Patent Grant
7883695
The present invention pertains to compositions and methods related to proteins which function in controlling biology and physiology of mammalian cells, e.g., cells of a mammalian immune system. In particular, it provides purified genes, proteins, antibodies, related reagents, and methods useful, e.g., to regulate activation, development, differentiation, and function of various cell types, including hematopoietic cells.
Recombinant DNA technology refers generally to the technique of integrating genetic information from a donor source into vectors for subsequent processing, such as through introduction into a host, whereby the transferred genetic information is copied and/or expressed in the new environment. Commonly, the genetic information exists in the form of complementary DNA (cDNA) derived from messenger RNA (mRNA) coding for a desired protein product. The carrier is frequently a plasmid having the capacity to incorporate cDNA for later replication in a host and, in some cases, actually to control expression of the cDNA and thereby direct synthesis of the encoded product in the host.
For some time, it has been known that the mammalian immune response is based on a series of complex cellular interactions, called the “immune network”. See, e.g., Paul, (1998) Fundamental Immunology (4th ed.) Raven Press, NY. Recent research has provided new insights into the inner workings of this network. While it remains clear that much of the response does, in fact, revolve around the network-like interactions of lymphocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, and other cells, immunologists now generally hold the opinion that soluble proteins, known as lymphokines, cytokines, or monokines, play a critical role in controlling these cellular interactions. Thus, there is considerable interest in the isolation, characterization, and mechanisms of action of cell modulatory factors, an understanding of which will lead to significant advancements in the diagnosis and therapy of numerous medical abnormalities, e.g., immune system disorders. Some of these factors are hematopoietic growth factors, e.g., granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). See, e.g., Thomson, (ed. 1998) The Cytokine Handbook (3d ed.) Academic Press, San Diego; Mire-Sluis and Thorpe, (ed. 1998) Cytokines Academic Press, San Diego; Metcalf and Nicola, (1995) The Hematopoietic Colony Stimulating Factors Cambridge University Press; and Aggarwal and Gutterman, (1991) Human Cytokines Blackwell Pub. Cytokine expression by cells of the immune system plays an important role in the regulation of the immune response. Most cytokines are pleiotropic and have multiple biological activities, including antigen-presentation; activation; proliferation and differentiation of CD4+ T cell subsets; antibody response by B cells; and manifestations of hypersensitivity. In addition cytokines may be used in the diagnosis and therapy of a wide range of degenerative or abnormal conditions which directly or indirectly involve the immune system and/or hematopoietic cells.
Lymphokines apparently mediate cellular activities in a variety of ways. They have been shown to support the proliferation, growth, and/or differentiation of pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells into vast numbers of progenitors comprising diverse cellular lineages making up a complex immune system. Proper and balanced interactions between the cellular components are necessary for a healthy immune response. The different cellular lineages often respond in a different manner when lymphokines are administered in conjunction with other agents.
Cell lineages especially important to the immune response include two classes of lymphocytes: B-cells, which can produce and secrete immunoglobulins (proteins with the capability of recognizing and binding to foreign matter to effect its removal), and T-cells of various subsets that secrete lymphokines and induce or suppress the B-cells and various other cells (including other T-cells) making up the immune network. These lymphocytes interact with many other cell types.
From the foregoing, it is evident that the discovery and development of new lymphokines, e.g., related to G-CSF and/or IL-6, could contribute to new therapies for a wide range of degenerative or abnormal conditions which directly or indirectly involve the immune system and/or hematopoietic cells. In particular, the discovery and development of lymphokines which enhance or potentiate the beneficial activities of known lymphokines would be highly advantageous. Originally the novel gene IL-B30 was identified as a potential cytokine based on its predicted structure and was classified as a long-chain cytokine like IL-6 and G-CSF (International Patent Application PCT/US98/15423 (WO 99/05280). IL-6 and related cytokines like Oncostatin M, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and cardiothrophin-1 have biological activities on hematopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, induction of an acute phase response, osteoclast formation, neuron differentiation and survival, and cardiac hypertrophy. Transgenic expression of IL-B30 in mice induced a similar phenotype as that observed after overexpression of IL-6 in mice, comprising runting, systemic inflammation, infertility and death. IL-B30 appears to be a novel cytokine involved in inflammation.
The present invention is based, in part, upon the discovery of the physiological role of IL-B30, also referred to herein as the IL-B30 protein, and its role in the immune response. In particular, the role of IL-B30 has been elucidated in pathways involved in inflammation, infectious disease, hematopoietic development, and viral infection. The invention is specifically directed to compositions comprising combinations of IL-12 p40 subunit with interleukin-B30 (IL-B30) and their biological activities. It includes nucleic acids coding for both polypeptides or fusion proteins, and methods for their production and use. The nucleic acids of the invention are characterized, in part, by their homology to complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences disclosed herein, and/or by functional assays. Also provided are polypeptides, antibodies, and methods of using them, including using nucleic acid expression methods. Methods for modulating or intervening in the control of a growth factor dependent physiology or an immune response are provided.
The present invention is based, in part, upon the discovery that the p40 subunit of IL-12 also associates with the IL-B30 cytokine, described previously, e.g., in U.S. Ser. No. 08/900,905 and 09/122,443, in a natural form. Thus, the coexpression of the two polypeptides together results in functional receptor binding and signaling.
The present invention provides compositions comprising: a) both a substantially pure polypeptide comprising a plurality of distinct segments of at least 7 contiguous amino acid from IL-12 p40 and a substantially pure polypeptide comprising a plurality of distinct segments of at least 7 contiguous amino acids from IL-B30; b) both a substantially pure polypeptide comprising at least 11 contiguous amino acids from IL-12 p40 and a substantially pure polypeptide comprising at least 11 contiguous amino acids from IL-B30; c) a substantially pure polypeptide comprising both a plurality of distinct segments of at least 7 contiguous amino acids of IL-12 p40 and a plurality of distinct segments of at least 7 contiguous amino acids of IL-B30; or d) a substantially pure polypeptide comprising both a segment of at least 11 contiguous amino acids of IL-12 p40 and a segment of at least 11 contiguous amino acids of IL-B30. Various embodiments include such compositions: a) wherein the described plurality of distinct segments of at least 7 contiguous amino acids comprise one segment of at least 9 contiguous amino acids; b) wherein the described plurality of distinct segments of at least 7 contiguous amino acids are both at least 9 contiguous amino acids; c) wherein the described segment of at least 11 contiguous amino acids of IL-12 p40 is at least 15 contiguous amino acids; d) wherein the described segment of at least 11 contiguous amino acids of IL-B30 is at least 15 contiguous amino acids; e) further comprising a carrier selected from an aqueous compound, including water, saline, and/or buffer; f) formulated for oral, rectal, nasal, topical, or parenteral administration; or g) which is sterile composition. Other embodiments include those: a) wherein at least one of the described polypeptides is: i) detectably labeled; ii) recombinantly produced; iii) unglycosylated; iv) denatured; v) attached to a solid substrate; or vi) conjugated to another chemical moiety; b) comprising both a substantially pure IL-12 p40 polypeptide and a substantially pure IL-B30 polypeptide; c) comprising a substantially pure polypeptide comprising IL-12 p40 fused to IL-B30; or d) combined with IL-18, IL-12, radiation or chemotherapy, an immune adjuvant, or an anti-viral. Kit embodiments include those comprising such a described composition and: a) a compartment comprising the described polypeptide; or b) instructions for use or disposal of reagents in the described kit.
Nucleic acid compositions of the invention include, e.g., an isolated or recombinant nucleic acid encoding: a) both a substantially pure polypeptide comprising a plurality of distinct segments of at least 7 contiguous amino acid from IL-12 p40 and a substantially pure polypeptide comprising a plurality of distinct segments of at least 7 contiguous amino acids from IL-B30; b) both a substantially pure polypeptide comprising at least 11 contiguous amino acids from IL-12 p40 and a substantially pure polypeptide comprising at least 11 contiguous amino acids from IL-B30; c) a substantially pure polypeptide comprising both a plurality of distinct segments of at least 7 contiguous amino acids of IL-12 p40 and a plurality of distinct segments of at least 7 contiguous amino acids of IL-B30; or d) a substantially pure polypeptide comprising both a segment of at least 11 contiguous amino acids of IL-12 p40 and a segment of at least 11 contiguous amino acids of IL-B30. Various embodiments include such a nucleic acid: a) wherein the described plurality of distinct segments of at least 7 contiguous amino acids comprise one segment of at least 9 contiguous amino acids; b) wherein the described plurality of distinct segments of at least 7 contiguous amino acids are both at least 9 contiguous amino acids; c) wherein the described segment of at least 11 contiguous amino acids of IL-12 p40 is at least 15 contiguous amino acids; d) wherein the described segment of at least 11 contiguous amino acids of IL-B30 is at least 15 contiguous amino acids; e) wherein the described IL-12 p40 is from a primate; f) wherein the described IL-B30 is from a primate; g) which is an expression vector; h) which further comprises an origin of replication; i) which comprises a detectable label; j) which comprises synthetic nucleotide sequence; k) which is less than 6 kb, preferably less than 3 kb; or 1) which is from primate. Also provided is a cell comprising the described recombinant nucleic acid, including wherein the described cell is: a prokaryotic, eukaryotic, bacterial, yeast, insect, mammalian, mouse, primate, or human cell. Kit embodiments include those comprising a described nucleic acid and: a) a compartment comprising the described nucleic acid; b) a compartment further comprising a primate IL-12 p40 polypeptide; c) a compartment further comprising a primate IL-B30 polypeptide; or d) instructions for use or disposal of reagents in the described kit.
Alternatively, the invention provides a nucleic acid which hybridizes: a) under wash conditions of 30 minutes at 50° C. and less than 1M salt to the natural mature coding portion of primate IL-12 p40; and b) under wash conditions of 30 minutes at 50° C. and less than 1M salt to the natural mature coding portion of primate IL-B30. Various embodiments include such a described nucleic acid wherein: a) the described wash conditions for IL-12 p40 are at 60° C. and less than 400 mM salt; b) the described wash conditions for IL-B30 are at 60° C. and less than 400 mM salt; c) the described nucleic acid exhibits identity over a stretch of at least 50 nucleotides to sequence encoding primate IL-12 p40; and/or d) the described nucleic acid exhibits identity over a stretch of at least 50 nucleotides to sequence encoding primate IL-B30. Preferred embodiments include such a nucleic acid wherein: a) the described wash conditions for IL-12 p40 are at 65° C. and less than 150 mM salt; b) the described wash conditions for IL-B30 are at 65° C. and less than 150 mM salt; c) the described nucleic acid exhibits identity over a stretch of at least 90 nucleotides to sequence encoding primate IL-12 p40; and/or d) the described nucleic acid exhibits identity over a stretch of at least 90 nucleotides to sequence encoding primate IL-B30.
Antagonists of the IL-12 p40/IL-B30 compositions are provided, combined with, e.g., a TNFα antagonist, an IL-12 antagonist, IL-10, or steroids.
The invention also provides a binding compound, e.g., comprising an antigen binding site from an antibody, which antibody specifically binds to an IL-12 p40/IL-B30 composition, as described, a) comprising a substantially pure polypeptide comprising both a substantially pure IL-12 p40 polypeptide and a substantially pure IL-B30 polypeptide; or b) comprising a substantially pure polypeptide comprising IL-12 p40 fused to IL-B30; but not to either IL-12 p40 or IL-B30 polypeptide. Other binding compounds include those wherein: a) the described binding compound is in a container; b) the described binding compound is an Fv, Fab, or Fab2 fragment; c) the described binding compound is conjugated to another chemical moiety; or d) the described antibody: i) is raised against an IL-12 p40/IL-B30 composition; ii) is immunoselected; iii) is a polyclonal antibody; iv) exhibits a Kd to antigen of at least 30 mM; v) is attached to a solid substrate, including a bead or plastic membrane; vi) is in a sterile composition; or vii) is detectably labeled, including a radioactive or fluorescent label. Certain preferred forms include compositions comprising: a) a sterile binding compound, as described; or b) the described binding compound and a carrier, wherein the described carrier is: i) an aqueous compound, including water, saline, and/or buffer; and/or ii) formulated for oral, rectal, nasal, topical, or parenteral administration. Additionally, kit embodiments are provided comprising the described binding compound and: a) a compartment comprising the described binding compound; or b) instructions for use or disposal of reagents in the described kit.
Moreover, the invention provides methods for producing an antigen:antibody complex, comprising contacting, under appropriate conditions, a primate IL-12 p40/IL-B30 composition with a described binding compound, thereby allowing the described complex to form. Various methods include those wherein: a) the described complex is purified from other cytokines; b) the described complex is purified from other antibody; c) the described contacting is with a sample comprising a cytokine; d) the described contacting allows quantitative detection of the described antigen; e) the described contacting is with a sample comprising the described antibody; or f) the described contacting allows quantitative detection of the described antibody.
The invention also provides methods of modulating physiology or development of a cell or tissue comprising contacting the described cell with an IL-12 p40/IL-B30 composition, or antagonist thereof. One preferred method is modulating physiology or development of a cell comprising contacting the described cell with an IL-12 p40/IL-B30 composition, and the described contacting results in an increase in production of IFNγ. Typically, the described cell is in a host organism, and the described organism exhibits an enhanced Th1 response, e.g., one selected from an: anti-tumor effect; adjuvant effect; anti-viral effect; or antagonized allergic effect. Often, the contacting is in combination with: IL-18; IL-12; radiation therapy or chemotherapy; an immune adjuvant; or an anti-viral therapeutic.
In another embodiment, the described antagonist is an antibody against IL-12 receptor subunit β1. Thus, the invention also embraces a method, as described, wherein the described contacting is with an antagonist, and the described contacting results in a relative decrease in production of IFNγ. Thus, the invention provides methods of modulating physiology or development of a cell in a host organism, comprising administering the described antagonist to the described organism, wherein the described contacting results in amelioration of: an autoimmune condition or a chronic inflammatory condition.
The identification of the association of the two subunits provides methods of increasing the secretion of: a) a primate IL-B30, such method comprising expressing the described polypeptide with IL-12 p40; or b) a primate IL-12 p40, such method comprising expressing the described IL-12 p40 with IL-B30. Preferably, either: a) the described increasing is at least 3-fold; or b) the described expressing is of a recombinant nucleic acid encoding IL-B30 and IL-12 p40.
Methods for screening for a receptor which binds the described IL-12 p40/IL-B30 composition are provided, e.g., comprising contacting the described complex to a cell expressing the described receptor under conditions allowing the described complex to bind to the described receptor, thereby forming a detectable interaction. Preferably, the described interaction results in a physiological response in the described cell.
The present invention also provides methods of modulating the trafficking or activation of a leukocyte in an animal, the methods comprising contacting monocyte/macrophage lineage cells in the animal with a therapeutic amount of an agonist of a mammalian IL-B30 protein; or an antagonist of a mammalian IL-B30 protein. Preferred embodiments include where: the mammalian IL-B30 protein is a primate protein; and/or the antagonist is an antibody which binds to the mammalian IL-B30. Certain embodiments include where the monocyte/macrophage lineage cells include a microglial cell or a dendritic cell, or where the animal exhibits signs or symptoms of an inflammatory, leukoproliferative, neurodegenerative, or post-traumatic condition. Preferred embodiments include where the sign or symptom is in lung tissue; liver tissue; neural tissue; lymphoid tissue; myeloid tissue; pancreas; gastrointestinal tissue; thyroid tissue; muscle tissue; or skin or collagenous tissue.
Other methods include where the modulating is inhibiting function of the leukocyte cell; and/or where the administering is the agonist. Preferably, the agonist is the mammalian IL-B30.
Certain embodiments include where the animal is experiencing signs or symptoms of autoimmunity; an inflammatory condition; tissue specific autoimmunity; degenerative autoimmunity; rheumatoid arthritis; osteoarthritis; atherosclerosis; multiple sclerosis; vasculitis; delayed hypersensitivities; skin grafting; a transplant; spinal injury; stroke; neurodegeneration; an infectious disease; ischemia; cancer; tumors; multiple myeloma; Castleman's disease; postmenopausal osteoporosis or IL-6-associated diseases. The administering may be in combination with: an anti-inflammatory cytokine agonist or antagonist; an analgesic; an anti-inflammatory agent; or a steroid.
