High affinity RNA ligands of basic fibroblast growth factor

Abstract

Methods are described for the identification and preparation of nucleic acid ligand solutions to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Included in the invention are nucleic acid ligands to bFGF which are inhibitors of bFGF and 2′-amino-modified RNA ligands to bFGF.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Described herein are methods for identifying and preparing high-affinity RNA ligands to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The method utilized herein for identifying such RNA ligands is called SELEX, an acronym for Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment. This invention includes high-affinity RNA ligand inhibitors of bFGF. Further included within the scope of this invention are modified RNA ligands and mimetic ligands that are informed by the RNA ligands identified herein. Specifically disclosed are 2′-amino (2′-NH 2 ) modified RNA ligands to bFGF. 2′-NH 2 -modified RNA ligands to bFGF were identified which inhibited the biological activity of bFGF both in vivo and in vitro.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Most proteins or small molecules are not known to specifically bind to nucleic acids. The known protein exceptions are those regulatory proteins such as repressors, polymerases, activators and the like which function in a living cell to bring about the transfer of genetic information encoded in the nucleic acids into cellular structures and the replication of the genetic material. Furthermore, small molecules such as GTP bind to some intron RNAs.

Living matter has evolved to limit the function of nucleic acids to a largely informational role. The Central Dogma, as postulated by Crick, both originally and in expanded form, proposes that nucleic acids (either RNA or DNA) can serve as templates for the synthesis of other nucleic acids through replicative processes that “read” the information in a template nucleic acid and thus yield complementary nucleic acids. All of the experimental paradigms for genetics and gene expression depend on these properties of nucleic acids: in essence, double-stranded nucleic acids are informationally redundant because of the chemical concept of base pairs and because replicative processes are able to use that base pairing in a relatively error-free manner.

The individual components of proteins, the twenty natural amino acids, possess sufficient chemical differences and activities to provide an enormous breadth of activities for both binding and catalysis. Nucleic acids, however, are thought to have narrower chemical possibilities than proteins, but to have an informational role that allows genetic information to be passed from virus to virus, cell to cell, and organism to organism. In this context nucleic acid components, the nucleotides, possess only pairs of surfaces that allow informational redundancy within a Watson-Crick base pair. Nucleic acid components need not possess chemical differences and activities sufficient for either a wide range of binding or catalysis.

However, some nucleic acids found in nature do participate in binding to certain target molecules and even a few instances of catalysis have been reported. The range of activities of this kind is narrow compared to proteins and more specifically antibodies. For example, where nucleic acids are known to bind to some protein targets with high affinity and specificity, the binding depends on the exact sequences of nucleotides that comprise the DNA or RNA ligand. Thus, short double-stranded DNA sequences are known to bind to target proteins that repress or activate transcription in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Other short double-stranded DNA sequences are known to bind to restriction endonucleases, protein targets that can be selected with high affinity and specificity. Other short DNA sequences serve as centromeres and telomeres on chromosomes, presumably by creating ligands for the binding of specific proteins that participate in chromosome mechanics. Thus, double-stranded DNA has a well-known capacity to bind within the nooks and crannies of target proteins whose functions are directed to DNA binding. Single-stranded DNA can also bind to some proteins with high affinity and specificity, although the number of examples is rather smaller. From the known examples of double-stranded DNA binding proteins, it has become possible to describe some of the binding interactions as involving various protein motifs projecting amino acid side chains into the major groove of B form double-stranded DNA, providing the sequence inspection that allows specificity.

Double-stranded RNA occasionally serves as a ligand for certain proteins, for example, the endonuclease RNase III from E. coli . There are more known instances of target proteins that bind to single-stranded RNA ligands, although in these cases the single-stranded RNA often forms a complex three-dimensional shape that includes local regions of intramolecular double-strandedness. The amino-acyl tRNA synthetases bind tightly to tRNA molecules with high specificity. A short region within the genomes of RNA viruses binds tightly and with high specificity to the viral coat proteins. A short sequence of RNA binds to the bacteriophage T4-encoded DNA polymerase, again with high affinity and specificity. Thus, it is possible to find RNA and DNA ligands, either double- or single-stranded, serving as binding partners for specific protein targets. Most known DNA binding proteins bind specifically to double-stranded DNA, while most RNA binding proteins recognize single-stranded RNA. This statistical bias in the literature no doubt reflects the present biosphere's statistical predisposition to use DNA as a double-stranded genome and RNA as a single-stranded entity in the roles RNA plays beyond serving as a genome. Chemically there is no strong reason to dismiss single-stranded DNA as a fully able partner for specific protein interactions.

RNA and DNA have also been found to bind to smaller target molecules. Double-stranded DNA binds to various antibiotics, such as actinomycin D. A specific single-stranded RNA binds to the antibiotic thiostreptone; specific RNA sequences and structures probably bind to certain other antibiotics, especially those whose function is to inactivate ribosomes in a target organism. A family of evolutionary related RNAs binds with specificity and decent affinity to nucleotides and nucleosides (Bass, B. and Cech, T. (1984) Nature 308:820-826) as well as to one of the twenty amino acids (Yarus, M. (1988) Science 240:1751-1758). Catalytic RNAs are now known as well, although these molecules perform over a narrow range of chemical possibilities, which are thus far related largely to phosphodiester transfer reactions and hydrolysis of nucleic acids.

Despite these known instances, the great majority of proteins and other cellular components are thought not to bind to nucleic acids under physiological conditions and such binding as may be observed is non-specific. Either the capacity of nucleic acids to bind other compounds is limited to the relatively few instances enumerated supra, or the chemical repertoire of the nucleic acids for specific binding is avoided (selected against) in the structures that occur naturally. The present invention is premised on the inventors' fundamental insight that nucleic acids as chemical compounds can form a virtually limitless array of shapes, sizes and configurations, and are capable of a far broader repertoire of binding and catalytic functions than those displayed in biological systems.

The chemical interactions have been explored in cases of certain known instances of protein-nucleic acid binding. For example, the size and sequence of the RNA site of bacteriophage R17 coat protein binding has been identified by Uhlenbeck and coworkers. The minimal natural RNA binding site (21 bases long) for the R17 coat protein was determined by subjecting variable-sized labeled fragments of the mRNA to nitrocellulose filter binding assays in which protein-RNA fragment complexes remain bound to the filter (Carey et al. (1983) Biochemistry 22:2601). A number of sequence variants of the minimal R17 coat protein binding site were created in vitro in order to determine the contributions of individual nucleic acids to protein binding (Uhlenbeck et al. (1983) J. Biomol. Structure Dynamics 1:539 and Romaniuk et al. (1987) Biochemistry 26:1563). It was found that the maintenance of the hairpin loop structure of the binding site was essential for protein binding but, in addition, that nucleotide substitutions at most of the single-stranded residues in the binding site, including a bulged nucleotide in the hairpin stem, significantly affected binding. In similar studies, the binding of bacteriophage Qβ coat protein to its translational operator was examined (Witherell and Uhlenbeck (1989) Biochemistry 28:71). The Qβ coat protein RNA binding site was found to be similar to that of R17 in size, and in predicted secondary structure, in that it comprised about 20 bases with an 8 base pair hairpin structure which included a bulged nucleotide and a 3 base loop. In contrast to the R17 coat protein binding site, only one of the single-stranded residues of the loop is essential for binding and the presence of the bulged nucleotide is not required. The protein-RNA binding interactions involved in translational regulation display significant specificity.

Nucleic acids are known to form secondary and tertiary structures in solution. The double-stranded forms of DNA include the so-called B double-helical form, Z-DNA and superhelical twists (Rich, A. et al. (1984) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 53:791-846). Single-stranded RNA forms localized regions of secondary structure such as hairpin loops and pseudoknot structures (Schimmel, P. (1989) Cell 58:9-12). However, little is known concerning the effects of unpaired loop nucleotides on stability of loop structure, kinetics of formation and denaturation, thermodynamics, and almost nothing is known of tertiary structures and three dimensional shape, nor of the kinetics and thermodynamics of tertiary folding in nucleic acids (Tuerk, C. et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:1364-1368).

A type of in vitro evolution was reported in replication of the RNA bacteriophage Qβ. Mills, D. R. et al. (1967) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 58:217-224; Levinsohn, R. and Spiegleman, S. (1968) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 60:866-872; Levinsohn, R. and Spiegleman S. (1969) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 63:805-811; Saffhill, R. et al. (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 51:531-539; Kacian, D. L. et al. (1972) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 69:3038-3042; Mills, D. R. et al. (1973) Science 180:916-927. The phage RNA serves as a poly-cistronic messenger RNA directing translation of phage-specific proteins and also as a template for its own replication catalyzed by Qβ RNA replicase. This RNA replicase was shown to be highly specific for its own RNA templates. During the course of cycles of replication in vitro small variant RNAs were isolated which were also replicated by Qβ replicase. Minor alterations in the conditions under which cycles of replication were performed were found to result in the accumulation of different RNAs, presumably because their replication was favored under the altered conditions. In these experiments, the selected RNA had to be bound efficiently by the replicase to initiate replication and had to serve as a kinetically favored template during elongation of RNA. Kramer et al. (1974) J. Mol. Biol. 89:719 reported the isolation of a mutant RNA template of Qβ replicase, the replication of which was more resistant to inhibition by ethidium bromide than the natural template. It was suggested that this mutant was not present in the initial RNA population but was generated by sequential mutation during cycles of in vitro replication with Qβ replicase. The only source of variation during selection was the intrinsic error rate during elongation by Qβ replicase. In these studies what was termed “selection” occurred by preferential amplification of one or more of a limited number of spontaneous variants of an initially homogenous RNA sequence. There was no selection of a desired result, only that which was intrinsic to the mode of action of Qβ replicase.

Joyce and Robertson (Joyce (1989) in RNA: Catalysis, Splicing, Evolution , Belfort and Shub (eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam pp. 83-87; and Robertson and Joyce (1990) Nature 344:467) reported a method for identifying RNAs which specifically cleave single-stranded DNA. The selection for catalytic activity was based on the ability of the ribozyme to catalyze the cleavage of a substrate ssRNA or DNA at a specific position and transfer the 3′-end of the substrate to the 3′-end of the ribozyme. The product of the desired reaction was selected by using a deoxyoligonucleotide primer which could bind only to the completed product across the junction formed by the catalytic reaction and allowed selective reverse transcription of the ribozyme sequence. The selected catalytic sequences were amplified by attachment of the promoter of T7 RNA polymerase to the 3′-end of the cDNA, followed by transcription to RNA. The method was employed to identify from a small number of ribozyme variants the variant that was most reactive for cleavage of a selected substrate.

The prior art has not taught or suggested more than a limited range of chemical functions for nucleic acids in their interactions with other substances: as targets for proteins that had evolved to bind certain specific oligonucleotide sequences; and more recently, as catalysts with a limited range of activities. Prior “selection” experiments have been limited to a narrow range of variants of a previously described function. Now, for the first time, it will be understood that the nucleic acids are capable of a vastly broad range of functions and the methodology for realizing that capability is disclosed herein.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/536,428, filed Jun. 11, 1990, entitled Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment, now abandoned, U.S. Pat. No. 5,270,163, issued Dec. 14, 1993, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/714,131 filed Jun. 10, 1991, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,475,096 both entitled Nucleic Acid Ligands (See also WO91/19813) describe a fundamentally novel method for identifying a nucleic acid ligand for any desired target. Each of these applications, collectively referred to herein as the SELEX Patent Applications, is specifically incorporated herein by reference.

The method of the SELEX Patent Applications is based on the unique insight that nucleic acids have sufficient capacity for forming a variety of two- and three-dimensional structures and sufficient chemical versatility available within their monomers to act as ligands (form specific binding pairs) with virtually any chemical compound, whether large or small in size.

The method involves selection from a mixture of candidates and step-wise iterations of structural improvement, using the same general selection theme, to achieve virtually any desired criterion of binding affinity and selectivity. Starting from a mixture of nucleic acids, preferably comprising a segment of randomized sequence, the method, termed SELEX herein, includes steps of contacting the mixture with the target under conditions favorable for binding, partitioning unbound nucleic acids from those nucleic acids which have bound to target molecules, dissociating the nucleic acid-target pairs, amplifying the nucleic acids dissociated from the nucleic acid-target pairs to yield a ligand-enriched mixture of nucleic acids, then reiterating the steps of binding, partitioning, dissociating and amplifying through as many cycles as desired.

While not bound by theory, SELEX is based on the inventors' insight that within a nucleic acid mixture containing a large number of possible sequences and structures there is a wide range of binding affinities for a given target. A nucleic acid mixture comprising, for example, a 20 nucleotide randomized segment can have 4 20 candidate possibilities. Those which have the higher affinity constants for the target are most likely to bind to the target. After partitioning, dissociation and amplification, a second nucleic acid mixture is generated, enriched for the higher binding affinity candidates. Additional rounds of selection progressively favor the best ligands until the resulting nucleic acid mixture is predominantly composed of only one or a few sequences. These can then be cloned, sequenced and individually tested for binding affinity as pure ligands.

