Integrated circuit capacitors with barrier layer and process for making the same

Abstract

A Ti/TiN adhesion/barrier layer is formed on a substrate and annealed. The anneal step is performed at a temperature within a good morphology range of 100° C. above a base barrier anneal temperature that depends on the thickness of said barrier layer. The base barrier anneal temperature is about 700° C. for a barrier thickness of about 1000 Å and about 800° C. for a barrier thickness of about 3000 Å. The barrier layer is 800 Å thick or thicker. A first electrode is formed, followed by a BST dielectric layer and a second electrode. A bottom electrode structure in which a barrier layer of TiN is sandwiched between two layers of platinum is also disclosed. The process and structures also produce good results with other capacitor dielectrics, including ferroelectrics such as strontium bismuth tantalate.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention in general relates to the fabrication of integrated circuits, and more particularly to the fabrication of high dielectric constant and ferroelectric capacitors.

2. Statement of the Problem

Metal oxide materials, such as barium strontium titanate, commonly referred to as BST, are known to be useful in making integrated circuit thin film capacitors having high dielectric constants. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,923 issued to Shogo Matsubara et al., and Kuniaki Koyama, et al., “A Stacked Capacitor With (Ba x Sr 1−x )TiO 3 For 256M DRAM” in IDEM(International Electron Devices Meeting) Technical Digest , December 1991, pp. 32.1.1-32.1.4. Current integrated circuits, particularly DRAMs, are usually fabricated on substrates made of silicon and/or silicon dioxide and often may involve other silicon compounds. It has been known for many years that most metals do not adhere well to silicon, and thus adhesion layers of certain metals, such as titanium, that do adhere well to silicon have long been used as interfaces between metal layers and silicon. See S. M. Sze, VLSI Technology , second edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988, p. 382, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,046,043 issued to William D. Miller. It has also been known for many years that silicon diffuses into other material, particularly at raised temperatures, and thus diffusion barriers, such as titanium nitride (TiN), have long been used in integrated circuits to separated the silicon and other layers. See VLSI Technology , supra, p. 409. Therefore capacitors which have electrodes made of a metal, such as platinum, usually use a barrier layer, such as titanium nitride or titanium oxide, and an adhesion layer, such as titanium, between the capacitor electrode and a doped polysilicon, silicon dioxide, or silicon nitride layer. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,046,043, and 5,005,102 issued to William L. Larson. However, the foregoing patents disclose only the conventional processes for forming capacitors in combination with the adhesion and barrier layers. Such conventional processes, while useful in conventional silicon technology, when used in combination with capacitors that use metal oxides, such as barium strontium titanate (“BST”), as the dielectric, result in capacitors that have relatively high leakage current, fatigue significantly, and generally have undesirable electrical properties. In particular, while the dielectric constant of bulk BST is of the order of 300 to 4000, the dielectric constant of thin films made according to the conventional processes is significantly lower. This is believed to be due to surface charges caused by defects and impurities in the films.

3. Solution to the Problem:

The invention solves the above problems by providing a process of making thin film capacitors in which the integrated circuit wafer is annealed after the deposition of the diffusion and barrier layers and prior to the formation of the metal electrode. In particular it has been found that annealing a titanium/titanium nitride adhesion/barrier layer prior to formation of a platinum electrode produces a BST capacitor of much lower leakage current than the prior art BST capacitors.

Further, it has been found that the Ti/TiN layers should preferably be annealed at temperatures higher than typical anneal temperatures in the prior art. In particular it had been found that an anneal temperature higher than 650° C. and preferably of about 700° C. should be used. Preferably the Ti/TiN annealing is performed in nitrogen.

The process according to the invention preferably includes deposition of a liquid precursor by a spin-on process. Preferably the liquid precursor is an alkoxycarboxylate precursor as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/132,744 filed Oct. 6, 1993, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The liquid precursor is dried and annealed to form the BST. Preferably the annealing is performed at a temperature between 700° C. and 850° C.

The invention also provides a capacitor structure in which the barrier layer is located between two layers of the same conducting material.