Various other methods are provided where the modulating is enhancing function of the leukocyte cell, and/or the administering is the antagonist. Preferably, the antagonist is: an antibody which binds to the mammalian IL-B30; or a mutein of the mammalian IL-B30 which competes with the mammalian IL-B30 in binding to an IL-B30 receptor, but does not substantially signal. In various embodiments, the method is applied where the animal experiences signs or symptoms of wound healing or clot formation. The administering will often be in combination with: an angiogenic factor; a growth factor, including FGF or PDGF; an antibiotic; or a clotting factor.
Lastly, the present invention provides a method of inducing the proliferation of memory T-cells by administering IL-B30 or an agonist thereof.
All references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
I. General
II. Purified IL-12 p40/IL-B30 complex
III. Physical Variants
IV. Functional Variants
V. Antibodies
VI. Nucleic Acids
VII. Making p40/IL-B30 complex, mimetics
VIII. Uses
IX. Kits
X. Isolating receptors for p40/IL-B30 complexes
I. General
The present invention provides description and teaching of pairing of mammalian proteins to make a soluble cytokine, e.g., a secreted molecule which can mediate a signal between immune or other cells. See, e.g., Paul, (1998) Fundamental Immunology (4th ed.) Raven Press, N.Y. Certain soluble factors are made up of heterodimer polypeptides, e.g., IL-6 and IL-12. The dimer forms, which are likely the physiological forms, and fragments, or antagonists will be useful, e.g., in physiological modulation of cells expressing a receptor. It is likely that the functional cytokine comprising p40/IL-B30 complex has either stimulatory or inhibitory effects on hematopoietic cells, including, e.g., lymphoid cells, such as T-cells, B-cells, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, hematopoietic progenitors, etc. The proteins will also be useful as antigens, e.g., immunogens, for raising antibodies to various epitopes on the protein, both linear and conformational epitopes.
The IL-12 p40 subunit has been described. See, e.g., Seiler et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,547,852; Scott and Trinchieri, U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,515; Gately et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,650,492 (disclosing SEQ ID NO:6); Liesehke and Mulligan, U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,680; Warne et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,744,132; and accession numbers gbM86671 (SEQ ID NO:7; encoding SEQ ID NO:8; from Mus musculus), gbAF133197 (SEQ ID NO:9; encoding SEQ ID NO:10; from Rattus norvegicus), gbU16674 (SEQ ID NO:11; encoding SEQ ID NO: 12; from Rattus norvegicus), gbU83184 (SEQ ID NO:13; encoding SEQ ID NO:14; from Felis catus), embY07762 (SEQ ID NO:15; encoding SEQ ID NO:16; from Felis catus), embY1129.1 (SEQ ID NO:17; encoding SEQ ID NO:18; from Equus caballus), gbM65272 (SEQ ID NO:19; encoding SEQ ID NO:20; from human), gbAF007576 (SEQ ID NO:21; encoding SEQ ID NO:22: from Capra hircus), gbU19841 (SEQ ID NO:23; encoding SEQ ID NO:24; from Macaca mulatta), gbU11815 (SEQ ID NO:25; encoding SEQ ID NO:26; from Bos taurus), gbU57752 (SEQ ID NO:27; encoding SEQ ID NO:28; from Cervus elaphus), gbAF004024 (SEQ ID NO:29; encoding SEQ ID NO:30; from Ovis aries), gbU49100 (SEQ ID NO:31; encoding SEQ ID NO:32; from Canis familiaris), gbU19834 (SEQ ID NO:33; encoding SEQ ID NO:34; from Cercocebus torquatus), and embX97019 (SEQ ID NO:35; encoding SEQ ID NO:36; from M. monax). A sequence encoding IL-B30 was identified from a human genomic sequence. The molecule was designated hulL-B30. A rodent sequence, e.g., from mouse, was also described. See, e.g., U.S. Ser. Nos. 08/900,905 and 09/122,443. The present invention embraces compositions comprising combinations of these two polypeptides, e.g., p40 and IL-B30, and nucleic acid constructs encoding both sequences. Antibodies which recognize the combinations are also provided, and methods of producing the two messages or polypeptides, e.g., coordinately.
The human IL-B30 gene encodes a small soluble cytokine-like protein, of about 198 amino acids. The psort predicted signal sequence probably is about 17 residues, and would run from the Met to about Ala. See Table 1 and SEQ. ID. NO: 1 and 2. IL-B30 exhibits structural motifs characteristic of a member of the long chain cytokines. Compare, e.g., IL-B30, G-CSF, and IL-6, sequences available from GenBank. See also U.S. Ser Nos. 08/900,905 and 09/122,443.
The structural homology of IL-B30 to related cytokine proteins suggests related function of this molecule. However, recognition of the association of the IL-12 p40 polypeptide with the IL-B30 polypeptide allows for biological assay of active p40/IL-B30 dimers. IL-12 p40/IL-B30 compositions may be made up of either distinct polypeptides representing each of the individual polypeptides, or fusion constructs of IL-12 p40 with IL-B30. Observations indicate that the dimer is capable of inducing interferon-γ (IFNγ) production by various cell types, e.g., PBMC, suggesting biological functions for which the dimer will be used. Moreover, experiments indicate that the IL-12 receptor β1 subunit is a component of the receptor for the p40/IL-B30 dimer.
IFNγ activates macrophages, stimulating tumoricidal and microbicidal activities. It also modulates class I and II MHC molecule expression, including up-regulation of class II molecules on monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells, and induces expression on epithelial, endothelial, and other cells, rendering them capable of antigen presentation. The cytokine is a Th1-like cytokine which promotes the development of Th1-like CD4+ T cells, but inhibits that of Th2-like T cells. It is a powerful and relatively specific inhibitor of IL-4-induced IgE and IgG4 synthesis by B lymphocytes, although at higher concentrations it non-specifically inhibits the production of all antibody isotypes. IFNγ augments cytotoxic immune responses against intracellular organisms and tumors mediated by NK cells and CTLs. Like IL-12, IFNγ has the propensity to promote cell-mediated cytotoxic response while inhibiting allergic inflammation and IgE synthesis. See, e.g., Karupiah, (ed. 1997) Gamma Interferon in Antiviral Defense Chapman & Hall; Jaffe, (ed. 1992) Anti-Infective Applications of Interferon-Gamma Marcel Dekker (ISBN: 0824786882); Sutterwala et al., (1999) J. Leukoc. Biol. 65:543-551; Billiau et al., (1998) Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 856:22-32; and Gessani et al., (1998) Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 9:117-123.
IL-B30 agonists, or antagonists, may also act as functional or receptor antagonists, e.g., which block IL-6 or IL-12 binding to their respective receptors, or mediating the opposite actions. Thus, IL-B30, or its antagonists, may be useful in the treatment of abnormal medical conditions, including immune disorders, e.g., T cell immune deficiencies, chronic inflammation, or tissue rejection, or in cardiovascular or neurophysiological conditions. Agonists would be likely to be used in a therapeutic context of enhancing cell mediated immunity, e.g., in anti-tumor, adjuvant, and anti-viral situations, or to antagonize allergic responses. Antagonists would likely be used in the context of blocking such enhanced immunity, e.g., in cellular contributions to autoimmune diseases or chronic inflammatory conditions.
The natural antigens are capable of mediating various biochemical responses which lead to biological or physiological responses in target cells. The preferred embodiments would be from human, but other primate, or other species counterparts exist in nature. Additional sequences for proteins in other mammalian species, e.g., primates, canines, felines, and rodents, should also be available.
In particular, the association of the IL-12 p40 subunit with IL-B30 has been confirmed. The IL-12 p40 and IL-B30 molecules should have evolved together. If the two functionally associate, they might act together in the fashion of IL-12. See, e.g., Trinchieri (1998) Adv. Immunol. 70:83-243; Gately et al., (1998) Ann. Rev. Immunol. 16:495-521; and Trinchieri (1998) Int. Rev. Immunol. 16:365-396.
As a complex, however, the complex would be expected to interact with two tall signaling receptors in the cytokine receptor family. This has been confirmed in the case of IL-12 receptor subunit β1. Other related receptors can be tested for binding to the soluble complex. A series of cells, e.g., BAF/3, that stably express various of these tall receptors capable of signal transduction have been constructed.
The supernatants of transfectants of both IL-12 p40 and IL-B30 (or a single combination construct) in the same cell, were used to test these various cells to see if there is a proliferative or other signaling response. As such, most of the physiological effects of the cytokine may be due to the complex of the proteins. As such, many of the descriptions below of biology resulting from the cytokine may actually be physiologically effected by the complex comprising the combination of the subunits.
The descriptions below may also be applied to the IL-12 p40/IL-B30 complex. A fusion of the IL-12 p40 subunit with the IL-B30 was constructed, as, e.g., the hyper IL-6. See, e.g., Fischer et al., (1997) Nature Biotechnol. 15:142-145; Rakemann et al., (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274:1257-1266; and Peters et al., (1998) J. Immunol. 161:3575-3581; which are incorporated herein by reference. Moreover, matching of the cytokine complex with a receptor comprising the IL-12 receptor subunit β1 allows for identification of antibodies to that subunit as a receptor antagonist of the cytokine complex.
II. Purified p40/IL-B30 Complex
Human IL-B30 amino acid sequence, is shown as one embodiment within SEQ ID NO: 2. Other naturally occurring nucleic acids which encode the protein can be isolated by standard procedures using the provided sequence, e.g., PCR techniques, or by hybridization. These amino acid sequences, provided amino to carboxy, are important in providing sequence information for the cytokine subunit allowing for distinguishing the protein antigen from other proteins and exemplifying numerous variants. Moreover, the peptide sequences allow preparation of peptides to generate antibodies to recognize segments, and nucleotide sequences allow preparation of oligonucleotide probes, both of which are strategies for detection or isolation, e.g., cloning, of genes encoding such sequences.
As used herein, the term “human soluble IL-B30” shall encompass, when used in a protein context, a protein having amino acid sequence corresponding to a soluble polypeptide from SEQ ID NO: 2. Significant fragments thereof will often retain similar functions, e.g., antigenicity. Preferred embodiments comprise a plurality of distinct, e.g., nonoverlapping, segments of the specified length. Typically, the plurality will be at least two, more usually at least three, and preferably 5, 7, or even more. While the length minima may be recited, longer lengths, of various sizes, may be appropriate, e.g., one of length 7, and two of length 12. Similar features apply to the IL-12 p40 polypeptide, and to polynucleotides of either or both.
Binding components, e.g., antibodies, typically bind to an IL-12 p40/IL-B30 complex with high affinity, e.g., at least about 100 nM, usually better than about 30 nM, preferably better than about 10 nM, and more preferably at better than about 3 nM. Counterpart protein complexes will be found in mammalian species other than human, e.g., other primates, ungulates, or rodents. Non-mammalian species should also possess structurally or functionally related genes and proteins, e.g., birds or amphibians.
The term “polypeptide” as used herein includes a significant fragment or segment, and encompasses a stretch of amino acid residues of at least about 8 amino acids, generally at least about 12 amino acids, typically at least about 16 amino acids, preferably at least about 20 amino acids, and, in particularly preferred embodiments, at least about 30 or more amino acids, e.g., 35, 40, 45, 50, etc. Such fragments may have ends which begin and/or end at virtually all positions, e.g., beginning at residues 1, 2, 3, etc., and ending at, e.g., 175, 174, 173, etc., in all practical combinations for either the IL-B30 or the IL-12 p40 subunit. Particularly interesting peptides have ends corresponding to structural domain boundaries, e.g., helices A, B, C, and/or D of the IL-B30 or the Ig domains of the IL-12 p40. See below.
The term “binding composition” refers to molecules that bind with specificity to the IL-12 p40/IL-B30 complex, e.g., in an antibody-antigen interaction, but not to the individual components alone. The specificity may be more or less inclusive, e.g., specific to a particular embodiment, or to groups of related embodiments, e.g., primate, rodent, etc. Depletion or absorptions can provide desired selectivities, e.g., to deplete antibodies which bind to either polypeptide component alone. Also provided are compounds, e.g., proteins, which specifically associate with the IL-12 p40/IL-B30 complex, including in a natural physiologically relevant protein-protein interaction, either covalent or non-covalent. The molecule may be a polymer, or chemical reagent. A functional analog may be a protein with structural modifications, or it may be a molecule which has a molecular shape which interacts with the appropriate binding determinants. The compounds may serve as agonists or antagonists of a receptor binding interaction, see, e.g., Goodman et al., (eds.), Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Bases of Therapeutics (current ed.) Pergamon Press.
Substantially pure, e.g., in a protein context, typically means that the protein is free from other contaminating proteins, nucleic acids, or other biologicals derived from the original source organism. Purity may be assayed by standard methods, typically by weight, and will ordinarily be at least about 40% pure, generally at least about 50% pure, often at least about 60% pure, typically at least about 80% pure, preferably at least about 90% pure, and in most preferred embodiments, at least about 95% pure. Carriers or excipients will often be added. A composition comprising a substantially pure IL-12 p40 and IL-B30 will not have large amounts of extraneous polypeptides which are not naturally associated with the complex of the two polypeptides.
Solubility of a polypeptide or fragment depends upon the environment and the polypeptide. Many parameters affect polypeptide solubility, including temperature, electrolyte environment, size and molecular characteristics of the polypeptide, and nature of the solvent. Typically, the temperature at which the polypeptide is used ranges from about 4° C. to about 65° C. Usually the temperature at use is greater than about 18° C. For diagnostic purposes, the temperature will usually be about room temperature or warmer, but less than the denaturation temperature of components in the assay. For therapeutic purposes, the temperature will usually be body temperature, typically about 37° C. for humans and mice, though under certain situations the temperature may be raised or lowered in situ or in vitro.
The size and structure of the polypeptides should generally be in a substantially stable state, and usually not in a denatured state. The polypeptide may be associated with other polypeptides in a quaternary structure, e.g., to confer solubility, or associated with lipids or detergents. In particular, a complex made up of the association of the two polypeptides is preferred, as is a fusion composition.
The solvent and electrolytes will usually be a biologically compatible buffer, of a type used for preservation of biological activities, and will usually approximate a physiological aqueous solvent. Usually the solvent will have a neutral pH, typically between about 5 and 10, and preferably about 7.5. On some occasions, one or more detergents will be added, typically a mild non-denaturing one, e.g., CHS (cholesteryl hemisuccinate) or CHAPS (3-[3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate), or a low enough concentration as to avoid significant disruption of structural or physiological properties of the protein. In other instances, a harsh detergent may be used to effect significant denaturation.
An IL-B30 polypeptide that specifically binds to or that is specifically immunoreactive with an antibody, e.g., such as a polyclonal antibody, generated against a defined immunogen, e.g., such as an immunogen consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or fragments thereof or a polypeptide generated from the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 1 is typically determined in an immunoassay. Included within the metes and bounds of the present invention are those nucleic acid sequences described herein, including functional variants, that encode polypeptides that selectively bind to polyclonal antibodies generated against the prototypical IL-B30 polypeptide as structurally and functionally defined herein. The immunoassay typically uses a polyclonal antiserum which was raised, e.g., to a complex comprising a protein of SEQ ID NO: 2. This antiserum is selected, or depleted, to have low crossreactivity against appropriate other closely related family members, preferably from the same species, and any such crossreactivity is removed by immunoabsorption or depletion prior to use in the immunoassay. In particular, antibodies which bind to the IL-12 p40 or the IL-B30 polypeptides alone are targets for immunodepletion. Appropriate selective serum preparations can be isolated, and characterized.
In order to produce antisera for use in an immunoassay, the compls comprising the protein, e.g., of SEQ ID NO: 2, is isolated as described herein. For example, recombinant protein may be produced in a mammalian cell line. An appropriate host, e.g., an inbred strain of mice such as Balb/c, is immunized with the complex comprising a protein of SEQ ID NO: 2 using a standard adjuvant, such as Freund's adjuvant, and a standard mouse immunization protocol (see Harlow and Lane). Alternatively, a substantially full-length synthetic peptide construct derived from the sequences disclosed herein can be used as an immunogen.
