Patent Application
20220317051
The invention relates to a measurement apparatus and a measurement method.
Measurements of basis weight BW, mass of water per unit area i.e. water weight WW and dry stuff content 0D (oven dry) are important during the manufacturing of paper or board. However, ash content of the sheet disturbs the measurements of the dry stuff content. Recycling increases uncertainty of ash content of a machine stock because ash content of partial stocks fed to a paper or board machine is not known. That leads to unreliable measurement results and potential variation of the end product. Control of the production line also becomes challenging when measurements cannot fully be trusted. Additionally, a β-radiation measurement that could provide reliable information on the ash content of the web cannot easily be utilized because of its radioactivity and consequential dangers to people and the environment.
Hence, an improvement would be welcome.
The present invention seeks to provide an improvement in the measurements and control.
The invention is defined by the independent claims. Embodiments are defined in the dependent claims.
Example embodiments of the present invention are described below, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which
The following embodiments are only examples. Although the specification may refer to “an” embodiment in several locations, this does not necessarily mean that each such reference is to the same embodiment(s), or that the feature only applies to a single embodiment. Single features of different embodiments may also be combined to provide other embodiments. Furthermore, words “comprising” and “including” should be understood as not limiting the described embodiments to consist of only those features that have been mentioned and such embodiments may also contain features/structures that have not been specifically mentioned. All combinations of the embodiments are considered possible if their combination does not lead to structural or logical contradiction.
It should be noted that while Figures illustrate various embodiments, they are simplified diagrams that only show some structures and/or functional entities. The connections shown in the Figures may refer to logical or physical connections. It is apparent to a person skilled in the art that the described apparatus may also comprise other functions and structures than those described in Figures and text. It should be appreciated that details of some functions, structures, and the signalling used for measurement and/or controlling are Irrelevant to the actual invention. Therefore, they need not be discussed in more detail here.
From the obtained stock it is possible to remove sand or the like (centrifugal cleaners), air (deculator) and other coarse material (pressure filter) using cleaning devices 102, and the stock is pumped with a pump 104 to a headbox 106. The sand or the like that avoids removal may form a part of ash in paper or board. Before the headbox 106, it is possible to add to the stock, in a desired manner, a filler TA, including e.g. gypsum, kaolin, calcium carbonate, talcum, chalk, titanium dioxide and diatomite etc. and/or a retention agent RA, such as inorganic, inartificial organic or synthetic water-soluble organic polymers. The filler TA and/or the retention agent RA may include ash component of the paper or board.
Ash is what remains of paper or board after combustion at 900° C. according to TAPPI T 413 “Ash in Wood, Pulp, Paper and Paperboard: Combustion at 900° C.”. According to TAPPI T 211 om-02, igniting papers or pulp containing no added fillers or coatings at either 525° C. or 900° C. will yield essentially identical results of a few tenths percent ash or less.
According to the standard (TAPPI T 211 am-02), the ash may include various residues from chemicals used in paper or board manufacture, metallic matter from piping and machinery, mineral matter in the pulp from which the paper was made, and/or filling, coating, pigmenting and/or other added materials. In general, ash is material of paper or board that does not combust.
From the headbox 106 the stock is fed through a slice opening 108 of the headbox to a former 110, which may be a fourdrinier wire or a gap former. In the former 110, water drains out of the web 10 and additionally ash, fines and fibres are led to the short circulation. In the former 110, the stock is fed as a web 10 onto a wire, and the web 10 is preliminary dried and pressed in a press 112. The web 10 is actually dried in driers 114. In general, there is at least one pair of sensors 116 that performs an optical measurement and an X-ray measurement for determining basis weight and/or dry stuff content of the web 10. The at least one pair of sensors 116 feeds the measured data to a data processing unit 128 (see continuous lines therebetween). The basis weight may be considered the same as the dry stuff content if water weight is not taken into account.