In an exemplary embodiment, capacitors made with a dielectric material comprising BST thin films having the formula Ba 1−x Sr x TiO 3 , where x is 0.03, were found to have a dielectric constant of nearly 500 and a leakage current of about 10 −9 amps/cm 2 when made by the process of the invention. The dielectric constant is about twice as large and the leakage current is about ten times as small as the best respective properties reported in the prior art for BST thin films. Numerous other features, objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a process according to the invention for making a capacitor utilizing BST as the dielectric material;

FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing the preferred BST formation process in more detail;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an integrated circuit capacitor according to the invention;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of an integrated circuit capacitor according to the invention;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of an integrated circuit memory cell utilizing the invention and showing advantages of the invention;

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the real part of the dielectric constant (upper curve) and the imaginary part of the dielectric constant (lower curve) as a function of x for capacitors as shown in FIG. 3 with Ba 1−x Sr x TiO 3 as the dielectric material;

FIG. 7 is a graph showing the AES depth profile of a Pt/TiN/Ti electrode made by the process of the invention;

FIG. 8 is a graph showing the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant as a function of dielectric thickness for BST capacitors made with and without a TiN barrier layer made by the process of the invention;

FIG. 9 is a graph showing the leakage current as a function of voltage for a BST capacitor according to the invention;

FIG. 10 is a graph showing the TDDB characteristics of a memory cell according to the invention;

FIG. 11 is a microphotograph of a BST thin film on a Pt/TIN/Ti/doped polysilicon (“D-PS”)/SiO 2 /Si substrate in which the wafer was annealed in N 2 at 650° C. after deposition of the TiN and was annealed at 800° C. in oxygen after deposition of the BST;

FIG. 12 is a microphotograph of a BST thin film made in the same manner as the thin film of FIG. 10 except that the TiN anneal was at 700° C.;

FIG. 13 is a microphotograph of a BST thin film on a Pt/TIN/Ti/D-PS/SiO 2 /Si substrate in which the wafer was annealed at 750° C. in N 2 after deposition of the TiN and was annealed at 750° C. in oxygen after deposition of the BST;

FIG. 14 is a microphotograph of a BST thin film in the same manner as the thin film of FIG. 10 except that the TiN anneal was at 800° C.

FIG. 15 shows positive up negative down (“PUND”) switching curves measured on a device according to the invention as shown in FIG. 4 ; and

FIG. 16 is a graph of TiN thickness versus TiN annealing temperature illustrating how the effective barrier thickness varies with anneal temperature.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

1. Overview

FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view of an integrated circuit capacitor 20 according to the invention. Capacitor 20 is formed on a substrate 28 comprising a silicon base substrate 21 , a silicon dioxide layer 22 , a doped polysilicon layer 23 , a titanium layer 24 , and a titanium nitride layer 25 . In this disclosure the term “substrate” is used both in a general sense in which it means any underlying layer or layers and a particular sense in which it means the base wafer, such as 21 in FIG. 3 , on which the integrated circuit is made. In the general sense, any layer or group of layers in FIGS. 3-5 , except the top most layer, forms a substrate for the subsequent layer or layers. Capacitor 20 comprises a platinum first electrode 26 , sometimes referred to as the “bottom electrode 26 ”, a layer 27 of dielectric material, and a second electrode 29 , sometimes referred to as the “top electrode”. FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of a capacitor 30 according to the invention, and FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of an integrated circuit DRAM memory 400 . Memory 400 includes a capacitor 402 and a transistor 404 . Capacitor 402 comprises a first electrode 406 , a dielectric layer 408 and a top electrode 410 . Transistor 404 comprises source/drain 414 , gate 418 , and source/drain 416 . It should be understood that the FIGS. 3 and 4 depicting capacitor devices and FIG. 5 depicting an integrated circuit device are not meant to be actual plan or cross-sectional views of any particular portion of an actual capacitor or integrated circuit device, but are merely idealized representations which are employed to more clearly and fully depict the structure and process of the invention than would otherwise be possible.

Dielectric layers 27 and 408 are preferably made of a high dielectric constant material, such as barium strontium titanate, commonly called BST. FIGS. 6 , 8 , 9 , and 15 show properties of capacitors according to the invention. FIGS. 6 and 8 indicate that the dielectric constant can be nearly 500, while FIG. 9 shows the leakage current is as low as 10 −9 A/cm 2 (amps per centimeter squared). Other properties will be discussed below. As a result of the excellent properties of the capacitors 20 , 30 according to the invention, simple planar capacitors, such as capacitor 402 , may be utilized in ULSI circuits, such as memory 400 . This greatly simplifies the fabrication process, increases yields, and decreases costs.