Cycles of selection and amplification are repeated until a desired goal is achieved. In the most general case, selection/amplification is continued until no significant improvement in binding strength is achieved on repetition of the cycle. The method may be used to sample as many as about 10 18 different nucleic acid species. The nucleic acids of the test mixture preferably include a randomized sequence portion as well as conserved sequences necessary for efficient amplification. Nucleic acid sequence variants can be produced in a number of ways including synthesis of randomized nucleic acid sequences and size selection from randomly cleaved cellular nucleic acids. The variable sequence portion may contain fully or partially random sequence; it may also contain subportions of conserved sequence incorporated with randomized sequence. Sequence variation in test nucleic acids can be introduced or increased by mutagenesis before or during the selection/amplification iterations.

In one embodiment of the method of the SELEX Patent Applications, the selection process is so efficient at isolating those nucleic acid ligands that bind most strongly to the selected target, that only one cycle of selection and amplification is required. Such an efficient selection may occur, for example, in a chromatographic-type process wherein the ability of nucleic acids to associate with targets bound on a column operates in such a manner that the column is sufficiently able to allow separation and isolation of the highest affinity nucleic acid ligands.

In many cases, it is not necessarily desirable to perform the iterative steps of SELEX until a single nucleic acid ligand is identified. The target-specific nucleic acid ligand solution may include a family of nucleic acid structures or motifs that have a number of conserved sequences and a number of sequences which can be substituted or added without significantly effecting the affinity of the nucleic acid ligands to the target. By terminating the SELEX process prior to completion, it is possible to determine the sequence of a number of members of the nucleic acid ligand solution family.

A variety of nucleic acid primary, secondary and tertiary structures are known to exist. The structures or motifs that have been shown most commonly to be involved in non-Watson-Crick type interactions are referred to as hairpin loops, symmetric and asymmetric bulges, pseudoknots and myriad combinations of the same. Almost all known cases of such motifs suggest that they can be formed in a nucleic acid sequence of no more than 30 nucleotides. For this reason, it is often preferred that SELEX procedures with contiguous randomized segments be initiated with nucleic acid sequences containing a randomized segment of between about 20-50 nucleotides.

The SELEX Patent Applications also describe methods for obtaining nucleic acid ligands that bind to more than one site on the target molecule, and to nucleic acid ligands that include non-nucleic acid species that bind to specific sites on the target. The SELEX method provides means for isolating and identifying nucleic acid ligands which bind to any envisionable target. However, in preferred embodiments the SELEX method is applied to situations where the target is a protein, including both nucleic acid-binding proteins and proteins not known to bind nucleic acids as part of their biological function.

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a multifunctional effector for many cells of mesenchymal and neuroectodermal origin (Rifkin & Moscatelli (1989) J. Cell Biol. 109:1; Baird & Bohlen (1991) in Peptide Growth Factors and Their Receptors (Sporn, M. B. & Roberts, A. B., eds.); pp. 369-418, Springer, N.Y.; Basilico & Moscatelli (1992) Adv. Cancer Res. 59:115). It is one of the most studied and best characterized members of a family of related proteins that also includes acidic FGF (Jaye et al. (1986) Science 233:541; Abraham et al. (1986) Science 233:545), int-2 (Moore et al. (1986) EMBO J. 5:919), kFGF/hst/KS3 (Delli-Bovi et al. (1987) Cell 50:729; Taira et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:2980), FGF-5 (Zhan et al. (1988) Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:3487), FGF-6 (Marics et al. (1989) Oncogene 4:335) and keratinocyte growth factor/FGF-7 (Finch et al. (1989) Science 245:752).

In vitro, bFGF stimulates cell proliferation, migration and induction of plasminogen activator and collagenase activities (Presta et al. (1986) Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:4060; Moscatelli et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:2091; Mignatti et al. (1989) J. Cell Biol. 108:671). In vivo, it is one of the most potent inducers of neovascularization. Its angiogenic activity in vivo suggests a role in tissue remodeling and wound healing but also in some disease states that are characterized by pathological neovascularization such as tumor proliferation, tumor metastasis, diabetic retinopathy and rheumatoid arthritis (Folkman & Klagsbrun (1987) Science 235:442; Gospodarowitz (1991) Cell Biology Reviews 25:307).

Although bFGF does not have a signal sequence for secretion, it is found on both sides of the plasma membrane, presumably being exported via exocytosis (Vlodavsky et al. (1991) Trends Biol. Sci. 16:268; Mignatti & Rifkin (1991) J. Cell. Biochem. 47:201). In the extracellular matrix, it is typically associated with a fraction that contains heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Indeed, heparin affinity chromatography has been a useful method for purification of this and other heparin-binding growth factors. In cell culture, bFGF binds to low- and high-affinity sites. The low-affinity sites are composed of cell-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycans to which bFGF binds with approximately nanomolar affinity (Moscatelli (1987) J. Cell. Physiol. 131:123). All biological effects of bFGF are mediated through interaction with the high-affinity binding sites (10-100 pM) that represent the dimeric tyrosine kinase FGF receptor (Ueno et al. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267:1470). Five FGF receptor genes have been identified to date, each of which can produce several structural variants as a result of alternative mRNA splicing (Armstrong et al. (1992) Cancer Res. 52:2004; Ueno et al. (1992) supra). There is by now substantial evidence that the low- and the high-affinity binding sites act cooperatively in determining the overall affinity of bFGF. Experiments with mutant cell lines that are deficient in glycosaminoglycan synthesis (Yayon et al. (1991) Cell 64:841) or heparitinase treated cells (Rapraeger et al. (1991) Science 252:1705) have shown that binding of either cell-associated heparan sulfate or, in its absence, exogenously added heparin to bFGF is required for signaling via the tyrosine kinase receptor. Recent resolution of observed Kd into its kinetic components demonstrates that while the association rates of bFGF to the low- and the high-affinity sites are comparable, the dissociation rate of bFGF from the cell surface receptor is 23-fold slower than that for the cell-associated heparan sulfate (Nugent & Edelman (1992) Biochemistry 31:8876). The slower off-rate, however, is only observed when the receptor is bound to the cell surface suggesting that simultaneous binding to both sites contributes to the overall high-affinity binding. This is plausible in light of the observation that the heparin-binding and the receptor-binding sites are located on adjacent but separate regions of the molecule, as determined from the recently solved X-ray crystal structure of bFGF (Zhang et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:3446; Eriksson et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:3441; Ago et al. (1991) J. Biochem. 110:360; Zhu et al. (1991) Science 251:90).

The idea that bFGF antagonists may have useful medicinal applications is not new (reviewed in Gospodarowicz (1991) supra). bFGF is now known to play a key role in the development of smooth-muscle cell lesions following vascular injury (Reidy et al. Circulation, Suppl. III 86:III-43). Overexpression of bFGF (and other members of the FGF family) is correlated with many malignant disorders (Halaban et al. (1991) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 638:232; Takahashi et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:5710; Fujimoto et al. (1991) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 180:386) and recently, neutralizing anti-bFGF antibodies have been found to suppress solid tumor growth in vivo by inhibiting tumor-linked angiogenesis (Hori et al. (1991) Cancer Res. 51:6180). Notable in this regard is the recent therapeutic examination of suramin, a polysulfated naphthalene derivative with known antiprotozoal activity, as an anti-tumor agent. Suramin is believed to inhibit the activity of bFGF through binding in the polyanion binding site and disrupting interaction of the growth factor with its receptor (Middaugh et al. (1992) Biochemistry 31:9016; Eriksson et al. (1991) supra). In addition to having a number of undesirable side effects and substantial toxicity, suramin is known to interact with several other heparin-binding growth factors which makes linking of its beneficial therapeutic effects to specific drug-protein interactions difficult (La Rocca et al. (1990) Cancer Cells 2:106). Anti-angiogenic properties of certain heparin preparations have also been observed (Folkman et al. (1983) Science 221:719; Crum et al. (1985) Science 230:1375) and these effects are probably based at least in part on their ability to interfere with bFGF signaling. While the specific heparin fraction that contributes to bFGF binding is now partially elucidated (Ishai-Michaeli et al. (1992) Biochemistry 31:2080; Turnbull et al. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267:10337), a typical heparin preparation is heterogeneous with respect to size, degree of sulfation and iduronic acid content. Additionally, heparin also affects many enzymes and growth factors. Excluding monoclonal antibodies, therefore, specific antagonists of bFGF are not known.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention includes methods for identifying and producing nucleic acid ligands and the nucleic acid ligands so identified and produced.

Nucleic acid sequences are provided that are ligands of bFGF. Specifically, RNA sequences are provided that are capable of binding specifically to bFGF. Included within the invention are the nucleic acid ligand sequences shown in Tables II-IV.

Also included in this invention are nucleic acid ligands of bFGF that are inhibitors of bFGF. Specifically, RNA ligands are identified and described which inhibit the binding of bFGF to its receptors.

Further included in this invention is a method of identifying nucleic acid ligands and ligand sequences to bFGF comprising the steps of a) preparing a candidate mixture of nucleic acids; b) partitioning between members of said candidate mixture on the basis of affinity to bFGF; and c) amplifying the selected molecules to yield a mixture of nucleic acids enriched for nucleic acid sequences with a relatively higher affinity for binding to bFGF.

More specifically, the present invention includes the RNA ligands to bFGF identified according to the above-described method, including those ligands listed in Tables II-IV. Also included are RNA ligands to bFGF that are substantially homologous to any of the given ligands and that have substantially the same ability to bind and inhibit bFGF. Further included in this invention are RNA ligands to bFGF that have substantially the same structural form as the ligands presented herein and that have substantially the same ability to bind and inhibit bFGF.

The present invention also includes modified nucleotide sequences based on the nucleic acid ligand sequences identified herein and mixtures of the same. Specifically included in this invention are RNA ligands, comprising nucleotides modified at the 2′-amino (2′-NH 2 ) position. The 2′-NH 2 -modified RNA ligands possess improved in vivo stability.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows binding curves for family 1 ligand 7A (SEQ ID NO:25) (Δ), family 2 ligand 12A (SEQ ID NO:25) (□), random RNA, SELEX experiment A(+) and random RNA, SELEX experiment B(×). The fraction of RNA bound to nitrocellulose filters is plotted as a function of free protein concentration and data points were fitted to equation 2 as defined in Example 3 below. The following concentrations of RNA were used: <100 pM for 7A and 12A, and 10 nM for random RNAs. Binding reactions were done at 37° C. in phosphate buffered saline containing 0.01% human serum albumin.

FIG. 2 shows the effect of RNA ligands 5A (SEQ ID NO:9) (◯), 7A (SEQ ID NO:10) (Δ), 12A (SEQ ID NO:25) (□), 26A (⋄), random RNA, SELEX experiment A (+) and random RNA, SELEX experiment B (×) on binding of 125 I-bFGF to the low-affinity ( FIG. 2A ) and the high-affinity ( FIG. 2B ) cell-surface receptors. Experiments were done essentially as described in Roghani & Moscatelli (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267:22156.

FIG. 3 shows the competitive displacement of 32 P-labeled RNA ligands 5A (SEQ ID NO:9) (◯), 7A (SEQ ID NO:10) (Δ), 12A (SEQ ID NO:25) (□), and 26A (SEQ ID NO:26) (⋄) by heparin (average molecular weight 5,000 Da). Percent of total input RNA bound to nitrocellulose filters is plotted as a function of heparin concentration. Experiments were done at 37° C. in phosphate buffered saline containing 0.01% human serum albumin, 0.3 μM RNA, and 30 nM bFGF.

FIG. 4 shows the proposed secondary structures for Family 1 ligands that bind to bFGF with high affinity. Arrows indicate double stranded (stem) regions that flank the conserved loop. Lower case symbols indicate nucleotides in the constant region. The upper case symbols indicate the 30 random nucleotides depicted in Table II.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show the proposed secondary structures for Family 1 ligands.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show the consensus structures for Family 1 and Family 2 ligands. Y=C or U; R=A or G; W=A or U; H=A, U, or C; D=A, G, or U; N=any base. Complementary bases are primed. Symbols in parenthesis indicate a variable number of bases or base pairs at that position ranging within limits given in the subscript.

FIGS. 7A and 7B show the starting random RNAs for experiments A and B, respectively, and PCR primers used in identifying 2′-NH 2 -RNA ligands to bFGF (Example 5).

FIG. 8 shows the binding curves for 2′-NH 2 modified RNA ligands 21A (SEQ ID NO:104) (◯) (SELEX experiment A), 38B (SEQ ID NO:114) (Δ) (SELEX) experiment B) and the initial (random) RNAs (A and B) from which these ligands were selected (□, ⋄).

FIGS. 9A and 9B show 2′-NH 2 -modified RNA ligand inhibition of 125 I-bFGF binding to the low-affinity ( FIG. 9A ) and the high-affinity ( FIG. 9B ) cell surface receptors. The ligands tested were 21A (SEQ ID NO:104) (Δ), 21A-tc 21A-t (SEQ ID NO:186) (◯), and random RNA A (⋄).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

This application is an extension and an application of the method for identifying nucleic acid ligands referred to as SELEX. The SELEX method is described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/714,131 filed Jun. 10, 1991 entitled Nucleic Acid Ligands, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,475,096 U.S. Ser. No. 07/536,428 filed Jun. 11, 1990 entitled Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential Enrichment, now abandoned U.S. Ser. No. 07/931,473 filed Aug. 17, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,270,163. These applications are collectively referred to herein as the SELEX Applications. The full text of these applications, including but not limited to, all definitions and descriptions of the SELEX process, are specifically incorporated herein by reference.

