Patent Grant
9786781
1. Field
The present invention relates to metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) field effect transistors (FETs), and particularly to MOSFETs fabricated on Semiconductor-On-Insulator (“SOI”) and Semiconductor-On-Sapphire (“SOS”) substrates. In one embodiment, an SOI (or SOS) MOSFET is adapted to control accumulated charge and thereby improve linearity of circuit elements.
2. Description of Related Art
Although the disclosed method and apparatus for use in improving the linearity of MOSFETs are described herein as applicable for use in SOI MOSFETs, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the electronic device design arts that the present teachings are equally applicable for use in SOS MOSFETs. In general, the present teachings can be used in the implementation of MOSFETs using any convenient semiconductor-on-insulator technology, including silicon-on-insulator technology. For example, the inventive MOSFETs described herein can be implemented using compound semiconductors on insulating substrates. Such compound semiconductors include, but are not limited to, the following: Silicon Germanium (SiGe), Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Indium Phosphide (InP), Gallium Nitride (GaN), Silicon Carbide (SiC), and II-VI compound semiconductors, including Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) and Zinc Sulfide (ZnS). The present teachings also may be used in implementing MOSFETs fabricated from thin-film polymers. Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) utilize a polymer, conjugated polymers, oligomers, or other molecules to form the insulting gate dielectric layer. The present inventive methods and apparatus may be used in implementing such OTFTs.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the electronic design arts that the present disclosed method and apparatus apply to virtually any insulating gate technology, and to integrated circuits having a floating body. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, technologies are constantly being developed for achieving “floating body” implementations. For example, the inventors are aware of circuits implemented in bulk silicon wherein circuit implementations are used to “float” the body of the device. In addition, the disclosed method and apparatus can also be implemented using silicon-on-bonded wafer implementations. One such silicon-on-bonded wafer technique uses “direct silicon bonded” (DSB) substrates. Direct silicon bond (DSB) substrates are fabricated by bonding and electrically attaching a film of single-crystal silicon of differing crystal orientation onto a base substrate. The present disclosure therefore contemplates embodiments of the disclosed method and apparatus implemented in any of the developing floating body implementations. Therefore, references to and exemplary descriptions of SOI MOSFETs herein are not to be construed as limiting the applicability of the present teachings to SOI MOSFETs only. Rather, as described below in more detail, the disclosed method and apparatus find utility in MOSFETs implemented in a plurality of device technologies, including SOS and silicon-on-bonded wafer technologies.
As is well known, a MOSFET employs a gate-modulated conductive channel of n-type or p-type conductivity, and is accordingly referred to as an “NMOSFET” or “PMOSFET”, respectively.
A source terminal 102 is operatively coupled to the source 112 so that a source bias voltage “Vs” may be applied to the source 112. A drain terminal 106 is operatively coupled to the drain 116 so that a drain bias voltage “Vd” may be applied to the drain 116. A gate terminal 104 is operatively coupled to the gate 108 so that a gate bias voltage “Vg” may be applied to the gate 108.
As is well known, when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals of a MOSFET, a generated electric field penetrates through the gate oxide to the transistor body. For an enhancement mode device, a positive gate bias creates a channel in the channel region of the MOSFET body through which current passes between the source and drain. For a depletion mode device, a channel is present for a zero gate bias. Varying the voltage applied to the gate modulates the conductivity of the channel and thereby controls the current flow between the source and drain.
For an enhancement mode MOSFET, for example, the gate bias creates a so-called “inversion channel” in a channel region of the body 114 under the gate oxide 110. The inversion channel comprises carriers having the same polarity (e.g., “P” polarity (i.e., hole carriers), or “N” polarity (i.e., electron carriers) carriers) as the polarity of the source and drain carriers, and it thereby provides a conduit (i.e., channel) through which current passes between the source and the drain. For example, as shown in the SOI NMOSFET 100 of
Depletion mode MOSFETs operate similarly to enhancement mode MOSFETs, however, depletion mode MOSFETs are doped so that a conducting channel exists even without a voltage being applied to the gate. When a voltage of appropriate polarity is applied to the gate the channel is depleted. This, in turn, reduces the current flow through the depletion mode device. In essence, the depletion mode device is analogous to a “normally closed” switch, while the enhancement mode device is analogous to a “normally open” switch. Both enhancement and depletion mode MOSFETs have a gate voltage threshold, Vth, at which the MOSFET changes from an off-state (non-conducting) to an on-state (conducting).