Polyclonal sera are collected and titered against the immunogen protein in an immunoassay, e.g., a solid phase immunoassay with the immunogen immobilized on a solid support, along with appropriate depletions or selections. Polyclonal antisera with a titer of 104 or greater are selected and tested for their cross reactivity against other closely related family members, e.g., LIF, CT-1, CNTF, or other members of the IL-6 family, using a competitive binding immunoassay such as the one described in Harlow and Lane, supra, at pages 570-573. Preferably at least two individual IL-6/IL-12 family members are used in this determination in conjunction with the target. These long chain cytokine family members can be produced as recombinant proteins and isolated using standard molecular biology and protein chemistry techniques as described herein. Thus, antibody preparations can be identified or produced having desired selectivity or specificity for subsets of IL-12 p40/IL-B30 family members. Alternatively, antibodies may be prepared which bind to fusion polypeptide forms of the complex comprising the IL-12 p40 and IL-B30.
Immunoassays in the competitive binding format can be used for the crossreactivity determinations. For example, the fusion protein can be immobilized to a solid support. Proteins added to the assay compete with the binding of the selective antisera to the immobilized antigen. The ability of the above proteins to compete with the binding of the selective antisera to the immobilized protein is compared to the fusion protein. The percent crossreactivity for the above proteins is calculated, using standard calculations. Those antisera with less than 10% crossreactivity with each of the proteins listed above are selected and pooled. The cross-reacting selective antibodies are then removed from the pooled antisera by immunoabsorption with the above-listed proteins.
The immunoabsorbed and pooled antisera are then used in a competitive binding immunoassay as described above to compare a second protein to the immunogen fusion protein. In order to make this comparison, the two proteins are each assayed at a wide range of concentrations and the amount of each protein required to inhibit 50% of the binding of the selective antisera to the immobilized fusion protein is determined. If the amount of the second protein required is less than twice the amount of the fusion protein that is required, then the second protein is said to specifically bind to a selective antibody generated to the immunogen.
III. Physical Variants
This invention also encompasses complexes comprising proteins or peptides having substantial amino acid sequence identity with the amino acid sequences of the IL-12 p40/IL-B30 antigen. The variants include species, polymorphic, or allelic variants.
Amino acid sequence homology, or sequence identity, is determined by optimizing residue matches, if necessary, by introducing gaps as required. See also Needleham et al., (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48:443-453; Sankoff et al., (1983) Chapter One in Time Warps, String Edits, and Macromolecules: The Theory and Practice of Sequence Comparison, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.; and software packages from IntelliGenetics, Mountain View, Calif.; and the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group, Madison, Wis. Sequence identity changes when considering conservative substitutions as matches. Conservative substitutions typically include substitutions within the following groups: glycine, alanine; valine, isoleucine, leucine; aspartic acid, glutamic acid; asparagine, glutamine; serine, threonine; lysine, arginine; and phenylalanine, tyrosine. The conservation may apply to biological features, functional features, or structural features. Homologous amino acid sequences are typically intended to include natural polymorphic or allelic and interspecies variations of a protein sequence. Typical homologous proteins or peptides will have from 25-100% identity (if gaps can be introduced), to 50-100% identity (if conservative substitutions are included) with the amino acid sequence of the IL-B30. Identity measures will be at least about 35%, generally at least about 40%, often at least about 50%, typically at least about 60%, usually at least about 70%, preferably at least about 80%, and more preferably at least about 90%.
The isolated IL-12 p40 or IL-B30 DNA can be readily modified by nucleotide substitutions, nucleotide deletions, nucleotide insertions, and inversions of short nucleotide stretches. These modifications result in novel DNA sequences which encode these antigens, their derivatives, or proteins having similar physiological, immunogenic, antigenic, or other functional activity. These modified sequences can be used to produce mutant antigens or to enhance expression. Enhanced expression may involve gene amplification, increased transcription, increased translation, and other mechanisms. “Mutant IL-B30” encompasses a polypeptide otherwise falling within the sequence identity definition of the IL-B30 as set forth above, but having an amino acid sequence which differs from that of IL-B30 as normally found in nature, whether by way of deletion, substitution, or insertion. This generally includes proteins having significant identity with a protein having sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and as sharing various biological activities, e.g., antigenic or immunogenic, with those sequences, and in preferred embodiments contain most of the natural full-length disclosed sequences. Full-length sequences will typically be preferred, though truncated versions will also be useful, likewise, genes or proteins found from natural sources are typically most desired. Similar concepts apply to different IL-B30 proteins, particularly those found in various warm-blooded animals, e.g., mammals and birds. These descriptions are generally meant to encompass various IL-B30 proteins, not limited to the particular primate embodiments specifically discussed.
IL-12 p40 or IL-B30 mutagenesis can also be conducted by making amino acid insertions or deletions. Substitutions, deletions, insertions, or any combinations may be generated to arrive at a final construct. Insertions include amino- or carboxy-terminal fusions. Random mutagenesis can be conducted at a target codon and the expressed mutants can then be screened for the desired activity. Methods for making substitution mutations at predetermined sites in DNA having a known sequence are well known in the art, e.g., by M13 primer mutagenesis or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. See, e.g., Sambrook et al., (1989); Ausubel et al., (1987 and Supplements); and Kunkel et al., (1987) Methods in Enzymol. 154:367-382. Preferred embodiments include, e.g., 1-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 5-fold, 7-fold, etc., preferably conservative substitutions at the nucleotide or amino acid levels. Preferably the substitutions will be away from the conserved cysteines, and often will be in the regions away from the helical structural domains. Such variants may be useful to produce specific antibodies, and often will share many or all biological properties. Recognition of the cytokine structure provides important insight into the structure and positions of residues which may be modified to effect desired changes in receptor interaction. Also, the interaction of the IL-12 p40 with the IL-B30 protein requires complementary structural features in the interacting surface. Structural analysis will further allow prediction of the surface residues critical in both complex formation and complex to receptor interaction.
The present invention also provides recombinant proteins, e.g., heterologous fusion proteins using segments from these proteins. A heterologous fusion protein is a fusion of proteins or segments which are naturally not normally fused in the same manner. A similar concept applies to heterologous nucleic acid sequences.
In addition, new constructs may be made from combining similar functional domains from other proteins. For example, target-binding or other segments may be “swapped” between different new fusion polypeptides or fragments. See, e.g., Cunningham et al., (1989) Science 243:1330-1336; and O'Dowd et al., (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263:15985-15992.
The phosphoramidite method described by Beaucage and Carruthers, (1981) Tetra. Letts. 22:1859-1862, will produce suitable synthetic DNA fragments. A double stranded fragment will often be obtained either by synthesizing the complementary strand and annealing the strand together under appropriate conditions or by adding the complementary strand using DNA polymerase with an appropriate primer sequence, e.g., PCR techniques.
Structural analysis can be applied to this gene, in comparison to the IL-6 family of cytokines. The family includes, e.g., IL-6, IL-11, IL-12, G-CSF, LIF, OSM, CNTF, and Ob. Alignment of the human and mouse IL-B30 sequences with other members of the IL-6 family should allow definition of structural features. In particular, β-sheet and α-helix residues can be determined using, e.g., RASMOL program, see Bazan et al., (1996) Nature 379:591; Lodi et al., (1994) Science 263:1762-1766; Sayle and Milner-White, (1995) TIBS 20:374-376; and Gronenberg et al., (1991) Protein Engineering 4:263-269. See, also, Wilkins et al., (eds. 1997) Proteome Research: New Frontiers in Functional Genomics Springer-Verlag, NY. Preferred residues for substitutions include the surface exposed residues which would be predicted to interact with receptor. Other residues which should conserve function will be conservative substitutions, particularly at a position far from the surface exposed residues.
IV. Functional Variants
The blocking of physiological response to the IL-12 p40/IL-B30 complexes may result from the competitive inhibition of binding of the ligand to its receptor. Identification of one subunit of the receptor allows for further characterization, as described, and use of antibodies to that subunit to block binding and/or signaling with the complex.
In vitro assays of the present invention will often use isolated complex, protein, soluble fragments comprising receptor binding segments of these proteins, or fragments attached to solid phase substrates. These assays will also allow for the diagnostic determination of the effects of either binding segment mutations and modifications, or cytokine mutations and modifications, e.g., IL-12 p40/IL-B30 complex analogs.
This invention also contemplates the use of competitive drug screening assays, e.g., where neutralizing antibodies to the cytokine complex, or receptor binding fragments compete with a test compound.
“Derivatives” of IL-12 p40/IL-B30 antigens include amino acid sequence mutants from naturally occurring forms, glycosylation variants, and covalent or aggregate conjugates with other chemical moieties. Covalent derivatives can be prepared by linkage of functionalities to groups which are found in IL-12 p40/IL-B30 complex amino acid side chains or at the N- or C-termini, e.g., by standard means. See, e.g., Lundblad and Noyes, (1988) Chemical Reagents for Protein Modification, vols. 1-2, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.; Hugli, (ed. 1989) Techniques in Protein Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.; and Wong, (1991) Chemistry of Protein Conjugation and Cross Linking, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
In particular, glycosylation alterations are included, e.g., made by modifying the glycosylation patterns of a polypeptide during its synthesis and processing, or in further processing steps. See, e.g., Elbein, (1987) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 56:497-534. Also embraced are versions of the peptides with the same primary amino acid sequence which have other minor modifications, including phosphorylated amino acid residues, e.g., phosphotyrosine, phosphoserine, or phosphothreonine.
Fusion polypeptides between the IL-12 p40 and IL-B30 are also provided. Many cytokine receptors or other surface proteins are multimeric, e.g., homodimeric entities, and a repeat construct may have various advantages, including lessened susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage. Typical examples are fusions of a reporter polypeptide, e.g., luciferase, with a segment or domain of a protein, e.g., a receptor-binding segment, so that the presence or location of the fused ligand may be easily determined. See, e.g., Dull et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,859,609. Other gene fusion partners include bacterial β-galactosidase, trpE, Protein A, β-lactamase, alpha amylase, alcohol dehydrogenase, yeast alpha mating factor, and detection or purification tags such as a FLAG sequence of His6 sequence. See, e.g., Godowski et al., (1988) Science 241:812-816. Fusion constructs with other therapeutic entities, e.g., which are to be coadministered, but proteolytically cleaved, are also provided.
Fusion peptides will typically be made by either recombinant nucleic acid methods or by synthetic polypeptide methods. Techniques for nucleic acid manipulation and expression are described generally, e.g., in Sambrook et al., (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed.), vols. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; and Ausubel et al., (eds. 1993) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene and Wiley, NY. Techniques for synthesis of polypeptides are described, e.g., in Merrifield, (1963) J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 85:2149-2156; Merrifield, (1986) Science 232: 341-347; Atherton et al., (1989) Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis: A Practical Approach, IRL Press, Oxford; and Grant, (1992) Synthetic Peptides: A User's Guide, W.H. Freeman, NY. Refolding methods may be applicable to synthetic proteins.
This invention also contemplates the use of derivatives of IL-12 p40 or IL-B30 proteins other than variations in amino acid sequence or glycosylation. Such derivatives may involve covalent or aggregative association with chemical moieties or protein carriers. Covalent or aggregative derivatives will be useful as immunogens, as reagents in immunoassays, or in purification methods such as for affinity purification of binding partners, e.g., other antigens. An IL-12 p40 or IL-B30 can be immobilized by covalent bonding to a solid support such as cyanogen bromide-activated SEPHAROSE, by methods which are well known in the art, or adsorbed onto polyolefin surfaces, with or without glutaraldehyde cross-linking, for use in the assay or purification of anti-IL-12 p40 or IL-B30 antibodies or an alternative binding composition. The IL-12 p40, IL-B30, or fusion proteins can also be labeled with a detectable group, e.g., for use in diagnostic assays. Purification of IL-12 p40/IL-B30 complex may be effected by an immobilized antibody to either polypeptide or sequence component or complementary binding partner, e.g., binding portion of a receptor.
A solubilized IL-12 p40/IL-B30 polypeptide or fragment of this invention can be used as an immunogen for the production of antisera or antibodies specific for binding. Purified antigen can be used to screen monoclonal antibodies or antigen-binding fragments, encompassing antigen binding fragments of natural antibodies, e.g., Fab, Fab′, F(ab)2, etc. Purified IL-12 p40/IL-B30 antigens can also be used as a reagent to detect antibodies generated in response to the presence of elevated levels of the cytokine complex, which may be diagnostic of an abnormal or specific physiological or disease condition. This invention contemplates antibodies raised against amino acid sequences encoded by nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, or fragments of proteins containing it. In particular, this invention contemplates antibodies having binding affinity to or being raised against specific domains, e.g., helices A, B, C, or D of the IL-B30, or the Ig domains of the IL-12 p40.
The present invention contemplates the isolation of additional closely related species variants. Southern and Northern blot analysis will establish that similar genetic entities exist in other mammals. It is likely that IL-B30s are widespread in species variants, e.g., rodents, lagomorphs, carnivores, artiodactyla, perissodactyla, and primates.
The invention also provides means to isolate a group of related antigens displaying both distinctness and similarities in structure, expression, and function. Elucidation of many of the physiological effects of the molecules will be greatly accelerated by the isolation and characterization of additional distinct species or polymorphic variants of them. In particular, the present invention provides useful probes for identifying additional homologous genetic entities in different species.
The isolated genes will allow transformation of cells lacking expression of an IL-B30, e.g., either species types or cells which lack corresponding proteins and exhibit negative background activity. This should allow analysis of the function of IL-B30 in comparison to untransformed control cells.
Dissection of critical structural elements which effect the various physiological functions mediated through these antigens is possible using standard techniques of modern molecular biology, particularly in comparing members of the related class. See, e.g., the homolog-scanning mutagenesis technique described in Cunningham et al., (1989) Science 243:1339-1336; and approaches used in O'Dowd et al., (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263:15985-15992; and Lechleiter et al., (1990) EMBO J. 9:4381-4390.
Intracellular functions would probably involve receptor signaling. However, protein internalization may occur under certain circumstances, and interaction between intracellular components and cytokine may occur. Specific segments of interaction of IL-B30 with interacting components may be identified by mutagenesis or direct biochemical means, e.g., cross-linking or affinity methods. Structural analysis by crystallographic or other physical methods will also be applicable. Further investigation of the mechanism of signal transduction will include study of associated components which may be isolatable by affinity methods or by genetic means, e.g., complementation analysis of mutants.
Further study of the expression and control of IL-B30 will be pursued. The controlling elements associated with the antigens should exhibit differential physiological, developmental, tissue specific, or other expression patterns. Upstream or downstream genetic regions, e.g., control elements, are of interest.
Structural studies of the IL-B30 antigens will lead to design of new antigens, particularly analogs exhibiting agonist or antagonist properties on the molecule. This can be combined with previously described screening methods to isolate antigens exhibiting desired spectra of activities.
V. Antibodies
Antibodies can be raised to various epitopes of the p40/IL-B30 proteins, including species, polymorphic, or allelic variants, and fragments thereof, both in their naturally occurring forms and in their recombinant forms. Additionally, antibodies can be raised to IL-B30s in either their active forms or in their inactive forms, including native or denatured versions. Anti-idiotypic antibodies are also contemplated.
Antibodies, including binding fragments and single chain versions, against predetermined fragments of the antigens can be raised by immunization of animals with conjugates of the fragments with immunogenic proteins. Monoclonal antibodies are prepared from cells secreting the desired antibody. These antibodies can be screened for binding to normal or defective IL-B30s, or screened for agonistic or antagonistic activity, e.g., mediated through a receptor. Antibodies may be agonistic or antagonistic, e.g., by sterically blocking binding to a receptor. These monoclonal antibodies will usually bind with at least a KD of about 1 mM, more usually at least about 300 μM, typically at least about 100 μM, more typically at least about 30 μM, preferably at least about 10 μM, and more preferably at least about 3 μM or better.