In its most basic form, the SELEX process may be defined by the following series of steps:

1) A candidate mixture of nucleic acids of differing sequence is prepared. The candidate mixture generally includes regions of fixed sequences (i.e., each of the members of the candidate mixture contains the same sequences in the same location) and regions of randomized sequences. The fixed sequence regions are selected either: a) to assist in the amplification steps described below; b) to mimic a sequence known to bind to the target; or c) to enhance the concentration of a given structural arrangement of the nucleic acids in the candidate mixture. The randomized sequences can be totally randomized (i.e., the probability of finding a base at any position being one in four) or only partially randomized (e.g., the probability of finding a base at any location can be selected at any level between 0 and 100 percent).

2) The candidate mixture is contacted with the selected target under conditions favorable for binding between the target and members of the candidate mixture. Under these circumstances, the interaction between the target and the nucleic acids of the candidate mixture can be considered as forming nucleic acid-target pairs between the target and the nucleic acids having the strongest affinity for the target.

3) The nucleic acids with the highest affinity for the target are partitioned from those nucleic acids with lesser affinity to the target. Because only an extremely small number of sequences (and possibly only one molecule of nucleic acid) corresponding to the highest affinity nucleic acids exist in the candidate mixture, it is generally desirable to set the partitioning criteria so that a significant amount of the nucleic acids in the candidate mixture (approximately 5-50%) are retained during partitioning.

4) Those nucleic acids selected during partitioning as having the relatively higher affinity to the target are then amplified to create a new candidate mixture that is enriched in nucleic acids having a relatively higher affinity for the target.

5) By repeating the partitioning and amplifying steps above, the newly formed candidate mixture contains fewer and fewer unique sequences, and the average degree of affinity of the nucleic acids to the target will generally increase. Taken to its extreme, the SELEX process will yield a candidate mixture containing one or a small number of unique nucleic acids representing those nucleic acids from the original candidate mixture having the highest affinity to the target molecule.

The SELEX Patent Applications describe and elaborate on this process in great detail. Included are targets that can be used in the process; methods for the preparation of the initial candidate mixture; methods for partitioning nucleic acids within a candidate mixture; and methods for amplifying partitioned nucleic acids to generate enriched candidate mixtures. The SELEX Patent Applications also describe ligand solutions obtained to a number of target species, including both protein targets wherein the protein is and is not a nucleic acid binding protein.

SELEX provides high affinity ligands of a target molecule. This represents a singular achievement that is unprecedented in the field of nucleic acids research. The present invention applies the SELEX procedure to a specific target, bFGF. In the Example section below, the experimental parameters used to isolate and identify the nucleic acid ligand solutions to bFGF are described.

In order to produce nucleic acids desirable for use as a pharmaceutical, it is preferred that the nucleic acid ligand 1) binds to the target in a manner capable of achieving the desired effect on the target; 2) be as small as possible to obtain the desired effect; 3) be as stable as possible; and 4) be a specific ligand to the chosen target. In most, if not all, situations it is preferred that the nucleic acid ligand have the highest possible affinity to the target.

In co-pending and commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/964,624, filed Oct. 21, 1992, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,938 methods are described for obtaining improved nucleic acid ligands after SELEX has been performed. This application, entitled Nucleic Acid Ligands to HIV-RT and HIV-1 Rev is specifically incorporated herein by reference. Included in this application are the following methods relating to: Assays of ligand effects on target molecules; Affinity assays of the ligands; Information boundaries determination; Quantitative and qualitative assessment of individual nucleotide contributions to affinity via secondary SELEX, nucleotide substitution, and chemical modification experiments; and Structural determination. The present invention includes improvements to the nucleic acid ligand solution derived according to these procedures.

This invention includes the specific nucleic acid ligands shown in Tables II-IV. These tables include unmodified RNA ligands to bFGF identified by the SELEX method as described herein. The scope of the ligands covered by this invention extends to all ligands to bFGF identified according to the SELEX procedure. More specifically, this invention includes nucleic acid sequences that are substantially homologous to and that have substantially the same ability to bind bFGF as the specific nucleic acid ligands shown in Tables II-IV. By substantially homologous, it is meant, a degree of primary sequence homology in excess of 70%, most preferably in excess of 80%. Substantially the same ability to bind bFGF means that the affinity is within two orders of magnitude of the affinity of the ligands described herein. It is well within the skill of those of ordinary skill in the art to determine whether a given sequence—substantially homologous to those specifically described herein—has substantially the same ability to bind bFGF.

This invention also includes the specific 2′-NH 2 -modified nucleic acid ligands shown in Table VIII. These ligands were identified by the SELEX method utilizing a candidate mixture of RNAs wherein all pyrimidines were 2′-deoxy-2′-NH 2 . All purines utilized in these experiments were unmodified, or 2′-OH. More specifically, this invention includes nucleic acid sequences that are substantially homologous to and that have substantially the same ability to bind bFGF as the specific nucleic acid ligands shown in Table VIII.

A review of the proposed structural formations shown in FIG. 6 for the family 1 and 2 unmodified ligands shows that sequences that have little or no primary sequence homology may still have substantially the same ability to bind bFGF. It can be assumed that the disparate sequences have similar structures that give rise to the ability to bind to bFGF, and that each of the family 1 and family 2 sequence ligands are able to assume structures that appear very similar to the binding site of bFGF even though they do not bind the same site. For these reasons, the present invention also includes RNA ligands that have substantially the same structure as the ligands presented herein and that have substantially the same ability to bind bFGF as the RNA ligands shown in Tables II and III. “Substantially the same structure” includes all RNA ligands having the common structural elements of the sequences given in Tables II,III and VIII.

Two SELEX experiments were conducted to select unmodified RNA ligands to bFGF (Example 2). These experiments yielded two sequence families of high-affinity nucleic acid ligands to bFGF. A review of the two sequence families (Tables II and III) shows that sequences that have little or no primary sequence homology may still have substantially the same ability to bind bFGF. It appears that the disparate sequences may have a common structure that gives rise to the ability to bind to bFGF, and that each of the sequence family 1 and 2 ligands are able to assume structures that appear very similar to the binding site of bFGF even though they do not bind the same site. High-affinity nucleic acid ligands selected in the presence of heparin (Experiment B) exhibited the consensus sequence of family 2. These ligands bind a bFGF protein in which a conformation change has been induced by heparin. The present invention also includes RNA ligands that have substantially the same structure as the ligands presented herein and that have substantially the same ability to bind bFGF as the RNA ligands shown in Tables II, III and VIII. “Substantially the same structure” includes all RNA ligands having the common structural elements of the sequences given in Tables II, III and VIII.

This invention also includes the ligands described above, wherein certain chemical modifications have been made in order to increase the in vivo stability of the ligand, enhance or mediate the delivery of the ligand, or reduce the clearance rate from the body. Examples of such modifications include chemical substitutions at the ribose and/or phosphate and/or base positions of a given RNA sequence. See, e.g., Cook et al. PCT Application WO 92/03568; U.S. Pat. No. 5,118,672 of Schinazi et al.; Hobbs et al. (1973) Biochem. 12:5138; Buschbouer et al. (1977) Nucleic Acids Res. 4:1933; Schibahara et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res. 15:4403; Pieken et al. (1991) Science 253:314, each of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference. Such modifications may be made post-SELEX (modification of previously identified unmodified ligands) or by incorporation into the SELEX process as described below.

The high-affinity nucleic acid ligands of the present invention may also have various properties, including the ability to inhibit the biological activity of bFGF. Representative ligands from sequence family 1 and 2 were found to inhibit binding of bFGF to both low- and high-affinity cell-surface receptors (Example 4). These nucleic acid ligands may be useful as specific and potent neutralizers of bFGF activity in vivo.

Two SELEX experiments were conducted with RNA candidate mixtures wherein all pyrimidine moieties were 2′-deoxy-2′-NH 2 -pyrimidines (Example 5, experiments A and B). These experiments yielded the sequences shown in Table VIII. Sequence families 1A, 1B, 1C, 2 and 3 were identified, as well as four families containing two sequences each (“two-member families”), single sequences (“other sequences”), and sequences binding nitrocellulose (“nitrocellulose-binding family”). The nitrocellulose-binding ligands have an increased affinity to nitrocellulose as well as an increased affinity to bFGF. The high affinity of identified 2′-NH 2 ligands for bFGF is shown in Table IX and FIG. 8. 2′-NH 2 -modified RNA ligands able to inhibit the in vitro activity of bFGF were identified (FIG. 9 ). These ligands were shown to inhibit the biological activity of bFGF in vivo (Example 6).

The nucleic acid ligands and nucleic acid ligand solutions to bFGF described herein are useful as pharmaceuticals, and as part of gene therapy treatments. Example 6 shows the ability of 2′-NH 2 -modified RNA ligands to inhibit the in vivo biological activity of bFGF. Further, the nucleic acid ligands to bFGF described herein may be used beneficially for diagnostic purposes.

EXAMPLE 1

Experimental Procedures

Materials. bFGF was obtained from Bachem California (molecular weight 18,000 Da, 154 amino acids). Tissue culture grade heparin (average molecular weight 16,000 Da) was purchased from Sigma. Low molecular weight heparin (5,000 Da) was from Calbiochem. All other chemicals were at least reagent grade and were purchased from commercial sources.

SELEX. Essential features of the SELEX protocol have been described in detail in the SELEX Applications and in previous papers (Tuerk & Gold (1990) Science 249:505; Tuerk et al. (1992a) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6988; Tuerk et al. (1992b) in Polymerase Chain Reaction (Ferre, F. Mullis, K., Gibbs, R. & Ross, A., eds.) Birkhauser, N.Y.). The SELEX protocol may be performed in generally the same manner for unmodified RNA selection as for selection with 2′-deoxy-2′-NH 2 pyrimidines as described in Example 5 below. Briefly, DNA templates for in vitro transcription (that contain a region of thirty random positions flanked by constant sequence regions) and the corresponding PCR primers were synthesized chemically (Operon). The random region was generated by utilizing an equimolar mixture of the four nucleotides during oligonucleotide synthesis. The two constant regions were designed to contain PCR primer annealing sites, a primer annealing site for cDNA synthesis, T7 RNA polymerase promoter region, and restriction enzyme sites that allow cloning into vectors (See Table I).

An initial pool of RNA molecules was prepared by in vitro transcription of about 200 picomoles (pmol) (10 14 molecules) of the double stranded DNA template utilizing T7 RNA polymerase (New England Biolabs). Transcription mixtures consisted of 100-300 nM template, 5 units/μl T7 RNA polymerase, 40 mM Tris-C1 buffer (pH 8.0) containing 12 mM MgCl 2 , 5 mM DTT, 1 mM spermidine, 0.002% Triton X-100, and 4% PEG. Transcription mixtures were incubated at 37° C. for 2-3 hours. These conditions typically resulted in transcriptional amplification of 10- to 100-fold.

Selections for high affinity RNA ligands were done by incubating bFGF (10-100 pmol) with RNA (90-300 pmol) for 10 minutes at 37° C. in 50 μl of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (10.1 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 1.8 mM KH 2 PO 4 , 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, pH 7.4), then separating the protein-RNA complexes from the unbound species by nitrocellulose filter partitioning (Tuerk & Gold (1990) supra). The selected RNA (which typically amounts to 0.3-8% of the total input RNA) was then extracted from the filters and reverse transcribed into cDNA by avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase (AMV RT, Life Sciences). Reverse transcriptions were done at 48° C. (30 minutes) in 50 mM Tris buffer (pH, 8.3), 60 mM NaCl, 6 mM Mg(OAc) 2 , 10 mM DTT, and 1 unit/μl AMV RT. Amplification of the cDNA by PCR under standard conditions yielded sufficient amounts of double-stranded DNA for the next round of in vitro transcription.

Nitrocellulose Filter Binding Assay

Oligonucleotides bound to proteins can be effectively separated from the unbound species by filtration through nitrocellulose membrane filters (Yarus & Berg (1970) Anal. Biochem. 35:450; Lowary & Uhlenbeck (1987) Nucleic Acids Res. 15:10483; Tuerk & Gold (1990) supra). Nitrocellulose filters (Millipore, 0.45 μm pore size, type HA) were secured on a filter manifold and washed with 4-10 ml of buffer. Following incubations of 32 P-labeled RNA with serial dilutions of the protein (5-10 min) at 37° C. in buffer (PBS) containing 0.01% human serum albumin (HSA), the solutions were applied to the filters under gentle vacuum in 45 μl aliquots and washed with 5 ml of PBS. The filters were then dried under an infrared lamp and counted in a scintillation counter.

Cloning and Sequencing. Individual members of the enriched pools were cloned into pUC18 vector and sequenced as described (Schneider et al. (1992) J. Mol. Biol. (228:862-869); Tuerk & Gold (1990) supra).

EXAMPLE 2

SELEX Experiments Targeting bFGF

Following the procedures described in Example 1 above, two SELEX experiments (Experiments A and B) targeting bFGF were initiated with separate pools of randomized unmodified RNA, each pool consisting of approximately 10 14 molecules. The constant sequence regions that flank the randomized region, along with the corresponding primers, were different in each experiment. The two template/primer combinations used are shown in Table I.