The paper or board machine may also include a pre-calender 140, a coating section 142 and/or a finishing calender 144. It is not necessary to have the coating section 142, however, and therefore it is not necessary to have more calenders 140, 144 than one. In the coating section 142, coating paste, which may include ash, may be spread onto paper. The coating paste may include gypsum, kaolin, talcum or carbonate, starch, latex or the like, for example. In calenders 140, 144, where the uncoated or coated paper or board web runs between the rolls pressing with desired force, it is possible to change the surface properties of the paper, such as smoothness, roughness, topography, gloss and the like. The calender 140, 144 may also affect the paper thickness and/or the basis weight or other mass per unit area of the paper or board, for example. In the calender 140, 144, the properties of the paper web may be changed by means of web moistening, temperature and nip pressure between the rolls. In addition to this, it is clear that the operation of a paper machine is known per se to a person skilled in the art, and therefore, it need not be presented in greater detail in this context.
The data processing unit 128 may be conceived as a paper machine's control arrangement, or part thereof, based on automatic data processing. The data processing unit 128 may receive digital signals or convert the received analog signals to digital ones. The data processing unit 128 may comprise at least one processor and at least one memory and execute the signal processing in accordance with an appropriate computer program. The operating principle of the data processing unit 128 may be, for instance, PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative), MPC (Model Predictive Control) or GPC (General Predictive Control) control.
The optical radiation may include infrared radiation in a NIR (Near infraRed) region having a wavelength range required to achieve the measurement results. The wavelength range may cover about 750 nm to about 2500 nm in a continuous or discrete manner. The optical source 200 may direct the optical radiation to the web 10, and the optical radiation propagates through the web 10 to an optical detector 202.
In an embodiment, the optical source 200 may output the narrow bands that are detected by the detector 202. The optical source 200 may then comprise one or more leds (Light Emitting Diode), lasers or the like. Leds and lasers may output narrowband optical radiation at desired wavelengths.
In an embodiment, the optical source 200 may output broadband optical radiation which includes measurement bands. The optical source 200 may then comprise one or more incandescent lamps, gas-discharge lamps or the like. The incandescent lamps and gas-discharge lamps output broadband optical radiation that include more than one of the measured optical wavelengths.
Narrow bands may be formed although the optical source 200 is a broadband source. Namely, between the optical source 200 of broadband radiation and the optical detector 202 there may be one or more filters that band pass the measurement wavelength bands for the detector 202 while fully or partly blocking other wavelengths. The filters may be attached with the optical source 200 and/or the optical detector 202. Alternatively, the filters may be separate from the optical source 200 and the optical detector 202.
The optical detector 202 detects the optical radiation that has been in interaction with the web 10 and that originates from the optical source 200. The interaction may mean that optical radiation passes through the web 10, whereby the intensity of optic radiation attenuates wavelength selectively depending on cellulose and water content of the web 10.
The detector 202 may comprise one or more detecting elements. The detector 202 may comprise detecting elements in line or matrix formation.
In an embodiment, the detector 202 may comprise a part that spreads different wavelengths of the broadband optical radiation into spectrum such that at least two detecting components detect different wavelength bands. The part spreading radiation into a spectrum may comprise a prism or a lattice. The spectrum indicates the intensity or attenuation of radiation as a function of the wavelength. Such a detector 202 may comprise a spectrometer, for example.
In order to measure attenuation or absorption, intensity of the infrared radiation at a wavelength dominantly absorbed by water is measured and compared with intensity of the infrared light measured at a wavelength apart from a wavelength dominantly absorbed by water, cellulose and ash. Correspondingly, intensity of the infrared radiation at a wavelength dominantly absorbed by cellulose is measured and compared with intensity of the infrared light measured at a wavelength apart from a wavelength dominantly absorbed by water, cellulose and ash.
In order to calibrate the apparatus, attenuation or absorption of the infrared radiation originating from the optical source 200 and/or 220 may be measured. Then any variation of the optical intensity of the optical source 200 and/or 220 may be detected and compensated.
Reference measurements to determine the relative water absorption and the relative cellulose absorption should be measured at wavelength bands where neither water nor cellulose has dominant absorption. Such non-dominant absorption wavelength bands 300 and 302 may be at about 1.8 μm (wavenumber about 5555 cm−1) and about 1.3 μm (wavenumber about 7692 cm−1), for example, without limiting to these. A baseline, which the person skilled in the art is, per se, familiar with, may also be determined with the reference measurements. The baseline defines a general tilt of the attenuation as a function of the wavelength. The hatched area above the baseline at the dominant wavelengths represent strength of attenuation or absorption.
