Memory system capable of operating at high temperatures and method for fabricating the same

Abstract

A memory system having a plurality of T-RAM cells arranged in an array is presented where each T-RAM cell has dual vertical devices and is fabricated over a SiC substrate. Each T-RAM cell has a vertical thyristor and a vertical transfer gate. The top surface of each thyristor is coplanar with the top surface of each transfer gate within the T-RAM array to provide a planar cell structure for the T-RAM array. A method is also presented for fabricating the T-RAM array having the vertical thyristors, the vertical transfer gates and the planar cell structure over the SiC substrate.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This invention relates to the field of integrated circuit (IC) design. Specifically, the invention relates to a memory system fabricated over a silicon carbide (SiC) substrate for operating at high temperatures. More specifically, the invention relates to a memory system having a plurality of Thyristor-based Random Access Memory (T-RAM) memory cells capable of operating at high temperatures and method for fabricating the memory system. Each T-RAM memory cell has dual vertical devices and a planar cell structure.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] A low-power, high-speed and high-density negative differential resistance (NDR) based (NDR-based) SRAM cell which can provide DRAM-like densities at SRAM-like speeds has been proposed by Farid Nermati and James D. Plummer in “A Novel High Density. Low Voltage SRAM Cell with a Vertical NDR Device,” 1998 Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Technical Papers, IEEE, pages 66-67, 1998.

[0003] The memory device structure is shown by FIG. 1 and is designated by reference numeral 10; the memory device structure is called a Thyristor-based Random Access Memory (T-RAM) memory cell. The T-RAM device or memory cell 10 consists of a thin vertical pnpn thyristor 12 with a surrounding nMOS gate 14 as the bistable element and a planar nMOSFET as the access transistor 16. The circuit schematic of the T-RAM memory cell 10 is shown by FIG. 2.

[0004] To access the T-RAM memory cell 10, two wordlines are necessary. The first wordline WL1 is used to control an access gate of the transfer nMOSFET device 16, while the second wordline WL2 is the surrounding NMOS gate 14 which is used to control the switch of the vertical pnpn thyristor 12. The thyristor 12 is connected to a reference voltage Vref The second wordline WL2 improves the switching speed of the thyristor 12 from 40 ns to 4 ns with a switching voltage. A bitline BL connects the T-RAM memory cell 10 to a sense amplifier for reading and writing data from and to the T-RAM memory cell 10. The T-RAM memory cell 10 exhibits a very low standby current in the range of 10 pA.

[0005] When writing a “high”, the bitline BL is set at low, and both wordlines WL1, WL2 are switched on. At this moment, the thyristor 12 behaves like a forward biased pn diode. After a write operation, both gates are shut off, and a “high” state is stored in the thyristor 12. In a read operation, only the first wordline WL1 is activated, a large “on” current will read on the bitline BL through the access gate. When writing a “low”, the bitline BL is set at “high” state, and both wordlines WL1, WL2 are switched on. At this moment, the thyristor 12 behaves like a reverse biased diode. After the write operation, both gates are shut off, and a “low” state is stored in the thyristor 12. Similarly, in a consequence read, a very low current will be detected on the bitline BL. Further details of the operation of the T-RAM memory cell 10 and its gate-assisted switching are described in Nemati et al.; the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0006] A T-RAM array having a plurality of T-RAM memory cells 10 has demonstrated a density equivalent to that of DRAM arrays and a speed equivalent to that of SRAM arrays. Hence, the T-RAM array provides advantages afforded by both SRAM and DRAM arrays. These advantages make T-RAM an attractive choice for future generations of high speed, low-voltage, and high-density memories and ASICs.

[0007] However, there are several drawbacks of the T-RAM memory cell 10. First, there is the requirement of forming the thyristor 12 having a vertical pillar on a substrate during a fabrication process. Difficulties arise in controlling the dimensions of the vertical pillar and reproducing these dimensions for each T-RAM memory cell 10 in the T-RAM array. Second, due to the existence of a vertical thyristor 12 in each T-RAM memory cell 10, each T-RAM memory cell 10 is not planar and therefore difficult to scale.