Selections were conducted in PBS at 37° C. The selection conducted in Experiment B was done in the presence of heparin (Sigma, molecular weight 5,000-32,000 Da, average molecular weight 16,000 Da) in the selection buffer at the molar ratio of 1/100 (heparin/bFGF). Heparin competes for binding of randomized RNA to bFGF. The amount of heparin used significantly reduced but did not eliminate RNA binding to bFGF (data not shown). The rationale for using heparin was two-fold. First, heparin is known to induce a small conformational change in the protein and also stabilizes bFGF against thermal denaturation. Second, the apparent competitive nature of binding of heparin with randomized RNA to bFGF was expected to either increase the stringency of selection for the heparin binding site or direct the binding of RNA ligands to alternative site(s).

Significant improvement in affinity of RNA ligands to bFGF was observed in Experiment A after ten rounds, and in Experiment B after thirteen rounds. Sequencing of these enriched pools of RNA ligands revealed a definite departure from randomness which indicated that the number of different molecules remaining in the pool was substantially reduced. Individual members of the enriched pools were then cloned into pUC18 vector and sequenced as described in Example 1.

49 clones were sequenced from Experiment A, and 37 clones from Experiment B. From the total of 86 sequences, 71 were unique. Two distinct families could be identified based on overlapping regions of sequence homology FIGS. 4 and 5 and (Tables II and III). A number of sequences with no obvious homology to members of either of the two families were also present, as expected (Irvine et al. (1991) J. Mol. Biol. 222:739), and are shown in Table IV.

The consensus sequence from family 1 ligands (Table II) is defined by a contiguous stretch of 9 bases, CUAACCNGG (SEQ ID NO:7). This suggests a minimal structure consisting of a 4-5 nucleotide loop that includes the strongly conserved AACC sequence and a bulged stem (FIG. 6 A and Table VI). The consensus sequence for family 2 ligands (Table III) is more extended and contains less conserved regions, RRGGHAACGYWNNGDCAAGNNCACYY (SEQ ID NO:23). Here, most of the strongly conserved positions are accommodated in a larger (19-21 nucleotide) loop (FIG. 6 B and Table VII). Additional structure within the loop is possible.

The existence of two distinct sequence families in the enriched pools of RNA suggest that there are two convergent solutions for high-affinity binding to bFGF. SELEX experiment A contributed members to both sequence families (Table II). All of the sequences from the SELEX experiment B (selected in the presence of heparin), on the other hand, belong either to family 2 (Table III) or to the “other sequences” family (Table IV), but none were found in family 1. This is surprising in view of the fact that bFGF was present in a molar excess of 100-fold over heparin during selections. The effective molar excess of bFGF over heparin, however, was probably much smaller. Average molecular weight of heparin used in selections was 16,000 Da. Since each sugar unit weighs 320 Da and at least eight sugar units are required for high-affinity binding to bFGF, six molecules of bFGF, on average, can bind to a molecule of heparin. This reduces the molar ratio of heparin to bFGF to 1:16. In practice, this amount of heparin is sufficient to reduce the observed affinity of the unselected RNA pool for bFGF by a factor of five (data not shown). The observed exclusion of an entire ligand family by the presence of a relatively small amount of heparin in the selection buffer may be a consequence of a conformational change in the protein induced by heparin. Because of the relative amounts of heparin and bFGF that were used in selections, this model requires that the heparin-induced conformation persist after the protein-heparin complex has dissociated, and that the lifetime of this conformer is long enough to permit equilibration with the RNA ligands.

Family 2 sequences are comprised of clones derived from both SELEX experiments. This suggests that the flanking constant regions typically play a relatively minor role in determining the affinity of these ligands and supports the premise that the consensus sequence in this family is the principal determinant of high-affinity binding to bFGF.

EXAMPLE 3

Determination of Binding Affinities for bFGF Equilibrium Dissociation Constants

In the simplest case, equilibrium binding of RNA to bFGF can be described by equation 1:

RNA·bFGF˜RNA+bFGF  (1)

The fraction of bound RNA (q) is related to the concentration of free protein, [P] (equation 2):

q=f[P]/[P ]/([ P]+K d )  (2)

where K d is the equilibrium dissociation constant and f reflects the efficiency of retention of the protein-RNA complexes on nitrocellulose filters. Mean value of f for bFGF was 0.82.

In order to eliminate higher order structures, all RNA solutions were heated to 90° C. in PBS for 2-3 minutes and cooled on ice prior to incubation with protein. Only single bands for all RNA clones were detected on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels following this treatment.

Relative binding affinity of individual ligands to bFGF cannot be predicted from sequence information. Unique sequence clones were therefore screened for their ability to bind to bFGF by measuring the fraction of radiolabeled RNA bound to nitrocellulose filters following incubation with 4 and 40 nM protein. This screening method was sufficiently accurate to allow several clones to be identified that had dissociation constants in the nanomolar range. Binding of these select clones was then analyzed in more detail.

High-affinity RNA ligands for bFGF were found in both sequence families (Tables VI and VII). The affinity of clones that did not belong to either family was generally lower (data not shown).

The original, unselected RNA pools bound to bFGF with 300 nM (set A) and 560 nM (set B) affinities (FIG. 1 ). SELEX therefore allowed the isolation of ligands with at least 2 orders of magnitude better affinity for bFGF.

In order to address the question of specificity, a representative set of high affinity ligands for bFGF (5A (SEQ ID NO:9) and 7A (SEQ ID NO:10) from family 1; 12A (SEQ ID NO:25) and 26A (SEQ ID NO:26) from family 2) was tested for binding to four other heparin-binding proteins. It was found that the affinity of these ligands for acidic FGF, thrombin, antithrombin III, and vascular endothelial growth factor was relatively weak (K d >0.3 μm) (data not shown).

EXAMPLE 4

RNA Ligand Inhibition of bFGF Receptor Binding

The same four high-affinity RNA ligands (5A and 7A from family 1, 12A and 26A from family 2) were also tested for their ability to inhibit binding of bFGF to the low- and the high-affinity cell-surface receptors.

Receptor Binding Studies. bFGF was labeled with 125 I by the Iodo-Gen (Pierce) procedure as described by Moscatelli (1987) supra. Confluent baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells were washed extensively with PBS and then incubated for 2 hours at 4° C. with αMEM medium containing 10 ng/ml 125 I-bFGF in PBS, 0.1% HSA, 1 unit/ml RNasein, and serial dilutions of high-affinity RNA. In a separate experiment it was established that the RNA is not significantly degraded under these conditions. The amount of 125 I-bFGF bound to the low- and the high-affinity receptor sites was determined as described by Moscatelli (1987) supra.

All four ligands competed for the low-affinity receptor sites while the unselected (random) RNAs did not (FIG. 2 A). The concentration of RNA required to effect half-displacement of bFGF from the low-affinity receptor was 5-20 nM for ligands 5A, 7A and 26A, and >100 nM for ligand 12A. Half-displacement from the high-affinity sites is observed at the concentration of RNA near 1 μm for ligands 5A, 7A and 26A, and >1 uM for ligand 12A (FIG. 2 B). Again, random RNAs did not compete for the high-affinity receptor. The observed difference in concentration of RNA required to displace bFGF from the low- and high-affinity receptors is expected as a reflection of the difference in affinity of the two receptor classes for bFGF (2-10 nM for the low-affinity sites and 10-100 pM for the high-affinity sites).

Binding curves for modified RNA ligands 21A, 38B and random RNAs were determined (FIG. 8 ). RNA concentrations were determined from their absorbance reading at 260 nm and were typically less than 100 pM. Binding reactions were conducted at 37° C. in phosphate buffered saline containing 0.01% human serum albumin and 1 mM DTT. Heparin competitively displaced RNA ligands from both sequence families (FIG. 3 ), although higher concentrations of heparin were required to displace members of family 2 from bFGF.

The selective advantage obtained through the SELEX procedure is based on affinity to bFGF. RNA ligands can in principle bind to any site on the protein, and it is therefore important to examine the activity of the ligands in an appropriate functional assay. The relevant functional experiment for the selected high-affinity ligands is testing their ability to inhibit binding of bFGF to its cell-surface receptors since this is how bFGF exerts its biological activity. The fact that several representative high-affinity RNA ligands inhibited binding of bFGF to both receptor classes (in accord with their relative binding affinities) suggests that these ligands bind at or near the receptor binding site(s). Further support for this notion comes from the observation that heparin competes for binding of these ligands to bFGF. High affinity ligands from family 1 and family 2 may bind to different sites on bFGF. This invention includes covalently connecting components from the two ligand families into a single, more potent inhibitor of bFGF.

EXAMPLE 5

Modified 2′-NH 2 Pyrimidine RNA Ligands to bFGF

In order to generate ligands with improved stability in vivo , two SELEX experiments (A and B) targeting bFGF were initiated with separate pools of randomized RNA containing amino (NH 2 ) functionalities at the 2′-position of each pyrimidine. Starting ligand pools for the two experiments contained approximately 10 14 molecules (500 pmols) of modified RNA randomized at 30 (SELEX experiment A) and 50 (SELEX experiment B) contiguous positions. The starting RNAs and the corresponding PCR primers are defined in FIGS. 7A and 7B . Following twelve rounds of SELEX, the affinity of the modified RNA pools was improved by 1-2 orders of magnitude. Sequences corresponding to the evolved regions of modified RNA are shown in Table VIII. It is interesting to note that individual nucleotides occur at substantially different frequencies with guanine being conspicuously overrepresented (43%), adenine and uridine occurring at about equal frequencies (22% and 21%) and cytosine being underrepresented (14%).

Ligands with similar primary structures were grouped into families and their consensus sequences are shown below each sequence set (Table VIII). Groups of sequences with similar primary structure (families) have been aligned in Table VIII and their consensus sequences are shown below each set. Pairs of similar/related sequences, sequences that could not be included in any of the families (“other sequences”) and sequences that correspond to ligands that bind additionally to nitrocellulose filters with high affinity have been shown in separate groups. Letter N in a sequence indicates an ambiguous position on a sequencing gel. Italicized letter N in a consensus sequence indicates a position that is not conserved (i.e., any nucleotide may be found at that position).

All unique ligands were screened for their binding affinities for bFGF by measuring the fraction of RNA bound to bFGF at two protein concentrations (5.0 and 0.5 nM bFGF). This affinity screening allowed identification of those ligands with highest affinity for bFGF. Binding of a group of these ligands was analyzed over a range of bFGF concentrations ( FIG. 8 ) and their dissociation constants (Kd's) were determined as described (Jellinek et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:11227-11231) (Table IX). RNA concentrations were determined from their absorbance reading at 260 nM (and were typically <100 pM). Binding reactions were done at 37° C. in phosphate buffered saline containing 0.01% human serum albumin and 1 mM DTT.

The minimal sequence information required for high-affinity binding to bFGF was examined for several of the 2′-NH 2 modified ligands by deletion analyses as described (Tuerk et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 213:749-761). Truncated ligands 21A-t ( GG UGUGUGGAAGACAGCGGGUGGuuc (SEQ ID NO:186); the letter “t” is used to designate truncated sequences derived from the corresponding parent sequences; underlined G's are those guanine nucleotides added to improve the efficiency of transcription; lowercase letters are from the constant sequence region), 58A-t ( GG ACGGCGUGGUCCGAGGGUGGCGAGU) (SEQ ID NO:187) and 34B-t ( G gaggacgaugcggAACGGGAGGUACGA GAGCGGGAGC) (SEQ ID NO:188) were synthesized enzymatically using T7 RNA polymerase from synthetic DNA templates and their binding affinity for bFGF was examined. Ligand 21A-t binds to bFGF in a biphasic manner with a dissociation constant of the higher affinity component (K d1 ) of 0.1 nM, mole fraction of the higher affinity component (χ1) of 0.5 and a dissociation constant of the lower affinity component (K d2 ) of 270 nM (for interpretation of biphasic binding see Jellinek et al. (1993) supra). Binding of ligand 58A-t to bFGF is also biphasic (K d1 =1.8 nM, χ1=0.5, K d2 =180 nM). Binding of ligand 34B-t is monophasic (K d1 =3 nM).

The ability to inhibit the binding of 125 I-bFGF to high and low-affinity cell-surface receptors was examined (FIG. 9 ). Experiments were conducted as described in Moscatelli (1987) supra using confluent cultures of baby hamster kidney cells. Specific activity of bFGF was 915 cpm/fmol. Each data point represents the average of two experiments.

Several high-affinity ligands were found to inhibit binding of bFGF to its cell-surface receptors, with truncated versions of ligand 21A being the most effective inhibitors (FIG. 9 ). Random RNA was ineffective in this concentration range (up to 1 μM).

EXAMPLE 6

In Vivo Inhibition of bFGF Activity With 2′-NH 2 ′-modified RNA Ligands

The potential in vivo activity of the bFGF antagonist oligonucleotide ligand 21A was evaluated in the rat corneal angiogenesis assay. The basic approach for this assay was originally developed and reported by Gimbrone et al. (1974) JNCI 52:413 using rabbit corneas for implantation of tumor cells or tumor cell extracts in polyacrylamide gel. The technique was later refined by Langer and Folkman (1976) Nature 263:797 to utilize a less irritating polymer, hydroxyethylmethacrylate (Hydron). The corneal implantation method for assessing angiogenic activity associated with cell extracts or growth factors suspended in Hydron has been used in guinea pigs by Polverini et. al. (1977) Nature 269:804 and more recently in rats by Koch et. al. (1992) Science 258:1798.

