Cys Pr - #o Leu Pro Pro Pro Lys# 23202310 - # 2315- Ser Pro Pro Val Pro Pro Pro Arg Lys Lys Ar - #g Thr Val Val Leu Thr# 23350- Glu Ser Thr Leu Ser Thr Ala Leu Ala Glu Le - #u Ala Xaa Arg Ser Phe# 23505- Gly Ser Ser Ser Thr Ser Gly Ile Thr Gly As - #p Asn Thr Thr Thr Ser# 23650- Ser Glu Pro Ala Pro Ser Gly Cys Pro Pro As - #p Ser Asp Ala Glu Ser# 23805- Xaa Xaa Ser Met Pro Pro Leu Glu Gly Glu Pr - #o Gly Asp Pro Asp Leu# 24002390 - # 2395- Ser Asp Gly Ser Trp Ser Thr Val Ser Ser Gl - #u Ala Asn Ala Glu Asp# 24150- Val Val Cys Cys Ser Met Ser Tyr Ser Trp Th - #r Gly Ala Leu Val Thr# 24305- Pro Cys Ala Ala Glu Glu Gln Lys Leu Pro Il - #e Asn Ala Leu Ser Asn# 24450- Ser Leu Leu Arg His His Asn Leu Val Tyr Se - #r Thr Thr Ser Arg Ser# 24605- Ala Cys Gln Arg Gln Lys Lys Val Thr Phe As - #p Arg Leu Gln Val Leu# 24802470 - # 2475- Asp Ser His Tyr Gln Asp Val Leu Lys Glu Va - #l Lys Ala Ala Ala Ser# 24950- Lys Val Lys Ala Asn Xaa Leu Ser Val Glu Gl - #u Ala Cys Ser Leu Thr# 25105- Pro Pro His Ser Ala Lys Ser Lys Phe Gly Ty - #r Gly Ala Lys Asp Val# 25250- Arg Cys His Ala Arg Lys Ala Val Thr His Il - #e Asn Ser Val Trp Lys# 25405- Asp Leu Leu Glu Asp Asn Val Thr Pro Ile As - #p Thr Thr Ile Met Ala# 25602550 - # 2555- Lys Asn Glu Val Phe Cys Val Gln Pro Glu Ly - #s Gly Gly Arg Lys Pro# 25750- Ala Arg Leu Ile Val Phe Pro Asp Leu Gly Va - #l Arg Val Cys Glu Lys# 25905- Met Ala Leu Tyr Asp Val Val Thr Lys Leu Pr - #o Leu Ala Val Met Gly# 26050- Ser Ser Tyr Gly Phe Gln Tyr Ser Pro Gly Gl - #n Arg Val Glu Phe Leu# 26205- Val Gln Ala Trp Lys Ser Lys Lys Thr Pro Me - #t Gly Phe Ser Tyr Asp# 26402630 - # 2635- Thr Arg Cys Phe Asp Ser Thr Val Thr Glu Se - #r Asp Ile Arg Thr Glu# 26550- Glu Ala Ile Tyr Gln Cys Cys Asp Leu Asp Pr - #o Gln Ala Arg Val Ala# 26705- Ile Lys Ser Leu Thr Glu Arg Leu Tyr Val Gl - #y Gly Pro Leu Thr Asn# 26850- Ser Xaa Gly Glu Asn Cys Gly Tyr Arg Arg Cy - #s Arg Ala Ser Gly Val# 27005- Leu Thr Thr Ser Cys Gly Asn Thr Leu Thr Cy - #s Tyr Ile Lys Ala Arg# 27202710 - # 2715- Ala Ala Cys Arg Ala Ala Gly Leu Gln Asp Cy - #s Thr Met Leu Val Cys# 27350- Gly Asp Asp Leu Val Val Ile Cys Glu Ser Al - #a Gly Val Gln Glu Asp# 27505- Ala Ala Ser Leu Arg Ala Phe Thr Glu Ala Me - #t Thr Arg Tyr Ser Ala# 27650- Pro Pro Gly Asp Pro Pro Gln Pro Glu Tyr As - #p Leu Glu Leu Ile Thr# 27805- Ser Cys Ser Ser Asn Val Ser Val Ala His As - #p Gly Ala Gly Lys Arg# 28002790 - # 2795- Val Tyr Tyr Leu Thr Arg Asp Pro Thr Thr Pr - #o Leu Ala Arg Ala Ala# 28150- Trp Glu Thr Ala Arg His Thr Pro Val Asn Se - #r Trp Leu Gly Asn Ile# 28305- Ile Met Phe Ala Pro Thr Leu Trp Ala Arg Me - #t Ile Leu Met Thr His# 28450- Phe Phe Ser Val Leu Ile Ala Arg Asp Gln Le - #u Glu Gln Ala Leu Asp# 28605- Cys Glu Ile Tyr Gly Ala Cys Tyr Ser Ile Gl - #u Pro Leu Asp Leu Pro# 28802870 - # 2875- Pro Ile Ile Gln Arg Leu His Gly Leu Ser Al - #a Phe Ser Leu His Ser# 28950- Tyr Ser Pro Gly Glu Ile Asn Arg Val Ala Al - #a Cys Leu Arg Lys Leu# 29105- Gly Val Pro Pro Leu Arg Ala Trp Xaa His Ar - #g Ala Arg Ser Val Arg# 29250- Ala Arg Leu Leu Ala Arg Gly Gly Arg Ala Al - #a Ile Cys Gly Lys Tyr# 29405- Leu Phe Asn Trp Ala Val Arg Thr Lys Leu Ly - #s Leu Thr Pro Ile Ala# 29602950 - # 2955- Ala Ala Gly Gln Leu Asp Leu Ser Gly Trp Ph - #e Thr Ala Gly Tyr Ser# 29750- Gly Gly Asp Ile Tyr His Ser Val Ser His Al - #a Arg Pro Arg Trp Ile# 29905- Trp Phe Cys Xaa Leu Leu Leu Ala Ala Gly Va - #l Gly Ile Tyr Leu Leu# 30050- Pro Asn Arg 3010__________________________________________________________________________

Number	Name	Date
4870008	Brake	Sep 1989
5350671	Houghton et al.	Sep 1994
5371017	Houghton et al.	Dec 1994

Number	Date	Country
0 116 201	Aug 1984	EPX
0 120 551	Oct 1984	EPX
0 164 556	Dec 1985	EPX
450 931 A1	Oct 1991	EPX
0 318 216-B1	Dec 1993	EPX
6-319583	Nov 1994	JPX

HCV NS3 protein fragments having helicase activity and improved solubility

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

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Foreign Referenced Citations (6)

Non-Patent Literature Citations (11)

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