The antibodies of this invention can also be useful in diagnostic applications. As capture or non-neutralizing antibodies, they can be screened for ability to bind to the antigens without inhibiting binding to a receptor. As neutralizing antibodies, they can be useful in competitive binding assays. They will also be useful in detecting or quantifying IL-B30 protein or its receptors. See, e.g., Chan, (ed. 1987) Immunology: A Practical Guide, Academic Press, Orlando, Fla.; Price and Newman, (eds. 1991) Principles and Practice of Immunoassay, Stockton Press, N.Y.; and Ngo, (ed. 1988) Nonisotopic Immunoassay, Plenum Press, N.Y. Cross absorptions or other tests will identify antibodies which exhibit various spectra of specificities, e.g., unique or shared species specificities.
Further, the antibodies, including antigen binding fragments, of this invention can be potent antagonists that bind to the antigen and inhibit functional binding, e.g., to a receptor which may elicit a biological response. They also can be useful as non-neutralizing antibodies and can be coupled to toxins or radionuclides so that when the antibody binds to antigen, a cell expressing it, e.g., on its surface, is killed. Further, these antibodies can be conjugated to drugs or other therapeutic agents, either directly or indirectly by means of a linker, and may effect drug targeting.
Antigen fragments may be joined to other materials, particularly polypeptides, as fused or covalently joined polypeptides to be used as immunogens. An antigen and its fragments may be fused or covalently linked to a variety of immunogens, such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin, bovine serum albumin, tetanus toxoid, etc. See Microbiology, Hoeber Medical Division, Harper and Row, 1969; Landsteiner, (1962) Specificity of Serological Reactions, Dover Publications, New York; Williams et al., (1967) Methods in Immunology and Immunochemistry, vol. 1, Academic Press, New York; and Harlow and Lane, (1988) Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, CSH Press, NY, for descriptions of methods of preparing polyclonal antisera.
In some instances, it is desirable to prepare monoclonal antibodies from various mammalian hosts, such as mice, rodents, primates, humans, etc. Description of techniques for preparing such monoclonal antibodies may be found in, e.g., Stites et al., (eds.) Basic and Clinical Immunology (4th ed.), Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, Calif., and references cited therein; Harlow and Lane, (1988) Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, CSH Press; Goding, (1986) Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice (2d ed.), Academic Press, New York; and particularly in Kohler and Milstein, (1975) in Nature 256:495-497, which discusses one method of generating monoclonal antibodies.
Other suitable techniques involve in vitro exposure of lymphocytes to the antigenic polypeptides or alternatively to selection of libraries of antibodies in phage or similar vectors. See, Huse et al., (1989) “Generation of a Large Combinatorial Library of the Immunoglobulin Repertoire in Phage Lambda,” Science 246:1275-1281; and Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341:544-546. The polypeptides and antibodies of the present invention may be used with or without modification, including chimeric or humanized antibodies. Frequently, the polypeptides and antibodies will be labeled by joining, either covalently or non-covalently, a substance which provides for a detectable signal. A wide variety of labels and conjugation techniques are known and are reported extensively in both the scientific and patent literature. Suitable labels include radionuclides, enzymes, substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, fluorescent moieties, chemiluminescent moieties, magnetic particles, and the like. Patents, teaching the use of such labels include U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,817,837; 3,850,752; 3,939,350; 3,996,345; 4,277,437; 4,275,149; and 4,366,241. Also, recombinant immunoglobulins may be produced, see Cabilly, U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; Moore et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,642,334; and Queen et al., (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:10029-10033.
The antibodies of this invention can also be used for affinity chromatography in isolating the protein. Columns can be prepared where the antibodies are linked to a solid support. See, e.g., Wilchek et al., (1984) Meth. Enzymol. 104:3-55. Conversely, protein can be used for depletion or cross absorptions to prepare selectively specific binding compositions.
Antibodies raised against each IL-B30 will also be useful to raise anti-idiotypic antibodies. These will be useful in detecting or diagnosing various immunological conditions related to expression of the respective antigens.
VI. Nucleic Acids
The described peptide sequences and the related reagents are useful in detecting, isolating, or identifying a DNA clone encoding both IL-12 p40 and IL-B30, e.g., from a natural source. Typically, it will be useful in isolating genes from a mammal, and similar procedures will be applied to isolate genes from other species, e.g., warm-blooded animals, such as birds and mammals. Cross hybridization will allow isolation of IL-12 p40 or IL-B30 from the same, e.g., polymorphic variants, or other species. A number of different approaches will be available to successfully isolate a suitable nucleic acid clone. Such genes allow construction of coexpression constructs or fusion constructs.
The purified protein or polypeptides are useful for generating antibodies by standard methods, as described above. Synthetic peptides or purified protein can be presented to an immune system to generate monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. See, e.g., Coligan, (1991) Current Protocols in Immunology Wiley/Greene; and Harlow and Lane, (1989) Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press.
For example, a specific binding composition could be used for screening of an expression library made from a cell line which expresses both IL-12 p40 and IL-B30. Screening of intracellular expression can be performed by various staining or immunofluorescence procedures. Binding compositions could be used to affinity purify or sort out cells expressing a surface fusion protein.
The peptide segments can also be used to select or identify appropriate oligonucleotides to screen a library. The genetic code can be used to select appropriate oligonucleotides useful as probes for screening. See, e.g., GenBank and SEQ ID NO: 1. In combination with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, synthetic oligonucleotides will be useful in selecting correct clones from a library. Complementary sequences will also be used as probes, primers, or antisense strands. Various fragments should be particularly useful, e.g., coupled with anchored vector or poly-A complementary PCR techniques or with complementary DNA of other peptides.
This invention contemplates use of isolated DNA or fragments to encode a biologically active complex of the corresponding IL-12 p40 and IL-B30 polypeptide, particularly lacking the portion coding the untranslated portions of the described sequences. In addition, this invention covers isolated or recombinant DNA which encodes a biologically active fusion protein or polypeptide and which is capable of hybridizing under appropriate conditions with the DNA sequences described herein. Said biologically active protein or polypeptide can be an intact antigen, or fragment, and have an amino acid sequence disclosed in, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 2, particularly a mature, secreted polypeptide. Further, this invention covers the use of isolated or recombinant DNA, or fragments thereof, which encode proteins which exhibit high identity to a secreted IL-12 p49/IL-B30 complex. The isolated DNA can have the respective regulatory sequences in the 5′ and 3′ flanks, e.g., promoters, enhancers, poly-A addition signals, and others. Alternatively, expression may be effected by operably linking a coding segment to a heterologous promoter, e.g., by inserting a promoter upstream from an endogenous gene. See, e.g., Treco et al., WO96/29411 or U.S. Ser. No. 08/406,030.
An “isolated” nucleic acid is a nucleic acid, e.g., an RNA, DNA, or a mixed polymer, which is substantially separated from other extraneous components which naturally accompany a native sequence, e.g., ribosomes, polymerases, and/or flanking genomic sequences from the originating species. The term embraces a nucleic acid sequence which has been removed from its naturally occurring environment, and includes recombinant or cloned DNA isolates and chemically synthesized analogs or analogs biologically synthesized by heterologous systems. A substantially pure molecule includes isolated forms of the molecule, e.g., distinct from an isolated chromosome. Generally, the nucleic acid will be in a vector or fragment less than about 50 kb, usually less than about 30 kb, typically less than about 10 kb, and preferably less than about 6 kb.
An isolated nucleic acid will generally be a homogeneous composition of molecules, but will, in some embodiments, contain minor heterogeneity. This heterogeneity is typically found at the polymer ends or portions not critical to a desired biological function or activity.
A “recombinant” nucleic acid is defined either by its method of production or its structure. In reference to its method of production, e.g., a product made by a process, the process is use of recombinant nucleic acid techniques, e.g., involving human intervention in the nucleotide sequence, typically selection or production. Alternatively, it can be a nucleic acid made by generating a sequence comprising fusion of two fragments which are not naturally contiguous to each other, but is meant to exclude products of nature, e.g., naturally occurring mutants. Thus, e.g., products made by transforming cells with any unnaturally occurring vector is encompassed, as are nucleic acids comprising sequence derived using any synthetic oligonucleotide process. Such is often done to replace a codon with a redundant codon encoding the same or a conservative amino acid, while typically introducing or removing a sequence recognition site.
Alternatively, it is performed to join together nucleic acid segments of desired functions to generate a single genetic entity comprising a desired combination of functions not found in the commonly available natural forms. Restriction enzyme recognition sites are often the target of such artificial manipulations, but other site specific targets, e.g., promoters, DNA replication sites, regulation sequences, control sequences, or other useful features may be incorporated by design. A similar concept is intended for a recombinant, e.g., fusion, polypeptide. Specifically included are synthetic nucleic acids which, by genetic code redundancy, encode polypeptides similar to fragments of these antigens, and fusions of sequences from various different species or polymorphic variants.
A significant “fragment” in a nucleic acid context is a contiguous segment of at least about 17 nucleotides, generally at least about 22 nucleotides, ordinarily at least about 29 nucleotides, more often at least about 35 nucleotides, typically at least about 41 nucleotides, usually at least about 47 nucleotides, preferably at least about 55 nucleotides, and in particularly preferred embodiments will be at least about 60 or more nucleotides, e.g., 67, 73, 81, 89, 95, etc., including hundreds and/or thousands.
A DNA which codes for an IL-B30 protein will be particularly useful to identify genes, mRNA, and cDNA species which code for related or similar proteins, as well as DNAs which code for homologous proteins from different species. There will be homologs in other species, including primates, rodents, canines, felines, and birds. Various IL-B30 proteins should be homologous and are encompassed herein. However, even proteins that have a more distant evolutionary relationship to the antigen can readily be isolated under appropriate conditions using these sequences if they are sufficiently homologous. Primate IL-B30 proteins are of particular interest. Likewise with the IL-12 p40, which proteins are prime targets for the fusion constructs or combination compositions.
Recombinant clones derived from the genomic sequences, e.g., containing introns, will be useful for transgenic studies, including, e.g., transgenic cells and organisms, and for gene therapy. See, e.g., Goodnow, (1992) “Transgenic Animals” in Roitt (ed.) Encyclopedia of Immunology, Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 1502-1504; Travis, (1992) Science 256:1392-1394; Kuhn et al., (1991) Science 254:707-710; Capecchi (1989) Science 244:1288; Robertson, (ed. 1987) Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells: A Practical Approach, IRL Press, Oxford; and Rosenberg, (1992) J. Clinical Oncology 10:180-199.
Substantial homology, e.g., identity, in the nucleic acid sequence comparison context means either that the segments, or their complementary strands, when compared, are identical when optimally aligned, with appropriate nucleotide insertions or deletions, in at least about 50% of the nucleotides, generally at least about 58%, ordinarily at least about 65%, often at least about 71%, typically at least about 77%, usually at least about 85%, preferably at least about 95 to 98% or more, and in particular embodiments, as high as about 99% or more of the nucleotides. Alternatively, substantial homology exists when the segments will hybridize under selective hybridization conditions, to a strand, or its complement, typically using a sequence of IL-12 p40 and/or IL-B30, e.g., in SEQ ID NO: 1. Typically, selective hybridization will occur when there is at least about 55% identity over a stretch of at least about 30 nucleotides, preferably at least about 75% over a stretch of about 25 nucleotides, and most preferably at least about 90% over about 20 nucleotides. See, Kanehisa, (1984) Nuc. Acids Res. 12:203-213. The length of identity comparison, as described, may be over longer stretches, and in certain embodiments will be over a stretch of at least about 17 nucleotides, usually at least about 28 nucleotides, typically at least about 40 nucleotides, and preferably at least about 75 to 100 or more nucleotides.
Stringent conditions, in referring to homology in the hybridization context, will be stringent combined conditions of salt, temperature, organic solvents, and other parameters, typically those controlled in hybridization reactions. Stringent temperature conditions will usually include temperatures in excess of about 30° C., usually in excess of about 37° C., typically in excess of about 55° C., more typically in excess of about 60 or 65° C., and preferably in excess of about 70° C. Stringent salt conditions will ordinarily be less than about 1000 mM, usually less than about 400 mM, typically less than about 250 mM, preferably less than about 150 mM, including about 100, 50, or even 20 mM. However, the combination of parameters is much more important than the measure of any single parameter. See, e.g., Wetmur and Davidson, (1968) J. Mol. Biol. 31:349-370. Hybridization under stringent conditions should give a background of at least 2-fold over background, preferably at least 3-5 or more.
For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence, to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequence comparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are input into a computer, subsequence coordinates are designated, if necessary, and sequence algorithm program parameters are designated. The sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identity for the test sequence(s) relative to the reference sequence, based on the designated program parameters.
Optical alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman, (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482, by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch, (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48:443, by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman, (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444, by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by visual inspection (see generally Ausubel et al., supra).
One example of a useful algorithm is PILEUP. PILEUP creates a multiple sequence alignment from a group of related sequences using progressive, pairwise alignments to show relationship and percent sequence identity. It also plots a tree or dendrogram showing the clustering relationships used to create the alignment. PILEUP uses a simplification of the progressive alignment method of Feng and Doolittle, (1987) J. Mol. Evol. 35:351-360. The method used is similar to the method described by Higgins and Sharp, (1989) CABIOS 5:151-153. The program can align up to 300 sequences, each of a maximum length of 5,000 nucleotides or amino acids. The multiple alignment procedure begins with the pairwise alignment of the two most similar sequences, producing a cluster of two aligned sequences. This cluster is then aligned to the next most related sequence or cluster of aligned sequences. Two clusters of sequences are aligned by a simple extension of the pairwise alignment of two individual sequences. The final alignment is achieved by a series of progressive, pairwise alignments. The program is run by designating specific sequences and their amino acid or nucleotide coordinates for regions of sequence comparison and by designating the program parameters. For example, a reference sequence can be compared to other test sequences to determine the percent sequence identity relationship using the following parameters: default gap weight (3.00), default gap length weight (0.10), and weighted end gaps.
Another example of algorithm that is suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity is the BLAST algorithm, which is described Altschul et al., (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410. Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (http:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul et al., supra). These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are then extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative score goes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLAST program uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11, the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff and Henikoff, (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915) alignments (B) of 50, expectation (E) of 10, M=5, N=4, and a comparison of both strands.
In addition to calculating percent sequence identity, the BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences (see, e.g., Karlin and Altschul, (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-5787). One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance. For example, a nucleic acid is considered similar to a reference sequence if the smallest sum probability in a comparison of the test nucleic acid to the reference nucleic acid is less than about 0.1, more preferably less than about 0.01, and most preferably less than about 0.001.
A further indication that two nucleic acid sequences of polypeptides are substantially identical is that the polypeptide encoded by the first nucleic acid is immunologically cross reactive with the polypeptide encoded by the second nucleic acid, as described below. Thus, a polypeptide is typically substantially identical to a second polypeptide, e.g., where the two peptides differ only by conservative substitutions. Another indication that two nucleic acid sequences are substantially identical is that they hybridize to each other under stringent conditions, as described below.
IL-B30 from other mammalian species can be cloned and isolated by cross-species hybridization of closely related species. Homology may be relatively low between distantly related species, and thus hybridization of relatively closely related species is advisable. Alternatively, preparation of an antibody preparation which exhibits less species specificity may be useful in expression cloning approaches.
VII. Making p40/IL-B30 Combinations; Mimetics
DNA which encodes the IL-12 p40 or IL-B30 or fragments thereof can be obtained by chemical synthesis, screening cDNA libraries, or screening genomic libraries prepared from a wide variety of cell lines or tissue samples. See, e.g., Okayama and Berg, (1982) Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:161-170; Gubler and Hoffman, (1983) Gene 25:263-269; and Glover, (ed. 1984) DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach, IRL Press, Oxford. Alternatively, the sequences provided herein provide useful PCR primers or allow synthetic or other preparation of suitable genes encoding an IL-12 p40 or IL-B30; including naturally occurring embodiments.
This DNA can be expressed in a wide variety of host cells for the synthesis of a full-length IL-12 p40 and IL-B30 or fragments which can, in turn, e.g., be used to generate polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies; for binding studies; for construction and expression of modified molecules; and for structure/function studies.