The corneal angiogenesis assay used herein is a modification of the techniques described in the above references. The assay is conducted in rat corneas; however, the implantation method is different in that the corneal pocket is made using small scissors instead of a spatula for the blunt dissection of the corneal stroma. Additionally, Hydron could not be used as the carrier substance for bFGF because the protein was denatured by the high concentration of ethanol and/or the polymerization reaction. Other carriers were studied and it was determined that nitrocellulose filter material (Millipore) was the most suitable medium for implantation since it readily absorbs the protein, is not denaturing to proteins, and is not proinflammatory or irritating to the corneal stroma.

The basic design of the first in vivo assay was to compare the potential angiogenic effects of (1) untreated nitrocellulose, (2) nitrocellulose soaked in oligonucleotide ligand 21A, (3) nitrocellulose soaked in bFGF, and (4) nitrocellulose soaked in a solution of ligand 21A and bFGF combined.

The disks to be implanted were punched out of a standard Millipore nitrocellulose filter using a punch made from a 16 gauge hypodermic needle. The diameter of the implanted disks was approximately 1 mm. Prior to implantation the disks were soaked in a given test solution for at least one hour to ensure saturation. The four solutions in this experiment were (1) Ringer's physiologic salt solution, (2) RNA ligand 21A in 10% PBS/90% water, (3) bFGF in Ringer's solution, and (4) 1:1 mixture of ligand 21A and bFGF.

The respective soaked disks were implanted into the corneal stroma of three rats for each treatment group. Both eyes of each rat received the same treatment so that there were six test eyes in each test group. The test solutions were handled using sterile technique. The animals were anesthetized with a general anesthetic mixture containing acepromazine, ketamine, and xylazine. The corneal surgery, which involved making an incision through the corneal epithelium into the underlying stroma with subsequent dissection of a pocket in the stroma, was conducted under a stereomicroscope. The surgical site was cleaned with a dilute solution of organic iodine. A single dose of ophthamic antibiotic was administered post-surgically.

Following implantation of the disks, the animals were returned to their cages where they were maintained under standard husbandry conditions until their eyes were examined stereomicroscopically on post-surgical days seven and fourteen. The eyes were evaluated for amount of corneal cloudiness around the implant and for amount of vascular ingrowth into the normally avascular cornea. The scoring system used for quantitation of vascular ingrowth was based on degrees of vascularization around the circumference of the cornea (potential total=360°) multiplied by the extent of vascular ingrowth toward the implant (1=no growth; 2=ingrowth ⅓ of distance to implant; 3=ingrowth ⅔ of distance to implant; 4=ingrowth to implant; 5=ingrowth into and around implant). The mean score of the eyes in each group was then determined. The minimum score of 360 (360×1) is normal while the maximum possible score with extensive vascular ingrowth into the implant is 1800 (360×5). The results are shown in Table X.

The results from this preliminary experiment provide two important findings for this ligand. First, although the ligand did not prevent the bFGF stimulated ingrowth of vessels into the cornea (Group IV vs. Group III), it did diminish the amount of vascular ingrowth as well as the amount of corneal cloudiness observed microscopically at both seven and fourteen days following implantation. Secondly, the introduction of the oligonucleotide alone (Group II) into the cornea did not result in any adverse effects such as irritation, inflammation, or angiogenesis. These findings suggest that the oligonucleotide has the desired antagonistic effect for bFGF and that it is biocompatible when administered in vivo at relatively high local concentration (60 uM).

TABLE I
OLIGONUCLEOTIDES USED IN SELEX EXPERIMENTS A AND B.
		SEQ ID
	SEQUENCE 5′-3′	NUMBER
EXPERIMENT A
Starting RNA	GGGAGCUCAGAAUAAACGCUCAANNNNNNN	SEQ ID NO:1
	NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNUUCGACA
	UGAGGCCCGGAUCCGGC
PCR Primer 1	HindII I	SEQ ID NO:2
	CCGAAGCTT AATACGACTCACTATA GGGAG
	T7 Promoter
	CTCAGAATAAACGCTCAA
PCR Primer 2	BamH1	SEQ ID NO:3
	GCCGGATCCGGGCCTCATGTCGAA
EXPERIMENT B
Starting RNA	GGGAGAUGCCUGUCGAGCAUGCUGNNNNNNN	SEQ ID NO:4
	NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNGUAGCUAA
	ACAGCUUUGUCGACGGG
PCR Primer 1	HindII I	SEQ ID NO:5
	CCCGAAGCTT AATACGACTCACTATA GGGAG
	T7 Promoter
	ATGCCTGTCGAGCATGCTG
PCR Primer 2	Sal1	SEQ ID NO:6
	CCCGTCGACAAAGCTGTTTAGCTAC

TABLE II
FAMILY 1 SEQUENCES OF THE RANDOM REGION FROM SELEX
EXPERIMENT A AND B.
FAMILY	CONSENSUS SEQUENCE	SEQ ID
1	CUAACCNGG (SEQ ID NO:7)	NUMBER
4A	UGCUAUUCGCCUAACUCGGCGCUCCUACCU	SEQ ID NO:8
5A	AUCUCCUCCCGUCGAAGCUAACCUGGCCAC	SEQ ID NO:9
7A	UCGGCGAGCUAACCAAGACACUCGCUGCAC	SEQ ID NO:10
10A	GUAGCACUAUCGGCCUAACCCGGUAGCUCC	SEQ ID NO:11
13A	ACCCGCGGCCUCCGAAGCUAACCAGGACAC	SEQ ID NO:12
14A	UGGGUGCUAACCAGGACACACCCACGCUGU	SEQ ID NO:13
16A	CACGCACAGCUAACCAAGCCACUGUGCCCC	SEQ ID NO:14
18A	CUGCGUGGUAUAACCACAUGCCCUGGGCGA	SEQ ID NO:15
21A	UGGGUGCUUAACCAGGCCACACCCUGCUGU	SEQ ID NO:16
25A	CUAGGUGCUAUCCAGGACUCUCCCUGGUCC	SEQ ID NO:17
29A	UGCUAUUCGCCUAGCUCGGCGCUCCUACCU	SEQ ID NO:18
38A	AGCUAUUCGCCCAACCCGGCGCUCCCGACC	SEQ ID NO:19
39A	ACCAGCUGCGUGCAACCGCACAUGCCUGG	SEQ ID NO:20
56A	CAGGCCCCGUCGUAAGCUAACCUGGACCCU	SEQ ID NO:21
61A	UGGGUGCUAACCACCACACACUCACGCUGU	SEQ ID NO:22

TABLE III
FAMILY 2 SEQUENCES OF THE RANDOM REGION FROM SELEX
EXPERIMENTS A AND B.
	CONSENSUS SEQUENCE:
FAMILY	RRGGHAACGYWNNGDCAAGNNCACYY
2	(SEQ ID NO:23)	SEQ ID NUMBER
11A	GGGUAACGUUGU  GACAAGUACACCUGCGUC	SEQ ID NO:24
12A	GGGGCAACGCUACA GACAAGUGCACCCAAC	SEQ ID NO:25
26A	CGUCAGAAGGCAACGUAUA  GGCAAGCACAC	SEQ ID NO:26
27A	CCUCUCGAAGACAACGCUGU  GACAAG ACAC	SEQ ID NO:27
47A	AGUGGGAAACGCUACUUGACAAG ACACCAC	SEQ ID NO:28
65A	GGCUACGCUAAU GACAAGUGCACUUGGGUG	SEQ ID NO:29
1B	CUCUGGUAACGCAAU  GUCAAGUGCACAUGA	SEQ ID NO:30
2B	AGCCGCAGGUAACGGACC  GGCGAGACCAUU	SEQ ID NO:31
6B	ACGAGCUUCGUAACGCUAUC GACAAGUGCA	SEQ ID NO:32
8B	AAGGGGAAACGUUGA  GUCCGGUACACCCUG	SEQ ID NO:33
9B	AGGGUAACGUACU  GGCAAGCUCACCUCAGC	SEQ ID NO:34
11B	GAGGUAACGUAC   GACAAGACCACUCCAACU	SEQ ID NO:35
12B	AGGUAACGCUGA  GUCAAGUGCACUCGACAU	SEQ ID NO:36
13B	GGGAAACGCUAUC GACGAGUGCACCCGGCA	SEQ ID NO:37
14B	CCGAGGGUAACGUUGG  GUCAAGCACACCUC	SEQ ID NO:38
15B	UCGGGGUAACGUAUU  GGCAAGGC ACCCGAC	SEQ ID NO:39
19B	GGUAACGCUGUG GACAAGUGCACCAGCUGC	SEQ ID NO:40
22B	AGGGUAACGUACU  GGCAAGCUCACCUCAGC	SEQ ID NO:41
28B	AGGGUAACGUAUA  GUCAAGAC ACCUCAAGU	SEQ ID NO:42
29B	GGGUAACGCAUU  GGCAAGAC ACCCAGCCCC	SEQ ID NO:43
36B	GAGGAAACGUACC  GUCGAGCC ACUCCAUGC	SEQ ID NO:44
38B	AGGUAACGCUGA  GUCAAGUGCACUCGACAU	SEQ ID NO:45
48B	GGGUAACGUGU   GACAAGAUCACCCAGUUUG	SEQ ID NO:46
49B	CACAGGGCAACGCUGCU GACAAGUGCACCU	SEQ ID NO:47

TABLE IV
OTHER SEQUENCES OF THE RANDOM REGION
FROM SELEX EXPERIMENTS A AND B.
NUMBER	CLONE (30N)	SEQ ID NO.
gggagcucagaauaaacgcucaa-[30N]-
uucgacaugaggcccggauccggc (SEQ ID NO:1)
8A	ACGCCAAGUGAGUCAGCAACAGAGCGUCCG	SEQ ID.NO:48
9A	CCAGUGAGUCCUGGUAAUCCGCAUCGGGCU	SEQ ID NO:49
24A	CUUCAGAACGGCAUAGUGGUCGGCCGCGCC	SEQ ID NO:50
33A	AGGUCACUGCGUCACCGUACAUGCCUGGCC	SEQ ID NO:51
34A	UCCAACGAACGGCCCUCGUAUUCAGCCACC	SEQ ID NO:52
36A	ACUGGAACCUGACGUAGUACAGCGACCCUC	SEQ ID NO:53
37A	UCUCGCUGCGCCUACACGGCAUGCCGGGA	SEQ ID NO:54
40A	GAUCACUGCGCAAUGCCUGCAUACCUGGUC	SEQ ID NO:55
43A	UCUCGCUGCGCCUACACGGCAUGCCCGGGA	SEQ ID NO:56
44A	UGACCAGCUGCAUCCGACGAUAUACCCUGG	SEQ ID NQ:57
45A	GGCACACUCCAACGAGGUAACGUUACGGCG	SEQ ID NO:58
55A	AGCGGAACGCCACGUAGUACGCCGACCCUC	SEQ ID NO:59
gggagaugccugucgagcaugcug-[30N]-
guagcuaaacagcuuugucgacggg (SEQ ID NO:4)
4B	ACCCACGCCCGACAACCGAUGAGUUCUCGG	SEQ ID NO:60
5B	UGCUUUGAAGUCCUCCCCGCCUCUCGAGGU	SEQ ID NO:61
7B	AUGCUGAGGAUAUUGUGACCACUUCGGCGU	SEQ ID NO:62
16B	ACCCACGCCCGACAACCGAUGAGCUCGGA	SEQ ID NO:63
20B	AGUCCGGAUGCCCCACUGGGACUACAUUGU	SEQ ID NO:64
21B	AAGUCCGAAUGCCACUGGGACUACCACUGA	SEQ ID NO:65
23B	ACUCUCACUGCGAUUCGAAAUCAUGCCUGG	SEQ ID NO:66
40B	AGGCUGGGUCACCGACAACUGCCCGCCAGC	SEQ ID NO:67
42B	AGCCGCAGGUAACGGACCGGCGAGACCACU	SEQ ID NO:68
26B	GCAUGAAGCGGAACUGUAGUACGCGAUCCA	SEQ ID NO:69

