Hydridosilapyrroles, hydridosilaazapyrroles, method for preparation thereof, and reaction products therefrom

Abstract

Hydridosilapyrroles and hydridosilaazapyrrole are a new class of heterocyclic compounds having a silicon bound to carbon and nitrogen atoms within the ring system and one or two hydrogen atoms on the silicon atom. The compounds have formula (I):

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There is currently a great deal of interest in molecular layer deposition for nano-featured devices, including semiconductors and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Rapid and preferably quantitative deposition of single molecular layers with a minimum of byproducts is desirable. Silicon carbonitride films are of particular interest for a variety of dielectric, passivation and etch-stop applications.

Examples of known systems to produce silicon nitride or silicon carbonitride films include that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,200,666 using trisilylamine ((SiH₃)₃N) and an inert gas with optional ammonia; the system of diethylsilane and ammonia in an LPCVD system at 800° C. as described in A. Hochberg et al. (Mat. Res. Soc. Symp, 24, 509 (1991)); and the system of cyclic silazanes and ammonia in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process described by B. Arkles (J. Electrochemical Soc., Vol. 133, No. 1, pp. 233-234 (1986)).

More recently, halide-containing precursors such as tetraiodosilane and hexachlorodisilane have been described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,586,056 and by M. Tanaka et al. (J. Electrochemical Society, 147, 2284 (2000)), respectively. Unfortunately, there are operational difficulties associated with the corrosiveness of the precursors, as well as with film contaminants and byproducts.

Another approach is the use of bis(t-butylamino)silane, which produces SiN films of reasonable quality at temperatures as low as 550° C. (J. Gumpher et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, G353 (2004)) or in a plasma-assisted pulsed deposition method as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0256734. In both cases, there are complications with carbon contamination of films and the high energy requirements of both the thermal and plasma regimes, which are not compatible with substrate stability. A review of other alternative approaches is found in EP 2 644 609 A2, which suggests fluorinated precursors. While such fluorinated precursors theoretically allow lower deposition temperatures, the introduced fluorine frequently affects electrical properties of silicon based structures.

Known cyclic azasilanes contain alkyl (e.g., methyl) or alkoxy (e.g., ethoxy) substitution on the silicon atom (see B. Arkles et al., “Cyclic Azasilanes: Volatile Coupling Agents for Nanotechnology” in Silanes and Other Coupling Agents, Vol. 3, K. Mittal (Ed.) VSP (Brill), pp. 179-191 (2004)). In the primary applications of interest, these compounds are unacceptable because they either contain excessive levels of carbon or introduce oxygen into the film due to substitution at the silicon atom on the ring. Thus, the need for new silicon nitride and silicon carbonitride precursors that deposit silicon nitrides at low temperature has still not been satisfied.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A hydridosilapyrrole or hydridosilaazapyrrole according to an embodiment of the invention has formula (I):

wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted organic group having a carbon or silicon atom bonded to the pyrrole ring nitrogen and R′ is an alkyl group.

A method of producing a hydridosilapyrrole or hydridosilaazapyrrole having formula (I):

wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted organic group having a carbon or silicon atom bonded to the pyrrole ring nitrogen and R′ is an alkyl group, the method comprising reducing a cyclic azasilane having an alkoxide group on the silicon.

A thiasilacyclopentane having formula (II):

wherein R″ and R′″ are independently hydrogen or an alkyl group.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention is directed to a new class of cyclic azasilanes known as hydridosilapyrroles (or cyclic azasilylhydrides) and hydridoazapyrroles. Unlike known cyclic azasilanes which contain alkyl or alkoxy substituents on the silicon atom, the inventive materials are a class of hydridosilanes which can reduce or eliminate the carbon and oxygen contributions from substitution on the silicon atom.