The X-ray source 210 outputs X-rays that have energy between about 1 keV and about 10 keV. Photons of this energy range may also be considered to belong to gamma radiation. However, a fairly general concept is that photons of the gamma radiation have energies 100 keV or more and that is why the source 210 is called an X-ray source in this document. Low energy X-rays of the range about 1 keV to about 10 keV is often referred to as soft X-rays and considered less harmful than beta-radiation, for example.
In an embodiment, the X-ray source 210 may comprise an X-ray tube, which is a well-known generator of X-rays. The X-ray tube is harmless when it does not have operational voltage switched on. There is no half-life of an isotope, and the X-ray tube is stable.
In an embodiment, the X-ray source 210 may comprise a radioactive isotope iron-55 (55Fe), for example. The emitted X-rays from the iron-55 material of the X-ray source 210 are almost monochromatic, and a constant intensity of the X-rays continues for years. The energy of photons of the X-rays from the iron-55 is about 6 keV.
In an embodiment, the X-ray source 210 may comprise an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) source, which emits fluorescent X-rays as secondary radiation caused by exciting source material with higher energy X-rays. These are only examples of the X-ray source 210. X-ray sources are well-known, per se, and a person skilled in the art is familiar with X-ray sources, per se.
In an embodiment, the X-rays detector 212 may be a dosimeter, for example. In an embodiment, the X-rays detector 212 may comprise a semiconductor detector, for example. The X-ray detector 212 may comprise PIN diode (standard Si PIN diode, for example), silicon lithium (Si(Li)) detector, Ge(Li), Silicon Drift Detector SDD. X-ray detectors are well-known, per se, and a person skilled in the art is familiar with X-ray detectors, per se.
The Si(Li) detector may detect X-rays in a range about 1.5 keV to about 10 keV. The Ge(Li) detector may detect X-rays at or below 10 keV. The lithium drifted silicon detector may be used for X-rays in a range about 4 keV to about 10 keV, for example.
Based on what is explained above, a measurement apparatus comprises the optical sensor 20, which performs repeatedly transmission measurements through the moving sheet 10 of paper or board at at least one wavelength band dominantly absorbed by water, and at at least one wavelength band dominantly absorbed by cellulose. The apparatus also comprises the X-ray sensor 22, which performs repeatedly transmission measurements through the moving sheet 10 of paper or board with photons of electromagnetic radiation in a range 1 keV to 10 keV.
The apparatus further comprises the data processing unit 128, which receives signals with information on intensities of the optical and X-ray radiations passed through the sheet 10 from the optical sensor 20 and the X-ray sensor 22. The data processing unit 128 then determines, based on the information, all of the following of the sheet 10, the sheet moving in the machine direction: ash content, basis weight and dry stuff content. The information on the intensities may include attenuation or absorption information caused by the sheet 10 to the optical and X-ray radiation intensities, and/or percentages of the optical and X-ray radiation energies passed through the sheet 10.
A basis weight BW of the sheet 10 is a combination of the weight of water WW and the dry stuff content 0D, i.e. BW=WW+0D. The dry stuff content may also be called an oven dry weight. The basis weight is an areal density of the sheet 10, which refers to its mass per unit of area. The basis weight, in turn, can also be called grammage.
The data processing unit 128 can determine ash mass per unit area of the sheet 10 based on the transmission measurements with the photons of electromagnetic radiation in a range 1 keV to 10 keV. Then the data processing unit 128 may determine cellulose mass per unit area of the sheet 10 based on the optical transmission measurements at the at least one wavelength band 306 dominantly absorbed by cellulose. The data processing unit 128 can then determine the dry stuff content as a function of the cellulose mass per unit area of the sheet 10, the water weight per unit area and the ash mass per unit area of the sheet 10. The mass of ash per unit area may be formed based on the ash percentage or relative ash content that is measured with the X-ray measurement.
