Lapping process for minimizing shorts and element recession at magnetic head air bearing surface

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for the manufacture of thin film magnetic transducers and, more particularly, to a lapping process which minimizes inter-element shorting at the air bearing surface of a magnetoresistive read transducer.
In high speed data processing systems, magnetic recording has been employed for large memory capacity requirements. In magnetic disk drive systems, data is read from and written to magnetic recording media utilizing magnetic transducers commonly referred to as magnetic heads. Typically, one or more magnetic recording disks are mounted on a spindle such that the disks can rotate to permit the magnetic head mounted on a moveable arm in position closely adjacent to the disk surface to read or write information thereon.
During operation of the disk drive system an actuator mechanism moves the magnetic transducer to a desired radial position on the surface of the rotating disk where the head electromagnetically reads or writes data. Usually, the head is integrally mounted in a carrier or support referred to as a "slider". A slider generally serves to mechanically support the head and any electrical connections between the head and the rest of the disk drive system. The slider is aerodynamically shaped to glide over moving air and therefore to maintain a uniform distance from the surface of the rotating disk thereby preventing the head from undesirably contacting the disk.
Typically, a slider is formed with two parallel rails having a recessed area between the rails and with each rail having a ramp at one end. The surface of each rail that glides over the disk surface during operation is known as the air bearing surface.
A head is typically an inductive electromagnetic device including magnetic pole pieces which read the data from or write the data onto the recording media surface. Alternatively, the magnetic head may include a magnetoresistive read element for separately reading the recorded data with the inductive head serving to only write the data. In either case, the inductive head magnetic pole pieces and MR head elements terminate on the air bearing surface and function to electromagnetically interact with the data contained in the magnetic recording disk.
In manufacturing such read/write heads, a large number of sliders are fabricated from a single wafer having rows of the magnetic transducers deposited simultaneously on the wafer surface using semiconductor-type process methods. After deposition of the heads is complete, single-row bars are sliced from the wafer, each bar comprising a row of units which can be further processed into sliders having one or more magnetic transducers on their end faces. Each row bar is bonded to a fixture or tool where the bar is processed and then further diced, i.e., separated, into individual sliders, each slider having at least one magnetic head terminating at the slider air bearing surface.
In order to achieve maximum efficiency from the magnetic heads, the sensing elements must have a pole tip height dimension, commonly referred to as throat height for the thin film inductive heads, or element height in the case of MR read heads, which must be maintained within a certain limited tolerance for generating a maximum signal from a given head element. During the row bar processing, it is critical to grind or lap the bar to a desired thickness in order to achieve the desired throat height and MR element height.
Prior art conventional lapping processes utilize either oscillatory or rotary motion of the work piece (i.e., the row bar) across either a rotating or oscillating lapping plate to provide a random motion of the work piece over the lapping plate and randomize plate imperfections across the head surface in the course of lapping. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,992 granted to Hennenfent on Aug. 27, 1985 wherein a work piece is supported by the free end of a pivotly mounted arm on the surface of a rotating lapping plate. During the lapping process, the motion of abrasive grit carried on the surface of the lapping plate is typically transverse to or across the magnetic head elements exposed at the slider air bearing surface. In magnetic heads, particularly MR heads, the electrically active components exposed at the air bearing surface are made of relatively soft or ductile materials. During the lapping process, these electrically active components can scratch and smear into other components causing electrical shorts and degraded head performance. With high density recording MR heads, the smearing becomes severe enough to result in substantial manufacturing yield loss.
The prior art lapping process also causes different materials exposed at the slider air bearing surface to lap to different depths resulting in recession of the critical head elements relative to the air bearing surface and thus poor head performance because of increased spacing between the critical elements and the recording disk. This recession is further aggravated by the random motion of the lapping plate surface across the exposed head elements.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide a head assembly fabrication apparatus which minimizes electrical shorts resulting from smearing of the electrically active elements at the air bearing surface during lapping of the air bearing surface.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a head assembly fabrication method and apparatus which reduces the magnitude of recession of the critical head elements at the air bearing surface during lapping.