[0008] Third, it is difficult to control the dimension while forming the surrounding gate around the base of each vertical thyristor 12. Fourth, each T-RAM memory cell 10 is fabricated prior to or after fabricating any other devices, such as p-MOS and n-MOS support devices (i.e., sense amplifiers, wordline drivers, column and row decoders, etc.), which results in extra fabrication steps, thereby increasing thermal budget and manufacturing cost. Further still, due to these drawbacks, the resulting T-RAM memory cell 10 cannot be smaller than 8F2 and the cost of fabricating a T-RAM array is high.

[0009] An additional drawback of the prior art T-RAM memory cell 10, and of prior art memory cells as well, is that it cannot be properly operated at an elevated temperature, e.g., at temperatures greater than 200 degrees Celsius. This is because the prior art memory cells are fabricated in silicon substrate which cannot sustain relatively high operating temperatures.

[0010] Silicon carbide (SiC) is a wide bandgap semiconductor which has many performance advantages over silicon. For example, SiC has a high saturation electron velocity, a high junction breakdown voltage, a high thermal conductivity and a broad operating temperature range (up to 1100 degrees Celsius). The thermal conductivity and breakdown voltage of SiC are an order of magnitude higher than conventional semiconductor materials, such as Si, GaAs and InP. The maximum operating temperature range of SiC is at least twice of that of the conventional semiconductors.

[0011] SiC fabricated devices are attractive for applications involving high temperatures, such as avionics. Additionally, the crystal lattice structure of SiC is tolerant to radiation. Therefore, devices fabricated using SiC are less susceptible to radiation damage than devices fabricated from conventional semiconductor materials.

[0012] Accordingly, a need exists for a memory system having a plurality of T-RAM cells arranged in an array and fabricated over a SiC substrate, in order for the array to be operational at high temperatures and immune from high radiation. A need also exists for a method of fabricating the T-RAM array over the SiC substrate.

SUMMARY

[0013] An aspect of the present invention is to provide a memory system having a plurality of T-RAM cells arranged in an array and fabricated over a SiC substrate, in order for the array to be operational at high temperatures and immune from high radiation.

[0014] Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a T-RAM array having a plurality of T-RAM cells fabricated over a SiC substrate, where each of the plurality of T-RAM cells has a planar cell structure and dual vertical devices, i.e., a vertical thyristor and a vertical transfer gate.

[0015] Also, another aspect of the present invention is to provide a memory system having a plurality of T-RAM cells arranged in an array and fabricated over a SiC substrate, wherein each of the plurality of T-RAM cells has a planar cell structure and dual vertical devices, i.e., a vertical thyristor and a vertical transfer gate.

[0016] Further, another aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for fabricating a high-density, high-yield and low-cost T-RAM array having a plurality of T-RAM cells and a planar cell structure over a SiC substrate. Each of the plurality of T-RAM cells has a planar cell structure and dual vertical devices, i.e., a vertical thyristor and a vertical transfer gate.

[0017] Further still, another aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for fabricating a T-RAM array on a SiC substrate for operating the T-RAM array at high temperatures and in radiation-prone environments.

[0018] Finally, another aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for fabricating a T-RAM array where the method improves performance and yield, and reduces cost and thermal budget.

[0019] Accordingly, in an embodiment of the present invention, a T-RAM array fabricated over a SiC substrate is presented. The T-RAM array has a planar cell structure and a plurality of T-RAM cells where each T-RAM cell has dual vertical devices. That is, each T-RAM cell has a vertical thyristor and a vertical transfer gate. A top surface of each thyristor is coplanar with a top surface of each transfer gate within the T-RAM array to provide the planar cell structure for the T-RAM array. The inventive structure of each T-RAM cell results in higher performance at low voltage, e.g., Vdd=1V. Further, the inventive structure of each T-RAM cell enables the T-RAM cell to be operational at high temperatures, e.g., from 200 to 1000 degrees Celsius, and in high radiation prone environments.

[0020] In another embodiment of the present invention, a memory system is presented having a plurality of T-RAM cells arranged in an array and fabricated over a SiC substrate. Each of the T-RAM cells in the array has a planar cell structure and dual vertical devices, i.e., a vertical thyristor and a vertical transfer gate.