Vectors, as used herein, comprise plasmids, viruses, bacteriophage, integratable DNA fragments, and other vehicles which enable the integration of DNA fragments into the genome of the host. See, e.g., Pouwels et al., (1985 and Supplements) Cloning Vectors: A Laboratory Manual, Elsevier, N.Y.; and Rodriguez et al., (eds. 1988) Vectors: A Survey of Molecular Cloning Vectors and Their Uses, Buttersworth, Boston, Mass.
For purposes of this invention, DNA sequences are operably linked when they are functionally related to each other. For example, DNA for a presequence or secretory leader is operably linked to a polypeptide if it is expressed as a preprotein or participates in directing the polypeptide to the cell membrane or in secretion of the polypeptide. A promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence if it controls the transcription of the polypeptide; a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned to permit translation. Usually, operably linked means contiguous and in reading frame, however, certain genetic elements such as repressor genes are not contiguously linked but still bind to operator sequences that in turn control expression. See, e.g., Rodriguez et al., Chapter 10, pp. 205-236; Balbas and Bolivar, (1990) Methods in Enzymology 185:14-37; and Ausubel et al., (1993) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene and Wiley, NY. Coexpression of the two coding sequences is particularly of interest herein.
Representative examples of suitable expression vectors include pCDNA1; pCD, see Okayama et al., (1985) Mol. Cell Biol. 5:1136-1142; pMC1neo Poly-A, see Thomas et al., (1987) Cell 51:503-512; and a baculovirus vector such as pAC 373 or pAC 610. See, e.g., Miller, (1988) Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 42:177-199.
It will often be desired to express an IL-12 p40 and/or IL-B30 polypeptide in a system which provides a specific or defined glycosylation pattern. See, e.g., Luckow and Summers, (1988) Bio/Technology 6:47-55; and Kaufman, (1990) Meth. Enzymol. 185:487-511.
The IL-12 p40 and/or IL-B30, or a fragment thereof, may be engineered to be phosphatidyl inositol (PI) linked to a cell membrane, but can be removed from membranes by treatment with a phosphatidyl inositol cleaving enzyme, e.g., phosphatidyl inositol phospholipase-C. This releases the antigen in a biologically active form, and allows purification by standard procedures of protein chemistry. See, e.g., Low, (1989) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 988:427-454; Tse et al., (1985) Science 230:1003-1008; and Brunner et al., (1991) J. Cell Biol. 114:1275-1283.
Now that the IL-12 p40 and IL-B30 have been characterized, fragments or derivatives thereof can be prepared by conventional processes for synthesizing peptides. These include processes such as are described in Stewart and Young, (1984) Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill.; Bodanszky and Bodanszky, (1984) The Practice of Peptide Synthesis, Springer-Verlag, New York; Bodanszky, (1984) The Principles of Peptide Synthesis, Springer-Verlag, New York; and Villafranca, (ed. 1991) Techniques in Protein Chemistry II, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
VIII. Uses
The present invention provides reagents which will find use in diagnostic applications as described elsewhere herein, e.g., in IL-12 p40/IL-B30 complex mediated conditions, or below in the description of kits for diagnosis. The gene may be useful in forensic sciences, e.g., to distinguish rodent from human, or as a marker to distinguish between different cells exhibiting differential expression or modification patterns. The provided compositions are useful reagents for, e.g., in vitro assays, scientific research, and the synthesis or manufacture of nucleic acids, polypeptides, or antibodies.
This invention also provides reagents with significant commercial and/or therapeutic potential. The IL-12 p40/IL-B30 complex (naturally occurring or recombinant), fragments thereof, and antibodies thereto, along with compounds identified as having binding affinity to the complex or individual components thereof, should be useful as reagents for teaching techniques of molecular biology, immunology, or physiology. Appropriate kits may be prepared with the reagents, e.g., in practical laboratory exercises in production or use of proteins, antibodies, cloning methods, histology, etc.
The reagents will also be useful in the treatment of conditions associated with abnormal physiology or development, including inflammatory conditions. They may be useful in vitro tests for presence or absence of interacting components, which may correlate with success of particular treatment strategies. In particular, modulation of physiology of various, e.g., hematopoietic or lymphoid, cells will be achieved by appropriate methods for treatment using the compositions provided herein. See, e.g., Thomson, (1994; ed.) The Cytokine Handbook (2d ed.) Academic Press, San Diego; Metcalf and Nicola, (1995) The Hematopoietic Colony Stimulating Factors Cambridge University Press; and Aggarwal and Gutterman, (1991) Human Cytokines Blackwell Pub.
Observations that the cytokine complex can induce IFNγ levels provides useful insight into therapeutic potential. In particular, IFNγ production results in enhanced cell mediated immunity. See, e.g., Paul, (1998) Fundamental Immunology (4th ed.) Raven Press, NY; and Delves and Roitt (eds. 1998) The Encyclopedia of Immunology Academic Press (ISBN: 0122267656). Thus, enhancement of cellular responses will be useful in contexts to enhance anti-tumor activity, enhance vaccine responses (both humoral and cellular immunity), enhance anti-viral effects, and to antagonize allergic responses in certain windows of development. See, e.g, Rose and Mackay (eds. 1998) The Autoimmune Diseases (3d ed.) Acadmeic Press, San Diego; and Kay, (ed. 1997) Allergy and Allergic Diseases Blackwell Science, Malden Mass. Conversely, antagonists would be used to block or prevent such IFNγ enhancement, thereby reducing the strength or intensity of the cellular enhancement. Such may be useful in, e.g., autoimmune situations (such as multiple sclerosis or psoriasis) or chronic inflammatory conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease). See, e.g., Samter et al., (eds.) Immunological Diseases vols. 1 and 2, Little, Brown and Co. The initial results suggest that the role of the p40/IL-B30 is more critical in the maintenance of the chronic inflammatory condition. Thus, blockage may be effective after initial development of the condition.
With such therapeutic targets, the agonists or antagonists will be combined with existing therapeutics, e.g., with other modulators of inflammation. Thus, the agonists will often be combined, e.g., with IL-18, IL-12, radiation or chemotherapy treatments, vaccine adjuvants, and/or anti-viral therapeutics. Alternatively, the antagonists may be combined with TNFα antagonists, IL-12 antagonists, with IL-10, and/or steroids. Viral homologs of the cytokines might also be used.
For example, a disease or disorder associated with abnormal expression or abnormal signaling by an IL-12 p40/IL-B30 should be a likely target for an agonist or antagonist. The new cytokine should play a role in regulation or development of hematopoietic cells, e.g., lymphoid cells, which affect immunological responses, e.g., inflammation and/or autoimmune disorders. Alternatively, it may affect vascular physiology or development, or neuronal effects. Timing of administration of the therapeutic relative to initiation or maintenance of the condition may also be important. In particular, the cytokine complex should mediate, in various contexts, cytokine synthesis by the cells, proliferation, etc. Antagonists of IL-12 p40/IL-B30, such as mutein variants of a naturally occurring form or blocking antibodies, may provide a selective and powerful way to block immune responses, e.g., in situations as inflammatory or autoimmune responses. See also Samter et al., (eds.) Immunological Diseases vols. 1 and 2, Little, Brown and Co.
Particular targets for therapeutic application include, e.g., lung conditions, both asthma and fibrosis, in EAE models (which may be useful models for multiple sclerosis), diabetes, and gut inflammations. See, e.g., Barnes et al., (1998) Mol. Med. Today 4:452-458; Pauwels et al., (1998) Clin. Exp. Allergy August 28 Suppl 3:1-5; Durham, (1998) Clin. Exp. Allergy June 28 Suppl 2:11-16; Leung, (1997) Pediatr. Res. 42:559-568; Pretolani et al., (1997) Res. Immunol. 148:33-38; Lamkhioued et al., (1996) Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 796:203-208; Erb et al., (1996) Immunol. Cell. Biol. 74:206-208; and Anderson et al., (1994) Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 15:324-332 for asthma; Coker et al., (1998) Eur. Respir. J. I 1:1218-1221; and Bienkowski et al., (1995) Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 209:118-140 for lung fibrosis; Pearson and McDevitt, (1999) Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 238:79-122; Miller and Shevach, (1998) Res. Immunol. 149:753-759; Hoffman and Karpus, (1998) Res. Immunol. 149:790-794 (with discussion 846-847 and 855-860); Segal, (1998) Res. Immunol. 149:811-820 (with discussion 850-851 and 855-860); Liblau et al., (1997) Immunol. Today 18:599-604; Gold et al., (1997) Crit. Rev. Immunol. 17:507-510; Spack, (1997) Crit. Rev. Immunol. 17:529-536; and Leonard et al., (1997) Crit. Rev. Immunol. 17:545-553 for EAE models (for multiple sclerosis); Almawi et al., (1999) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84:1497-1502; Rabinovitch et al., (1998) Biochem. Pharmacol. 55:1139-1149; and Rabinovitch, (1998) Diabetes Metab. Rev. 14:129-151 for diabetes; and Leach et al., (1999) Toxicol. Pathol. 27:123-133; Braun et al., (1999) Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 11:68-74; Rugtveit et al., (1997) Gastroenterology 112:1493-1505; Strober et al., (1997) Immunol. Today 18:61-64; and Ford et al., (1996) Semin. Pediatr. Surg. 5:155-159 for gut/intestinal inflammatory conditions.
The p40/IL-B30 stimulation of memory activated cells results in phenotypic changes which include adhesion molecules. CD69L is highly expressed following stimulation with p40/IL-B30, and CD54 is dramatically decreased. These changes in expression of adhesion molecules may allow modulating memory cells to enter the T/DC cell rich region of primary and secondary lymph nodes, e.g., via high endothelial venules (HEV). The memory cells are also primed to become sensitive to IL-12 stimulation. Thus, rapid and high IFN production would quickly follow IL-12 induction by antigen. Thus p40/IL-B30 may accelerate an immune response by memory cells, either by increasing response rate, increasing memory cell numbers, or both. The p40/IL-B30 may have differential effects specific for memory cells, with lesser or no effect on naive cells. Conversely, in many chronic inflammatory conditions, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, etc., the active lesions are dependent upon memory CD45Rblow cells. As such, antagonists may effectively block the chronic phase of such an inflammatory condition.
Various abnormal conditions are known in each of the cell types shown to produce both IL-12 p40 and/or IL-B30 mRNA by Northern blot analysis. See Berkow (ed.) The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Merck & Co., Rahway, N.J.; Thorn et al., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, McGraw-Hill, N.Y.; and Weatherall et al., (eds.) Oxford Textbook of Medicine, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Many other medical conditions and diseases involve activation by macrophages or monocytes, and many of these will be responsive to treatment by an agonist or antagonist provided herein. See, e.g., Stites and Terr (eds. 1991) Basic and Clinical Immunology Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, Conn.; and Samter et al. (eds.), Immunological Diseases Little, Brown and Co. These problems should be susceptible to prevention or treatment using compositions provided herein.
The IL-12 p40/IL-B30 cytokine complex, antagonists, antibodies, etc., can be purified and then administered to a patient, veterinary or human. These reagents can be combined for therapeutic use with additional active or inert ingredients, e.g., in conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents, e.g., immunogenic adjuvants, along with physiologically innocuous stabilizers, excipients, or preservatives. These combinations can be sterile filtered and placed into dosage forms as by lyophilization in dosage vials or storage in stabilized aqueous preparations. This invention also contemplates use of antibodies or binding fragments thereof, including forms which are not complement binding.
Drug screening using IL-12 p40/IL-B30, fusion protein, or fragments thereof, can be performed to identify compounds having binding affinity to or other relevant biological effects on IL-12 p40/IL-B30 functions, including isolation of associated components. Subsequent biological assays can then be utilized to determine if a candidate compound has intrinsic stimulating activity and is therefore a blocker or antagonist in that it blocks the activity of the cytokine complex. Likewise, a compound having intrinsic stimulating activity can activate the signal pathway and is thus an agonist in that it simulates the activity of the cytokine complex. This invention further contemplates the therapeutic use of blocking antibodies to IL-12 p40, IL-B30, or the complex, as antagonists and of stimulatory antibodies as agonists. This approach should be particularly useful with other IL-12 p40 or IL-B30 species variants.
The quantities of reagents necessary for effective therapy will depend upon many different factors, including means of administration, target site, physiological state of the patient, and other medicants administered. Thus, treatment dosages should be titrated to optimize safety and efficacy. Typically, dosages used in vitro may provide useful guidance in the amounts useful for in situ administration of these reagents. Animal testing of effective doses for treatment of particular disorders will provide further predictive indication of human dosage. Various considerations are described, e.g., in Gilman et al., (eds. 1990) Goodman and Gilman's: The Pharmacological Bases of Therapeutics, 8th Ed., Pergamon Press; and Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed. (1990), Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. Methods for administration are discussed therein and below, e.g., for oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intramuscular administration, transdermal diffusion, and others. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers will include water, saline, buffers, and other compounds described, e.g., in the Merck Index, Merck & Co., Rahway, N.J. Dosage ranges would ordinarily be expected to be in amounts lower than 1 mM concentrations, typically less than about 10 μM concentrations, usually less than about 100 nM, preferably less than about 10 pM (picomolar), and most preferably less than about 1 fM (femtomolar), with an appropriate carrier. Slow release formulations, or a slow release apparatus will often be utilized for continuous or long term administration. See, e.g., Langer, (1990) Science 249:1527-1533.
IL-12 p40, IL-B30, cytokine complex, fusion proteins, fragments thereof, and antibodies to it or its fragments, antagonists, and agonists, may be administered directly to the host to be treated or, depending on the size of the compounds, it may be desirable to conjugate them to carrier proteins such as ovalbumin or serum albumin prior to their administration. Therapeutic formulations may be administered in many conventional dosage formulations. While it is possible for the active ingredient to be administered alone, it is preferable to present it as a pharmaceutical formulation. Formulations typically comprise at least one active ingredient, as defined above, together with one or more acceptable carriers thereof. Each carrier should be both pharmaceutically and physiologically acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients and not injurious to the patient. Formulations include those suitable for oral, rectal, nasal, topical, or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and intradermal) administration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by many methods well known in the art of pharmacy. See, e.g., Gilman et al., (eds. 1990) Goodman and Gilman's: The Pharmacological Bases of Therapeutics, 8th Ed., Pergamon Press; and Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed. (1990), Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.; Avis et al., (eds. 1993) Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Parenteral Medications, Dekker, N.Y.; Lieberman et al., (eds. 1990) Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets, Dekker, N.Y.; and Lieberman et al., (eds. 1990) Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Disperse Systems, Dekker, N.Y. The therapy of this invention may be combined with or used in association with other agents, e.g., other cytokines, including IL-6 or G-CSF, or their respective antagonists.
Both naturally occurring and recombinant forms of the IL-B30s of this invention are particularly useful in kits and assay methods which are capable of screening compounds for binding activity to the proteins. Several methods of automating assays have been developed in recent years so as to permit screening of tens of thousands of compounds in a short period. See, e.g., Fodor et al., (1991) Science 251:767-773, which describes means for testing of binding affinity by a plurality of defined polymers synthesized on a solid substrate. The development of suitable assays can be greatly facilitated by the availability of large amounts of purified, soluble IL-12 p40/IL-B30 cytokine complex as provided by this invention.
Other methods can be used to determine the critical residues in IL-12 p40/IL-B30 complex-receptor interactions. Mutational analysis can be performed, e.g., see Somoza et al., (1993) J. Exptl. Med. 178:549-558, to determine specific residues critical in the interaction and/or signaling. PHD (Rost and Sander, (1994) Proteins 19:55-72) and DSC (King and Sternberg, (1996) Protein Sci. 5:2298-2310) can provide secondary structure predictions of α-helix (H), β-strand (E), or coil (L). Helices A and D are typically most important in receptor interaction, with the D helix the more important region.
For example, antagonists can normally be found once the antigen and/or receptor has been structurally defined, e.g., by tertiary structure data. Testing of potential interacting analogs is now possible upon the development of highly automated assay methods using a purified IL-12 p40/IL-B30 complex. In particular, new agonists and antagonists will be discovered by using screening techniques described herein. Of particular importance are compounds found to have a combined binding affinity for a spectrum of IL-12 p40/IL-B30 molecules, e.g., compounds which can serve as antagonists for species variants of the cytokine complex.