In view of the foregoing objects, the present invention provides a lapping method and apparatus by which magnetic heads can be lapped with improved surface quality, less sensitivity to electrical shorts due to smears and reduced surface height difference (recession) between the head elements exposed at the slider air bearing surface. The prior art lapping process maintains a work piece against the surface of a lapping plate providing random motion between the work piece and the lapping plate surface. The lapping process proceeds as a succession of two steps or phases in which phase 1 is a rough lapping phase using a diamond slurry, followed by a second phase or polishing phase that maintains the same mechanical motion between the work piece and lapping plate as in phase 1 but utilizing only the lapping plate to polish the work piece surface and clean up any deep texture marks resulting from the diamond slurry phase. During the polishing phase a conductive liquid, such as ethylene glycol, is utilized to provide lubrication and minimize any buildup of static charge. The lapping process of the present invention adds as a third phase or linear phase to the prior art lapping process wherein the same liquid interface between the lapping plate and the work piece is maintained but without lapping plate motion and in which the work piece, i.e., the row bar, is moved back and forth with an oscillatory motion along its length over the same, small area of the lapping plate parallel to the plane of the magnetic head elements exposed at the air bearing surface. The back and forth oscillatory motion of the bar parallel to the plane of the exposed head elements results in a longer critical smear distance thus reducing or eliminating electrical shorts formed during this lapping phase. Further, since one to several tenths of microns of material is removed during the oscillatory phase, any smears resulting from the phase 1 and/or phase 2 lapping will also be removed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, reference being made to the accompanying drawing in which like reference numerals indicate like parts and in which:
FIGS. 1A and 1B are simplified diagrams of a MR read/inductive write magnetic transducer illustrating the transducer elements;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a 2-rail design thin film head slider;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a wafer element having a plurality of magnetic heads fabricated thereon in rows and depicting the detailed structure of a row and a slider;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view illustrating a slider row bar attached to a lapping tool;
FIG. 5A is a plan view of a wafer element having a plurality of magnetic heads fabricated thereon in rows;
FIG. 5B is a plan view of a lapping tool for holding the wafer element of FIG. 5A during lapping and grinding operations;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating the lapping process according to the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a plan view of a preferred embodiment of a linear lapping apparatus implementing the principles of the present invention;
FIGS. 8A and 8B are a view in perspective illustrating different lapping processes for an individual thin film head slider having a contoured air bearing surface; and
FIG. 9 is a view in perspective illustrating the linear lapping process according to the principles of the present invention for the thin film head slider shown in FIG. 8A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to FIGS. 1A and 1B, FIG. 1A illustrates a portion of a magnetoresistive (MR) read/inductive write magnetic head 10 shown in transducing relationship with a rotating magnetic recording disk 13 such that the head air bearing surface 11 (ABS) is disposed in facing relationship with and slightly above the disk recording surface. FIG. 1B shows the magnetic head 10 from the air bearing surface 11 illustrating the head read/write elements exposed at the air bearing surface. Typically, such a head 10 includes an MR read assembly and an inductive write assembly formed adjacent one another on a substrate 23 surface. The substrate surface is typically the vertical surface forming the trailing end of a slider 30 (as shown in FIG. 2) carrying the magnetic head. The MR read assembly comprises an MR sensing element 15 fabricated of a ferromagnetic material, such as a nickel iron (NiFe) alloy, for example, which is enclosed by first and second magnetic shield elements 17 and 19, respectively. The MR sensing element can comprise a single layer of NiFe, commonly referred to as permallloy. More typically, the MR sensing element will comprise a multilayer magnetic structure, including magnetic bias layers, of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,785,366 or of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,590, utilizing the giant MR effect. The shield elements 17 and 19 are generally fabricated of a highly permeable magnetic material, such as permalloy or Sendust, a trialloy of aluminum-silicon-iron. The magnetic shield elements 17 and 19 minimize or eliminate magnetic interference effecting the MR element 15 thereby eliminating extraneous electrical pulses. Electrically conductive leads 21, generally of copper (Cu) or other suitable conductive materials, attached electrically at the end portions of the MR element 15 couple the MR element to external circuitry (not shown) to provide a means for sensing the electrical resistance of the MR element.
The MR read assembly is formed by vacuum deposition techniques, such as sputter deposition, for example, on the substrate 31. The various elements of the MR assembly are surrounded and insulated from each other by layers 32 of insulating material, such as silicon dioxide or aluminum oxide (alumina), for example.