No matter what mode of operation an SOI MOSFET employs (i.e., whether enhancement or depletion mode), when the MOSFET is operated in an off-state (i.e., the gate voltage does not exceed Vth), and when a sufficient nonzero gate bias voltage is applied with respect to the source and drain, an “accumulated charge” may occur under the gate. The “accumulated charge”, as defined in more detail below and used throughout the present application, is similar to the “accumulation charge” described in the prior art literature in reference to MOS capacitors. However, the prior art references describe “accumulation charge” as referring only to bias-induced charge existing under a MOS capacitor oxide, wherein the accumulation charge is of the same polarity as the majority carriers of the semiconductor material under the capacitor oxide. In contrast, and as described below in more detail, “accumulated charge” is used herein to refer to gate-bias induced carriers that may accumulate in the body of an off-state MOSFET, even if the majority carriers in the body do not have the same polarity as the accumulated charge. This situation may occur, for example, in an off-state depletion mode NMOSFET, wherein the accumulated charge may comprise holes (i.e., having P polarity) even though the body doping is N− rather than P−.
For example, as shown in
As is well known, electron-hole pair carriers may be generated in MOSFET bodies as a result of several mechanisms (e.g., thermal, optical, and band-to-band tunneling electron-hole pair generation processes). When electron-hole pair carriers are generated within an NMOSFET body, for example, and when the NMOSFET is biased in an off-state condition, electrons may be separated from their hole counterparts and pulled into both the source and drain. Over a period of time, assuming the NMOSFET continues to be biased in the off-state, the holes (resulting from the separated electron-hole pairs) may accumulate under the gate oxide (i.e., forming an “accumulated charge”) underneath and proximate the gate oxide. A similar process (with the behavior of electrons and holes reversed) occurs in similarly biased PMOSFET devices. This phenomenon is now described with reference to the SOI NMOSFET 100 of
When the SOI NMOSFET 100 is operated with gate, source and drain bias voltages that deplete the channel carriers in the body 114 (i.e., the NMOSFET 100 is in the off-state), holes may accumulate underneath and proximate the gate oxide 110. For example, if the source bias voltage Vs and the drain bias voltage Vd are both zero (e.g., connected to a ground contact, not shown), and the gate bias voltage Vg comprises a sufficiently negative voltage with respect to ground and with respect to Vth, holes present in the body 114 become attracted to the channel region proximate the gate oxide 110. Over a period of time, unless removed or otherwise controlled, the holes accumulate underneath the gate oxide 110 and result in the accumulated charge 120 shown in
MOSFETs using body contacts are known in the art. For example, Burr in U.S. Pat. No. 6,249,027 describes a partially depleted SOI device having a single dedicated single body bias means. Burr shows depletion regions and respective body regions disposed beneath the depletion regions. In each of the body regions, a respective body contact is present and is in electrical communication with the corresponding body region. The body contacts are also connected to bias voltage generators. The body contact is connected to the body of the partially depleted SOI device so that the threshold voltage VTH can be adjusted for variations in process, temperature and circuit activity. Therefore, Burr discloses the use of body contacts to fine tune the threshold voltage, but does not disclose or address operation of a MOSFET in an accumulated charge regime where accumulated charge is present in the body regions of the MOSFET as described below.
Accumulated Charge Regime Defined
The accumulated charge is opposite in polarity to the polarity of carriers in the channel. Because, as described above, the polarity of carriers in the channel is identical to the polarity of carriers in the source and drain, the polarity of the accumulated charge 120 is also opposite to the polarity of carriers in the source and drain. For example, under the operating conditions described above, holes (having “P” polarity) accumulate in off-state NMOSFETs, and electrons (having “N” polarity) accumulate in off-state PMOSFETs. Therefore, a MOSFET device is defined herein as operating within the “accumulated charge regime” when the MOSFET is biased to operate in an off-state, and when carriers having opposite polarity to the channel carriers are present in the channel region. Stated in other terms, a MOSFET is defined as operating within the accumulated charge regime when the MOSFET is biased to operate in an off-state, and when carriers are present in the channel region having a polarity that is opposite the polarity of the source and drain carriers.
