The present invention relates to ink jet printing. In particular, the invention relates to an inkjet printhead chip with predetermined micro-electromechanical systems height.
Many different types of printing have been invented, a large number of which are presently in use. Known forms of printers have a variety of methods for marking the print media with a relevant marking media. Commonly used forms of printing include offset printing, laser printing and copying devices, dot matrix type impact printers, thermal paper printers, film recorders, thermal wax printers, dye sublimation printers and ink jet printers both of the drop on demand and continuous flow type. Each type of printer has its own advantages and problems when considering cost, speed, quality, reliability, simplicity of construction and operation etc.
In recent years, the field of ink jet printing, wherein each individual pixel of ink is derived from one or more ink nozzles, has become increasingly popular primarily due to its inexpensive and versatile nature.
Many different techniques of ink jet printing have been invented. For a survey of the field, reference is made to an article by J Moore, “Non-Impact Printing: Introduction and Historical Perspective”, Output Hard Copy Devices, Editors R Dubeck and S Sherr, pages 207-220 (1988).
Ink Jet printers themselves come in many different forms. The utilization of a continuous stream of ink in ink jet printing appears to date back to at least 1929 wherein U.S. Pat. No. 1,941,001 by Hansell discloses a simple form of continuous stream electro-static ink jet printing.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,596,275 by Sweet also discloses a process of a continuous ink jet printing including the step wherein the ink jet stream is modulated by a high frequency electro-static field so as to cause drop separation. This technique is still utilized by several manufacturers including Elmjet and Scitex (see also U.S. Pat. No. 3,373,437 by Sweet et al)
Piezoelectric ink jet printers are also one form of commonly utilized ink jet printing device. Piezoelectric systems are disclosed by Kyser et. al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,946,398 (1970) which utilizes a diaphragm mode of operation, by Zolten in U.S. Pat. No. 3,683,212 (1970) which discloses a squeeze mode of operation of a piezoelectric crystal, Stemme in U.S. Pat. No. 3,747,120 (1972) discloses a bend mode of piezoelectric operation, Howkins in U.S. Pat. No. 4,459,601 discloses a piezoelectric push mode actuation of the ink jet stream and Fischbeck in U.S. Pat. No. 4,584,590 which discloses a shear mode type of piezoelectric transducer element.
Recently, thermal ink jet printing has become an extremely popular form of ink jet printing. The ink jet printing techniques include those disclosed by Endo et al in GB 2007162 (1979) and Vaught et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,728. Both the aforementioned references disclose ink jet printing techniques rely upon the activation of an electrothermal actuator which results in the creation of a bubble in a constricted space, such as a nozzle, which thereby causes the ejection of ink from an aperture connected to the confined space onto a relevant print media. Printing devices utilizing the electro-thermal actuator are manufactured by manufacturers such as Canon and Hewlett Packard.
As can be seen from the foregoing, many different types of printing technologies are available. Ideally, a printing technology should have a number of desirable attributes. These include inexpensive construction and operation, high-speed operation, safe and continuous long-term operation etc. Each technology may have its own advantages and disadvantages in the areas of cost, speed, quality, reliability, power usage, simplicity of construction operation, durability and consumables.
In the parent application, U.S. Ser. No. 09/112,767, there is disclosed a printing technology that is based on micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) devices. In particular there is disclosed a printing mechanism that incorporates a MEMS device. There is also disclosed a method of fabricating such a mechanism.
The fabrication of MEMS devices is based on integrated circuit fabrication techniques. Very generally, a sacrificial material is deposited on a wafer substrate. A functional layer is then deposited on the sacrificial material. The functional layer is patterned to form a MEMS component. The sacrificial layer is then removed to free the MEMS component.
Applicant has found that topography of a MEMS chip is very important. The components are required to move. It follows that the topography must be such that sufficient clearance is provided for movement of the components. This means that such features as nozzle chambers must be deep enough to provide for functional movement of an actuator positioned in the nozzle chamber.
There are, however, problems associated with deep topography. This problem is illustrated in FIGS. A and B of the drawings. In FIG. A there is shown a substrate 1 with a layer of sacrificial material 2 positioned on the substrate 1.
One problem is immediately apparent. It is extremely difficult to achieve a uniform deposition on side walls 2 and a floor 3 of the cavity 4. The fluid dynamics of the deposition process is the primary reason for this. As a result, a portion of the sacrificial material within the cavity 4 tends to taper in to the side walls 2.