One method of drug screening utilizes eukaryotic or prokaryotic host cells which are stably transformed with recombinant DNA molecules expressing an IL-20 p40/IL-B30. Cells may be isolated which express an IL-12 p40/IL-B30 in isolation from other molecules. Such cells, either in viable or fixed form, can be used for standard binding partner binding assays. See also, Parce et al., (1989) Science 246:243-247; and Owicki et al., (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:4007-4011, which describe sensitive methods to detect cellular responses.
Another technique for drug screening involves an approach which provides high throughput screening for compounds having suitable binding affinity to an IL-12 p40/IL-B30 and is described in detail in Geysen, European Patent Application 84/03564, published on Sep. 13, 1984. First, large numbers of different small peptide test compounds are synthesized on a solid substrate, e.g., plastic pins or some other appropriate surface, see Fodor et al., (1991). Then all the pins are reacted with solubilized, unpurified or solubilized, purified p40/IL-B30, and washed. The next step involves detecting bound p40/IL-B30.
Rational drug design may also be based upon structural studies of the molecular shapes of the p40/IL-B30 and other effectors or analogs. Effectors may be other proteins which mediate other functions in response to binding, or other proteins which normally interact with p40/IL-B30, e.g., a receptor. One means for determining which sites interact with specific other proteins is a physical structure determination, e.g., x-ray crystallography or 2 dimensional NMR techniques. These will provide guidance as to which amino acid residues form molecular contact regions, as modeled, e.g., against other cytokine-receptor models. For a detailed description of protein structural determination, see, e.g., Blundell and Johnson, (1976) Protein Crystallography, Academic Press, New York.
IX. Kits
This invention also contemplates use of p40/IL-B30 proteins, fragments thereof, peptides, and their fusion products in a variety of diagnostic kits and methods for detecting the presence of another p40/IL-B30 or binding partner. Typically the kit will have a compartment containing either a defined p40, p40/IL-B30, or IL-B30 peptide or gene segment or a reagent which recognizes one or the other, e.g., p40/IL-B30 fusion fragments or antibodies.
A kit for determining the binding affinity of a test compound to an IL-12 p40/IL-B30 would typically comprise a test compound; a labeled compound, for example a binding partner or antibody having known binding affinity for p40/IL-B30; a source of p40/IL-B30 (naturally occurring or recombinant); and a means for separating bound from free labeled compound, such as a solid phase for immobilizing the molecule. Once compounds are screened, those having suitable binding affinity to the antigen can be evaluated in suitable biological assays, as are well known in the art, to determine whether they act as agonists or antagonists to the p40/IL-B30 signaling pathway. The availability of recombinant IL-12 p40/IL-B30 fusion polypeptides also provide well defined standards for calibrating such assays.
A preferred kit for determining the concentration of, e.g., a p40/IL-B30 in a sample would typically comprise a labeled compound, e.g., binding partner or antibody, having known binding affinity for the antigen, a source of cytokine (naturally occurring or recombinant) and a means for separating the bound from free labeled compound, e.g., a solid phase for immobilizing the p40/IL-B30. Compartments containing reagents, and instructions, will normally be provided.
Antibodies, including antigen binding fragments, specific for the p40/IL-B30 or fragments are useful in diagnostic applications to detect the presence of elevated levels of p40, IL-B30, p40/IL-B30, and/or its fragments. Such diagnostic assays can employ lysates, live cells, fixed cells, immunofluorescence, cell cultures, body fluids, and further can involve the detection of antigens related to the antigen in serum, or the like. Diagnostic assays may be homogeneous (without a separation step between free reagent and antigen-binding partner complex) or heterogeneous (with a separation step). Various commercial assays exist, such as radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT), substrate-labeled fluorescent immunoassay (SLFIA), and the like. See, e.g., Van Vunakis et al., (1980) Meth Enzymol. 70:1-525; Harlow and Lane, (1980) Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, CSH Press, NY; and Coligan et al., (eds. 1993) Current Protocols in Immunology, Greene and Wiley, NY.
Anti-idiotypic antibodies may have similar use to diagnose presence of antibodies against a p40/IL-B30, as such may be diagnostic of various abnormal states. For example, overproduction of p40/IL-B30 may result in production of various immunological reactions which may be diagnostic of abnormal physiological states, particularly in proliferative cell conditions such as cancer or abnormal activation or differentiation.
Frequently, the reagents for diagnostic assays are supplied in kits, so as to optimize the sensitivity of the assay. For the subject invention, depending upon the nature of the assay, the protocol, and the label, either labeled or unlabeled antibody or binding partner, or labeled p40/IL-B30 is provided. This is usually in conjunction with other additives, such as buffers, stabilizers, materials necessary for signal production such as substrates for enzymes, and the like. Preferably, the kit will also contain instructions for proper use and disposal of the contents after use. Typically the kit has compartments for each useful reagent. Desirably, the reagents are provided as a dry lyophilized powder, where the reagents may be reconstituted in an aqueous medium providing appropriate concentrations of reagents for performing the assay.
Many of the aforementioned constituents of the drug screening and the diagnostic assays may be used without modification or may be modified in a variety of ways. For example, labeling may be achieved by covalently or non-covalently joining a moiety which directly or indirectly provides a detectable signal. In many of these assays, the binding partner, test compound, p40/IL-B30, or antibodies thereto can be labeled either directly or indirectly. Possibilities for direct labeling include label groups: radiolabels such as 125I, enzymes such as peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase, and fluorescent labels (U.S. Pat. No. 3,940,475) capable of monitoring the change in fluorescence intensity, wavelength shift, or fluorescence polarization. Possibilities for indirect labeling include biotinylation of one constituent followed by binding to avidin coupled to one of the above label groups.
There are also numerous methods of separating the bound from the free p40/IL-B30, or alternatively the bound from the free test compound. The p40/IL-B30 can be immobilized on various matrixes followed by washing. Suitable matrixes include plastic such as an ELISA plate, filters, and beads. See, e.g., Coligan et al., (eds. 1993) Current Protocols in Immunology, Vol. 1, Chapter 2, Greene and Wiley, NY. Other suitable separation techniques include, without limitation, the fluorescein antibody magnetizable particle method described in Rattle et al., (1984) Clin. Chem. 30:1457-1461, and the double antibody magnetic particle separation as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,678.
Methods for linking proteins or their fragments to the various labels have been extensively reported in the literature and do not require detailed discussion here. Many of the techniques involve the use of activated carboxyl groups either through the use of carbodiimide or active esters to form peptide bonds, the formation of thioethers by reaction of a mercapto group with an activated halogen such as chloroacetyl, or an activated olefin such as maleimide, for linkage, or the like. Fusion proteins will also find use in these applications.
Another diagnostic aspect of this invention involves use of oligonucleotide or polynucleotide sequences taken from the sequence of a p40/IL-B30. These sequences can be used as probes for detecting levels of the p40 or IL-B30 messages in samples from patients suspected of having an abnormal condition, e.g., inflammatory or autoimmune. Since the cytokine may be a marker or mediator for activation, it may be useful to determine the numbers of activated cells to determine, e.g., when additional therapy may be called for, e.g., in a preventative fashion before the effects become and progress to significance. The preparation of both RNA and DNA nucleotide sequences, the labeling of the sequences, and the preferred size of the sequences has received ample description and discussion in the literature. See, e.g., Langer-Safer et al., (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 79:4381-4385; Caskey, (1987) Science 236:962-967; and Wilchek et al., (1988) Anal. Biochem. 171:1-32.
Diagnostic kits which also test for the qualitative or quantitative expression of other molecules are also contemplated. Diagnosis or prognosis may depend on the combination of multiple indications used as markers. Thus, kits may test for combinations of markers. See, e.g., Viallet et al., (1989) Progress in Growth Factor Res. 1:89-97. Other kits may be used to evaluate other cell subsets.
X. Isolating a p40/IL-B30 Receptor
Having isolated a ligand of a specific ligand-receptor interaction, methods exist for isolating the receptor. See, Gearing et al., (1989) EMBO J. 8:3667-3676. For example, means to label the IL-B30 cytokine without interfering with the binding to its receptor can be determined. For example, an affinity label can be fused to either the amino- or carboxyl-terminus of the ligand. Such label may be a FLAG epitope tag, or, e.g., an Ig or Fc domain. An expression library can be screened for specific binding of the cytokine, e.g., by cell sorting, or other screening to detect subpopulations which express such a binding component. See, e.g., Ho et al., (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:11267-11271; and Liu et al., (1994) J. Immunol. 152:1821-29. Alternatively, a panning method may be used. See, e.g., Seed and Aruffo, (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:3365-3369.
Protein cross-linking techniques with label can be applied to isolate binding partners of the p40/IL-B30 cytokine complex. This would allow identification of proteins which specifically interact with the cytokine, e.g., in a ligand-receptor like manner.
Early experiments will be performed to determine whether the known IL-6 or G-CSF receptor components are involved in response(s) to p40/IL-B30. It is also quite possible that these functional receptor complexes may share many or all components with a p40/IL-B30 receptor complex, either a specific receptor subunit or an accessory receptor subunit.
Many modifications and variations of this invention can be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The specific embodiments described herein are offered by way of example only, and the invention is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
Many of the standard methods below are described or referenced, e.g., in Maniatis et al., (1982) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Press, NY; Sambrook et al., (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed.) Vols. 1-3, CSH Press, NY; Ausubel et al., Biology Greene Publishing Associates, Brooklyn, N.Y.; Ausubel et al., (1987 and Supplements) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology Wiley/Greene, NY; Innis et al., (eds. 1990) PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications Academic Press, NY; Bonifacino et al., Current Protocols in Cell Biology Wiley, NY; and Doyle et al., Cell and Tissue Culture: Laboratory Protocols Wiley, NY. Methods for protein purification include such methods as ammonium sulfate precipitation, column chromatography, electrophoresis, centrifugation, crystallization, and others. See, e.g., Ausubel et al., (1987 and periodic supplements); Deutscher, (1990) “Guide to Protein Purification,” Methods in Enzymology vol. 182, and other volumes in this series; Coligan et al., (1995 and supplements) Current Protocols in Protein Science John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.; Matsudaira, (ed. 1993) A Practical Guide to Protein and Peptide Purification for Microsequencing, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.; and manufacturer's literature on use of protein purification products, e.g., Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J., or Bio-Rad, Richmond, Calif. Combination with recombinant techniques allow fusion to appropriate segments (epitope tags), e.g., to a FLAG sequence or an equivalent which can be fused, e.g., via a protease-removable sequence. See, e.g., Hochuli (1990) “Purification of Recombinant Proteins with Metal Chelate Absorbent” in Setlow (ed.) Genetic Engineering, Principle and Methods 12:87-98, Plenum Press, NY; and Crowe et al., (1992) QIAexpress: The High Level Expression & Protein Purification System QUIAGEN, Inc., Chatsworth, Calif.
Computer sequence analysis is performed, e.g., using available software programs, including those from the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison, Wis., the NCBI at NIH, and GenBank, NCBI, EMBO, and other sources of public sequence. Other analysis sources include, e.g., RASMOL program, see Bazan et al., (1996) Nature 379:591; Lodi et al., (1994) Science 263:1762-1766; Sayle and Milner-White, (1995) TIBS 20:374-376; and Gronenberg et al., (1991) Protein Engineering 4:263-269; and DSC, see King and Sternberg, (1996) Protein Sci. 5:2298-2310. See, also, Wilkins et al., (eds. 1997) Proteome Research: New Frontiers in Functional Genomics Springer-Verlag, NY; Salzberg et al., (eds. 1998) Computational Methods in Molecular Biology Elsevier, N.Y.; and Birren et al., (eds. 1997) Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
Standard immunological techniques are described, e.g., in Hertzenberg et al., (eds. 1996) Weir's Handbook of Experimental Immunology vols. 1-4, Blackwell Science; Coligan, (1991 and updates) Current Protocols in Immunology Wiley/Greene, NY; and Methods in Enzymology vols. 70, 73, 74, 84, 92, 93, 108, 116, 121, 132, 150, 162, and 163. Cytokine assays are described, e.g., in Thomson, (ed. 1994) The Cytokine Handbook (2d ed.) Academic Press, San Diego; Metcalf and Nicola, (1995) The Hematopoietic Colony Stimulating Factors Cambridge University Press; and Aggarwal and Gutterman, (1991) Human Cytokines Blackwell Pub.
Assays for vascular biological activities are well known in the art. They will cover angiogenic and angiostatic activities in tumor, or other tissues, e.g., arterial smooth muscle proliferation (see, e.g., Koyoma et al., (1996) Cell 87:1069-1078), monocyte adhesion to vascular epithelium (see McEvoy et al., (1997) J. Exp. Med. 185:2069-2077), etc. See also Ross, (1993) Nature 362:801-809; Rekhter and Gordon, (1995) Am. J. Pathol. 147:668-677; Thyberg et al., (1990) Atherosclerosis 10:966-990; and Gumbiner, (1996) Cell 84:345-357.
Assays for neural cell biological activities are described, e.g., in Wouterlood, (ed. 1995) Neuroscience Protocols modules 10, Elsevier; Methods in Neurosciences Academic Press; and Neuromethods Humana Press, Totowa, N.J. Methodology of developmental systems is described, e.g., in Meisami (ed.) Handbook of Human Growth and Developmental Biology CRC Press; and Chrispeels (ed.) Molecular Techniques and Approaches in Developmental Biology Interscience.
FACS analyses are described in Melamed et al., (1990) Flow Cytometry and Sorting Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, N.Y.; Shapiro, (1988) Practical Flow Cytometry Liss, New York, N.Y.; and Robinson et al., (1993) Handbook of Flow Cytometry Methods Wiley-Liss, New York, N.Y.
The IL-12 p40 sequences are available from various sequence databases, as described above. The sequence of the IL-B30 gene is provided in Table 1. The sequence is derived from a genomic human sequence.
These sequences allow preparation of PCR primers, or probes, to determine cellular distribution of the genes. The sequences allow isolation of genomic DNA which encode the messages.
Using the probe or PCR primers, various tissues or cell types are probed to determine cellular distribution. PCR products are cloned using, e.g., a TA cloning kit (Invitrogen). The resulting cDNA plasmids are sequenced from both termini on an automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems).
An appropriate probe or primers specific for cDNA encoding the respective genes are prepared. Typically, the probe is labeled, e.g., by random priming. Coordinate expression of both subunits is most important where the p40/IL-B30 complex is of interest.
Multiple transfected cell lines are screened for one which expresses the cytokine or complex at a high level compared with other cells. Alternatively, a combination recombinant construct can be made. Various cell lines are screened and selected for their favorable properties in handling. Individual isolation of the respective subunits and combination thereafter may result in some dimer formation. Natural IL-B30 can be isolated from natural sources, or by expression from a transformed cell using an appropriate expression vector. Adenovirus constructs can also be used for production/expression.
Purification of the expressed subunits or complex is achieved by standard procedures, or may be combined with engineered means for effective purification at high efficiency from cell lysates or supernatants. In particular, fusion of p40 to IL-B30, with or without appropriate linker, can result in high efficiency methods for processing or purification. FLAG or His6 segments can be used for such purification features. Alternatively, affinity chromatography may be used with specific antibodies, see below.
Protein is produced in coli, insect cell, or mammalian expression systems, as desired.
Synthetic peptides or purified protein are presented to an immune system to generate monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. See, e.g., Coligan, (1991) Current Protocols in Immunology Wiley/Greene; and Harlow and Lane, (1989) Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual Cold Spring Harbor Press. Immunoselection or depletion methods can be applied to ensure that resulting antibodies are specific for antigenic determinants presented by the complex of polypeptides, distinct from those presented by the individual components themselves. Polyclonal serum, or hybridomas may be prepared. In appropriate situations, the binding reagent is either labeled as described above, e.g., fluorescence or otherwise, or immobilized to a substrate for panning methods. Immunoselection, immunodepletion, and related techniques are available to prepare selective reagents, as desired, e.g., for the complex between the two subunits.