In an embodiment, the data processing unit 128 may control feed of at least one of partial stock, feed of filler, feed of retention agent and removal of sand based on the ash mass per unit area of the sheet 10.
In an embodiment, the data processing unit 128 may determine water mass per unit area of the sheet 10 based on the transmission measurements at the at least one wavelength band 304 dominantly absorbed by water, and determine the basis weight as a function of the dry stuff content and the water mass per unit area.
In an embodiment an example of which is illustrated in
In an embodiment an example of which is illustrated in
In an embodiment, the apparatus may comprise the optical ash sensor 24, which may perform repeatedly transmission measurements through the moving sheet 10 of paper or board with optical radiation at at least one wavelength band dominantly absorbed by at least one substance of the ash. The data processing unit 128 may then receive a signal with information on absorption of ash from the optical ash sensor 24, and determine the basis weight and/or the dry stuff content based also on the information from the optical ash sensor 24. The optical ash sensor 24 may be used to provide additional information on mass of ash per unit area of the sheet 10. If mass of ash per unit area measured with the X-ray sensor 22 and mass of ash per unit area measured with the optical ash sensor 24 deviate more than a predetermined threshold, operation of the sensors 22, 24 may be checked. The predetermined threshold may adjustable and its value may depend on quality and/or grade of the sheet 10, power of the optic source 200, 220, sensitivity of the detector 202, 222, any combination of these or the like, for example.
In an embodiment, the optical ash sensor 24 may perform repeatedly transmission measurements through a moving sheet 10 of paper or board at at least one wavelength band dominantly absorbed by at least one substance of the ash. Each of the components of ash may have their own specified dominant absorption wavelength band. The component of ash may be a substance of the filler TA and/or a retention agent RA. However, pulp of wood includes also naturally components of ash. The data processing unit 128 may then receive a signal with information on absorption of ash from the optical ash sensor 24, and determine the basis weight and/or the dry stuff content based additionally on the information on ash from the optical ash sensor 24.
In an embodiment, the optical sensor 20 may perform at least one reference transmission measurement through the sheet 10 at at least one wavelength band apart from the at least one wavelength band dominantly absorbed by water, ash and cellulose. The data processing unit 128 may then determine the basis weight and/or the dry stuff content based on strengths of absorptions of the at least one reference transmission measurement and the transmission measurements of water and cellulose. As can be seen in
The distances between the sources 200, 210, 220 and detectors 202, 212, 222 may kept constant or their distances may be measured and any effect on the optical and X-ray measurements of distance variance may be compensated. Correspondingly, the distances between the sources 200, 210, 220 and the sheet and/or the detectors 202, 212, 222 and the sheet 10 may kept constant or their distances may be measured and any effect on the optical and X-ray measurements of distance variance may be compensated.
In an embodiment, the data processing unit 128 may control a slice opening 108 of the headbox 106 in a cross direction. In this manner, amount of the stock on former 110 may be controlled in the cross direction. The amount of the stock, in turn, has effect on the water weight, the basis weight and/or the ash content of the sheet 10. In this manner, the water weight, the basis weight, the cellulose content and/or the ash content of the sheet 10 may be controlled, and the basis weight, the cellulose content and/or the ash content of the final product i.e. paper or board may be controlled.
In step 608 that is a control step, basis weight, water weight and/or ash content can be controlled.
In an embodiment, feed of at least one of partial stock, feed of filler, feed of retention agent and removal of sand is controlled, by the data processing unit 128, based on the basis weight or the dry stuff content.
The method shown in
The computer program may be distributed using a distribution medium which may be any medium readable by the controller. The medium may be a program storage medium, a memory, a software distribution package, or a compressed software package. In some cases, the distribution may be performed using at least one of the following: a near field communication signal, a short distance signal, and a telecommunications signal.
It will be obvious to a person skilled in the art that, as technology advances, the inventive concept can be implemented in various ways. The invention and its embodiments are not limited to the example embodiments described above but may vary within the scope of the claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20215384 | Mar 2021 | FI | national |