Accurate etching of the sacrificial material relies on a high image focus on the layer 2. It will be appreciated that this focus could be lost in the cavity 4, due to the depth of the cavity 4. This results in poor etching within the cavity 4.
Etching is carried out using a device that etches in steps. These are usually 1 micron in depth. It follows that each stepping process removes 1 micron of sacrificial material at a time. As can be seen in FIG. B, once a required part of the layer 2 has been removed, a part is left behind in the cavity 4. This is called a stringer 5. It will be appreciated that the stringer 5 is difficult to remove and is therefore an undesirable result.
The Applicant has conceived the present invention to provide a printhead chip that incorporates MEMS components that are spaced a predetermined distance from a wafer substrate so that sufficient ink ejection can be achieved. The predetermined distance is such that the chip topography avoids the problems described above.
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, an inkjet printhead for an inkjet printer includes a wafer substrate defining an ink supply channel therethrough; side wall portions extending away from a surface of the wafer substrate; a nozzle layer supported on the side wall portions and extending parallel to the surface of the wafer substrate, the nozzle layer and the side wall portions defining an array of nozzle chambers, the nozzle layer defining ink ejection ports and etchant holes, the etchant holes being of sufficient diameter to retain ink in the nozzle chamber by surface tension; and a plurality of thermal actuators cantilevered on the wafer substrate, each thermal actuator being respectively positioned in a nozzle chambers to partition the nozzle chamber. A portion of each thermal actuator facing away from a respective ink ejection port is hydrophobic to facilitate the forming of an air bubble between the thermal actuator and the wafer substrate.
Notwithstanding any other forms, which may fall within the scope of the present invention, preferred forms of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. A is a schematic diagram indicating problems associated with deep topography in a printhead chip, as set out in the background of the invention.
FIG. B is a schematic diagram indicating problems associated with deep topography in a printhead chip, as set out in the background of the invention.
In the preferred embodiments of the invention, a drop on demand ink jet nozzle arrangement is provided which allows for the ejection of ink on demand by means of a thermal actuator which operates to eject the ink from a nozzle chamber. The nozzle chamber is formed directly over an ink supply channel thereby allowing for an extremely compact form of nozzle arrangement. The extremely compact form of nozzle arrangement allows for minimal area to be taken up by a printing mechanism thereby resulting in improved economics of fabrication.
Turning initially to
Located over a portion of the wafer 12 and over the ink supply channel 13 is a thermal actuator 14, which is actuated so as to eject ink from a corresponding nozzle chamber. The actuator 14 is placed substantially over the ink supply channel 13 as a cantilever (see
The actuator 14 is spaced between 6 microns and 10 microns above the wafer 12.
When it is desired to eject a drop from the chamber, the thermal actuator 14 is activated by passing a current through the actuator 14. The actuation causes the actuator 14 to rapidly bend upwards as indicated in
As indicated in
In
Many ink jet nozzle arrangements are formed at a time, on a selected wafer base 12 utilizing standard semi-conductor processing techniques in addition to micro-machining and micro-fabrication process technology further details of this form of fabrication are set out in further detail further on in this specification.
A CMOS drive circuitry layer 20 is formed on the wafer 12. The CMOS layer 20 can, in accordance with standard techniques, include multi-level metal layers sandwiched between oxide layers and preferably at least a two level metal process is utilized. In order to reduce the number of necessary processing steps, the masks utilized include areas that provide for a build up of an aluminum barrier 21 which can be constructed from a first level 22 of aluminum and second level 23 of aluminum. Additionally, aluminum portions 24 are provided which define electrical contacts to a subsequent heater layer. The aluminum barrier 21 is important for providing an effective barrier to the possible subsequent etching of the oxide within the CMOS layer 20 when a sacrificial etchant is utilized in the construction of the nozzle arrangement 10 with the etchable material preferably being glass layers.
A nitride passivation layer 26 is formed on the CMOS layer 20 to protect the lower CMOS layers from sacrificial etchants and ink erosion. Above the nitride layer 26 there is formed a gap 28 in which an air bubble forms during operation. The gap 28 can be constructed by laying down a sacrificial layer and subsequently etching the gap 28 as will be explained hereinafter. The air gap 28 is between 6 microns and 10 microns thick.