2. Detailed Description of the Exemplary Embodiments

Turning now to a more detailed description of the invention, the capacitors 20 (FIG. 3 ), 30 (FIG. 4 ), and 402 (FIG. 5 ), according to the invention are formed on a base substrates 21 , 32 , and 401 , respectively, which base substrates are preferably made of silicon, although other base substrates, such as gallium arsenide, indium antimonide, magnesium oxide, strontium titanate, sapphire, quartz and combinations of the forgoing as well as other materials may be used. In each case insulating layers 22 , 34 , 420 , 427 etc. and/or conducting layers, such as layers 23 , 36 , and 436 are formed between the base substrates 21 , 32 , 401 and the capacitors 20 , 30 , 402 . The insulating layers 22 , 34 , 420 and 422 etc. are preferably made of silicon dioxide, while the layer 427 is preferably made of silicon nitrate, though combinations of these materials and other insulating materials may also be used. The conductive layers 23 , 36 , and 436 are preferably made of polysilicon, but may also be made of metal silicide, combinations of the foregoing, and other conductors. There usually will be an adhesion or contact layer, such as 24 , between the conducting layer, such as 23 , and the capacitor, such as 20 . This adhesion or contact layer is preferably titanium, but may also be tantalum, titanium, tantalum silicide, combinations of the forgoing, and other conductors. Often there will also be a barrier layer, such as 25 , which prevents migration of materials between the underlying layers, such as 21 , 22 , and 23 , and the capacitor, such as 20 . The barrier material is preferably titanium nitride (TiN), but may also be tantalum nitride combinations of the foregoing, and other materials. The capacitor electrodes, 26 , 29 , 44 , etc. are preferably formed of platinum, although palladium, nickel, combinations of the foregoing, and other conductors may be used. The dielectric material, 27 , 46 , 408 is preferably BST, but may also be a metal oxide of the form ABO 3 , AA′BB′O 3 , ABB′O 3 , AA′BO 3 , etc., a layered superlattice material, combinations of the foregoing, and other dielectrics.

A flow chart of the process for fabricating the integrated circuit capacitor 20 of FIG. 3 is shown in FIG. 1 . In step P 1 a silicon dioxide layer 22 is formed on silicon wafer 21 , preferably by thermal oxidation in an oxygen furnace. Silicon dioxide layer 22 is preferably between about 500 Å to 8,000 Å thick. Then, preferably, in step P 2 a layer of doped polysilicon about 5000 Å thick is deposited. In the examples discussed below the doping was P-type. This layer 23 was skipped in some examples discussed below. Then follows step P 3 in which a layer 24 of titanium (Ti) of about 500 Å to 600 Å thick is deposited, preferably by sputtering. In this and the other sputtering steps below, an ANELVA ILC-1015 DC magnetron 6″ system was used. The sputtering power for the Ti deposition step P 3 is about 1 kilowatt. Then, in step P 4 a layer 25 of titanium nitride (TiN) is deposited, preferably at about 5 kilowatts of power. The thickness of this layer in various samples varied from about 900 Å to about 3000 Å. In step P 5 the layers deposited up to this point are annealed, preferably in a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature from 650° C. to 850° C. for about 30 minutes. To distinguish from other anneal steps, we shall refer to this anneal step as the “first anneal” or “barrier anneal”. This step will be discussed in more detail in connection with the examples below. Preferably a temperature of 800° C. is used. Then in step P 6 a layer 26 of platinum is deposited to form the first electrode 26 . In the preferred embodiment, this layer 26 is between about 1800 Å and 2200 Å thick and is formed by DC magnetron sputtering. Then, in step P 7 , the dielectric 27 is deposited. Preferably the dielectric is BST and the deposition is by spinning an alkoxycarboxylate precursor. However, other materials, such a layered superlattice ferroelectrics, may also be used. Preferably the spinning is at between about 1500 RPM and 2000 RPM for between about 30 and 40 seconds, though this can vary depending on the viscosity of the precursor and the desired thickness of the film 27 . In step P 8 the dielectric is dried and annealed. This anneal shall be referred to herein as the “second anneal” or the “dielectric anneal”. In the case of BST, the drying is done at about 400° C. for from 2-5 minutes. In the case of a ferroelectric, such as strontium bismuth tantalate, the drying is in two steps, one at about 150° C. for about 2 minutes and a second at about 270° C. for about 4 minutes. The drying is done in air or in nitrogen, preferably at low humidity, of about 40% or less. The annealing is preferably in oxygen at from about 700° C. to about 850° C. for from 1 hour to 2 hours. For BST, the annealing is preferably at 750° C. to 800° C. for 80 minutes, while for strontium bismuth tantalate, the annealing is preferably at about 800° C. for about 70 minutes. In some cases an RTP anneal may proceed the furnace anneal. For example, in the case of the strontium bismuth tantalate sample discussed below, an RTP anneal at 100° C./sec ramp rate and a maximum temperature of 725° C. for 30 seconds was performed after the two drying steps. The RTP is preferably performed in oxygen.