The hydridosilapyrroles and hydridoazapyrroles according to the invention have a general structure shown in formula (I):

Essential features of these compounds include a five atom ring structure in which a silicon atom within the ring is bonded to both a carbon and a nitrogen atom and at least one hydrogen atom is bonded to the silicon atom. As shown in Formula (I), the nitrogen may be bonded to a carbon or to a second nitrogen in the ring, forming a cyclic diazasilane (also called a hydridosilaazapyrrole or diazasilacyclopentane).

In formula (I), R may be any substituted or unsubstituted organic group in which a carbon or silicon is bonded to the ring nitrogen. Exemplary groups include, without limitation, alkyl groups, aryl groups, esters, chiral organic groups and trimethylsilyl groups. Preferred are small hydrocarbon radicals having up to six carbon atoms (including phenyl) and nitrogen-substituted hydrocarbons such as dimethylaminoethyl. R′ may be any alkyl group preferably having up to about twenty carbon atoms, more preferably less than about six carbon atoms, most preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl.

Simple specific examples of inventive compounds include N-methyl-2-silapyrrole and N-butyl-2-silapyrrole:

Other examples include those having more complex functional substitutions at the nitrogen, including chiral phenethylamines, trimethylsilyl groups and tertiary amine groups.

In one embodiment, the ring structure also contains an additional nitrogen atom in the 3 position, forming cyclic diazasilanes. Two exemplary cyclic diazasilanes include:

The invention also relates to a method for producing the hydridosilapyrroles described above. The method involves reducing the corresponding cyclic azasilanes having alkoxide substitution on the silicon atom, as shown in the following exemplary scheme:

Thus, the only limitation on the hydridosilapyrroles which may be produced according to the method of the invention is the ability to synthesize the alkoxy-containing precursor.

The inventive materials react quantitatively via a ring-opening reaction with both inorganic and organic hydroxyl groups, including hydroxyl groups on siliceous, aluminum, and titanium substrates, as shown below, and with organic hydroxyl groups, including alcohols.

These materials may also react with isolated silanols, such as triethylsilanol, in homogeneous solutions, and are also capable of reacting with other protic species, including amines and mercaptans.

The silyl hydride functionality may remain intact or, depending on the desired end-product, may be dehydrogenated to form silicon carbonitrides, may be utilized as a regiospecific reducing agent, or may undergo hydrosilylation. Thus, the inventive materials are attractive for many applications, including the formation of silicon nitride and silicon carbonitride films.

The invention also relates to a new class of thiasilacyclopentane compounds having formula (II):

In Formula (II), R″ and R′″ are independently hydrogen or an alkyl group containing about one to about twenty carbon atoms, most preferably hydrogen or methyl. A preferred compound of this class is 1-thia-2-silacyclopentane shown below; other preferred and exemplary compounds of this class are also shown below. In these structures, R″ and R′″ are preferably hydrogen or methyl:

Thiasilacyclopentanes undergo reactions with hydroxylic surfaces generating films containing mercaptan groups. The mercapto groups formed in this reaction can reacted with olefins or other mercapto-compounds to further modify the surfaces.

The thiasilacyclopentane compounds according to the invention are described by a method which is analogous to that described above for producing hydridosilapyrroles: by the reduction of thiasilacyclopentane compounds having alkoxide group(s) on the silicon. For example, 1-thia-2-silacyclopentane is prepared from 2,2-alkoxy-1-thia-2-silacyclopentane, shown below, as a starting material:

The invention will now be described in connection with the following non-limiting examples.

Example 1: Synthesis of N-butyl-2-silapyrrole (n-Butyl-azasilacyclopentane)

Under an argon atmosphere, a 2-liter 4-necked flask equipped with a cooling bath, mechanical stirrer, pot thermometer, addition funnel, and dry-ice distill head was charged with 400 ml of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, followed by 25.3 g (0.67 mol) of lithium aluminum hydride portion wise. The mixture was cooled to −10° C. and 203.4 g (1.0 mol) N-n-butyl-aza-dimethoxysilacyclopentane were added via addition funnel between −5 to 0° C. over 2 hours. After completion of the addition, the pot mixture was maintained at 0° C. for about 2 hours. 345 g of mineral oil was added into the pot. The pot mixture was stripped at a pot temperature of 80° C. at 0.5 mmHg. Redistillation of the crude product under reduced pressure provided 68.1 g (48% yield) of the title compound, b.p.: 60-2/25 mmHg, density@20° C.: 0.783, FTIR: vS-H: 2120.0(vs).