On top of the air gap 28 is constructed a polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) layer 29 which comprises a gold serpentine heater layer 30 sandwiched between two PTFE layers. The gold heater layer 30 is constructed in a serpentine form to allow it to expand on heating. The heater layer 30 and PTFE layer 29 together comprise the thermal actuator 14 of
The outer PTFE layer 29 has an extremely high coefficient of thermal expansion (approximately 770×10−6, or around 380 times that of silicon). The PTFE layer 29 is also normally highly hydrophobic which results in an air bubble being formed under the actuator in the gap 28 due to out-gassing etc. The top PTFE surface layer is treated so as to make it hydrophilic in addition to those areas around the ink supply channel 13. This can be achieved with a plasma etch in an ammonia atmosphere. The heater layer 30 is also formed within the lower portion of the PTFE layer.
The heater layer 30 is connected at ends e.g. 31 to the lower CMOS drive layer 20 that contains the drive circuitry (not shown). For operation of the actuator 14, a current is passed through the gold heater element 30 that heats the bottom surface of the actuator 14. The bottom surface of actuator 14, in contact with the air bubble remains heated while any top surface heating is carried away by the exposure of the top surface of actuator 14 to the ink within a chamber 32. Hence, the bottom PTFE layer expands more rapidly resulting in a general rapid upward bending of actuator 14 (as illustrated in
Turning off the current to the heater layer 30 can deactivate the actuator 14. This will result in a return of the actuator 14 to its rest position.
On top of the actuator 14 are formed nitride side wall portions 33 and a top wall portion 34. The wall portions 33 and the top portions 34 can be formed via a dual damascene process utilizing a sacrificial layer. The top wall portion 34 is etched to define the ink ejection port 35 in addition to a series of etchant holes 36 which are of a relatively small diameter and allow for effective etching of lower sacrificial layers when utilizing a sacrificial etchant. The etchant holes 36 are made small enough such that surface tension effects restrict the possibilities of ink being ejected from the chamber 32 via the etchant holes 36 rather than the ejection port 35.
The various steps involved in the construction of an array of ink jet nozzle arrangements are explained in
1. Turning initially to
2. The nitride layer is masked and etched as illustrated in
3. Next, a sacrificial oxide layer is deposited, masked and etched as indicated in
4. As illustrated in
5. Next, as illustrated in
6. Next, a top PTFE layer is deposited and masked and etched down to the sacrificial layer as illustrated in
7. A further sacrificial layer is then deposited and etched as illustrated in
8. As illustrated in
9. As illustrated in
10. As illustrated in
Subsequently, the wafer can be separated into separate printheads and each printhead is bonded into an injection moulded ink supply channel and the electrical signals to the chip can be tape automated bonded (TAB) to the printhead for subsequent testing.
One form of detailed manufacturing process that can be used to fabricate monolithic ink jet printheads operating in accordance with the principles taught by the present embodiment can proceed utilizing the following steps:
1. Using a double sided polished wafer, Complete drive transistors, data distribution, and timing circuits using a 0.5 micron, one poly, 2 metal CMOS process. This step is shown in
2. Deposit 1 micron of low stress nitride. This acts as a barrier to prevent ink diffusion through the silicon dioxide of the chip surface.
3. Deposit 3 microns of sacrificial material (e.g. polyimide).
4. Etch the sacrificial layer using Mask 1. This mask defines the actuator anchor point. This step is shown in
5. Deposit 0.5 microns of PTFE.
6. Etch the PTFE, nitride, and CMOS passivation down to second level metal using Mask 2. This mask defines the heater vias. This step is shown in
7. Deposit and pattern resist using Mask 3. This mask defines the heater.
8. Deposit 0.5 microns of gold (or other heater material with a low Young's modulus) and strip the resist. Steps 7 and 8 form a lift-off process. This step is shown in
9. Deposit 1.5 microns of PTFE.
10. Etch the PTFE down to the sacrificial layer using Mask 4. This mask defines the actuator and the bond pads. This step is shown in
11. Wafer probe. All electrical connections are complete at this point, and the chips are not yet separated.
12. Plasma process the PTFE to make the top and side surfaces of the actuator hydrophilic. This allows the nozzle chamber to fill by capillarity.