For example, and referring again to
In another example, wherein the SOI NMOSFET 100 comprises a depletion mode device, Vth is negative by definition. According to this example, the body 114 comprises an N-region (as contrasted with the P− region shown in
In other examples, Vs and Vd may comprise nonzero bias voltages. In some embodiments, Vg must be sufficiently negative to both Vs and Vd (in order for Vg to be sufficiently negative to Vth, for example) in order to bias the NMOSFET in the off-state. Those skilled in the MOSFET device design arts shall recognize that a wide variety of bias voltages may be used to practice the present teachings. As described below in more detail, the present disclosed method and apparatus contemplates use in any SOI MOSFET device biased to operate in the accumulated charge regime.
SOI and SOS MOSFETs are often used in applications in which operation within the accumulated charge regime adversely affects MOSFET performance. As described below in more detail, unless the accumulated charge is removed or otherwise controlled, it detrimentally affects performance of SOI MOSFETs under certain operating conditions. One exemplary application, described below in more detail with reference to the circuits shown in
Therefore, it is desirable to provide techniques for adapting and improving SOI (and SOS) MOSFETs, and circuits implemented with the improved SOI MOSFETs, in order to remove or otherwise control the accumulated charge, and thereby significantly improve SOI MOSFET performance. It is desirable to provide methods and apparatus for use in improving the linearity characteristics in SOI MOSFETs. The improved MOSFETs should have improved linearity, harmonic distortion, intermodulation distortion, and BVDSS characteristics as compared with prior art MOSFETs, and thereby improve the performance of circuits implemented with the improved MOSFETs. The present teachings provide such novel methods and apparatus.
Apparatuses and methods are provided to control accumulated charge in SOI MOSFETs, thereby improving nonlinear responses and harmonic and intermodulaton distortion effects in the operation of the SOI MOSFETs.
In one embodiment, a circuit having at least one SOI MOSFET is configured to operate in an accumulated charge regime. An accumulated charge sink (ACS), operatively coupled to the body of the SOI MOSFET, receives accumulated charge generated in the body, thereby reducing the nonlinearity of the net source-drain capacitance of the SOI MOSFET.
In one embodiment, the ACS comprises a high impedance connection to the MOSFET body, with exemplary impedance greater than 106 ohm.
In one embodiment, an accumulated charge control (ACC) floating body metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) comprises: a gate; a drain; a source; a body, where the body has a gate modulated conductive channel between the source and the drain; a gate oxide layer positioned between the gate and the body; and an accumulated charge sink (ACS) operatively coupled to the body, wherein the ACS comprises material selected to shift a capacitance versus voltage inflection inside the ACS away from a desired region of operation; where accumulated charge is present in the body of the floating body MOSFET when the MOSFET is biased to operate in an accumulated charge regime, and where the gate modulated conductive channel, source, and drain have carriers of identical polarity when the MOSFET is biased to operate in an on-state and wherein the MOSFET operates in the accumulated charge regime when the MOSFET is biased to operate in a off-state and when the accumulated charge has a polarity that is opposite to the polarity of the source, drain, and gate modulated conductive channel.
In one embodiment, an ACC MOSFET adapted to control charge accumulated in the body of the MOSFET when the MOSFET is biased to operate in an accumulated charge regime, comprises: a) a gate, drain, source, floating body, and a gate oxide layer positioned between the gate and the floating body, where the ACC MOSFET is biased to operate in the accumulated charge regime when the MOSFET is operated in a non-conducting or near non-conducting state and charge accumulates within the body in a region proximate and underneath the gate oxide layer; b) a first accumulated charge sink positioned proximate a first distal end of the floating body, where the first ACS is in electrical communication with the floating body, and wherein, when the MOSFET is operated in the accumulated charge regime, a first ACS bias voltage is applied to the first ACS to control the accumulated charge in the MOSFET body or to remove the accumulated charge from the MOSFET body via the first ACS; c) a second accumulated charge sink positioned proximate a second distal end of the floating body, wherein the second ACS is in electrical communication with the floating body and wherein, when the MOSFET is operated in the accumulated charge regime, a second ACS bias voltage is applied to the second ACS to control the accumulated charge in the MOSFET body or to remove the accumulated charge from the MOSFET body via the second ACS; d) a first electrical contact region positioned proximate to and in electrical communication with the first ACS, wherein the electrical contact region facilitates electrical coupling to the first ACS; and e) a second electrical contact region positioned proximate to and in electrical communication with the second ACS, wherein the electrical contact region facilitates electrical coupling to the second ACS.