A more detailed example of the preferred process for making a BST layer 27 , 408 is shown in FIG. 2 . In the preferred embodiment, an xylene exchange step P 20 is performed just prior to spinning. That is, the original precursor solution prepared and stored is a methoxyethanol-based solution. Just prior to use, the methoxyethanol of the original precursor solution is exchanged for xylene by adding xylene and heating to evaporate out the methoxyethanol which has a lower boiling temperature than the xylene. The xylene solution is spun on the substrate 28 in step P 21 at between about 1500 RPM and 2000 RPM for between about 30 and 40 seconds, then the precursor is dried in air at between 375° C. and 425° C., preferably at about 400° C., for about 2 minutes. The drying temperature is significantly higher than in the prior art. The drying may also be done in nitrogen. The spinning step P 21 is repeated. Preferably it is repeated once for a total of 2 layers, though more layers could be used. After the layering is complete, the multiple layers of dried precursor on the substrate 28 are annealed in step P 24 to form the BST dielectric layer 27 , 408 .

Turning back to FIG. 1 , then follows the second electrode 29 deposition, again preferably platinum with a thickness in the range of about 1800 Å to 2200 Å, preferably about 1800 Å thick, and preferably by sputtering. Then the capacitor is patterned in step P 10 , preferably by ion milling or RIE (reactive ion etching), is annealed again in step P 11 , preferably at 750° C. to 800° C. for about 30 minutes in oxygen. We shall refer to this anneal as the “third anneal” or “capacitor anneal”. In step P 2 a passivation layer may be deposited and the integrated circuit completed. The passivation is preferably either nitride silicon glass (“NSG”) or phosphosilicate glass (“PSG”) deposited with an APCVD or LPCVD process. The passivation and other layers used are not shown in FIG. 3 as these steps were not completed in most examples to facilitate testing of the capacitors. However these layers are shown in FIG. 5 .

Before proceeding with detailed examples of the of the process and integrated circuit structure of the invention, an example of the formulation of a precursor solution will be given. A precursor for barium strontium titanate (BST) having the formula Ba 0.7 Sr 0.3 TiO 3 was formulated as follows. The compounds shown in Table I were measured.

	TABLE I
	Compound	FW	g	mmole	Equiv.
	Barium	137.327	9.4255	68.635	0.69986
	2-ethylhexanoic	144.21	19.831	137.51	1.4022
	acid
	Strontium	87.62	2.5790	29.434	0.30014
	2-ethylhexanoic	1.44.21	8.5005	88.945	0.6010
	acid
	Titanium	284.28	27.878	98.072	1.0000
	Isopropoxide

In the above table and the table below, “FW” indicates formula weight, “g” indicates grams, “mmoles” indicates millimoles, and “Equiv.” indicates the equivalent number of moles in solution. The barium was placed in 100 ml (milliliters) of 2-methoxyethanol, the 2-ethylhexanoic acid was added and the mixture allowed to react while stirring. The step may also be preformed by placing the barium in the 2-methoxyethanol, allowing it to react, adding the 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and stirring while it reacts. The reaction of the barium heated the solution. While the solution was still hot, the strontium was added and allowed to react. When the strontium was all reacted, then the second measure of 2-ethylhexanoic acid was added and, while stirring, the solution was heated to a maximum temperature of 115° C. This ensures that all water is distilled out. It is noted that this precursor and others discussed below were made at atmospheric pressure at Colorado Springs, Colo. The mixture was then allowed to cool, and the titanium isopropoxide was added followed by the addition of enough 2-methoxyethanol to make 220 ml total solution. The solution was then heated and stirred with a maximum temperature of 116° C. The solution was then diluted to 200 ml total solution with additional 2-methoxyethanol. The result was a final BST precursor of 0.490 Moles concentration with the ratio of barium to strontium equal to 0.69986:0.30014.