A mouse IL-12 p40-Ig fusion construct was prepared in an expression vector. The Ig domain binds to Protein A, and can precipitate that polypeptide. An IL-B30Etag (epitope tagged with a FLAG motif at the N terminus) construct was also prepared, which polypeptide is immunoprecipitable with the M2 antibody. The expression constructs were transfected into 293 T cells, either with the IL-12 p40-Ig construct alone, the IL-B30Etag construct alone, or both together. Cells were labeled with 35S methionine. With the IL-12 p40 construct alone, no soluble protein was detected in the cell supernatant using Protein A. Likewise, with the FLAG-IL-B30 construct, no soluble protein was detected in the cell supernatant using the M2 antibody. However, with cotransfection of the two expression constructs, the cell supernatant produced a soluble complex which was precipitable with either the Protein A reagent or the M2 antibody. PAGE analysis of the complex revealed that the Protein A precipitated complex was made of polypeptides corresponding to the two expected polypeptides IL-12 p40-Ig fusion and the FLAG-IL-B30 polypeptides. Correspondingly, the complex precipitated with the M2 antibody was made up of the FLAG-IL-B30 polypeptide and the IL-12 p40-Ig fusion protein.
Similar experiments with a human IL-12 p40 expression construct and a human FLAG-IL-B30 construct provided the expected results. Transfection with the FLAG-IL-B30 construct resulted in no significant soluble protein. Cotransfection of both expression vectors into primate cells resulted in effective secretion of a complex which was immunoprecipitable with the M2 antibody. PAGE analysis of the resulting complex confirmed that the complex was made up of the FLAG-IL-B30 polypeptide and the IL-12 p40 polypeptide.
The IL-12 receptor is made up of the IL-12 receptor subunits β1 and β2. A fusion construct of p40/IL-B30 binds to cells expressing the receptor subunit β1.
A homodimer of the IL-12 p40 subunits can block the binding of IL-12 to the mouse subunit β1, but not to the subunit β2. The p40 subunit is a component of the p40/IL-B30 complex, so it was tested whether the IL-12 receptor subunit pI could be a component of the receptor for a fusion construct of p40/IL-B30. Antibodies to the IL-12 receptor subunit β1 block binding of the fusion construct to cells expressing the receptor subunit β1. Antibodies against the p40/p70 complex, mainly recognizing the p40 subunit, can block the effect of the p40/IL-B30 composition, suggesting that the p40 component is important in receptor interaction. These observations suggest that the receptor subunit β1 binds to the p40/IL-B30 fusion construct. Similar experiments testing involvement of the common gp130 subunit shared among related receptors suggest that the gp130 is not a relevant subunit of the receptor for p40/IL-B30.
Having identified one subunit of the receptor, expression cloning efforts have been initiated. Cells expressing this one subunit but showing no binding will be used to expression clone an additional subunit. Other receptor subunit β2 homologs are being screened. Alternatively, libraries from appropriate cells can be used in standard expression cloning methods.
Biological activities of p40/IL-B30 complex are tested based, e.g., on the sequence and structural homology between IL-B30 and IL-6 and G-CSF. Initially, assays that had shown biological activities of IL-6 or G-CSF were examined. Assays were performed on either recombinant complex or fusion construct. Fusion construct consisted of a construct with the IL-12 p40 signal sequence linked to an N terminal FLAG epitope fused to the mature IL-12 p40 sequence fused to a ser/gly rich linker sequence of appropriate length fused to the mature sequence of IL-B30. This construct both expresses well, is secreted, and the epitope tag allows both purification and localization. Both mouse and human sequence forms were generated. Adenovirus expression constructs of both separate polypeptides and fusion proteins are also made available.
Target cell types include lympoid, myeloid, mast, pre-B, pre-T, and fibroblast-endothelial cell types. For example, macrophage/monocyte cells will be evaluated for cell surface marker changes, e.g., MHC class II, B7, CD40, and related families; cytokine and chemokine production; and antigen presentation capacity. CD4+ T cells, both naive CD45Rbhi and memory CD45Rblow T cells, will be assayed, e.g., for growth and activation markers, and for effector functions, e.g., cytokine and chemokine production. Cytotoxic CD4+, CD8+ and NK cells will be evaluated for effects on generation and function. Effects on antibody production will be tested, e.g., on splenic and MLN B cells. Dendritic cells will be evaluated for generation, maturation, and function, including factor production. Apoptosis assays are also being developed.
Long term bone marrow cultures will be tested for effects on modulation of stroma cells and stem cell generation and differentiation (Dexter cultures), for modulation of stromal cells and B cell progenitor generation and differentiation (Whitlock-Witte cultures), and for evaluation of potential to regulate primitive myeloid and B lymphoid populations.
A. Effects on Proliferation of Cells
The effect on proliferation of various cell types are evaluated with various concentrations of cytokine. A dose response analysis is performed, in combinations with the related cytokines IL-6, G-CSF, etc. A cytosensor machine may be used, which detects cell metabolism and growth (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif.).
Human p40/IL-B30 fusion protein enhanced proliferation of human PHA blasts stimulated with anti-CD3 or both anti-CD3 and anti-CD28. The anti-CD3 stimulation appears to be essential. Human p40/IL-B30 fusion protein also enhanced proliferation of activated Th1 or Th2 cell clones, but not resting Th1 or Th2 cell clones.
Either mouse or human fusion protein worked on mouse target cells. Fusion protein supported proliferation of CD4+ CD45Rblow CD62Llow CD44hi cells (memory/activated T cells) when stimulated with anti-CD3. Stimulation by fusion protein is not enhanced by anti-CD28 costimulation. This is not grossly dependent on presence of IL-2. This suggests that p40/IL-B30 may be an important factor for expanding a population of cells with a memory phenotype and/or generating or maintaining immunologic memory. This cytokine seems to selectively support activated memory cells with a Th1 phenotype, e.g., cells which produce IFNγ, but no IL-4 or IL-5.
B. Effects on Differentiation of Naive T Cells
Human cord blood cells were collected and naive CD4+ T cells were isolated. These were cultured, e.g., for 2 weeks, in the presence of anti-CD3 and IL-2 and with irradiated fibroblasts expressing CD32, CD58, and CD80, thereby activating and proliferating T cells. The T cell culture was evaluated for effects of various cytokines on proliferation or differentiation. Individual cells were evaluated for cytokine production by FACS analysis. The p40/IL-B30 fusion protein supported the proliferation and differentiation of T cells producing IFNγ and no IL-4, a cytokine expression profile characteristic of Th1 cells.
C. Effects on the Expression of Cell Surface Molecules
Monocytes are purified by negative selection from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of normal healthy donors. Briefly, 3×108 ficoll banded mononuclear cells are incubated on ice with a cocktail of monoclonal antibodies (Becton-Dickinson; Mountain View, Calif.) consisting, e.g., of 200 μl of αCD2 (Leu-5A), 200 μl of αCD3 (Leu-4), 100 μl of αCD8 (Leu 2a), 100 μl of αCD19 (Leu-12), 100 μl of αCD20 (Leu-16), 100 μl of αCD56 (Leu-19), 100 μl of αCD67 (IOM 67; Immunotech, Westbrook, Me.), and anti-glycophorin antibody (10F7MN, ATCC, Rockville, Md.). Antibody bound cells are washed and then incubated with sheep anti-mouse IgG coupled magnetic beads (Dynal, Oslo, Norway) at a bead to cell ratio of 20:1. Antibody bound cells are separated from monocytes by application of a magnetic field. Subsequently, human monocytes are cultured in Yssel's medium (Gemini Bioproducts, Calabasas, Calif.) containing 1% human AB serum in the absence or presence of IL-B30, IL-6, G-CSF or combinations.
Analyses of the expression of cell surface molecules can be performed by direct immunofluorescence. For example, 2×105 purified human monocytes are incubated in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 1% human serum on ice for 20 minutes. Cells are pelleted at 200×g. Cells are resuspended in 20 ml PE or FITC labeled mAb. Following an additional 20 minute incubation on ice, cells are washed in PBS containing 1% human serum followed by two washes in PBS alone. Cells are fixed in PBS containing 1% paraformaldehyde and analyzed on FACScan flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson; Mountain View, Calif.). Exemplary mAbs are used, e.g.: CD11b (anti-mac1), CD11c (a gp150/95), CD14 (Leu-M3), CD54 (Leu 54), CD80 (anti-BB1/B7), HLA-DR (L243) from Becton-Dickinson and CD86 (FUN 1; Pharmingen), CD64 (32.2; Medarex), CD40 (mAb89; Schering-Plough France).
D. Effects on Cytokine Production by Human Cells
Human monocytes are isolated as described and cultured in Yssel's medium (Gemini Bioproducts, Calabasas, Calif.) containing 1% human AB serum in the absence or presence of IL-B30 (1/100 dilution baculovirus expressed material). In addition, monocytes are stimulated with LPS (E. coli 0127:B8 Difco) in the absence or presence of IL-B30 and the concentration of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, GM-CSF, and IL-10) in the cell culture supernatant determined by ELISA.
For intracytoplasmic staining for cytokines, monocytes are cultured (1 million/ml) in Yssel's medium in the absence or presence of IL-B30 and LPS (E. coli 0127:B8 Difco) and 10 mg/ml Brefeldin A (Epicentre technologies Madison Wis.) for 12 hrs. Cells are washed in PBS and incubated in 2% formaldehyde/PBS solution for 20 minutes at RT. Subsequently cells are washed, resuspended in permeabilization buffer (0.5% saponin (Sigma) in PBS/BSA (0.5%)/Azide (1 mM)) and incubated for 20 minutes at RT. Cells (2×105) are centrifuged and resuspended in 20 ml directly conjugated anti-cytokine mAbs diluted 1:10 in permeabilization buffer for 20 minutes at RT. The following antibodies can be used: IL-1α-PE (364-3B3-14); IL-6-PE (MQ2-13A5); TNFα-PE (MAb11); GM-CSF-PE (BVD2-21C11); and IL-12-PE (C11.5.14; Pharmingen San Diego, Calif.). Subsequently, cells are washed twice in permeabilization buffer and once in PBS/BSA/Azide and analyzed on FACScan flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson; Mountain View, Calif.).
Human PHA blasts produced IFNγ in response to contacting with human p40/IL-B30 fusion construct. The effects were synergistic with IL-2. Fusion product enhanced IFNγ production by activated, but not resting T cells, resting Th1 cell clones, or resting Th2 cell clones.
E. Effects on Proliferation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC)
Total PBMC are isolated from buffy coats of normal healthy donors by centrifugation through ficoll-hypaque as described (Boyum et al.). PBMC are cultured in 200 μl Yssel's medium (Gemini Bioproducts, Calabasas, Calif.) containing 1% human AB serum in 96 well plates (Falcon, Becton-Dickinson, N.J.) in the absence or presence of IL-B30. Cells are cultured in medium alone or in combination with 100 U/ml IL-2 (R&D Systems) for 120 hours. 3H-Thymidine (0.1 mCi) is added during the last six hours of culture and 3H-Thymidine incorporation determined by liquid scintillation counting.
The native, recombinant, and fusion proteins would be tested for agonist and antagonist activity in many other biological assay systems, e.g., on T-cells, B-cells, NK, macrophages, dendritic cells, hematopoietic progenitors, etc. Because of the IL-6 and G-CSF structural relationship, assays related to those activities should be analyzed
p40/IL-B30 is evaluated for agonist or antagonist activity on transfected cells expressing IL-6 or G-CSF receptor and controls. See, e.g., Ho et al., (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 11267-11271; Ho et al., (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:5043-5053; and Liu et al., (1994). J. Immunol. 152:1821-1829.
p40/IL-B30 is evaluated for effect in macrophage/dendritic cell activation and antigen presentation assays, T cell cytokine production and proliferation in response to antigen or allogenic stimulus. See, e.g., de Waal Malefyt et al., (1991) J. Exp. Med. 174:1209-1220; de Waal Malefyt et al., (1991) J. Exp. Med. 174:915-924; Fiorentino et al., (1991) J. Immunol. 147, 3815-3822; Fiorentino et al., (1991) J. Immunol. 146:3444-3451; and Groux et al., (1996) J. Exp. Med. 184:19-29.
p40/IL-B30 will also be evaluated for effects on NK cell stimulation. Assays may be based, e.g., on Hsu et al., (1992) Internat. Immunol. 4:563-569; and Schwarz et al., (1994) J. Immunother. 16:95-104.
B cell growth and differentiation effects will be analyzed, e.g., by the methodology described, e.g., in Defrance et al., (1992). J. Exp. Med. 175:671-682; Rousset et al., (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:1890-1893; including IgG2 and IgA2 switch factor assays.
Transgenic mice can be generated by standard methods. Such animals are useful to determine the effects of overexpression of the genes, in specific tissues, or completely throughout the organism. Such may provide interesting insight into development of the animal or particular tissues in various stages. Moreover, the effect on various responses to biological stress can be evaluated. See, e.g., Hogan et al., (1995) Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed.) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Adenovirus techniques are available for expression of the genes in various cells and organs. See, e.g., Hitt et al., (1997) Adv. Pharmacol. 40:137-195; and literature from Quantum Biotechnologies, Montreal, Canada. Animals may be useful to determine the effects of the genes on various developmental or physiologically functional animal systems.
A 0.5 kb cDNA encoding for IL-B30 was cloned as an EcoRI fragment into an expression vector containing the CMV enhancer β-actin promoter and the rabbit β-globin polyadenylation signal, previously described by Niwa et al., (1991) Gene 108:193-200. Separation of the transgene from vector sequence was accomplished by zonal sucrose gradient centrifugation as described by Mann et al., (1993) “Factor Influencing Production Frequency of Transgenic Mice”, Methods in Enzymology 225: 771-781. Fractions containing the transgene were pooled, microcentrifugation through Microcon-100 filters and washed 5 times with microinjection buffer (5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 5 mM NaCl, 0.1 mM EDTA).
The transgene was resuspended in microinjection buffer (5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 5 mM NaCl, 0.1 mM EDTA) to a final concentration of 1-5 ng/ml, microinjected into ([C57BL/6J×DBA/2]F1; The Jackson Laboratory) eggs, which were then transferred into oviducts of ICR (Sprague-Dawley) foster mothers, according to published procedures by Hogan et al., (1994) Manipulation of the Mouse Embryo, Plainview, N.Y., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. By 10 days of life, a piece of tail from the resulting animals was clipped for DNA analysis. Identification of transgenic founders was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, as previously described by Lira et al., (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87: 7215-7219. Identification of the IL-B30 transgenic mice was accomplished by amplification of mouse tail DNA. As an internal control for the amplification reaction primers for the endogenous LDL gene were used. The primers amplify a 200 bp segment of the IL-B30 transgene and 397 bp segment of the LDL gene. PCR conditions were: 95° C., 30 seconds; 60° C., 30 seconds; 72° C., 60 seconds for 30 cycles. Transgenic animals were kept under pathogen-free conditions.
Analysis of IL-B30 Transgenic Mice
RNA was extracted from tissues using RNA STAT-60, following specifications from the manufacturer (TEL-TEST, Inc. Friendswood, Tex.). Total RNA (20 mg) was denatured and blotted onto Biotrans membrane (ICN Biomedicals, Costa Mesa, Calif.). Transgene expression was assessed by hybridization to randomly labeled L-30 cDNA (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). Acute phase liver gene expression was assessed by hybridizing total RNA with randomly labeled PCR segments of the murine hemopexin gene, of the murine alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and of the murine haptoglobin gene.
ELISA kits were purchased from commercial sources and run according to the manufacturer's instructions. ELISA kits for murine IL-2 (sensitivity <3 pg/ml), murine IL-1b (sensitivity <3 pg/ml), murine IFN-gamma (sensitivity <2 pg/ml) and murine TNF-alpha (sensitivity <5.1 pg/ml) were purchased from R & D systems (Minneapolis, Minn.). Murine IL-6 ELISA kits (sensitivity <8 pg/ml) were purchased from Biosource International (Camarillo, Calif.). Murine IL-1α ELISA kits (sensitivity <6 pg/ml) were purchased from Endogen (Cambridge, Mass.).