In one embodiment, an ACC MOSFET adapted to control charge accumulated in the body of the MOSFET when the MOSFET is biased to operate in an accumulated charge regime, comprises: a) a gate, drain, source, floating body, and a gate oxide layer positioned between the gate and the floating body, where the ACC MOSFET is biased to operate in the accumulated charge regime when the MOSFET is operated in a non-conducting or near non-conducting state and charge accumulates within the body in a region proximate and underneath the gate oxide layer; b) a plurality of accumulated charge sinks positioned proximate portions of the floating body, wherein each accumulated charge sink of the plurality of accumulated charge sinks is electrically coupled to the floating body, and where, when the MOSFET is operated in the accumulated charge regime, ACS bias voltages are applied to each accumulated charge sink to control the accumulated charge in the MOSFET body or to remove the accumulated charge from the MOSFET body via the plurality of accumulated charge sinks; and c) a plurality of electrical contact regions positioned proximate to corresponding accumulated charge sinks, wherein each electrical contact region facilitates electrical coupling to the corresponding accumulated charge sink.
Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements.
As noted above, those skilled in the electronic device design arts shall appreciate that the teachings herein apply equally to NMOSFETs and PMOSFETs. For simplicity, the embodiments and examples presented herein for illustrative purposes include only NMOSFETs, unless otherwise noted. By making well known changes to dopants, charge carriers, polarity of bias voltages, etc., persons skilled in the arts of electronic devices will easily understand how these embodiments and examples may be adapted for use with PMOSFETs.
Non-Linearity and Harmonic Distortion Effects of Accumulated Charge in an SOI NMOSFET
As described above in the background, no matter what mode of operation the MOSFET employs (i.e., enhancement mode or depletion mode), under some circumstances, when a MOSFET is operated in an off-state with a nonzero gate bias voltage applied with respect to the source and drain, an accumulated charge may occur under the gate. According to the present teachings, as described above when the MOSFET is in an off-state, and when carriers are present in the channel region having a polarity that is opposite the polarity of the source and drain carriers, the MOSFET is defined herein as operating in the accumulated charge regime.
According to the present teachings, the inventors have observed that, when used in certain circuit implementations, MOSFETs operating in the accumulated charge regime exhibit undesirable non-linear characteristics that adversely impact circuit performance. For example, as described below in more detail with reference to
As shown in
A capacitor 206 represents the capacitance between the gate 108 and the body 114. A capacitor 202 represents the capacitance between the source 112 and the gate 108, and another capacitor 204 represents the capacitance between the drain 116 and the gate 108. A substrate capacitance due to the electrical coupling between the source 112 and the drain 116 (through the insulating substrate 118 shown in
As described above, when the NMOSFET 100 is in the off-state, and when the accumulated charge 120 (
However, when the NMOSFET 100 operates within the accumulated charge regime, and the accumulated charge 120 is therefore present in the body 114, mobile holes comprising the accumulated charge produce p-type conductivity between the source-body junction 218 and the drain-body junction 220. In effect, the accumulated charge 120 produces an impedance between the source-body junction 218 and the drain-body junction 220 that is significantly less than the impedance between the junctions in the absence of the accumulated charge. If a Vds voltage is applied between the drain 116 and the source 112, the mobile holes redistribute according to the electrical potentials that result within the body 114. DC and low-frequency current flow through the SOI NMOSFET 100 is prevented by the diode properties of the source-body junction 218 and the drain-body junction 220, as represented by the junction diodes 208 and 210, respectively. That is, because the junction diodes 208 and 210 are anti-series (i.e., “back-to-back”) in this case, no DC or low-frequency currents flow through the SOI NMOSFET 100. However, high-frequency currents may flow through the SOI NMOSFET 100 via the capacitances of the source-body junction 218 and the drain-body junction 220, as represented by the junction capacitors 214 and 216, respectively.