BST precursor solutions made as described above, except with varying ratios of the barium and strontium, were utilized to fabricate a series of capacitors as shown in FIG. 3 , except that the TiN layer 25 was not used. Ratios of barium and strontium were selected such that in the formula Ba 1−x Sr x TiO 3 , x had the values 0.0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0. The capacitors were fabricated as described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 , with the temperature of the anneals in steps P 5 , P 8 and P 11 being 750° C. and the layer 27 of BST formed in the deposition step P 7 being about 140 nm (nanometers) thick. The dielectric constant of the various samples was measured and the results graphed as a function of x are shown in FIG. 6 . The upper curve is the real part of the dielectric constant, the units and values of which are given at the left side of the graph. The lower curve is the imaginary part of the dielectric constant and the units and values are given on the right side of the graph. It is seen that the real part of the dielectric constant reaches a peak of nearly 500 at a value of x=0.3 as with bulk BST, and that the curve otherwise almost exactly follows the curve for bulk BST. Likewise the lattice constant for the samples was measured and found to change in almost the same manner as for bulk BST. This indicates that the BST thin films formed by the process of the invention are of nearly the same high quality as bulk BST, unlike the prior art BST thin films. The Ba 0.7 Sr 0.3 TiO 3 sample was examined with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and it was found that it had a fine grain size of about 40 nm, which was about 3.5 times smaller than the film thickness. As is well-known in the art, grain sizes vary in any material, and thus when we say grain size herein, we mean an average grain size. The excellent quality of the films is believed to be in a large part due to this small grain size.

As indicated above, it is well-known that silicon will diffuse from the silicon layers 21 , 22 , and 23 into the layers 25 , 26 , and 27 containing metal. Since the layer 27 is rich in oxygen, the silicon will form silicon dioxide, a low dielectric constant material, which degrades the dielectric constant of the capacitor. It is also well-known that titanium nitride (riN) is one of the most effective barriers to silicon diffusion. Thus a substrate 28 ( FIG. 3 ) including a 600 Å layer 24 of Ti, a 2000 Å layer 25 of TiN, and a 1500 Å layer 26 of platinum was made as described in reference to FIG. 1 , except that the anneal in step P 5 was made at a temperature of 750° C. in an oxygen atmosphere instead of nitrogen. The depth profile of the resulting substrate 28 was made by Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and the result is shown in FIG. 7 . The results show that the TiN layer 25 effectively works as a barrier layer to silicon diffusion. From the figure, an effective barrier thickness, t, can bee seen to be between about 800 Å and 1000 Å. A similar curve for a substrate 28 without a TiN layer 25 showed that silicon diffused to the surface of the platinum layer 26 . Capacitors as shown in FIG. 3 with and without the TiN layer 25 were made with a Ba 0.7 Sr 0.3 TiO 3 dielectric layer 27 of varying thickness, with the anneals in steps P 5 , P 8 , and P 11 being at 750° C. The effective dielectric constants of the dielectrics of the two capacitors were measured, and the results are shown in FIG. 8 as a function of BST film thickness. The real part of the dielectric constant of the capacitors with the TiN barrier 25 remains stable down to 110 nm, while the real part of the dielectric constant of the capacitors without the TiN barrier 25 degrade below 150 nm.

The above experiments indicate that a practical DRAM memory with a simple, flat capacitor structure may be made. A cross-sectional view of such a memory 400 that has been designed and fabricated is shown in FIG. 5 . Memory 400 is formed on a silicon wafer 401 and includes a transistor 404 and a flat, planar capacitor 402 which together form the a memory cell 403 . Doped areas 414 and 416 form the source/drains of transistor 404 , while the gate 418 of the transistor 404 and other word line portions, such as 419 , are formed of polysilicon. Field oxide regions 420 and gate oxide regions 422 insulate the gate/word line polysilicon 418 . A polycide bit line 430 comprising a polysilicon layer 431 and a metal silicide layer 432 connects the source/drain 414 to external circuits. A polysilicon plug 436 connects the source/drain 416 to the first electrode 406 of capacitor 402 . Silicon nitride layers 427 and 429 , oxide layers 424 and 425 , and BPSG (borophosphosilicate glass) layer 426 further insulate the circuit elements. The capacitor 402 includes the first or bottom electrode 406 , the second or top electrode 410 , and dielectric 408 . The details of the capacitor structure are not shown in FIG. 5 because of the scale of the figure. However, the bottom electrode 406 is preferably a multilayered structure of Ti/TiN/Pt as shown in FIG. 3 , or may be TiSix/TiN/Pt, a four-layered structure such as TiSix/Ti/TiN/Pt, TiSix/Ta/TiN/Pt, or many other structures which include an adhesion layer 24 and barrier layer 25 . Dielectric layer 408 is preferably Ba 0.7 Sr 0.3 TiO 3 , but may be other formulations of BST, other high dielectric materials, such as high dielectric constant layered superlattice materials, or ferroelectric layered superlattice materials. Second or top electrode 410 is preferably formed of platinum, but may also be TiN, Ti or may be multilayered, like the bottom electrode 406 . BPSG layer 450 separates the capacitor 402 and the metallization layers 454 and 456 above it. First metallization layer 454 and second metallization layer 456 are preferably multilayered, with layer 454 preferably formed, from bottom to top, of Ti/TiN/Al/TiN and layer 456 formed of TiN/Al/TiN. Both layers are shown as sandwiches rather than show the details since they are not directly related to the invention herein. Plasma deposited SiO 2 layers 460 and 464 , SOG (spin-on glass) layer 462 , and PSG (phosphosilicate glass) layer 466 insulate the metallization layers 454 and 456 . A passivation layer of plasma deposited silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) completes the memory 400 .