13. Deposit 10 microns of sacrificial material.
14. Etch the sacrificial material down to nitride using Mask 5. This mask defines the nozzle chamber. This step is shown in
15. Deposit 3 microns of PECVD glass. This step is shown in
16. Etch to a depth of 1 micron using Mask 6. This mask defines a rim of the ejection port. This step is shown in
17. Etch down to the sacrificial layer using Mask 7. This mask defines the ink ejection port and the sacrificial etch access holes. This step is shown in
18. Back-etch completely through the silicon wafer (with, for example, an ASE Advanced Silicon Etcher from Surface Technology Systems) using Mask 8. This mask defines the ink inlets that are etched through the wafer. The wafer is also diced by this etch. This step is shown in
19. Back-etch the CMOS oxide layers and subsequently deposited nitride layers and sacrificial layer through to PTFE using the back-etched silicon as a mask.
20. Plasma process the PTFE through the back-etched holes to make the top surface of the actuator hydrophilic. This allows the nozzle chamber to fill by capillarity, but maintains a hydrophobic surface underneath the actuator. This hydrophobic section causes an air bubble to be trapped under the actuator when the nozzle is filled with a water-based ink. This bubble serves two purposes: to increase the efficiency of the heater by decreasing thermal conduction away from the heated side of the PTFE, and to reduce the negative pressure on the back of the actuator.
21. Etch the sacrificial material. The nozzle arrangements are cleared, the actuators freed, and the chips are separated by this etch. This step is shown in
22. Mount the printheads in their packaging, which may be a molded plastic former incorporating ink channels that supply the appropriate color ink to the ink inlets at the back of the wafer.
23. Connect the printheads to their interconnect systems. For a low profile connection with minimum disruption of airflow, TAB may be used. Wire bonding may also be used if the printer is to be operated with sufficient clearance to the paper.
24. Hydrophobize the front surface of the printheads.
25. Fill the completed printheads with ink and test them. A filled nozzle is shown in
In
The arrangement 110 includes a silicon substrate or wafer 116 on which a dielectric layer 118 is deposited. A CMOS passivation layer 120 is deposited on the dielectric layer 118.
Each nozzle arrangement 110 includes a nozzle 122 defining a nozzle opening 124, a connecting member in the form of a lever arm 126 and an actuator 128. The lever arm 126 connects the actuator 128 to the nozzle 122.
As shown in greater detail in
The skirt portion 132 is positioned between 6 microns and 10 microns above the CMOS passivation layer 120.
An ink inlet aperture 142 (shown most clearly in
A wall portion 150 bounds the aperture 142 and extends upwardly from the floor portion 146. The skirt portion 132, as indicated above, of the nozzle 122 defines a first part of a peripheral wall of the nozzle chamber 134 and the wall portion 150 defines a second part of the peripheral wall of the nozzle chamber 134.
The wall 150 has an inwardly directed lip 152 at its free end that serves as a fluidic seal that inhibits the escape of ink when the nozzle 122 is displaced, as will be described in greater detail below. It will be appreciated that, due to the viscosity of the ink 140 and the small dimensions of the spacing between the lip 152 and the skirt portion 132, the inwardly directed lip 152 and surface tension function as a seal for inhibiting the escape of ink from the nozzle chamber 134.
The actuator 128 is a thermal bend actuator and is connected to an anchor 154 extending upwardly from the substrate 116 or, more particularly, from the CMOS passivation layer 120. The anchor 154 is mounted on conductive pads 156 which form an electrical connection with the actuator 128.
The actuator 128 comprises a first, active beam 158 arranged above a second, passive beam 160. In a preferred embodiment, both beams 158 and 160 are of, or include, a conductive ceramic material such as titanium nitride (TiN).
Both beams 158 and 160 have their first ends anchored to the anchor 154 and their opposed ends connected to the arm 126. When a current is caused to flow through the active beam 158 thermal expansion of the beam 158 results. As the passive beam 160, through which there is no current flow, does not expand at the same rate, a bending moment is created causing the arm 126 and, hence, the nozzle 122 to be displaced downwardly towards the substrate 116 as shown in
When the nozzle 122 returns to its quiescent position, an ink droplet 164 is formed as a result of the breaking of an ink droplet neck as illustrated at 166 in
Referring now to
To facilitate close packing of the nozzle arrangements 110 in the rows 172 and 174, the nozzle arrangements 110 in the row 174 are offset or staggered with respect to the nozzle arrangements 110 in the row 172. Also, the nozzle arrangements 110 in the row 172 are spaced apart sufficiently far from each other to enable the lever arms 126 of the nozzle arrangements 110 in the row 174 to pass between adjacent nozzles 122 of the arrangements 110 in the row 172. It is to be noted that each nozzle arrangement 110 is substantially dumbbell shaped so that the nozzles 122 in the row 172 nest between the nozzles 122 and the actuators 128 of adjacent nozzle arrangements 110 in the row 174.