TABLE V
REPEAT SEQUENCES OF THE RANDOM REGION FROM SELEX
EXPERIMENTS A AND B.
		SEQUENCE ID	CLONE
NUMBER	SEQUENCE	NUMBER	REPEATED
3A	GGGUAACGUUGUGACAAGUACACCUGCGUU	SEQ ID NO:70	11A
15A	GGGUAACGUUGUGACAAGUACACCUGCGUC	SEQ ID NO:71	11A
20A	GGGUAACGUUGUGACAAGUACACCUGCGUC	SEQ ID NO:72	11A
48A	GGGUAACGUUGUGACAACUACACCUGCGUC	SEQ ID NO:73	11A
58A	GGGUAACGUUGUGACAACUACACCUGCGUC	SEQ ID NO:74	11A
64A	GGGUAACGUUGUGACAACUACACCUGCGUC	SEQ ID NO:75	11A
28A	CGUCAGAAGGCAACGUAUAGGCAAGCACAC	SEQ ID NO:76	26A
30A	GUAGCACUAUCGGCCUAACCCGGUAGCUCC	SEQ ID NO:77	10A
23A	ACCCGCGGCCUCCGAAGCUAACCAGGACAC	SEQ ID NO:78	13A
46A	AGGUCACUGCGUCACCGUACAUGCCUGGCC	SEQ ID NO:79	33A
49A	AGGUCACUGCGUCACCGUACAUGCCUGGCC	SEQ ID NO:80	33A
50A	GGCACACUCCAACGAGGUAACGUUACGGCG	SEQ ID NO:81	45A
41A	GGGGCAACGCUACAGACAAGUGCACCCAAC	SEQ ID NO:82	12A
51A	GGGGCAACGCUACAGACAAGUGCACCCAAC	SEQ ID NO:83	12A
54A	GGGGCAACGCUACAGACAAGUGCACCCAAC	SEQ ID NO:84	12A
35A	UGGGUGCUAACCAGGACACACCCACGCUGU	SEQ ID NO:85	14A
18B	CCGAGGGUAACGUUGGGUCAAGCACACCUC	SEQ ID NO:86	14B
24B	GGGAAACGCUAUCGACGAGUGCACCCGGCA	SEQ ID NO:87	13B
39B	GGGAAACGCUAUCGACGAGUGCACCCGGCA	SEQ ID NO:88	13B
37B	ACUCUCACUGCGAUUCGAAAUCAUGCCUGG	SEQ ID NO:89	23B
43B	GCAUGAAGCGGAACUGUAGUACGCGAUCCA	SEQ ID NO:90	26B
46B	GCAUGAAGCGGAACUGUAGUACGCGAUCCA	SEQ ID NO:91	26B
25B	AGGGUAACGUACUGGCAAGCUCACCUCAGC	SEQ ID NO:92	9B
33B	AGGGUAACGUACUGGCAAGCUCACCUCAGC	SEQ ID NO:93	9B
31B	GGUAACGCUGUGGACAAGUGCACCAGCUGC	SEQ ID NO:94	19B

TABLE VI
SECONDARY STRUCTURES AND DISSOCIATION
CONSTANTS (K d 's) FOR A REPRESENTATIVE SET OF
HIGH-AFFINITY LIGANDS FROM FAMILY 1.
			SEQ ID.
			NO:
			(PARENT
LIG-			SEQU-
AND	STRUCTURE a	Kd, nM	ENCE)
5A-t b		23 ± 3	190
7A-t b		5.0 ± 0.5	191
13A-t b		3.2 ± 0.5	193
14A-t b		3.0 ± 0.5	194
21A-t b		8.1 ± 0.8	197
25A-t b		5.9 ± 1.4	198
39A-t b		8.5 ± 1.2	201
a Strongly conserved positions are shown in bold face symbols. Nucleotides in the constant region are in lowercase type.
b The letter t is used to designate truncated sequences derived from the corresponding parent sequences (FIG. 4).

TABLE VII
SECONDARY STRUCTURES AND DISSOCIATION
CONSTANTS (K d 's) FOR A REPRESENTATIVE SET OF
HIGH-AFFINITY LIGANDS FROM FAMILY 2.
			SEQ ID
			NO.
			(PARENT
			SEQU-
LIGAND	STRUCTURE a	Kd, nM	ENCE)
12A-t b		0.9 ± 0.2	204
26A-t b		0.4 ± 0.1	205
65A-t b		0.6 ± 0.04	208
22B-t b		1 ± 0.6	220
28B-t b		2 ± 1	221
38B-t b		4 ± 1	224
2B-t b		170 ± 80	210
a Strongly conserved positions are shown in boldface symbols. Nucleotides in the constant region are in lowercase type.
b The letter t is used to designate truncated sequences derived from the corresponding patent sequences (FIG. 5).

TABLE VIII
2′-NH 2 RNA LIGANDS (RANDOM REGIONS) TO bFGF a .
5′-GGGAGACAAGAAUAACGCUCAA [-30N-] UUCGACAGGAGGCUCACAACAGGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:95)
5′-GGGAGGACGAUGCGG [-50N-] CAGACGACTCGCCCGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:98)
		CORRES-	SEQ
		PONDING	ID
		CLONE	NO:
FAMILY 1A
14A	ACANGGAGUUGUGUGGAAGGCAGGGGGAGG	30N	101
15A	UGUGUGGAAGGCAGUGGGAGGUUCAGUGGU	30N	102
17A	AAAGUUGUGUGGAAGACAGUGGGAGGUGAA	30N	103
21A	GUAGACUAAUGUGUGGAAGACAGCGGGUGG	30N	104
29A	NNAGUUGUGUGGAAGACAGUGGGGGGUUGA	30N	105
38A	GGUGUGUNGAAGACAGUGGGUNGUUUAGNC	30N	106
49A	AUGGUGUGUGGAAGACAGUGGGUGGUUGCA	30N	107
54A	ACUGUUGUGUGGAAGACAGCGGGUGGUUGA	30N	108
60A	AAUGUAGGCUGUGUGGUAGACAGUGGGUGG	30N	109
68A	GAUGUGUGGAGGGCAGUGGGGGGUACCAUA	30N	110
74A	GGGGUCAAGGACAGUGGGUGGUGGUGGUGU	30N	111
16B	UGCUGCGGUGCGCAUGUGUGGAAGACAGAGGGAGGUUAGAAUCAUGACGU	50N	112
31B	ACAGACCGUGUGUGGAAGACAGUGGGAGGUUAUUAACGUAGUGAUGGCGC	50N	113
38B	GCUGCGGUGCGCAUGUGUGGAAGACAGAGGGAGGUUAGAAUCGUGCCGC	50N	114
39B	GAAAACUACGGUGUGUGGAAGACAGUGGGAGGUUGGCAGUCUGUGUCCGU	50N	115
62B	UCCAUCGUGGAAGACAGUGGGAGGUUAGAAUCAUGACGUCAGACGACUC	50N	116
79B	UGUGAUUUGUGUGGAAGGCAGUGGGAGGUGUCGAUGUAGAUCUGGCGAUG	50N	117
	UGUGUGGAAGACAGUGGGWGGUU	★	118
FAMILY 1B
59A	UGUGUGGAAGGGUACCUGAGU----GGGGAUGGG	30N	119
82A	AAGACUGUGUGGAAGGGG---UGUA-----GGGGUUGGG	30N	120
3B	UAGGGCCGCAACUGUGUGGAAGGGAGGAUGCGUCAUGGGGGUUGGGCUG	50N	121
	UGUGUGGAAGGGNNNNUGNGU----GGGGUUGGG	★	122
FAMILY 1C
1B	AUUGUGUGGGAUAG-GGCAUAGA-GGGUGU-GGGAAACCCCAGACCGGGGCGU	50N	123
43B	UGUGUGGGACAGCGG-AUC-AGGGGUGU-GGGAGCGCAUAACAUCCUACNUGCU	50N	124
30B	ANNNNUGCAUGUGUGGGACAG-GGUGCAUGUGGGUUGCGGGACCUUGGU	50N	125
	UGUGUGGGACAG-GGNAUANANGGGUGU-GGGA	★	126
FAMILY 2
51A	GCAGGAGGAUAGGGAUCGGAUGGGGUAGGA	30N	127
53A	UGAGGAUCGGAUGGGGAGCAGGCGGAGGAA	30N	128
67A	GUGGAUUGGAAGGGGUGCUGGAGGAGGACG	30N	129
15B	UAGGAAUGGAUGGGGUUGGAACAGAGUUCUAAUGUCGACCUCACAUGUGG	50N	130
77B	CAGGAAUGGAUGGGGUUGGAACAGAGUUCUAAUGUCGACCUCACAUGCGU	50N	131
48B	CAGGAUAGGAUGGGGUCGGAACCGUGUAUCAUAACGAGUCAUCUCCUGGU	50N	132
	GGAUHGGAUGGGGU	★	133
FAMILY 3
58A	UUAACGGCGUGGUCCGAGGGUGGCGAGUAC	30N	134
64A	GACUAGGCGCGGACCGUGGGUGGUGAGUGG	30N	135
50B	AGUGGCAUGGGCCGUGGGAGGUGAGUGUCGAGACUGGUGUUGGGCCU	50N	136
22B	CGUGGUUCCGUGGGUGGUGAGAUGAGACUUAAUCAGUUCGUAGACCGGU	50N	137
	CCGUGGGUGGUGAGU	★	138
TWO-MEMBER FAMILIES
35B	NAAAUACGAGAGAGGANCAUANNUGACUGAACAUUGAUGUAUUAACGAGU	50N	139
49B	GAGGUACGAGAGAGGAGCGUAGGUGACUGAACAUUGAUGUAUUAACGUGU	50N	140
47B	AGGGUGGCUGGGAGGACCCGCGGUGAAUCGGUAGCACAGUGAUGUUCGGU	50N	141
73B	GAGGGUGGCAGG6AGGACCCGCGGUGAAUCGGUAGCACAGUGAGUUCGGU	50N	142
6A	CGCGAGGGCUGGCGGGGUAGGAUGGGUAGA	30N	143
75B	CGCGAGUGCUACGAGGCGUGGGGGGGUGGAAACUAGUUGUGCUCUGGCCG	50N	144
55A	GAUUGGAAGCAGGGUGUGGGUUAGGAGGGC	30N	145
21B	GACCACAGUUUAAACGCCCAUCAGUGGUAGGGUGUGGGUAAGGAGGGCUG	50N	146
OTHER SEQUENCES
6A	CGCGAGGGCUGGCGGGGUAGGAUGGGUAGA	30N	147
9A	UGGGCCGCCGGUCUUGGGUGUAUGUGUGAA	30N	148
52A	AGUUGGGGGCUCGUGCGGCGUGGGGCGUGC	30N	149
62A	GGGAUGGUUGGAGACCGGGAGAUGGGAGGA	30N	150
69A	AAACGGGGCGAUGGAAAGUGUGGGGUACGA	30N	151
73A	GAGGAGGAUGGAGAGGAGCGGUGUGCAGQG	30N	152
83A	GAGAGGGUGAAGUGGGCAGGAUGGGGUAGG	30N	153
8B	CUGAAAUUGCGGGUGUGGAGGUAUGCUGGGAAAGGUGGAUGGUACACGU	50N	154
13B	CAAUGUUUGGAGUCUGCUAAUGUGGGUGGGUUAGACGUACCGAUGGUUGC	50N	155
14B	ACGGGGAAGUACGAGAGCGGACUGUAAGUCUAGUGGGUCAGUUCGGUG	50N	156
19B	UUCAGCGCGCAUUAGUGCAGCGGGUUCAACAAAAGAGGUGUUCGUGUGUG	50N	157
26B	CGGAUUGUGUGGUCGGGAGGGCAGUAGUUUACACUCACCCGUGGUCUGCU	50N	158
29B	GGUGUGUGACAAUGUGCGUGGGUUGGGCAGGUACAAAGCGUAUGGGCGUG	50N	159
34B	AACGGGAGGUACGAGAGCGGGAGCGCAUAAAUAGGAAACUCCUUGCACGU	50N	160
36B	AGGCAGUAUUGGGGGUGGUCAGCGCCUCCCCAAAACUCGCACCUUAGCCC	50N	161
44B	GGGUUGGGUGGCAAGCGGAGAGCAGGGUUAGGUGCGGACUCAUUGGUGUG	50N	162
52B	GGAGGGGCAGGUUCGAUGCGGGAGCGACUGACCACGAGAAAUGUGCGGGU	50N	163
72B	CUCAGCAUCCAGGAAGGGGACUUGGUAGGGCACCAUCGAGAUCUUGGCGU	50N	164
78B	ACCCUAGGCAUCCAGGUUGGGGAUAGCGGUUGGAGUGAAUGUGUUGUGCC	50N	165
NITROCELLULOSE-BINDING FAMILY
5A	CACGGAGGAGGAGGUCAGACUUAGCGGUCA	30N	166
16A	UACAGGGGAAGGAGNGAAUUGCAAGAUGAA	30N	167
17A*	AAAGUUGUGUGGAAGACAGUGGGAGGUGAA	30N	168
19A	UGAUGGCGGUAGUGGAGGUAAUGAGCGUNA	30N	169
25A	UAGGAGGUUGGAGGAAAGCUUCACAGCCGA	30N	170
40A	UGAGGAGGAGGAGGACAGGAUUCAACGAGU	30N	171
65A	GUUAGGAGGGUGGAGGUUCGAGUGUGGCAA	30N	172
66A	CGUCGAGUGCGAUGGAGGAGGAGGGAUGCA	30N	173
74A*	GGGGUCAAGGACAGUGGGUGGUGGUGGUGU	30N	174
75A	GGAGGGAGGAGGGAUGAUGAGCUCAUCAGC	30N	175
76A	CAAACAGGAGGGAAUGGAGGGNG	30N	176
77A	AGGGGUGGUCGGUAAGCUCGGUGGUGGUGG	30N	177
78A	AGGAGGGUUAAGGAGGGAGAUUAAGCGUUGG	30N	178
81A	GUGGAGGGUACGUGGAGGGGAGAGCGACA	30N	179
85A	AUAAUUCAAGGAGGUGGAGGACAGAUGCGC	30N	180
86A	GAUGAGGACUCGGGGCGGAGGGUGGUACCA	30N	181
5B	AGGUCGUGGCUGGGAUUCGUCCUCGACAUGUACAUUGUGGCUCUGGUGCC	50N	182
6B	AAGUUAGUCAUCGUGCAAACUGCGAGUGdACUGCUCGGGAUCC	50N	183
21B	GACCACAGUUUAAACGCCCAUCAGUGGUAGGGUGUGGGUAAGGAGGGCUG	50N	184
75B	CGCGAGUGCUACGAGGCGUGGGGGGGUGGAAACUAGUUGUGCUCUGGCCG	50N	185
★CONSENSUS SEQUENCE
a NUCLEOTIDE ABBREVIATIONS C AND U ACTUALLY DEPICT THE MODIFIED NUCLEOTIDES 2′-NH 2 -C AND 2′-NH 2 -U.