The inductive write assembly comprises a lower or first pole piece 25 and an upper or second pole piece 27. The first and second pole pieces 25,27 are made of a highly permeable magnetic material such as NiFe, for example, and form a magnetic circuit magnetically connected together at a back gap portion (not shown) with the first and second pole pieces 25 and 27 forming a magnetic gap 29 at the air bearing surface 11. One or more layers of electrical conductors 31, generally made of electroplated copper, for example, form an inductive coil disposed between the first and second pole pieces 25,27. The inductive coil 31 is also connected to external circuitry via conductive leads (not shown). The pole pieces 25,27 and inductive coil conductors 31 are fabricated by well known processes such as electroplating or sputter deposition, for example. The pole pieces are insulated electrically from the inductive coil and the MR read assembly by layers 32 of insulating material. Additionally, the entire assembly is covered with a capping layer of insulating and protective dielectric material 32.
The magnetic head 10 as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B is sometimes referred to as a "piggyback" head. An alternative configuration for magnetic head 10 is referred to as a "merged" head (not shown) wherein the second MR magnetic shield element 19 is merged with the inductive write assembly first pole piece 25 to form a single element which performs the functions of both elements.
As seen more clearly in FIG. 1B, the MR read assembly magnetic shield elements 17 and 19, the MR read element 15 and its lead conductors 21 and both inductive pole pieces 25 and 27 terminate in or are exposed at the magnetic air bearing surface 11.
Referring now also to FIG. 2, a typical 2-rail thin film head slider 30 is illustrated. The slider 30 is generally rectangular in shape. It consists of two portions, i.e., a slider portion 34 and a head portion 40 formed on an end face of the slider portion 34. Typically this end face of the slider will constitute the slider trailing edge when the slider is suspended above and adjacent a rotating recording disk.
The slider portion 34, which constitutes the bulk of the thin film head slider 30, is made of a ceramic material such as Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 -TiC or other suitable material. This portion 34 comprises, in general, two parallel rails 35 on both sides of a recessed face 37 of the slider 30. The top surface 39 of each rail 35 constitutes an air bearing surface of the slider 30. At the end of the air bearing surface 39, opposite the head portion 40, is a slope or ramp 33. The rails 35, the recessed face 37 and the air bearing surfaces 39 are all important structural features which enable the head portion 40 to "fly" a short distance from or above the surface of a magnetic disk.
The head portion 40 typically is a thin layer of alumina formed on the trailing edge face of the slider portion 34 in which one or more magnetic heads 10 are embedded as described above with references to FIGS. 1A and B. Electrical terminal pads 41 are provided at the surface of the alumina layer to provide electrical connection for the magnetic head elements. Typically one magnetic head 10 will be disposed near the center line of each rail 35 and terminate at the air bearing surface 39 as described above. While only one head 10 is actually used, two or more magnetic heads 10 may be fabricated on the head portion 40 to provide a higher manufacturing yield.
Referring now also to FIG. 3, the above described two rail thin film head slider 30 has been fabricated from a preprocessed wafer 50 as shown in FIG. 3. The wafer 50 comprises a wafer substrate 44 made of Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 -TiC, and is covered by thin layer 40 of alumina. The magnetic head devices 10 are formed in the layer 40. The magnetic heads 10 are arranged in rows and are identically oriented. Typically, the thickness of the wafer substrate 44 is equal to the length of the finished slider 30.
More specifically, the wafer 50 comprises a matrix of slider units 51 arranged in rows 53 which when fully processed will become sliders 30. The view shown in FIG. 3 is an end view of the individual slider units 51, the magnetic heads 10 having been formed on the ends of the slider units 51 exposed in this view. As shown in FIG. 3, a plurality of identical row bars 53 each of which comprises a row of identical slider units 51, together with superfluous sections, such as top and bottom sections 57 where no slider units are formed constitute the wafer 50. A wafer may be fabricated to contain any desirable number of rows 53 of slider units 51 and any desirable number of slider units 51 in each row depending, of course, on the size of the wafer and the size of the sliders.
The slider unit 51 shown in FIG. 3 is identical with the finished slider 30 shown in FIG. 2 except that the rails 35 and recessed face 37 are not yet formed and the throat height for the poles 25, 27 and the MR head elements are greater in the unfinished slider unit 51. Since the throat height for the poles 25, 27 and the MR head elements in each slider unit 51 is greater than in a finished slider 30, lapping of the face 45 of each slider unit 30 in a controlled manner is accomplished to obtain a slider 30 with the desired throat and element heights. The desired throat heights and MR head element heights are achieved by the provision of lapping guides at the time the wafer is fabricated. The lapping guides are then used as indicators of element height during the lapping process for the slider units 51. The final height of the MR element is typically determined by measuring the resistance of the MR element itself. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,914,868 and 4,912,883.