Further, to facilitate close packing of the nozzles 122 in the rows 172 and 174, each nozzle 122 is substantially hexagonally shaped.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that, when the nozzles 122 are displaced towards the substrate 116, in use, due to the nozzle opening 124 being at a slight angle with respect to the nozzle chamber 134 ink is ejected slightly off the perpendicular. It is an advantage of the arrangement shown in
Also, as shown in
Referring to
In this development, a nozzle guard 180 is mounted on the substrate 116 of the array 114. The nozzle guard 180 includes a body member 182 having a plurality of passages 184 defined therethrough. The passages 184 are in register with the nozzle openings 124 of the nozzle arrangements 110 of the array 114 such that, when ink is ejected from any one of the nozzle openings 124, the ink passes through the associated passage 184 before striking the print media.
The body member 182 is mounted in spaced relationship relative to the nozzle arrangements 110 by limbs or struts 186. One of the struts 186 has air inlet openings 188 defined therein.
In use, when the array 114 is in operation, air is charged through the inlet openings 188 to be forced through the passages 184 together with ink travelling through the passages 184.
The ink is not entrained in the air as the air is charged through the passages 184 at a different velocity from that of the ink droplets 164. For example, the ink droplets 164 are ejected from the nozzles 122 at a velocity of approximately 3 m/s. The air is charged through the passages 184 at a velocity of approximately 1 m/s.
The purpose of the air is to maintain the passages 184 clear of foreign particles. A danger exists that these foreign particles, such as dust particles, could fall onto the nozzle arrangements 110 adversely affecting their operation. With the provision of the air inlet openings 88 in the nozzle guard 180 this problem is, to a large extent, obviated.
The nozzle arrangements 110 are configured to define a relatively flat topography for the printhead chip. This is emphasized by the fact that the skirt portion 132 of each nozzle arrangement is between 6 microns and 10 microns from the ink passivation layer 120. The problems associated with having deep topography are set out in the Background to the Invention above. It follows that a particular advantage of the configuration of the nozzle arrangements 110 is that these problems are addressed.
Referring now to
Starting with the silicon substrate or wafer 116, the dielectric layer 118 is deposited on a surface of the wafer 116. The dielectric layer 118 is in the form of approximately 1.5 microns of CVD oxide. Resist is spun on to the layer 118 and the layer 118 is exposed to mask 200 and is subsequently developed.
After being developed, the layer 118 is plasma etched down to the silicon layer 116. The resist is then stripped and the layer 118 is cleaned. This step defines the ink inlet aperture 142.
In
Approximately 0.5 microns of PECVD nitride is deposited as the CMOS passivation layer 120. Resist is spun on and the layer 120 is exposed to mask 206 whereafter it is developed. After development, the nitride is plasma etched down to the aluminum layer 202 and the silicon layer 116 in the region of the inlet aperture 142. The resist is stripped and the device cleaned.
A layer 208 of a sacrificial material is spun on to the layer 120. The layer 208 is 6 microns of photosensitive polyimide or approximately 4 μm of high temperature resist. The layer 208 is softbaked and is then exposed to mask 210 whereafter it is developed. The layer 208 is then hardbaked at 400° C. for one hour where the layer 208 is comprised of polyimide or at greater than 300° C. where the layer 208 is high temperature resist. It is to be noted in the drawings that the pattern-dependent distortion of the polyimide layer 208 caused by shrinkage is taken into account in the design of the mask 210.
In the next step, shown in
A 0.2 micron multi-layer metal layer 216 is then deposited. Part of this layer 216 forms the passive beam 160 of the actuator 128.
It is to be noted that at this stage, there is between 5.3 microns and 8 microns of sacrificial material forming a deposit area for the passive beam 160 of the actuator 128.
The layer 216 is formed by sputtering 1,000 Å of titanium nitride (TiN) at around 300° C. followed by sputtering 50 Å of tantalum nitride (TaN). A further 1,000 Å of TiN is sputtered on followed by 50 Å of TaN and a further 1,000 Å of TiN.