A DRAM cell capacitor 402 as shown in FIGS. 3 and 5 was fabricated according to the process of FIGS. 1 and 2 using Ba 0.7 Sr 0.3 TiO 3 as the dielectric, a platinum first electrode 26 , a TiN barrier layer 25 and a Ti adhesion layer 24 . The thickness of the BST film 27 was 140 nm. The temperature of the anneal step P 5 was 700° C., the temperature of the anneal step P 8 was 750° C., and the temperature of the anneal step P 11 was 750° C. The leakage current of the capacitor was measured as a function of voltage and the result is shown in FIG. 9 . The leakage current is about 2×10 −9 amps/cm 2 at a voltage as low as 3 volts, which is the size of the maximum voltages used in state-of-the-art DRAMS. The TDDB characteristics of the fabricated capacitor cell are shown in FIG. 10 . The calculations show that the breakdown of the capacitor cell should be over 100 years under a stress voltage of 5 volts. With its dielectric constant of nearly 500, the capacitor according to the invention has a capacitance of 32 femtofarads/micron 2 , which is equivalent to a SiO 2 capacitor 1.3 nm thick. Thus the integrated circuit structure and process of the invention is quite practical for memories.

Further experiments have been carried out to optimize the process of the invention. Two devices as shown in FIG. 3 , but without the second electrode 29 , were fabricated using a 1100 Å thin film of Ba 0.7 Sr 0.3 TiO 3 as the dielectric layer 27 , a 1800 Å platinum first electrode 26 , a 900 Å layer 25 of TiN, a 500 Å layer 24 of Ti, a 5000 Å layer 23 of doped polysilicon, and a 1000 Å layer 22 of SiO 2 . The dielectric anneal in step P 8 was performed at 800° C. for 60 minutes. For one device the barrier anneal step P 5 was performed at a temperature of 650° C. for 30 minutes in N 2 , while for the second device the temperature was 700° C. Photomicrographs of the BST are shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 respectively. In each case the thickness of the TiN layer 25 was about 900 Å. For the device in which the barrier anneal step P 5 was performed at 650° C., white dots are visible in the photomicrograph. These are believed to be material, such as silicon, diffusing through the BST. For the device annealed at 700° C., no such diffusion occurs. Thus a barrier anneal temperature of greater than 650° C. is preferable. The same experiment was performed with two devices made in the same way except the doped polysilicon layer 23 was not used. Thus the Ti layer 24 was deposited on SiO 2 rather than polysilicon. The results were nearly the same, with the diffusion materials showing up as white dots on the BST film when the barrier anneal P 5 temperature was 650° C. and not being present when the barrier anneal temperature was 700° C. In another experiment two devices as shown in FIG. 3 , without the second electrode 29 and otherwise as just described above, were fabricated except that the dielectric anneal in step P 8 was performed at 750° C. for 80 minutes in oxygen. In the first device the barrier anneal step P 5 was performed at 750° C. for 30 minutes in N 2 , and in the second device the barrier anneal step P 5 was performed at 800° C. for 30 minutes in N 2 . Photomicrographs of the BST surface of the two devices are shown in FIGS. 13 and 14 , respectively. In each case the thickness of the TiN layer 25 was about 3000 Å. In the photomicrograph of the device in which the TiN was annealed at 750° C., the white dots are evident. Note that the lines making a 90 degree angle in the figures is the edge of the BST layer 27 , the material to the right of the BST being the bottom electrode 26 . In the other device annealed at 800° C., no white dots are present. A plot of the TiN annealing temperature versus TiN thickness for the two experiments is shown in FIG. 16 . The graph indicates that as the annealing temperature increases the effective barrier thickness, t, increases significantly. The region 148 shown in the graph approximately describes the region along the x-axis in which the TiN thickness is becoming thick enough to be effective. As indicated by the arrow, from this region on, an effective barrier is possible. That is, the barrier thickness is preferably approximately 800 Å or more. Further, for each barrier thickness, there is a range of annealing temperatures, shown by the hatched region 150 , in which the best device morphology results. For example, for a barrier thickness of about 1000 Å, a barrier anneal temperature of about 700° C. to about 750° C. is preferred, although up to about 800° C. will produce good results. That is, barrier anneal step P 5 is performed at a temperature within a good morphology range of 100° C. above a base barrier anneal temperature that depends on the thickness of the titanium nitride layer. Preferably the base barrier anneal temperature varies from about 700° C. for an effective barrier thickness of about 1000 Å to about 800° C. for an effective barrier thickness of about 3000 Å. That is, the good morphology area extends about 100° C. above a line with a slope of about 50° C. per 1000 Å increase in thickness, with the line passing through the above points, i.e. 700° C. @ 1000 Å and 800° C. @ 3000 Å. For all TiN thicknesses, the good morphology temperature range is relatively small; that is, small differences in the TiN anneal temperature can make significant differences in electrical properties. Preferably, the TiN anneal temperature should be 675° C. or more for any barrier thickness. Preferably the barrier anneal temperature and the dielectric anneal temperature should be within about 150° C. of each other.