[0021] Further still, in another embodiment of the present invention, a method is presented for fabricating a T-RAM array having a planar cell structure over a SiC substrate. Each of the T-RAM cells in the T-RAM array has dual vertical devices, i.e., a vertical thyristor and a vertical transfer gate. The method entails forming the vertical devices in trenches of the same base, such that alignment of the transfer gate to a channel region in each T-RAM cell is highly reproducible.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0022] FIG. 1 illustrates the device structure of a prior art T-RAM cell;

[0023] FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of the prior art T-RAM cell;

[0024] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a wafer having a SiC substrate layer and a series of layers for fabricating T-RAM cells according to the present invention;

[0025] FIGS. 4-14 are cross-sectional views illustrating a preferred process for fabricating a T-RAM cell according to the present invention;

[0026] FIG. 15 is atop view of a portion of a T-RAM array showing the T-RAM cell fabricated according to the present invention; and

[0027] FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of a T-RAM cell taken along line 15-15 in FIG. 15.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0028] The present invention provides a T-RAM array having a planar cell structure and a plurality of T-RAM cells capable of operating at high temperatures, e.g., 200 to 1000 degrees Celsius, and in high radiation prone environments. Each of the T-RAM cells of the inventive T-RAM array includes dual vertical devices, i.e., a vertical thyristor and a vertical transfer gate. A top surface of the vertical thyristor is coplanar with a top surface of the vertical transfer gate to provide the planar cell structure for the T-RAM array. Hence, the T-RAM array of the present invention provides for less control during manufacturing, and is planar and more scalable than prior art T-RAM arrays. The present invention also provides a preferred method for fabricating the T-RAM array to reduce cost and thermal budget, while increasing performance, density and yield.

[0029] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a wafer having a SiC substrate layer and a series of layers for fabricating T-RAM cells according to the present invention. The wafer is designated by reference numeral 100.

[0030] With reference to FIG. 3, the wafer 100 having a p+ doped SiC substrate layer 102 and a series of layers 104a-d is used to fabricate the T-RAM cells. The series of layers 104a-d includes a p-doped SiC buffer layer 104a which is epitaxially grown on top of the SiC substrate layer 102. The p-doped SiC buffer layer 104a acts as the isolation layer for the devices to be fabricated over the SiC substrate layer 102, similarly to a p-well layer used in conventional semiconductor wafers. The series of layers 104a-d further includes an n+ type layer 104b, a p type layer 104c, and an n-type layer 104d.

[0031] The n+ type layer 104b can be formed by implanting an n+ type arsenic implant at an energy in the range of 2 to 15 KeV and a dosage of between 8E14 cm2 to 3E15/cm2. The p type layer 104c is formed by epitaxial growth with a p-type material. The p type layer 104c can be formed by epitaxial growth with p-type boron at a dosage of between 4E13/cm2 to 1E14/cm2. The n-type layer 104d is also formed by epitaxial growth with an n-type material. The n-type layer 104d can be formed by epitaxial growth with n-type arsenic at a dosage of between 2E13/cm2 to 8E13/cm2.

[0032] A description of the preferred method for fabricating a T-RAM cell of the T-RAM array will now be provided. The same fabrication method is used for simultaneously fabricating all of the T-RAM cells of the T-RAM array on the SiC substrate layer 102. With reference to FIGS. 4-14 there are shown cross-sectional views of the semiconductor wafer 100 for fabricating the T-RAM cell.

[0033] With reference to FIG. 4, a first mask 106 is used to implant the ton layer 104d with a p+ dopant to form a p+ dopant region 108. The p+ dopant region 108 would become the emitter region of the pnpn thyristor of the T-RAM cell. The p+ dopant region 108 can be formed by implanting a p-type boron implant at an energy in the range of 0.5 to 2 KeV and a dosage of between 2E14/cm2 to 8E14/cm2. The first mask 106 is preferably a low-temperature oxide or other appropriate material.

[0034] With reference to FIG. 5, a second mask 110 is used to implant the same layer 104d with an n+ dopant to form an n+ dopant region 112. The n+ dopant region 112 can be formed by implanting an n-type arsenic implant at an energy in the range of 2 to 15 KeV and a dosage of between 8E14/cm2 to 3E15/cm2. The n+ dopant region 112 would serve as the source contact for the transfer gate. The implant energy for implanting the n+ dopant should be sufficient, such that the junction depth of the n+ dopant region 112 occupies most of the thickness of the n-layer 104c. After implanting the layer 104d with the n+ dopant, the second mask 110 is removed and annealing is carried out to activate the dopant regions 108, 112.