TABLE IX
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS FOR A REPRESENTATIVE SET OF
HIGH-AFFINITY 2′-NH 2 RNA LIGANDS TO bFGF
CLONE	Kd (nM)	SEQ ID. NO.
21A	1.3 ± 0.1	104
49A	1.4 ± 0.3	107
53A	1.5 ± 0.3	128
54A	1.7 ± 0.3	108
58A	1.4 ± 0.3	134
59A	1.2 ± 0.2	119
22B	2.8 ± 0.5	137
34B	2.0 ± 0.4	160
47B	2.9 ± 0.3	141
48B	6.7 ± 1.1	132
52B	2.3 ± 0.3	163
72B	3.4 ± 0.5	164
starting random RNA A	65 ± 11
starting random RNA B	240 ± 140

TABLE X
INHIBITION OF RAT CORNEAL VASCULAR INGROWTH BY
RNA LIGAND 21A
	Group I	Group II	Group III	Group IV
Day	(untreated)	21A	(bFGF)	(21A + bFGF)
7	367 ± 4	363 ± 3	972 ± 72	623 ± 122*
14	470 ± 57	388 ± 11	1528 ± 167	900 ± 80*
Data are mean ± STD. Err.
*P < 0.05 compared with Group III. (T-test, 2 Tailed)