The junction capacitors 214 and 216 are voltage dependent because they are associated with junctions between n-type and p-type regions. This voltage dependence results from the voltage dependence of the width of the depletion region of the junction between the n-type and p-type regions. As a bias voltage is applied to the NMOSFET, the width of the depletion region of the junction between the n-type and p-type regions is varied. Because the capacitance of the junction depends on the width of the junction depletion region, the capacitance also varies as a function of the bias applied across the junction (i.e., the capacitance is also voltage dependent).
Further, the capacitors 202 and 204 may also have a voltage dependence caused by the presence of the accumulated charge 120. Although the complex reasons for this voltage dependence are not described in detail herein, persons skilled in the arts of electronic devices shall understand that electric field regions (e.g., electric field regions 122 and 124 described above with reference to
The voltage dependencies of the junction capacitors 214 and 216, the gate-to-source and gate-to-drain capacitors 202, 204, respectively, and the direct capacitance (not shown), cause nonlinear behavior in off-state capacitance Coff of the MOSFET when AC voltages are applied to the NMOSFET 100, thereby producing undesirable generation of harmonic distortions and intermodulation distortion (IMD). The relative contributions of these effects are complex, and depend on fabrication processes, biases, signal amplitudes, and other variables. However, those skilled in the electronic device design arts shall understand from the teachings herein that reducing, removing, or otherwise controlling the accumulated charge provides an overall improvement in the nonlinear behavior of Coff. In addition, because the body impedance 212 is significantly decreased in the presence of the accumulated charge 120, the magnitude of Coff may be increased when the FET operates in the accumulated charge regime. Reducing, removing, or otherwise controlling the accumulated charge also mitigates this effect.
In addition, the accumulated charge does not accumulate in the body in an instant as soon as the FET transitions from an on-state (conducting state) to an off-state (non-conducting state). Rather, when the FET transitions from the on-state to the off-state, it begins to accumulate charge in the body of the MOSFET, and the amount of accumulated charge increases over time. The accumulation of the accumulated charge therefore has an associated time constant (i.e., it does not instantly reach a steady-state level of accumulated charge). The accumulated charge accumulates slowly in the FET body. The depleted FET has a Coff associated with it which is increased with an increasing amount of accumulated charge. In terms of FET performance, as the Coff increases with an increasing amount of accumulated charge in the FET body, drift occurs in the FET insertion loss (i.e., the FET becomes more “lossy”), isolation (the FET becomes less isolating) and insertion phase (delay in the FET is increased). Reducing, removing, or otherwise controlling the accumulated charge also mitigates these undesirable drift effects.
The inventors have observed that the nonlinear behavior of the MOSFET off-state capacitance Coff adversely affects the performance of certain circuits implemented with the prior art SOI MOSFETs. For example, when an RF switch is implemented using the prior art SOI MOSFETs, such as the prior art SOI NMOSFET 100 of
For example, the well known GSM cellular communication system standard imposes stringent linearity, harmonic and intermodulation suppression, and power consumption requirements on front-end components used to implement GSM cell phones. One exemplary GSM standard requires that all harmonics of a fundamental signal be suppressed to below −30 dBm at frequencies up to 12.75 GHz. If harmonics are not suppressed below these levels, reliable cell phone operation can be significantly adversely impacted (e.g., increased dropped calls or other communication problems may result due to harmonic and intermodulation distortion of the transmit and receive signals). Because the RF switching function is generally implemented in the cell phone front-end components, improvements in the RF switch linearity, harmonic and intermodulation suppression, and power consumption performance characteristics is highly desirable. A description of how the non-linear behavior of the off-state capacitance Coff of the prior art MOSFETs adversely affects these RF switch characteristics is now described with reference to