[0035] With reference to FIG. 6, a third mask 114 is used to pattern the contact regions of the two devices, i.e., the vertical thyristor and the vertical transfer gate, into square-like regions. A reactive ion etch process is carried out to remove the n-layer 104d and stop at the p layer 104c using a conventional silicon etch process with a proper end point technique.

[0036] With reference to FIG. 7, a layer of dielectric 116, e.g., CVD nitride, is deposited on the structure to cover the etched surface. The thickness is thick enough to decouple the gate region away from the emitter and the source regions, so that parasitic overlapping capacitance can be reduced so that the device's performance is not compromised.

[0037] With reference to FIG. 8, a fourth mask 118 is then used to define the dual surrounded gate areas. An etch process is then performed to remove portions of the dielectric layer 116 and portions of the p layer 104c.

[0038] With reference to FIG. 9, a timed-over etch as known in the art is performed into the n+ layer 104b to ensure channel overlapping, in order for the device's performance to be uniform.

[0039] With reference to FIG. 10, a gate dielectric layer 120, e.g., thermal oxide and/or CVD oxide, is then formed. In-situ n+ doped CVD polysilicon 122 is then deposited on top of the gate dialectic layer 120. A planarization process may then be carried out by CMP. A thin CVD nitride layer 125 is then deposited over the structure.

[0040] With reference to FIG. 11, a fifth mask 124 is then used to define an interconnect between the transfer gate and the thyristor by etching the polysilicon 122. The etching process defines the polysilicon 122 into first areas 122A, 122B and second areas 122C, 122D. The first areas 122A, 122B are the portions of the surrounding gate for the thyristor and the second areas 122C, 122D are the portions of the surrounding gate for the transfer gate.

[0041] With reference to FIG. 12, the etching process continues, in order to etch the gate dielectric layer 120 and dielectric layer 116 in the areas surrounding the transfer gate and the thyristor, as well as the p layer 104b.

[0042] With reference to FIG. 13, the exposed polysilicon surfaces and the n+ layer 104a are oxidized to form oxidized surfaces 126.

[0043] With reference to FIG. 14, a black-out mask 128 is used to protect the n+ link between the two devices. A reactive ion etch is then carried out to remove the exposed n+ layer 104b, in order for the T-RAM cells to be isolated from each other. The gate areas of the two devices are protected by the polysilicon 122.

[0044] With reference to FIG. 16 there is shown a cross-sectional view taken along line 15-15 in FIG. 15 of the T-RAM cell 200 fabricated according to the present invention. A top surface 201a of device 202, i.e., the vertical thyristor, is coplanar with a top surface 201b of device 204, i.e., the vertical transfer gate. In other words, both devices 202, 204 have approximately the same height to provide an overall planar structure for the T-RAM cell 200 and T-RAM array. Contacts 130a, 130b to the devices 202, 204, i.e., the vertical thyristor 202 and the vertical transfer gate 204, are provided. The contacts 130a, 130b have approximately the same height to maintain the overall planar structure for the T-RAM cell 200.

[0045] A conventional insulating material 132 is deposited over the structure and planarized. The insulating material 132 encapsulates the devices 202, 204 and provides a planar structure for the T-RAM cell 200 and the overall T-RAM array. Metal wiring is then provided to form bitlines 134 and reference voltage lines 136. A first wordline traversing the T-RAM cell 200 is identified by W1 and a second wordline traversing the T-RAM cell 200 is identified by W2. The contacts 130a, 130b, the metal wiring and other metallic components are preferably fabricated from high-melting point metals, in order for the T-RAM cell 200 to be operational at high temperatures, e.g., temperatures as high as 1000 degrees Celsius.

[0046] FIG. 15 is a top view of a portion of a T-RAM array showing the T-RAM cell 200 fabricated according to the present invention. FIG. 15 also shows the location of the first and second wordlines W1, W2, the bitline 134 and reference voltage line 136. The dual ring devices are formed in an n+ SiC island 206. The island 206 is tilted at 45 degrees while the two wordlines W1, W2 are in the vertical direction and the bitline 134 and reference voltage line 136 are in the horizontal direction.