ELISA assays for serum immunoglobulin levels were run using antibody pairs purchased from PharMingen (San Diego, Calif.) following the manufacturer's guidelines. Anti-mouse IgM (clone 11/41), anti-mouse IgA (clone R5-140), anti-mouse IgG1 (clone A85-3), anti-mouse IgG2a (clone R11-89) and anti-mouse IgG2b (clone R9-91) were used as capture antibodies. Purified mouse IgM (clone G155-228), IgA (clone M18-254), IgG1 (clone 107.3), IgG2a (clone G155-178) and IgG2b (clone 49.2) were used to generate standard curves. Biotin anti-mouse IgM (clone R6-60.2), biotin anti-mouse IgA (clone R5-140), biotin anti-mouse IgG1 (clone A85-1), biotin anti-mouse IgG2a (clone R19-15) and biotin anti-mouse IgG2b (clone R12-3) were used as detection antibodies.
Levels of IGF-1 in mouse serum were determined using a commercially available radioimmunoassay for human IGF-1 that also recognizes murine IGF-1 after serum samples were acid-ethanol extracted according to instructions provided by the manufacturer (Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, Calif.).
After sacrifice, tissues were either snap frozen with freezing media for cryosection, or fixed by immersion in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin. Formalin fixed tissues were routinely processed at 5 mm, and were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E). For immunostaining, snap frozen sections were fixed with acetone and air dried.
Blood samples were collected from the infra-orbital sinus into sterile, evacuated tubes with added EDTA (Vacutainer Systems, Becton Dickinson, Rutherford, N.J.). Hematologic values were determined with an automated system (Abbot Cell-Dyn 3500, Abbot Park, Ill.). Platelet counts were performed manually when the instrument was unable to provide accurate platelet counts due to excessive clumping or excessively large platelets. Blood smears were stained with Modified Wright-Giemsa stain (Hema-Tek Stain Pack, Bayer Corp., Elkhart, Ind.) using an automated stainer (Bayer Hema-Tek 2000, Elkhart, Ind.) and examined manually for immature cells and platelet, red blood cell, and white blood cell morphology.
Bone Marrow Transfer
The femur and tibia were cleaned of muscle and bone marrow was expelled by flushing the bone with PBS. Bone marrow cells were washed once, and injected i.v. into recipient mice which had been lethally irradiated (1000 RAD).
Phenotype of IL-B30 Transgenic Mice
To analyze the biological function of IL-B30, the gene was expressed under the control of the CMV enhancer/actin promoter, described by Niwa et al., (1991) Gene 108:193-200, in transgenic mice. This enhancer/promoter cassette directs high levels of transgene expression primarily to skeletal muscle and pancreas, but the transgene can be expressed in virtually all organs and cells. See Lira et al., (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 7215-7219.
IL-B30 transgenic mice were runted compared to control littermates. The rate of body weight gain in IL-B30 transgenic mice varied widely but was clearly lower than that found in control littermates. Northern blot analysis, of RNA extracted from either muscle or skin of IL-B30 transgenic mice and control littermates hybridized to IL-B30 cDNA, revealed that IL-B30 mRNA was detected in both muscle and skin of all IL-B30 transgenic mice, whereas no IL-B30 mRNA was detected in control littermates. This demonstrated that stunted growth was always associated with expression of IL-B30.
Of the IL-B30 transgenic mice obtained, 25% survived to adulthood and were affected by expression of IL-B30 as exhibited by impaired growth, a swollen abdomen, ruffled fur, infertility and sudden death. Thus, transgenic expression of IL-B30 caused a phenotype that prevented the generation of IL-B30 transgenic progeny. The results presented here are derived from the preliminary analysis of IL-B30 transgenic founder mice.
Histological Analysis of IL-B30 Transgenic Mice
Microscopical examination of tissues collected from IL-B30 transgenic mice revealed minimal to moderate inflammation in multiple sites, including the lung, skin, esophagus, small intestine and liver (bile ducts), large intestine, and pancreas. Inflammatory infiltrates consisted of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and/or macrophages. Inflammation in the skin was associated with acanthosis and/or ulceration in some mice. In the lungs, peribronchial mononuclear cell infiltrates were sometimes prominent, alveolar walls contained increased numbers of leukocytes, and the epithelium lining airways was hyperplastic. Minimal periportal mononuclear cell infiltrates were also common in the liver. The cortex of lymph nodes was sometimes sparsely cellular and lacked follicular development.
Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) was observed in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. The EMH was especially marked in the spleen. The spleens from three transgenic mice and one control mouse were examined after immunohistological staining for T cells (anti-CD3), B cells (anti-B220), and macrophages (anti-F4/80). In the transgenic mice the CD3-, B220-, and F4/80-positive cells were present in their normal locations. However, the white pulp was separated by the EMH in the red pulp, and the positively staining cells within the red pulp were interspersed with hematopoietic cells that stained with less intensity, or did not stain positively, with the various antibodies. These observations demonstrate that transgenic expression of IL-B30 induces systemic inflammation that is associated with EMH.
To analyze the effect of IL-B30 on leukocyte and platelet counts in the peripheral blood, a complete blood analysis was performed. The number of neutrophils in the blood of IL-B30 transgenic mice was increased 3- to 11-fold over the highest neutrophil count in control littermates. Increases in peripheral blood neutrophils are typical of inflammation and correlate with the infiltration of neutrophils observed in various tissues. Accordingly, the myeloid (granulocytic)/erythroid ratio was increased in the bone marrow.
In addition, the number of circulating platelets was increased up to 3-fold in IL-B30 transgenic mice over control littermates. An increased number of platelets could originate from either an increased number of megakaryocytes, or from an increase in production of platelets by megakaryocytes. To test either possibility, the peripheral blood, bone marrow and spleen from IL-B30 transgenic mice were analyzed microscopically. In the peripheral blood, platelets of bizarre morphology, including elongated and spindle-shaped platelets, were frequently detected. In bone marrow and spleen of some mice, megakaryocytes were enlarged due to increased amounts of cytoplasm. In contrast, the number of megakaryocytes in bone marrow and spleen was not increased. This suggests that IL-B30 induces an increase in the number of platelets by accelerating their production by megakaryocytes.
All IL-B30 transgenic mice examined also suffered from mild to moderate microcytic hypochromic anemia with schistocytes and varying degrees of regeneration evident. The hematocrit values were lower than the control mean by 36 to 70%. The presence of microcytic hypochromic anemia suggests a defect in hemoglobin production.
Cytokine Profile of IL-B30 Transgenic Mice
To test whether the systemic inflammation seen in IL-B30 transgenic mice correlated with altered expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, we determined the concentrations of IL-1, TNFα, IL-6, and IFNγ in the peripheral blood. In all IL-B30 transgenic mice tested, the levels of TNFα and IFNγ were increased. In addition, the level of IL-1 was increased in 25% of IL-B30 transgenic mice tested. Concentrations of IL-1 and TNFα found in IL-B30 transgenic mice reached levels associated with the induction of an acute inflammatory response by LPS. Surprisingly, no IL-6 was detected in the peripheral blood of IL-B30 transgenic mice, even though expression of IL-6 is highly induced under inflammatory conditions (Reinecker et al., (1993) Clin. Exp. Immunology 94: 174-181; Stevens et al., (1992) Dig. Dis. Sci. 37: 818-826) and can be induced directly by TNFα, IL-1 and IFNγ (Helle et al., (1988) Eur. J. Immunol. 18: 957-959.
Acute Phase Genes in the Livers of IL-B30 Transgenic Mice
The body reacts to inflammation with an acute phase response characterized by the expression of defined plasma proteins in the liver. Since IL-B30 transgenic mice exhibit a phenotype characteristic of systemic inflammation, we examined the expression of acute phase genes in the livers of IL-B30 transgenic mice and control littermates. The acute phase liver genes alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin and hemopexin were highly expressed in all IL-B30 transgenic mice tested, while no expression of these genes was detected in control littermates. This demonstrates that acute phase liver genes are constitutively expressed in IL-B30 transgenic animals.
Serum Immunoglobulins of IL-B30 Transgenic Mice
During an immune response, some cytokines induce B cell differentiation and subsequent immunoglobulin synthesis. To test whether immunoglobulin synthesis was altered in IL-B30 transgenic mice, the concentrations of immunoglobulin isotypes in the peripheral blood were determined. In 2 of 7 IL-B30 transgenic mice, the concentration of IgA was increased 6- to 9-fold when compared to control littermates. Furthermore, the concentrations of IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b were increased 2.5 to 6-fold in all IL-B30 transgenic mice tested when compared to control littermates. In contrast, no significant increase in IgM or IgE titers could be detected in any of the IL-B30 transgenic mice tested. In fact, 4 of 7 IL-B30 transgenic mice displayed markedly decreased levels of IgM synthesis. In summary, a subset of IL-B30 transgenic mice displayed a 6- to 9-fold increase in the concentrations of immunoglobulin isotypes IgA and IgG, whereas no significant increase was detected in the concentrations of immunoglobulin isotypes IgM and IgE.
Serum IGF-1 Levels in IL-B30 Transgenic Mice
Chronic inflammatory conditions (Kirschner and Sutton, (1986) Gastroenterology 91: 830-836; Laursen et al., (1995) Arch. Dis. Child. 72: 494-497) or overexpression of cytokines in transgenic animals (De Benedetti et al., (1994) J. Clin. Invest. 93: 2114-2119) can cause growth impairment that is associated with a decrease of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). To test whether stunted growth of IL-B30 transgenic mice could be traced to reduced levels of IGF-1, serum samples of transgenic mice were assayed for IGF-1. In all IL-B30 transgenic mice tested, the amount of IGF-1 in the serum was 12 to 14% of the level found in age-matched control littermates. This suggests that transgenic expression of IL-B30, as well as the subsequent inflammatory response produced, results in the reduction of IGF-1 in IL-B30 transgenic mice, and could consequently be the cause of impaired growth and infertility (Gay et al., (1997) Endocrinology 137(7): 2937-2947).
Expression of Biologically Active IL-B30 in Hematopoietic Cells
Cytokines are secreted proteins that regulate the immune system locally or mediate long-range effects. To test whether IL-B30 functions as a cytokine and can induce distant multi-organ inflammation and an acute phase liver response, we transferred IL-B30 transgenic bone marrow into lethally irradiated wildtype recipient mice.
Bone marrow recipients were monitored weekly for the induction of an acute phase response. Increased concentrations of the acute phase protein SAA could be detected in IL-B30 bone marrow recipients as early as 35 days post transfer and levels of SAA increased over time. Concurrent with increasing concentrations of SAA in the peripheral blood the health of IL-B30 bone marrow recipients deteriorated as judged by the appearance of ruffled fur and inflamed skin around the snout and throat. In contrast, recipients of wildtype bone marrow did not have elevated levels of SAA in blood, nor did they appear sick.
Animals were terminated when they appeared severely sick. Expression of IL-B30 could be detected in the bone marrow and spleen of recipients of IL-B30 transgenic bone marrow, but not in organs of recipients of wildtype bone marrow. As in IL-B30 transgenic donors skin, lung, liver, and the gastrointestinal tract were inflamed in recipients of IL-B30 transgenic bone marrow, but not in wildtype bone marrow recipients. Again acute phase liver genes (hemopexin, AGP-1) were highly expressed in IL-B30 transgenic bone marrow recipients, but no IL-6 could be detected in blood serum. These results suggest that IL-B30 is a true cytokine with long-ranging properties.
Transgenic expression of IL-B30 induces a striking phenotype characterized by runting, systemic inflammation, infertility and death of transgenic animals. IL-B30 transgenic animals have systemic inflammation with infiltration of inflammatory cells into lung, liver, skin, and the digestive tract.
Overexpression of IL-B30 in vivo caused a phenotype of impaired growth and inflammation—that was strikingly similar to that of several models of transgenic expression of IL-6. Similar to the effect of transgenic expression of IL-6, or after administration of recombinant IL-6 to mice, neutrophil infiltration and anemia were observed in animals as a result of transgenic expression of IL-B30. As in IL-6 transgenic animals, impaired growth of IL-B30 transgenic founders was linked to decreased levels of IGF-1 that might be related to the systemic inflammation observed in these animals.
This phenotype of IL-B30 transgenic animals could be caused by upregulated IL-6 expression either as a direct effect of IL-B30 overexpression, or by IL-B30 mediated upregulation of IL-1 and TNFα expression. IL-1 and TNFα are known inducers of IL-6 and increased concentrations of TNFα and IL-1 were found in the peripheral blood of IL-B30 transgenic mice.
However, no IL-6 could be detected in blood of IL-B30 transgenic suggesting that the phenotype of IL-B30 animals is directly linked to overexpression of this novel cytokine and, as had been implied by their sequence homologies, that IL-B30 has biological activities similar to IL-6.
IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that among a wide variety of functions induces thrombocytosis, acute-phase protein synthesis, and B cell differentiation.
Indeed, IL-B30 transgenic animals express constitutively acute phase liver genes like AGP-1, haptoglobin, hemopexin and serum amyloid A protein. A similar phenotype has been shown in mice as an effect of transgenic overexpression of IL-6, or after administration of recombinant IL-6. In addition, transgenic expression of IL-B30 resulted in thrombocytosis that was unusual in that many of the platelets had bizarre morphology (elongated appearance, large size, and/or spindle shapes). We suspect that IL-B30 and/or other upregulated cytokines have an effect on normal platelet production. This suggests again that IL-B30 shares a biological activity with IL-6 and its relatives.
IL-6 has also been identified as a B cell differentiation factor. Transgenic overexpression of IL-6 causes plasmocytoma and IL-6 deficient mice show a reduced IgG response. While we saw increases in IgG and IgA production in some IL-B30 transgenic mice, this observation was not consistent between different founders. Thus further analysis is needed to characterize IL-B30 further as a potential B cell differentiation factor.
In IL-B30 transgenic mice increases in circulating neutrophils were consistent with the inflammation evident in various tissues, however, the changes in red blood cell parameters are not as easily explained. IL-1, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma are mediators of a syndrome commonly called anemia of chronic disease (ACD), which generally presents as a normocytic, normochromic, nonregenerative (or minimally regenerative) anemia and is seen in a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases. Anemia of Chronic Disease may also present as microcytic, hypochromic in some human patients. The syndrome is due to altered iron metabolism and diminished response to erythropoietin. The microcytic hypochromic anemia observed in the IL-B30 mice may be due to ACD, as suggested by the increases in peripheral cytokine concentrations. However, the most common cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia is iron deficiency, which is more consistent with the partial bone marrow response (regeneration) and thrombocytosis seen in the IL-B30 mice. Further investigation, including measurement of serum ferritin, iron, and total iron binding capacity, which would allow differentiation of ACD from iron deficiency anemia, was not undertaken due to the difficulties in obtaining adequate blood from affected mice.
IL-1 and TNF-alpha are known inducers of IL-6 expression and IL-6 expression is usually upregulated during an inflammatory response. Therefore it is surprising that IL-6 could not be detected in the peripheral blood of IL-B30 transgenic animals. This suggests that IL-B30 has a negative effect on IL-6 expression by a yet unidentified mechanism. Indeed the absence of IL-6 in IL-B30 transgenic animals might explain the high levels of IL-1 and TNF-alpha observed in these animals since IL-6 has a negative effect on the concentrations of circulating IL-1 and TNF-alpha in mice. The high concentrations of circulating TNF-alpha observed in IL-B30 transgenic mice could also be an result of the increased concentrations of IFN-gamma. IFN-gamma is produced by IL-2 activated T cells or IL-4-activated B cells, and induces the expression of TNF-alpha in monocytes and macrophages. It remains to be determined whether expression of IFN-gamma is mediated directly by IL-B30 or by other cytokines induced by IL-B30. In summary, our results suggest that IL-B30 shares a wide variety of biological activities with IL-6. It remains to be seen whether these biological activities are mediated by a common receptor, a signal transduction element or transcription factor shared with IL-6. These issues will hopefully be clarified by ongoing experiments using genetic and biochemical approaches.
All references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
Many modifications and variations of this invention can be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The specific embodiments described herein are offered by way of example only, and the invention is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
This filing is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/658,699, filed Sep. 8, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,090,847, issued Aug. 10, 2006, which claims benefit from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/164,616, filed Nov. 10, 1999, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/153,281, filed Sep. 9, 1999, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 09658699 | Sep 2000 | US |
| Child | 11503324 | US |