When fabrication of the magnetic heads on the slider units 51 is complete at the wafer level, the wafer 50 is sliced into bars 53, each bar constituting a row of slider units 51. The separated row bar 53 is then attached or bonded to a lapping fixture or tool 55 in such a manner that the slider unit 51 face 45 is exposed for lapping as well as other mechanical processing operations to be performed on face 45 while the row bar is affixed to the tool 55. The exposed face 45 of the row bar 53 is subjected to a series of etching, grinding and lapping processes to define the air bearing surface rails 35, to form ramps 33, to create the recessed slider face 37 between the air bearing surface rails 35 and to obtain a proper throat height for the poles 25,27 and element heights for the MR head elements. The row bar 53 thus processed is then subjected to a dicing process, i.e., vertical cuts are made in the row 53 to separate the slider units 51, thereby forming the completed slider 30. The rail definition, ramp formation, row dicing and other mechanical processes are well known in the art. The inductive head throat height and MR head element height lapping process will be discussed in more detail below.
Referring now also to FIGS. 5A and 5B, rather than performing the lapping and other process steps required in formation of the air bearing surface for the slider units 51 on individual row bars 53, the entire wafer may be processed one row 53 at a time prior to slicing the row from the wafer. FIG. 5A illustrates a wafer 50 having rows 53 of slider units 51 formed thereon as described above with reference to FIG. 3. Superfluous sections 57 are sliced from the wafer by cuts 58 to form a generally rectangularly-shaped wafer element 59. An edge of the wafer element 59 corresponds to the face 45 for a row 53 of slider units 51.
The wafer element 59 is then bonded to a wafer extension tool 47 at an edge opposite the slider unit face 45. The purpose of the tool 47 is to hold the wafer element 59 as each row 53 is lapped and sliced from the wafer element. Once bonded to the wafer extension tool 47, the wafer element 59 is loaded into a lapping fixture 70 as shown in FIG. 5B. The lapping fixture 70 is conventional in nature and supports the wafer element 59 and tool 47 in accordance with known techniques. When loaded in the lapping fixture 70, the face 45 of a row 53 of slider units is exposed for lapping at the lower end 69 of the lapping fixture. The process of lapping each row 53 of the wafer element 59, then separating the row by slicing is repeated until the last row is lapped and debonded from the tool 47. While only one wafer element 59 is shown in FIG. 5A. The wafer 50 can be separated into two or more smaller elements optimized to achieve minimum internal stress and row bow or to be compatible with a given manufacturing tool set (not shown).
Referring now also to FIG. 6, the air bearing surface lapping process comprises three basic phases, a fast or rough grind phase, a fine lap or polish phase and a final linear lap phase. During the lapping process, exposed face 45 of a row bar 53 attached to a lapping tool 55 is maintained in light contact with the surface of a lapping plate 60. The lapping plate 60 typically will have diamond particles or other suitable material embedded in its surface to provide a grinding or polishing action. The lapping plate 60 is rotated about a center spindle 61 by a spindle motor or other means (not shown) as indicated by arrow 62. The lapping tool 55 is maintained in position on the lapping plate 60 by a suspension arm or other means (not shown) which is capable of moving the lapping tool 55 over the surface of the lapping plate 60. During the rough grind phase, the surface of the rotating lapping plate 60 is coated with a diamond slurry which grinds away material from the exposed face 45 of the bar 53 in contact with the lapping plate surface. During the rough grinding phase, as much as several tens of microns of material is quickly removed from the exposed face 45 of the row bar 53. During the fine lap or polishing phase, excess slurry is removed from the surface of the rotating lapping plate 60 so as to polish the exposed surface 45 and clean up any deep texture marks remaining from the rough grind phase. During both the rough grind and fine lap or polishing phases, the lapping plate 60 is rotating as shown by arrow 62 resulting in grinding particles moving across the exposed face of the heads 10 transversely to the longitudinal axis of the head elements. During the fine lap and linear lap phases a conductive liquid, such as ethylene glycol, is utilized on the lapping plate surface to provide lubrication and minimize buildup of static charge. For the final lapping phase, referred to as the linear lap phase, linear relative motion between the head and the lapping surface parallel to the longitudinal axis of the head elements at the air bearing surface is provided. In a preferred embodiment, rotation of the lapping plate 60 is stopped and the lapping tool 55 is moved back and forth across the surface of the stationary lapping plate 60 in an oscillatory motion as indicated by arrow 64. The back and forth motion of the row bar 53 on the surface of the lapping plate 60 is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the inductive poles 25, 27 and the MR head elements 15,17,19 and 21 exposed at the head air bearing surface 11. During the linear lap phase wherein several tenths of a micron of material is removed, any smearing of the MR head elements or the inductive head pole transversely across the head air bearing surface resulting from the rotary motion of the lapping plate 60 is removed. Furthermore, since the direction of the back and forth motion is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the head elements, any smearing which may be caused by the linear lap phase is along the longitudinal axis of the head elements and not likely to extend into the critical insulating layer between the MR and shield elements which can cause electrical shorts between the head elements. Therefore the likelihood of interelement shorts at the air bearing surface of the head is minimized and head production yield is increased. Additionally, repeated motion over the same relatively small area of the surface of the lapping plate 60 wears the plate surface smooth in that small region resulting in better surface quality and lower element recession at the air bearing surface 11. It should be noted that the entire lapping process, i.e., the rough grind or fast lap, fine lap and final lap phases, can be completed utilizing the linear back and forth, oscillatory motion between the lapping surface and the head air bearing surface rather than rotary or random motion in the first phases and linear motion only in the final phase.