Harmonic Distortion Effects on RF Switch Circuits Implemented Using Prior Art SOI MOSFETs
The MOSFET 254 acts as a pass or switching transistor and is configured, when enabled, to selectively couple an RF input signal (applied to its drain, for example) to an RF antenna 258 via a transmission path 256. The shunting MOSFETs, 260a-260e, when enabled, act to alternatively shunt the RF input signal to ground. As is well known, the switching MOSFET 254 is selectively controlled by a first switch control signal (not shown) coupled to its gate, and the shunting MOSFETs, 260a-260e are similarly controlled by a second switch control signal (not shown) coupled to their gates. The switching MOSFET 254 is thereby enabled when the shunting MOSFETs 260a-260e are disabled, and vice versa. As shown in the exemplary embodiment of the RF switch 250 of
When the switch 250 is configured in this state, the RF signal 252 propagates through the switching MOSFET 254, through the transmission path 256, and to the antenna 258. As described above with reference to
More specifically, when the accumulated charge is present in the channel regions of the off-state SOI MOSFETs 260a-260e it responds to variations in the RF signals applied to their respective drains. As the time varying RF signal propagates along the transmission path 256, the RF signal applies time varying source-to-drain bias voltages to the SOI MOSFETs 260a-260e. The time varying source-to-drain bias voltages creates movement of the accumulated charge within the channel regions of the SOI MOSFETs 260-260e. The movement of the accumulated charge within the channel regions of the SOI MOSFETs causes variations in the drain-to-source off-state capacitance of the SOI MOSFETs 260a-260e. More specifically, the movement of the accumulated charge within the channel regions causes a voltage dependence of the drain-to-source off-state capacitance as described above with reference to
As noted above, harmonic distortion and IMD of the RF signal is a major disadvantage of the prior art RF switch circuits implemented using the prior art SOI MOSFET devices. For many applications, harmonics and IMD of the RF signal must be suppressed to levels that heretofore have been difficult or impossible to achieve using prior art SOI MOSFET devices. In GSM devices, for example, at a maximum operating power of +35 dBm, prior art switches typically have only a 6 dB margin to the GSM third order harmonics suppression requirement of less than −30 dBm. Very low even order harmonic distortion is also desirable in GSM systems as the second order harmonic of the GSM transmit band also resides in the DCS receive band. Suppression of odd order (e.g., third order) harmonics of the RF signal, however, is desirable and improvements in that regard are needed.
In addition, as is well known, presence of an accumulated charge in the bodies of floating body (e.g., SOI) MOSFETs can also adversely affect the drain-to-source breakdown voltage (BVDSS) performance characteristics of the floating body MOSFETs. As is well known, floating-body FETs demonstrate drain-to-source breakdown voltage problems, also known as BVDSS, wherein the drain-to-source “punch-through” voltage is reduced by a parasitic bipolar action. The parasitic bipolar action is caused when holes are generated in the channel and the holes have nowhere to dissipate (i.e., because the body is floating, the holes have no means for escaping the body). As a consequence, the potential of the MOSFET body is increased, which effectively reduces the threshold voltage. In turn, this condition causes the MOSFET device to experience increased leakage, thereby generating more holes in the body, and thereby exacerbating the BVDSS problem (as a result of this positive feedback condition).
The present disclosed method and apparatus for improving linearity of SOI (and SOS) MOSFET devices overcomes the above-described disadvantages of the prior art. Once the accumulated charge is recognized as a major source of harmonic distortion, IMD and compression/saturation in off-state SOI MOSFET devices, and in circuits (such as RF circuits) implemented with these devices, it becomes clear that reduction, removal, and/or control of the accumulated charge improves the harmonic suppression characteristics of these devices. In addition, reduction, removal, and/or control of the accumulated charge also improve the BVDSS performance characteristics by preventing the parasitic bipolar action from occurring. Improvements in BVDSS lead to consequent improvements in device linearity. Several exemplary structures and techniques for controlling the accumulated charge in SOI MOSFETs are described in detail in the next section.