Example 2: Synthesis of N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-2-methyl-2-silapyrrole (N-Dimethylaminopropyl-Aza-1-Methyl-silacyclopentane)

Under an argon atmosphere, a 2-liter 4-necked flask equipped with a cooling bath, mechanical stirrer, pot thermometer, addition funnel, and dry-ice distill head was charged with 300 ml of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, followed by 9.5 g (0.25 mol) of lithium aluminum hydride portion wise. The mixture was cooled to −10° C. and 162.3 g (0.75 mol) N-n-dimethylaminopropyl-aza-methylmethoxysilacyclopentane was added via addition funnel between −5 and 0° C. over 2 hours. Upon completion of the addition, the pot mixture was kept at 0° C. for about 2 hours. 260 g of mineral oil was added into the pot. The pot mixture was stripped at a pot temperature of 80° at 0.5 mmHg. Redistillation of product crude under reduced pressure provided the title compound, b.p.: 52-4/0.5 mmHg, density@20° C.: 0.857, FTIR: vS-H: 2111(vs).

Example 3: Synthesis of N-Trimethylsilyl-2-silapyrrole (N-Trimethylsilyl-Aza-1-Methyl-Silacyclopentane)

Under an argon atmosphere, a 2-liter 4-necked flask equipped with a cooling bath, mechanical stirrer, pot thermometer, addition funnel, and dry-ice distill head was charged with 400 ml of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, followed by 25.3 g (0.67 mol) of lithium aluminum hydride portion wise. The mixture was cooled to −10° C. and 203.4 g (1.0 mol) N-trimethylsilyl-aza-dimethoxysilacyclopentane was added via addition funnel between −5 to 0° C. over 2 hours. Upon completion of the addition, the pot mixture was kept at 0° C. for about 2 hours. 345 g of mineral oil was added into the pot. The pot mixture was stripped at a pot temperature of 80° at 0.5 mmHg. Redistillation of product crude under reduced pressure provided the title compound, b.p.: 48-50/10 mmHg, density@20° C.: 0.846, FTIR: vS-H: 2120(vs).

Example 4: Synthesis of 1-Thia-2-silacyclopentane

Under an argon atmosphere, a 2-liter 4-necked flask equipped with a cooling bath, mechanical stirrer, pot thermometer, addition funnel, and dry-ice distill head was charged with 490 ml of diglyme, followed by 27.8 g (0.0.73 mol) of lithium aluminum hydride portion wise. The mixture was cooled to −10° C. and 200.4 g (1.22 mol) of 2,2-dimethoxy-1-thia-2-silacyclopentane was added via addition funnel between −5 to 0° C. over 2 hours. Upon completion of the addition, the pot mixture was kept at 0° C. for about 2 hours. The pot mixture was stripped at a pot temperature of below 80° C. at 0.5 mmHg. Redistillation of product crude under reduced pressure provided the title compound which contained ˜50% of diglyme: b.p.: 55/1.2 mmHg, density@20° C.: 0.827, FTIR: vS-H: 2140(vs).

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes could be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. It is understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but it is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A hydridosilapyrrole having formula (I):

2. The hydridosilapyrrole according to claim 1, wherein the hydridosilapyrrole is N-butyl-2-silapyrrole.

3. The hydridosilapyrrole according to claim 1, wherein the hydridosilapyrrole is N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-2-silapyrrole.

4. The hydridosilapyrrole according to claim 1, wherein the hydridosilapyrrole is (N-trimethylsilyl-2-methyl-silapyrrole).