227 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAANNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN 50NNNUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77 48 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 2CCGAAGCTTA ATACGACTCA CTATAGGGAG CTCAGAATAA ACGCTCAA 48 24 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 3GCCGGATCCG GGCCTCATGT CGAA 24 79 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 4GGGAGAUGCC UGUCGAGCAU GCUGNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN 50NNNNGUAGCU AAACAGCUUU GUCGACGGG 79 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 5CCCGAAGCTT AATACGACTC ACTATAGGGA GATGCCTGTC GAGCATGCTG 50 25 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 6CCCGTCGACA AAGCTGTTTA GCTAC 25 9 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 7CUAACCNGG 9 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 8UGCUAUUCGC CUAACUCGGC GCUCCUACCU 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 9AUCUCCUCCC GUCGAAGCUA ACCUGGCCAC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 10UCGGCGAGCU AACCAAGACA CUCGCUGCAC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 11GUAGCACUAU CGGCCUAACC CGGUAGCUCC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 12ACCCGCGGCC UCCGAAGCUA ACCAGGACAC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 13UGGGUGCUAA CCAGGACACA CCCACGCUGU 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 14CACGCACAGC UAACCAAGCC ACUGUGCCCC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 15CUGCGUGGUA UAACCACAUG CCCUGGGCGA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 16UGGGUGCUUA ACCAGGCCAC ACCCUGCUGU 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 17CUAGGUGCUA UCCAGGACUC UCCCUGGUCC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 18UGCUAUUCGC CUAGCUCGGC GCUCCUACCU 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 19AGCUAUUCGC CCAACCCGGC GCUCCCGACC 30 29 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 20ACCAGCUGCG UGCAACCGCA CAUGCCUGG 29 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 21CAGGCCCCGU CGUAAGCUAA CCUGGACCCU 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 22UGGGUGCUAA CCACCACACA CUCACGCUGU 30 26 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 23RRGGHAACGY WNNGDCAAGN NCACYY 26 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 24GGGUAACGUU GUGACAAGUA CACCUGCGUC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 25GGGGCAACGC UACAGACAAG UGCACCCAAC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 26CGUCAGAAGG CAACGUAUAG GCAAGCACAC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 27CCUCUCGAAG ACAACGCUGU GACAAGACAC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 28AGUGGGAAAC GCUACUUGAC AAGACACCAC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 29GGCUACGCUA AUGACAAGUG CACUUGGGUG 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 30CUCUGGUAAC GCAAUGUCAA GUGCACAUGA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 31AGCCGCAGGU AACGGACCGG CGAGACCAUU 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 32ACGAGCUUCG UAACGCUAUC GACAAGUGCA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 33AAGGGGAAAC GUUGAGUCCG GUACACCCUG 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 34AGGGUAACGU ACUGGCAAGC UCACCUCAGC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 35GAGGUAACGU ACGACAAGAC CACUCCAACU 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 36AGGUAACGCU GAGUCAAGUG CACUCGACAU 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 37GGGAAACGCU AUCGACGAGU GCACCCGGCA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 38CCGAGGGUAA CGUUGGGUCA AGCACACCUC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 39UCGGGGUAAC GUAUUGGCAA GGCACCCGAC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 40GGUAACGCUG UGGACAAGUG CACCAGCUGC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 41AGGGUAACGU ACUGGCAAGC UCACCUCAGC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 42AGGGUAACGU AUAGUCAAGA CACCUCAAGU 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 43GGGUAACGCA UUGGCAAGAC ACCCAGCCCC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 44GAGGAAACGU ACCGUCGAGC CACUCCAUGC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 45AGGUAACGCU GAGUCAAGUG CACUCGACAU 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 46GGGUAACGUG UGACAAGAUC ACCCAGUUUG 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 47CACAGGGCAA CGCUGCUGAC AAGUGCACCU 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 48ACGCCAAGUG AGUCAGCAAC AGAGCGUCCG 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 49CCAGUGAGUC CUGGUAAUCC GCAUCGGGCU 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 50CUUCAGAACG GCAUAGUGGU CGGCCGCGCC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 51AGGUCACUGC GUCACCGUAC AUGCCUGGCC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 52UCCAACGAAC GGCCCUCGUA UUCAGCCACC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 53ACUGGAACCU GACGUAGUAC AGCGACCCUC 30 29 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 54UCUCGCUGCG CCUACACGGC AUGCCGGGA 29 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 55GAUCACUGCG CAAUGCCUGC AUACCUGGUC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 56UCUCGCUGCG CCUACACGGC AUGCCCGGGA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 57UGACCAGCUG CAUCCGACGA UAUACCCUGG 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 58GGCACACUCC AACGAGGUAA CGUUACGGCG 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 59AGCGGAACGC CACGUAGUAC GCCGACCCUC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 60ACCCACGCCC GACAACCGAU GAGUUCUCGG 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 61UGCUUUGAAG UCCUCCCCGC CUCUCGAGGU 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 62AUGCUGAGGA UAUUGUGACC ACUUCGGCGU 30 29 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 63ACCCACGCCC GACAACCGAU GAGCUCGGA 29 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 64AGUCCGGAUG CCCCACUGGG ACUACAUUGU 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 65AAGUCCGAAU GCCACUGGGA CUACCACUGA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 66ACUCUCACUG CGAUUCGAAA UCAUGCCUGG 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 67AGGCUGGGUC ACCGACAACU GCCCGCCAGC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 68AGCCGCAGGU AACGGACCGG CGAGACCACU 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 69GCAUGAAGCG GAACUGUAGU ACGCGAUCCA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 70GGGUAACGUU GUGACAAGUA CACCUGCGUU 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 71GGGUAACGUU GUGACAAGUA CACCUGCGUC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 72GGGUAACGUU GUGACAAGUA CACCUGCGUC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 73GGGUAACGUU GUGACAACUA CACCUGCGUC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 74GGGUAACGUU GUGACAACUA CACCUGCGUC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 75GGGUAACGUU GUGACAACUA CACCUGCGUC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 76CGUCAGAAGG CAACGUAUAG GCAAGCACAC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 77GUAGCACUAU CGGCCUAACC CGGUAGCUCC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 78ACCCGCGGCC UCCGAAGCUA ACCAGGACAC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 79AGGUCACUGC GUCACCGUAC AUGCCUGGCC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 80AGGUCACUGC GUCACCGUAC AUGCCUGGCC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 81GGCACACUCC AACGAGGUAA CGUUACGGCG 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 82GGGGCAACGC UACAGACAAG UGCACCCAAC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 83GGGGCAACGC UACAGACAAG UGCACCCAAC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 84GGGGCAACGC UACAGACAAG UGCACCCAAC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 85UGGGUGCUAA CCAGGACACA CCCACGCUGU 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 86CCGAGGGUAA CGUUGGGUCA AGCACACCUC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 87GGGAAACGCU AUCGACGAGU GCACCCGGCA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 88GGGAAACGCU AUCGACGAGU GCACCCGGCA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 89ACUCUCACUG CGAUUCGAAA UCAUGCCUGG 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 90GCAUGAAGCG GAACUGUAGU ACGCGAUCCA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 91GCAUGAAGCG GAACUGUAGU ACGCGAUCCA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 92AGGGUAACGU ACUGGCAAGC UCACCUCAGC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 93AGGGUAACGU ACUGGCAAGC UCACCUCAGC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 94GGUAACGCUG UGGACAAGUG CACCAGCUGC 30 76 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 95GGGAGACAAG AAUAACGCUC AANNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN 50NNUUCGACAG GAGGCUCACA ACAGGC 76 39 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 96TAATACGACT CACTATAGGG AGACAAGAAU AACGCUCAA 39 24 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 97GCCTGTTGTG AGCCTCCTGT CGAA 24 81 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 98GGGAGGACGA UGCGGNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN 50NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNCAGAC GACTCGCCCG A 81 32 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 99TAATACGACT CACTATAGGG AGGACGAUGC GG 32 16 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 100TCGGGCGAGT CGTCTG 16 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 101ACANGGAGUU GUGUGGAAGG CAGGGGGAGG 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 102UGUGUGGAAG GCAGUGGGAG GUUCAGUGGU 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 103AAAGUUGUGU GGAAGACAGU GGGAGGUGAA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 104GUAGACUAAU GUGUGGAAGA CAGCGGGUGG 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 105NNAGUUGUGU GGAAGACAGU GGGGGGUUGA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 106GGUGUGUNGA AGACAGUGGG UNGUUUAGNC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 107AUGGUGUGUG GAAGACAGUG GGUGGUUGCA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 108ACUGUUGUGU GGAAGACAGC GGGUGGUUGA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 109AAUGUAGGCU GUGUGGUAGA CAGUGGGUGG 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 110GAUGUGUGGA GGGCAGUGGG GGGUACCAUA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 111GGGGUCAAGG ACAGUGGGUG GUGGUGGUGU 30 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 112UGCUGCGGUG CGCAUGUGUG GAAGACAGAG GGAGGUUAGA AUCAUGACGU 50 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 113ACAGACCGUG UGUGGAAGAC AGUGGGAGGU UAUUAACGUA GUGAUGGCGC 50 49 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 114GCUGCGGUGC GCAUGUGUGG AAGACAGAGG GAGGUUAGAA UCGUGCCGC 49 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 115GAAAACUACG GUGUGUGGAA GACAGUGGGA GGUUGGCAGU CUGUGUCCGU 50 49 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 116UCCAUCGUGG AAGACAGUGG GAGGUUAGAA UCAUGACGUC AGACGACUC 49 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 117UGUGAUUUGU GUGGAAGGCA GUGGGAGGUG UCGAUGUAGA UCUGGCGAUG 50 23 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 118UGUGUGGAAG ACAGUGGGWG GUU 23 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 119UGUGUGGAAG GGUACCUGAG UGGGGAUGGG 30 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 120AAGACUGUGU GGAAGGGGUG UAGGGGUUGG G 31 49 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 121UAGGGCCGCA ACUGUGUGGA AGGGAGGAUG CGUCAUGGGG GUUGGGCUG 49 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 122UGUGUGGAAG GGNNNNUGNG UGGGGUUGGG 30 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 123AUUGUGUGGG AUAGGGCAUA GAGGGUGUGG GAAACCCCAG ACCGGGGCGU 50 51 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 124UGUGUGGGAC AGCGGAUCAG GGGUGUGGGA GCGCAUAACA UCCUACNUGC 50U 51 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 125ANNNNUNUGC AUGUGUGGGA CAGGGUGCAU GUGGGUUGCG GGACCUUGGU 50 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 126UGUGUGGGAC AGGGNAUANA NGGGUGUGGG A 31 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 127GCAGGAGGAU AGGGAUCGGA UGGGGUAGGA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 128UGAGGAUCGG AUGGGGAGCA GGCGGAGGAA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 129GUGGAUUGGA AGGGGUGCUG GAGGAGGACG 30 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 130UAGGAAUGGA UGGGGUUGGA ACAGAGUUCU AAUGUCGACC UCACAUGUGG 50 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 131CAGGAAUGGA UGGGGUUGGA ACAGAGUUCU AAUGUCGACC UCACAUGCGU 50 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 132CAGGAUAGGA UGGGGUCGGA ACCGUGUAUC AUAACGAGUC AUCUCCUGGU 50 14 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 133GGAUHGGAUG GGGU 14 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 134UUAACGGCGU GGUCCGAGGG UGGCGAGUAC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 135GACUAGGCGC GGACCGUGGG UGGUGAGUGG 30 47 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 136AGUGGCAUGG GCCGUGGGAG GUGAGUGUCG AGACUGGUGU UGGGCCU 47 49 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 137CGUGGUUCCG UGGGUGGUGA GAUGAGACUU AAUCAGUUCG UAGACCGGU 49 15 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 138CCGUGGGUGG UGAGU 15 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 139NAAAUACGAG AGAGGANCAU ANNUGACUGA ACAUUGAUGU AUUAACGAGU 50 51 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 140GAGGUACGAG AGAGGAGCGU AGGUGACUGA ACAUUGAUGU AUUAACGUGU 50C 51 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 141AGGGUGGCUG GGAGGACCCG CGGUGAAUCG GUAGCACAGU GAUGUUCGGU 50 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 142GAGGGUGGCA GGGAGGACCC GCGGUGAAUC GGUAGCACAG UGAGUUCGGU 50 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 143CGCGAGGGCU GGCGGGGUAG GAUGGGUAGA 30 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 144CGCGAGUGCU ACGAGGCGUG GGGGGGUGGA AACUAGUUGU GCUCUGGCCG 50 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 145GAUUGGAAGC AGGGUGUGGG UUAGGAGGGC 30 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 146GACCACAGUU UAAACGCCCA UCAGUGGUAG GGUGUGGGUA AGGAGGGCUG 50 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 147CGCGAGGGCU GGCGGGGUAG GAUGGGUAGA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 148UGGGCCGCCG GUCUUGGGUG UAUGUGUGAA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 149AGUUGGGGGC UCGUGCGGCG UGGGGCGUGC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 150GGGAUGGUUG GAGACCGGGA GAUGGGAGGA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 151AAACGGGGCG AUGGAAAGUG UGGGGUACGA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 152GAGGAGGAUG GAGAGGAGCG GUGUGCAGGG 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 153GAGAGGGUGA AGUGGGCAGG AUGGGGUAGG 30 49 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 154CUGAAAUUGC GGGUGUGGAG GUAUGCUGGG AAAGGUGGAU GGUACACGU 49 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 155CAAUGUUUGG AGUCUGCUAA UGUGGGUGGG UUAGACGUAC CGAUGGUUGC 50 48 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 156ACGGGGAAGU ACGAGAGCGG ACUGUAAGUC UAGUGGGUCA GUUCGGUG 48 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 157UUCAGCGCGC AUUAGUGCAG CGGGUUCAAC AAAAGAGGUG UUCGUGUGUG 50 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 158CGGAUUGUGU GGUCGGGAGG GCAGUAGUUU ACACUCACCC GUGGUCUGCU 50 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 159GGUGUGUGAC AAUGUGCGUG GGUUGGGCAG GUACAAAGCG UAUGGGCGUG 50 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 160AACGGGAGGU ACGAGAGCGG GAGCGCAUAA AUAGGAAACU CCUUGCACGU 50 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 161AGGCAGUAUU GGGGGUGGUC AGCGCCUCCC CAAAACUCGC ACCUUAGCCC 50 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 162GGGUUGGGUG GCAAGCGGAG AGCAGGGUUA GGUGCGGACU CAUUGGUGUG 50 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 163GGAGGGGCAG GUUCGAUGCG GGAGCGACUG ACCACGAGAA AUGUGCGGGU 50 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 164CUCAGCAUCC AGGAAGGGGA CUUGGUAGGG CACCAUCGAG AUCUUGGCGU 50 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 165ACCCUAGGCA UCCAGGUUGG GGAUAGCGGU UGGAGUGAAU GUGUUGUGCC 50 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 166CACGGAGGAG GAGGUCAGAC UUAGCGGUCA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 167UACAGGGGAA GGAGNGAAUU GCAAGAUGAA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 168AAAGUUGUGU GGAAGACAGU GGGAGGUGAA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 169UGAUGGCGGU AGUGGAGGUA AUGAGCGUNA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 170UAGGAGGUUG GAGGAAAGCU UCACAGCCGA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 171UGAGGAGGAG GAGGACAGGA UUCAACGAGU 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 172GUUAGGAGGG UGGAGGUUCG AGUGUGGCAA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 173CGUCGAGUGC GAUGGAGGAG GAGGGAUGCA 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 174GGGGUCAAGG ACAGUGGGUG GUGGUGGUGU 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 175GGAGGGAGGA GGGAUGAUGA GCUCAUCAGC 30 23 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 176CAAACAGGAG GGAAUGGAGG GNG 23 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 177AGGGGUGGUC GGUAAGCUCG GUGGUGGUGG 30 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 178AGGAGGGUUA AGGAGGGAGA UUAAGCGUUG G 31 29 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 179GUGGAGGGUA CGUGGAGGGG AGAGCGACA 29 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 180AUAAUUCAAG GAGGUGGAGG ACAGAUGCGC 30 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 181GAUGAGGACU CGGGGCGGAG GGUGGUACCA 30 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 182AGGUCGUGGC UGGGAUUCGU CCUCGACAUG UACAUUGUGG CUCUGGUGCC 50 43 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 183AAGUUAGUCA UCGUGCAAAC UGCGAGUGCA CUGCUCGGGA UCC 43 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 184GACCACAGUU UAAACGCCCA UCAGUGGUAG GGUGUGGGUA AGGAGGGCUG 50 50 base pairs nucleic acid single linear All C′s are 2′-NH 2 cytosine All U′s are 2′-NH 2 uracil 185CGCGAGUGCU ACGAGGCGUG GGGGGGUGGA AACUAGUUGU GCUCUGGCCG 50 26 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 186GGUGUGUGGA AGACAGCGGG UGGUUC 26 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 187GGACGGCGUG GUCCGAGGGU GGCGAGU 27 38 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 188GGAGGACGAU GCGGAACGGG AGGUACGAGA GCGGGAGC 38 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 189GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAAUGCUAUU CGCCUAACUC GGCGCUCCUA 50CCUUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 190GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAAAUCUCCU CCCGUCGAAG CUAACCUGGC 50CACUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 191GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAAUCGGCGA GCUAACCAAG ACACUCGCUG 50CACUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 192GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAAGUAGCAC UAUCGGCCUA ACCCGGUAGC 50UCCUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 193GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAAACCCGCG GCCUCCGAAG CUAACCAGGA 50CACUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 194GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAAUGGGUGC UAACCAGGAC ACACCCACGC 50UGUUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 195GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAACACGCAC AGCUAACCAA GCCACUGUGC 50CCCUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 196GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAACUGCGUG GUAUAACCAC AUGCCCUGGG 50CGAUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 197GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAAUGGGUGC UUAACCAGGC CACACCCUGC 50UGUUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 198GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAACUAGGUG CUAUCCAGGA CUCUCCCUGG 50UCCUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 199GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAAUGCUAUU CGCCUAGCUC GGCGCUCCUA 50CCUUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 200GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAAAGCUAUU CGCCCAACCC GGCGCUCCCG 50ACCUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77 76 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 201GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAAACCAGCU GCGUGCAACC GCACAUGCCU 50GGUUCGACAU GAGGCCCGGA UCCGGC 76 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 202GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAACAGGCCC CGUCGUAAGC UAACCUGGAC 50CCUUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 203GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAAGGGUAAC GUUGUGACAA GUACACCUGC 50GUCUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 204GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAAGGGGCAA CGCUACAGAC AAGUGCACCC 50AACUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 205GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAACGUCAGA AGGCAACGUA UAGGCAAGCA 50CACUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 206GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAACCUCUCG AAGACAACGC UGUGACAAGA 50CACUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 207GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAAAGUGGGA AACGCUACUU GACAAGACAC 50CACUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 208GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAAGGCUACG CUAAUGACAA GUGCACUUGG 50GUGUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77 79 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 209GGGAGAUGCC UGUCGAGCAU GCUGCUCUGG UAACGCAAUG UCAAGUGCAC 50AUGAGUAGCU AAACAGCUUU GUCGACGGG 79 79 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 210GGGAGAUGCC UGUCGAGCAU GCUGAGCCGC AGGUAACGGA CCGGCGAGAC 50CAUUGUAGCU AAACAGCUUU GUCGACGGG 79 79 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 211GGGAGAUGCC UGUCGAGCAU GCUGACGAGC UUCGUAACGC UAUCGACAAG 50UGCAGUAGCU AAACAGCUUU GUCGACGGG 79 79 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 212GGGAGAUGCC UGUCGAGCAU GCUGAAGGGG AAACGUUGAG UCCGGUACAC 50CCUGGUAGCU AAACAGCUUU GUCGACGGG 79 79 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 213GGGAGAUGCC UGUCGAGCAU GCUGAGGGUA ACGUACUGGC AAGCUCACCU 50CAGCGUAGCU AAACAGCUUU GUCGACGGG 79 79 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 214GGGAGAUGCC UGUCGAGCAU GCUGGAGGUA ACGUACGACA AGACCACUCC 50AACUGUAGCU AAACAGCUUU GUCGACGGG 79 79 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 215GGGAGAUGCC UGUCGAGCAU GCUGAGGUAA CGCUGAGUCA AGUGCACUCG 50ACAUGUAGCU AAACAGCUUU GUCGACGGG 79 79 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 216GGGAGAUGCC UGUCGAGCAU GCUGGGGAAA CGCUAUCGAC GAGUGCACCC 50GGCAGUAGCU AAACAGCUUU GUCGACGGG 79 79 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 217GGGAGAUGCC UGUCGAGCAU GCUGCCGAGG GUAACGUUGG GUCAAGCACA 50CCUCGUAGCU AAACAGCUUU GUCGACGGG 79 79 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 218GGGAGAUGCC UGUCGAGCAU GCUGUCGGGG UAACGUAUUG GCAAGGCACC 50CGACGUAGCU AAACAGCUUU GUCGACGGG 79 79 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 219GGGAGAUGCC UGUCGAGCAU GCUGGGUAAC GCUGUGGACA AGUGCACCAG 50CUGCGUAGCU AAACAGCUUU GUCGACGGG 79 79 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 220GGGAGAUGCC UGUCGAGCAU GCUGAGGGUA ACGUACUGGC AAGCUCACCU 50CAGCGUAGCU AAACAGCUUU GUCGACGGG 79 79 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 221GGGAGAUGCC UGUCGAGCAU GCUGAGGGUA ACGUAUAGUC AAGACACCUC 50AAGUGUAGCU AAACAGCUUU GUCGACGGG 79 79 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 222GGGAGAUGCC UGUCGAGCAU GCUGGGGUAA CGCAUUGGCA AGACACCCAG 50CCCCGUAGCU AAACAGCUUU GUCGACGGG 79 79 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 223GGGAGAUGCC UGUCGAGCAU GCUGGAGGAA ACGUACCGUC GAGCCACUCC 50AUGCGUAGCU AAACAGCUUU GUCGACGGG 79 79 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 224GGGAGAUGCC UGUCGAGCAU GCUGAGGUAA CGCUGAGUCA AGUGCACUCG 50ACAUGUAGCU AAACAGCUUU GUCGACGGG 79 79 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 225GGGAGAUGCC UGUCGAGCAU GCUGGGGUAA CGUGUGACAA GAUCACCCAG 50UUUGGUAGCU AAACAGCUUU GUCGACGGG 79 79 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 226GGGAGAUGCC UGUCGAGCAU GCUGCACAGG GCAACGCUGC UGACAAGUGC 50ACCUGUAGCU AAACAGCUUU GUCGACGGG 79 77 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 227GGGAGCUCAG AAUAAACGCU CAAUGGGUGC UAACCACCAC ACACUCACGC 50UGUUUCGACA UGAGGCCCGG AUCCGGC 77

Claims

1. A method for inhibiting angiogenesis comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a nucleic acid ligand to bFGF, wherein said ligand has an increased affinity to bFGF relative to a total candidate nucleic acid mixture.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said nucleic acid bFGF ligand is identified according to a method comprising the steps of:a) preparing a candidate mixture of nucleic acids; b) contacting the candidate mixture with bFGF, wherein nucleic acids having an increased affinity to bFGF relative to the total candidate mixture may be partitioned from the remainder of the candidate mixture; c) partitioning the increased affinity nucleic acids from the remainder of the nucleic acids in the candidate mixture; and d) amplifying the increased affinity nucleic acids to yield a mixture of nucleic acids enriched for sequences with increased affinity to bFGF, whereby said nucleic acid ligan is identified.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein said ligand is a 2′-NH2-modified ligand selected from the group consisting of SEQ. ID. NOS. 101-165.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the ligand is a 2′-NH2-modified sequence that is substantially homologous to and has substantially the same ability to bind bFGF as the ligands set forth in SEQ. ID. NOS. 101-165.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the ligand is a 2′-NH2-modified sequence that has substantially the same structure as and substantially the same ability to bind bFGF as the ligands set forth in SEQ. ID NOS. 101-165.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the nucleic acid bFGF ligand is a non-modified sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ. ID. NOS. 8-22 and 24-69.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the nucleic acid bFGF ligand is a non-modified sequence that is substantially homologous to and has substantially the same ability to bind bFGF as the ligands set forth in SEQ. ID NOS. 8-22 and 24-69.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the nucleic acid bFGF ligand is a non-modified sequence that has substantially the same structure as and substantially the same ability to bind bFGF as the ligands set forth in SEQ. ID. NOS. 8-22 and 24-69.