[0047] The planar T-RAM cell 200 structure includes a first vertical surrounded trench gate which forms the vertical thyristor 202, and a second vertical surrounded trench gate which forms the vertical transfer gate 204. The structure of the T-RAM cell 200 allows the fabrication steps to be performed with wide process windows, such as the alignment step of aligning the gate to the channel of the devices, and the overlap step of overlapping the gate to the source and the drain, are done predominantly in a self-aligned manner. Further, by both vertical devices sharing the same n-p-n substrate on a SiC substrate, manufacturing cost is reduced while providing better device quality and reliability.

[0048] With the method of the present invention, minimal process steps and mask levels are required to fabricate planar T-RAM cells 200 of a T-RAM array on the SiC substrate which results in a significant saving in manufacturing cost and provides a better thermal budget over prior art methods. The thyristor and transfer gate of each T-RAM cell 200 are simultaneously fabricated to reduce manufacturing cost and time, while providing reliable T-RAM cells 200. Additionally, the planar T-RAM array structure is easy to fabricate, since the depth of focus for the lithographic tools and metal interconnects is easier to handle than the three-dimensional vertical device of the prior art T-RAM structure (see FIG. 1).

[0049] By sharing etching and diffusion steps, thermal budget is tightly controlled. This leads to better device-quality and reliability. Otherwise, extra thermal steps needed to form T-RAM cells will cause the junction depth of the normal device deeper which leads to higher junction capacitance and poorer performance. Additionally, the T-RAM cells having the dual surrounded gate structure which is fabricated according to the inventive method are suitable for future scaling than the prior art T-RAM cells which have the vertical thyristor. Further the structure of each T-RAM cell of the present invention results in higher performance at low voltage (e.g., Vdd=1V). Further still, the structure of each T-RAM cell enables the T-RAM cell to be operational at high temperatures, e.g., from 200 to 1000 degrees Celsius, and in high radiation prone environments.

[0050] Further, the method of the present invention provides twin-tower T-RAM cells having a size of less than or equal to 6F2. Accordingly, the density of a T-RAM array is small, white the yield and memory performance is high.

[0051] A T-RAM array having a plurality of T-RAM cells 200 according to the present invention can be provided within a central processing unit or other type of processor to provide a reliable and high performance memory system.

[0052] What has been described herein is merely illustrative of the application of the principles of the present invention. Other arrangements and methods, such as using different substrates, may be implemented by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention.

Claims

1. A memory system comprising a plurality of memory cells arranged in an array and fabricated over a silicon carbide (SiC) substrate.

2. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of memory cells are a plurality of T-RAM memory cells.

3. The memory system according to claim 2, wherein each of the plurality of T-RAM memory cells include a first and a second vertical device, where the first vertical device of each of the plurality of T-RAM memory cells is a thyristor and the second vertical device of each of the plurality of T-RAM memory cells is a transfer gate.

4. The memory system according to claim 3, wherein the two vertical devices are connected by an n+ region.

5. The memory system according to claim 2, wherein each of the plurality of T-RAM memory cells has a size of less than or equal to 6F2.

6. The memory system according to claim 2, wherein each of the plurality of T-RAM memory cells includes two vertical devices having approximately the same height.

7. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of memory cells is configured for being operational at high temperatures and in high radiation prone environments.

8. The memory system according to claim 7, wherein each of the plurality of memory cells is operational in a temperature range from 200 to 1000 degrees Celsius.

9. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of memory cells has a planar cell structure.

10. The memory system according to claim 1, wherein the SiC substrate is a p-type SiC substrate.

11. A T-RAM array comprising a plurality of memory cells fabricated over a silicon carbide (SiC) substrate.

12. The array according to claim 11, wherein the SiC substrate is a p-type SiC substrate.

13. The array according to claim 11, wherein the plurality of memory cells are a plurality of T-RAM memory cells.

14. The array according to claim 13, wherein each of the plurality of T-RAM memory cells includes two vertical devices having approximately the same height.

15. The array according to claim 13, wherein a first vertical device of each of the plurality of T-RAM memory cells is a thyristor and a second vertical device of each of the plurality of T-RAM memory cells is a transfer gate.

16. The array according to claim 13, wherein each of the plurality of T-RAM memory cells has a size of less than or equal to 6F2.

17. The array according to claim 11, wherein each of the plurality of memory cells is configured for being operational at high temperatures and in high radiation prone environments.

18. The array according to claim 17, wherein each of the plurality of memory cells is operational in a temperature range from 200 to 1000 degrees Celsius.