Other materials that can be used instead of TiN are TiB2, MoSi2 or (Ti, Al)N.
The layer 216 is then exposed to mask 218, developed and plasma etched down to the layer 212 whereafter resist, applied for the layer 216, is wet stripped taking care not to remove the cured layers 208 or 212.
A third sacrificial layer 220 is applied by spinning on 4 μm of photosensitive polyimide or approximately 2.6 μm high temperature resist. The layer 220 is softbaked whereafter it is exposed to mask 222. The exposed layer is then developed followed by hardbaking In the case of polyimide, the layer 220 is hardbaked at 400° C. for approximately one hour or at greater than 300° C. where the layer 220 comprises resist.
A second multi-layer metal layer 224 is applied to the layer 220. The constituents of the layer 224 are the same as the layer 216 and are applied in the same manner. It will be appreciated that both layers 216 and 224 are electrically conductive layers.
The layer 224 is exposed to mask 226 and is then developed. The layer 224 is plasma etched down to the polyimide or resist layer 220 whereafter resist applied for the layer 224 is wet stripped taking care not to remove the cured layers 208, 212 or 220. It will be noted that the remaining part of the layer 224 defines the active beam 158 of the actuator 128.
A fourth sacrificial layer 228 is applied by spinning on 4 μm of photosensitive polyimide or approximately 2.6 μm of high temperature resist. The layer 228 is softbaked, exposed to the mask 230 and is then developed to leave the island portions as shown in
As shown in
A fifth sacrificial layer 234 is applied by spinning on 2 μm of photosensitive polyimide or approximately 1.3 μm of high temperature resist. The layer 234 is softbaked, exposed to mask 236 and developed. The remaining portion of the layer 234 is then hardbaked at 400° C. for one hour in the case of the polyimide or at greater than 300° C. for the resist.
The dielectric layer 232 is plasma etched down to the sacrificial layer 228 taking care not to remove any of the sacrificial layer 234.
This step defines the nozzle opening 124, the lever arm 126 and the anchor 154 of the nozzle arrangement 110.
A high Young's modulus dielectric layer 238 is deposited. This layer 238 is formed by depositing 0.2 μm of silicon nitride or aluminum nitride at a temperature below the hardbaked temperature of the sacrificial layers 208, 212, 220 and 228.
Then, as shown in
An ultraviolet (UV) release tape 240 is applied. 4 μm of resist is spun on to a rear of the silicon wafer 116. The wafer 116 is exposed to mask 242 to back etch the wafer 116 to define the ink inlet channel 148. The resist is then stripped from the wafer 116.
A further UV release tape (not shown) is applied to a rear of the wafer 16 and the tape 240 is removed. The sacrificial layers 208, 212, 220, 228 and 234 are stripped in oxygen plasma to provide the final nozzle arrangement 110 as shown in
It would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.
The presently disclosed ink jet printing technology is potentially suited to a wide range of printing system including: colour and monochrome office printers, short run digital printers, high speed digital printers, offset press supplemental printers, low cost scanning printers high speed pagewidth printers, notebook computers with inbuilt pagewidth printers, portable colour and monochrome printers, colour and monochrome copiers, colour and monochrome facsimile machines, combined printer, facsimile and copying machines, label printers, large format plotters, photograph copiers, printers for digital photographic “minilabs”, video printers, PHOTO CD (PHOTO CD is a registered trade mark of the Eastman Kodak Company) printers, portable printers for PDAs, wallpaper printers, indoor sign printers, billboard printers, fabric printers, camera printers and fault tolerant commercial printer arrays.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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PO7991 | Jul 1997 | AU | national |
PP2592 | Mar 1998 | AU | national |
The present application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/500,595 filed Jul. 9, 2009, which is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/017,305 filed Jan. 21, 2008, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 7,568,791, which is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/636,274 filed on Aug. 8, 2003, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 7,347,952, which is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/183,174 filed on Jun. 28, 2002, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,648,453 which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/112,767 filed on Jul. 10, 1998, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,416,167, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 10183174 | Jun 2002 | US |
Child | 10636274 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 12500595 | Jul 2009 | US |
Child | 12983799 | US | |
Parent | 12017305 | Jan 2008 | US |
Child | 12500595 | US | |
Parent | 10636274 | Aug 2003 | US |
Child | 12017305 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 09112767 | Jul 1998 | US |
Child | 10183174 | US |