In FIG. 4 an alternative embodiment of an integrated circuit capacitor 30 structure is shown. This capacitor 30 is formed on a silicon wafer 32 , which is oxidized to form an SiO 2 layer 34 . A polysilicon layer 36 is formed on the silicon dioxide 34 . A portion 38 of the polysilicon 36 is n+ doped to simulate an active area such as a source/drain. A 500 Å thick layer 40 of a first conducting material, preferably platinum, is formed on the active area 38 , followed by a 200 Å thick layer 41 of Ti, a 2000 Å thick layer 42 of TiN, a 2000 Å thick layer 44 of the first conducting material, preferably platinum, a 1800 Å thick layer 46 of a dielectric material, preferably a ferroelectric, and another 2000 Å thick layer 48 of the second conducting material, preferably platinum. An SiO 2 layer 50 insulates the sides of the capacitor 30 and a portion of the second electrode 48 . A contact hole 51 is formed in the insulator 50 and a 200 Å thick layer 52 of Ti is deposited followed by 1000 Å thick layer 54 of TiN and a 8000 Å thick layer 56 of a conducting material, preferably aluminum, to form interconnect 55 . The deposition processes for each of the materials are as described in relation to FIG. 1 . This design minimizes the different types of metals present, while still maintaining the barrier layers 42 and 54 to isolate the silicon from the dielectric, which is preferably a metal oxide. The design is also particularly effective for forming a ferroelectric layer 46 or other metal oxide over or near a source/drain area.

A capacitor as shown in FIG. 4 with a dielectric layer 46 formed of strontium bismuth tantalate was fabricated. The precursor was made as follows. The compounds shown in Table II were measured.

TABLE II
Compound	FW	g	mmole	Equiv.
Tantalum ethoxide	406.26	4.9553	12.197	2.0000
2-ethylhexanoic	144.21	8.7995	61.019	10.006
acid
Strontium	87.62	0.5330	6.0831	0.9975
2-ethylhexanoic	144.21	1.7613	12.213	2.0026
acid
Bismuth 2-	(862.99)	10.525	12.196	1.9998
ethylhexanoate

The strontium was combined with the first measure of 2-ethylhexanoic acid and 80 ml 2-methoxyethanol. The mixture was stirred on low heat of between about 70° C. and 90° C. to hurry the reaction rate. When all the strontium was reacted and the solution had cooled to approximately room temperature, the tantalum ethoxide followed by the second measure of 2-ethylhexanoic acid were added. The mixture was stirred and heated to a maximum temperature of 115° C. Then 75 ml xylenes followed by the bismuth 2-ethylhexanoate were added. The solution was stirred and heated with a maximum temperature of about 125° C. until only 60.0 ml of solution remained. The concentration was 0.102 moles of SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 per liter. The precursor was spun on the platinum layer 44 for 40 seconds at 1600 RPM. The TiN layer 42 was annealed for 30 minutes at 800° C. in N 2 , while the strontium bismuth tantalate layer 46 was dried and annealed as described above in the discussion of FIG. 1 . The deposition processes for each of the other materials were as described in relation to FIG. 1 .