19. The array according to claim 14, wherein the two vertical devices are connected by an n+ region.

20. The array according to claim 11, wherein each of the plurality of memory cells has a planar cell structure.

21. A method for fabricating a memory array having a plurality of memory cells, the method comprising the steps of: providing a wafer having at least one silicon carbide (SiC) layer; and fabricating each of the plurality of memory cells over the at least one SiC layer.

22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the plurality of memory cells are a plurality of T-RAM memory cells.

23. The method according to claim 22, wherein each of the plurality of T-RAM cells has a size of less than or equal to 6F2.

24. The method according to claim 22, wherein each of the plurality of T-RAM memory cells includes a first portion and a second portion.

25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the first portion is a thyristor and the second portion is a transfer gate.

26. The method according to claim 21, further comprising the step of encapsulating each of the plurality of memory cells with an insulating material.

27. The method according to claim 21, further comprising the step of fabricating each of the plurality of memory cells with a planar cell structure.

28. The method according to claim 21, further comprising the step of providing three layers on the wafer prior to the fabricating step, wherein a first layer is provided on top of the at least one SiC layer and is an n-type layer, a second layer is provided on top of the first layer and is a p-type layer, and a third layer is provided on top of the second layer and is an n-type layer.

29. The method according to claim 21, wherein the step of fabricating each of the plurality of memory cells on the wafer includes the steps of: doping portions of the wafer with a first doping implant; and doping portions of the wafer in proximity to the portions doped with the first doping implant with a second doping implant.

30. The method according to claim 29, wherein the first doping implants is a p-type doping implant and the second doping implant is an n-type doping implant.

31. The method according to claim 29, wherein the step of doping portions of the wafer with a first doping implant includes the step of using a p-type boron implant at an energy in the range of 0.5 to 2 KeV and a dosage of between 2E14/cm2 and 8E14/cm2 as the first doping implant.

32. The method according to claim 29, wherein the step of doping portions of the wafer with a second doping implant includes the step of using an n-type arsenic implant at an energy in the range of 2 to 15 KeV and a dosage of between 8E14/cm2 and 3E15/cm2 as the second doping implant.

33. The method according to claim 21, wherein the wafer includes a first layer formed by implanting an n+ type arsenic implant at an energy in the range of 2 to 15 KeV and a dosage of between 8E14 cm2 to 3E15/cm2; a second layer formed by epitaxial growth using p-type boron at a dosage of between 4E13/cm2 to 1E14/cm2; and a third layer formed by epitaxial growth using n-type arsenic at a dosage of between 2E13/cm2 to 8E13/cm2.

34. The method according to claim 29, further comprising the steps of: providing a first mask to conceal the portions of the wafer doped with the first and second doping implants; etching portions of a first layer of the wafer which are not concealed by the first mask; removing the first mask and depositing a dielectric layer over the wafer; and providing a second mask and etching portions of a second layer of the wafer which are not concealed by the second mask.

35. The method according to claim 34, further comprising the steps of: etching portions of a third layer of the wafer in alignment with the etched portions of the second layer; forming a gate dielectric layer on the wafer and depositing a semiconductor material to form a semiconductor layer over the gate dielectric layer; providing a third mask and etching portions of the semiconductor layer and the gate dielectric layer which are not concealed by the third mask; and removing the third mask and etching portions of the second layer of the wafer and the dielectric layer which are not in vertical alignment with the semiconductor layer.

36. The method according to claim 35, further comprising the steps of: oxidizing surfaces which are not in vertical alignment with the semiconductor layer; providing a fourth mask and etching portions of the oxidized surfaces and the third layer of the wafer which are not concealed by the fourth mask to define first and second portions of each of the plurality of memory cells; providing a vertically aligned contact in the first and second portions of each of the plurality of memory cells; and adding an insulating material to encapsulate the first and second portions of each of the plurality of memory cells and to provide a planar structure for the array.

37. The method according to claim 36, further comprising the steps of: forming a plurality of bitlines traversing the plurality of memory cells; and forming a plurality of voltage reference lines traversing the plurality of memory cells.

38. The method according to claim 21, wherein the at least one SiC layer is a p-type layer.

39. The method according to claim 21, wherein each of the plurality of memory cells is configured for being operational at high temperatures and in high radiation prone environments.

40. The method according to claim 39, wherein each of the plurality of memory cells is operational in a temperature range from 200 to 1000 degrees Celsius.