Referring now also to FIG. 7, a plan view of a portion of a lapping apparatus implementing the linear lapping process of the present invention is shown. Lapping tool 55 including a row bar 53 attached thereto, is locked in a lapping fixture 81 such that the exposed face 45 of row bar 53 is maintained in light contact with the surface of a lapping plate 60. The lapping plate 60 is rotably mounted on a spindle (not shown) and is rotated as shown by arrow 62 by a spindle motor (not shown). The lapping fixture 81 is slideably mounted between Y-axis slide bars 78 and is attached to one end of linkage arm 76. The other end of linkage arm 76 is attached to, or may be an integral part of slot plate 75. Slot plate 75 includes a longitudinal slot 74 formed therein and having its longitudinal axis parallel to the Y-axis of the lapping apparatus. Cam follower 73, attached one end of a crank arm 71, is disposed within longitudinal slot 74. The other end of crank arm 71 is attached to the output shaft of a crank motor (not shown). The crank motor turns the crank shaft 71 such that a center point 72 of cam follower 73 traces a circular path 85 when the crank motor is rotating the crank arm 71. A cam fork 77 is slideably mounted on slot plate 75 and spring loaded or otherwise biased to engage cam follower 73. Solenoid 83 coupled to cam fork 77 by linkage 82 disengages cam fork 77 from cam follower 73 when energized.
As described above with reference to FIG. 6, during the first two phases of the lapping process, the lapping plate 60 is rotating providing circular relative motion between the lapping tool 55 and the lapping plate 60. Also during the first two lapping phases, the solenoid 83 is denergized allowing the cam fork 77 to engage the cam follower 73 thus locking cam follower 73 in a set position in longitudinal slot 74. Thus, when the crank arm 71 is rotated, the lapping fixture 81 also rotates in a circular motion relative to the lapping plate 60.
Both the lapping fixture 81 and the lapping plate 60 are simultaneously rotating during the rough grind and fine lap phases of the lapping process. For the final or linear lap phase, rotation of both the lapping plate 60 and the crank arm 71 is terminated and the lapping fixture 81 stopped such that the lapping tool 55 and row bar 53 are positioned at approximately the nine o'clock position over the lapping plate 60 as shown in FIG. 7. Pressure pads 79 are activated using a pneumatic solenoid thus providing pressure against the Y-axis slide bars 78 in a manner similar to a brake pad. The activated pressure pads 79 thus maintain the Y-axis slide bars 78 in a stationary position. The solenoid 83 is also energized thus retracting and disengaging cam fork 77 from cam follower 73. When the cam fork 77 is fully disengaged from cam follower 73, the cam follower is allowed to move back and forth or oscillate along the full length of the slot 74 formed in the slot plate 75. When the crank arm 71 is then rotated, with the lapping plate 60 not rotating, the lapping tool 81 is moved back and forth across the lapping plate 60 in an oscillatory motion along the lapping apparatus X-axis to provide the linear lap phase as described above with respect to FIG. 6.