A PUND switching test was performed on the sample and the resulting PUND curves are shown in FIG. 15 . The time in nanoseconds is plotted along the x-axis versus the current in amps along the y-axis. The curves are very symmetrical and there is a large area between the two positive curves and between the two negative curves. Those skilled in the art will recognize that these curves indicate a capacitor that should function excellently as in a memory device.

Other materials besides strontium bismuth tantalate may also be used for the layer 46 . For example, strontium bismuth tantalum niobate or any of the layered superlattice materials described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 965,190, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

There has been described a novel integrated circuit capacitor structure having a barrier layer and novel processes for fabricating integrated circuit capacitors with barrier layers. It should be understood that the particular embodiments shown in the drawings and described within this specification are for purposes of example and should not be construed to limit the invention. Further, it is evident that those skilled in the art may now make numerous uses and modifications of the specific embodiment described, without departing from the inventive concepts. For example, equivalent materials, different material thicknesses, and other methods of depositing the substrate and electrode layers may be used. It is also evident that the process steps recited may in some instances be performed in a different order. Or equivalent structures and processes may be substituted for the various structures and processes described. The structures and processes may be combined with a wide variety of other structures and processes.

Claims

1. A method of making an integrated circuit capacitor, said method comprising the steps of:forming a metal nitride barrier layer having a thickness; annealing said metal nitride barrier layer in a barrier anneal step having an anneal temperature derived as a function of said thickness, said function including any value within a range one-hundred degrees greater than a line defined by the points (700° C., 1000 Å) and (800° C., 3000 Å), said anneal temperature being at east 675° C.; then, after said above steps, forming a first electrode; thereafter forming a dielectric layer on said first electrode; and thereafter forming a second electrode on said dielectric layer.

2. A method as in claim 1 wherein said metal nitride barrier layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of TiN, TaN, and combinations thereof.

3. A method as in claim 1 and further including the step of forming an adhesion layer prior to said step of forming said metal nitride barrier layer.

4. A method as in claim 3 wherein said adhesion layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of titanium, tantalum, titanium silicide, tantalum silicide, and combinations thereof.

5. A method as in claim 4 wherein said adhesion layer comprises titanium and said metal nitride barrier layer comprises titanium nitride.

6. A method as in claim 5 wherein said step of annealing comprises annealing at a temperature of between 650° C. and 850° C.

7. A method as in claim 6 wherein said step of annealing comprises annealing at a temperature of between 700° C. and 800° C.

8. A method as in claim 1 wherein said dielectric layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, layered superlattice materials, and combinations thereof.

9. A method as in claim 1 and further including a dielectric anneal step after said step of forming said dielectric.

10. A method as in claim 9 wherein the temperature of said barrier anneal step is within 150° C. of the temperature of said dielectric anneal step.

11. A method as in claim 1 wherein said barrier anneal step includes a step of heating said metal nitride barrier layer to a temperature defined by region 150 of FIG. 16.

12. A method as in claim 11 wherein said base barrier anneal temperature is about 700° C. for a barrier thickness of about 1000 Å and about 800° C. for a barrier thickness of about 3000 Å.

13. A method as in claim 1 wherein a thickness of said barrier layer is 800 Å or greater.

14. A method of making an integrated circuit capacitor, said method comprising the steps of:forming a layer of titanium; forming a layer of titanium nitride on said layer of titanium; annealing said titanium and titanium nitride layers in barrier anneal step having an anneal temperature derived as a function of said thickness, said function including any value within a range one-hundred degrees greater than a line defined by the points (700° C., 1000 Å) and (800° C., 3000 Å), said anneal temperature being at least 675° C.; then, after said above steps, forming a first electrode; thereafter forming a dielectric layer on said first electrode; and thereafter forming a second electrode on said dielectric layer.

15. A method as in claim 14 wherein said step of annealing is performed at a temperature of between 650° C. and 850° C.

16. A method as in claim 14 wherein said step of annealing is performed at a temperature of between 700° C. and 800° C.

17. A method as set forth in claim 14 wherein said barrier anneal step includes a step of heating said metal nitride barrier layer to a temperature defined by region 150 of FIG. 16.

18. A method as in claim 14 wherein a thickness of said titanium nitride layer is 800 Å or greater.

19. A method as in claim 14 wherein said step of forming a dielectric layer includes depositing on said electrode a liquid precursor for said dielectric layer.