Method and Apparatus for Improving the Linearity of MOSFETs Using Accumulated Charge Sinks (ACS)—Overview
As described below in more detail, the present disclosure describes methods and apparatuses for improving semiconductor device linearity (e.g., reducing adverse harmonic distortion and IMD effects) in SOI MOSFETs. In one exemplary embodiment, the method and apparatus improves the linearity and controls the harmonic distortion and IMD effects of the MOSFET devices by reducing the accumulated charge in the bodies of the MOSFET devices. In one embodiment, the present method and apparatus reduces or otherwise controls the accumulated charge in the MOSFET bodies using an accumulated charge sink (ACS) that is operatively coupled to the MOSFET body. In one embodiment, the present method and apparatus entirely removes all of the accumulated charge from the bodies of the MOSFET devices. In one described embodiment, the MOSFET is biased to operate in an accumulated charge regime, and the ACS is used to entirely remove, reduce, or otherwise control, the accumulated charge and thereby reduce harmonic distortions and IMD that would otherwise result. Linearity is also improved in some embodiments by removing or otherwise controlling the accumulated charge thereby improving the floating body MOSFET BVDSS characteristics.
As noted in the background section above, persons skilled in the electronic device design and manufacture arts shall appreciate that the teachings herein apply equally to MOSFETs fabricated on Semiconductor-On-Insulator (“SOI”) and Semiconductor-On-Sapphire (“SOS”) substrates. The present teachings can be used in the implementation of MOSFETs using any convenient semiconductor-on-insulator technology. For example, the inventive MOSFETs described herein can be implemented using compound semiconductors fabricated on insulating substrates, such as GaAs MOSFETs. As noted above, the present method and apparatus may also be applied to silicon-germanium (SiGe) SOI MOSFETs. For simplicity, the embodiments and examples presented herein for illustrative purposes include only NMOSFETs, unless otherwise noted. By making well known changes to dopants, charge carriers, polarity of bias voltages, etc., persons skilled in the electronic device design arts will easily understand how these embodiments and examples may be adapted for use with PMOSFETs.
As noted above, the present disclosure is particularly applicable to FETs and associated applications benefiting from a fully depleted channel when the FET is operated in the off-state, wherein an accumulated charge may result. The disclosed method and apparatus for use in improving the linearity of MOSFETs also finds applicability for use with partially depleted channels. As known to those skilled in the art, the doping and dimensions of the body vary widely. In an exemplary embodiment, the body comprises silicon having a thickness of approximately 100 angstroms to approximately 2,000 angstroms. In a further exemplary embodiment, dopant concentration within the FET bodies ranges from no more than that associated with intrinsic silicon to approximately 1×1018 active dopant atoms per cm3, resulting in fully-depleted transistor operation. In a further exemplary embodiment, dopant concentration within the FET bodies ranges from 1×1018 to 1×1019 active dopant atoms per cm3 and/or the silicon comprising the body ranges from a thickness of 2000 angstroms to many micrometers, resulting in partially-depleted transistor operation. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the electronic design and manufacturing arts, the present disclosed method and apparatus for use in improving linearity of MOSFETs can be used in MOSFETs implemented in a wide variety of dopant concentrations and body dimensions. The present disclosed method and apparatus therefore is not limited for use in MOSFETs implemented using the exemplary dopant concentrations and body dimensions as set forth above.
According to one aspect of the present disclosure, accumulated charge within a FET body is reduced using control methodologies and associated circuitry. In one embodiment all of the accumulated charge is removed from the FET body. In other embodiments, the accumulated charge is reduced or otherwise controlled. In one embodiment, holes are removed from the FET body, whereas in another embodiment, electrons are removed from the FET body, as described below in more detail. By removing holes (or electrons) from the FET body using the novel and nonobvious teachings of the present disclosure, voltage induced variations in the parasitic capacitances of the off-state FETs are reduced or eliminated, thereby reducing or eliminating nonlinear behavior of the off-state FETs. In addition, as described above with reference to
Accumulated charge control not only facilitates a beneficial overall reduction in the FET off-state capacitance Coff (as described above with reference to
Reductions in harmonics and intermodulation distortion are generally beneficial in any semiconductor system, either bulk semiconductor or semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) systems. SOI systems include any semiconductor architecture employing semiconductor-containing regions positioned above an underlying insulating substrate. While any suitable insulating substrate can be used in a SOI system, exemplary insulating substrates include silicon dioxide (e.g., a buried oxide layer supported by a silicon substrate, such as that known as Separation by Implantation of Oxygen (SIMOX)), bonded wafer (thick oxide), glass, and sapphire. As noted above, in addition to the commonly used silicon-based systems, some embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented using silicon-germanium (SiGe), wherein the SiGe is used equivalently in place of Si.