Referring now also to FIGS. 8A, 8B and 9, in some applications, such as magnetic tape recording heads, the slider air bearing surface will be contoured rather than flat. While heads having contoured air bearing surfaces may be row processed, including lapping, typically contoured heads will be lapped individually. The desired contour may be achieved by one of two processes, or a combination of both. In a first process (as shown in FIG. 8A) a circular bearing lapper apparatus (not shown) rocks the head 91 on a rotating plate 93 coated with a slurry of fine grit that laps a curved surface 95 for the head air bearing surface. The direction of lapping varies as the head rocks and the plate rotates. In a second process, the tape lap process, as shown in FIG. 8B, the head 91 is moved across a tape 97 impregnated with fine diamond particles. The tape 97 is wrapped around the head air bearing surface 95 similar to the wrap of magnetic recording tape in a magnetic recording tape system. By its very nature, the tape lap motion is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the head pole tips and MR head elements.
In a manner similar to that described above with reference to FIG. 6, the lapping process for individual sliders having a contoured air bearing surface comprises three basic phases, a fast or rough grind phase, a fine lap or polish phase and a final linear lap phase. The rough grind and fine lap phase proceed as described above with reference to FIGS. 8A and 8B. In one preferred embodiment, the final, linear lap phase utilizes a flat lapping plate 99 having a longitudinal groove 98 formed in the surface of the lapping plate. The radius of the groove 98 is close to the desired radius of the contoured air bearing surface, 95. The depth of the groove 98 is sufficient to accept the entire contoured surface when the lapping is complete and the air bearing surface 95 has achieved the desired contour.
For the final linear lap phase, the head 91 is locked in a lapping fixture (not shown) with the air bearing surface 95 to be lapped placed in the groove 98. A diamond slurry or other suitable grinding medium is also placed in the groove 98 and the lapping fixture moved back and forth in an oscillatory motion along the groove maintaining the slider air bearing surface 95 in light contact with the surface of the groove. The lapping motion is in a direction which is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the head elements exposed at the slider air bearing surface. The linear lap phase continues until up to about a half micron of material has been removed providing a final polish to the slider surface and removing any head element material smears between the elements which may have resulted from the rough grind and fine lap phases.
Alternatively, the radius and depth of the groove 98 may be made slightly greater than the desired contour for the air bearing surface. For the linear lap phase then, a diamond impregnated tape 97 is placed in the groove 98 along with a suitable lubricant and the head 91 positioned in the groove 98 over the tape sandwiching and compressing the tape between the air bearing surface 95 and the surface of the groove 98. The groove is of sufficient depth that when the head 91 compresses the tape in the groove, the tape is wrapped around the entire contoured surface 95. The pressure is distributed evenly on the previously contoured head air bearing surface such that the original contour is maintained during the linear lap phase without producing any faceting, i.e., flat spots. The head 91 is then slid back and forth in the groove over the tape to lap the contour surface.
With continuing reference to FIG. 8B, in another preferred embodiment of the linear lapping process a diamond impregnated lapping tape 97 is wrapped around the head 91 in contact with the contoured air bearing surface 95 and linear relative motion parallel to the longitudinal axis of the head elements is provided. The head 91 is held in a lapping tool (not shown) and moved in a back and forth, oscillatory motion transversely across the lapping tape 97 parallel to the longitudinal axis of the head elements as indicated by arrow 101. During the linear lap phase, the lapping tape 97 is also slowly (relative to the oscillatory transverse motion of the head 91) moved longitudinally across the head surface transverse to the head elements, as indicated by arrow 103. The longitudinal motion of the lapping tape may be at a steady pace or, alternatively, may be intermittent. The longitudinal motion of the lapping tape ensures that the transverse motion of the head 91 across the tape 97 does not wear through the abrasive surface of the tape. Alternatively, during the linear lapping motion, the head 91 is intermittently moved away from the tape interrupting contact with the lapping surface while the tape is moved longitudinally. This insures that no smearing or scratching of the head elements or air bearing surface occurs during the longitudinal movement of the lapping tape transversely across the head air bearing surface.
While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit, scope and teaching of the invention. Accordingly, the invention herein disclosed is to be considered merely as illustrative and limited in scope only as specified in the appended claims.

Number	Name	Date
3685216	Frey et al.	Aug 1972
4010574	Feierabend et al.	Mar 1977
4226018	Nakanishi et al.	Oct 1980
4536992	Hennenfert et al.	Aug 1985
4759118	Nakashima	Jul 1988
4785366	Krounbi et al.	Nov 1988
4912883	Chang et al.	Apr 1990
4914868	Church et al.	Apr 1990
5136775	Onoe et al.	Aug 1992
5203119	Cole	Apr 1993
5206590	Dieny et al.	Apr 1993
5463805	Mowry et al.	Nov 1995

Lapping process for minimizing shorts and element recession at magnetic head air bearing surface

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