A wide variety of ACS implementations and structures can be used to practice the present disclosed method and apparatus. In accordance with one embodiment of the present method and apparatus, an ACS is used to remove or otherwise control accumulated charge (referenced as 120 in
The ACC MOSFET is shown schematically embodied as a four-terminal device in
The operation of various exemplary RF switch circuits implemented using the ACC MOSFETs of the present disclosure is described below with reference to the circuit schematics of
Controlling Accumulated Charge Using an Accumulated Charge Sink (ACS)
Those skilled in the arts of electronic devices shall understand that the electrical contact region 310 may be used to facilitate electrical coupling to the ACS 308 because in some embodiments it may be difficult to make a direct contact to a lightly doped region. In addition, in some embodiments the ACS 308 and the electrical contact region 310 may be coextensive. In another embodiment, the electrical contact region 310 comprises an N+ region. In this embodiment, the electrical contact region 310 functions as a diode connection to the ACS 308, which prevents positive current flow into the ACS 308 (and also prevents positive current flow into the body 312) under particular bias conditions, as described below in more detail.
As is well known to those skilled in the electronic device design arts, in other embodiments, the ACC NMOSFET 300 of
Prior Art Body Contacts Distinguished from the Disclosed ACS
According to the present disclosure, the ACS 308 used to implement ACC SOT MOSFETs includes novel features in structure, function, operation and design that distinguish it from the so-called “body contacts” (also sometimes referred to as “body ties”, usually when the “body contact” is directly connected to the source) that are well known in the prior art.
Exemplary references relating to body contacts used in prior art SOT MOSFETs include the following: (1) F. Hameau and O. Rozeau, Radio-Frequency Circuits Integration Using CMOS SOT 0.25 μm Technology,” 2002 RF IC Design Workshop Europe, 19-22 Mar. 2002, Grenoble, France; (2) J. R. Cricci et al., “Silicon on Sapphire MOS Transistor,” U.S. Pat. No. 4,053,916, Oct. 11, 1977; (3) O. Rozeau et al., “SOT Technologies Overview for Low-Power Low-Voltage Radio-Frequency Applications,” Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 25, pp. 93-114, Boston, Mass., Kluwer Academic Publishers, November 2000; (4) C. Tinella et al., “A High-Performance CMOS-SOT Antenna Switch for the 2.5-5-GHz Band, “IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 38, No. 7, July, 2003; (5) H. Lee et al., “Analysis of body bias effect with PD-SOI for analog and RF applications,” Solid State Electron., Vol. 46, pp. 1169-1176, 2002; (6) J.-H. Lee, et al., “Effect of Body Structure on Analog Performance of SOT NMOSFETs,” Proceedings, 1998 IEEE International SOT Conference, 5-8 Oct. 1998, pp. 61-62; (7) C. F. Edwards, et al., The Effect of Body Contact Series Resistance on SOT CMOS Amplifier Stages,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 44, No. 12, December 1997 pp. 2290-2294; (8) S. Maeda, et al., Substrate-bias Effect and Source-drain Breakdown Characteristics in Body-tied Short-channel SOT MOSFET's,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 46, No. 1, January 1999 pp. 151-158; (9) F. Assaderaghi, et al., “Dynamic Threshold-voltage MOSFET (DTMOS) for Ultra-low Voltage VLSI,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 44, No. 3, March 1997, pp. 414-422; (10) G. O. Workman and J. G. Fossum, “A Comparative Analysis of the Dynamic Behavior of BTG/SOI MOSFETs and Circuits with Distributed Body Resistance,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 45, No. 10, October 1998 pp. 2138-2145; and (11) T.-S. Chao, et al., “High-voltage and High-temperature Applications of DTMOS with Reverse Schottky Barrier on Substrate Contacts,” IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. 25, No. 2, February 2004, pp. 86-88.
As described herein, applications such as RF switch circuits, may use SOI MOSFETs operated with off-state bias voltages, for which accumulated charge may result. The SOI MOSFETs are defined herein as operating within the accumulated charge regime when the MOSFETs are biased in the off-state, and when carriers having opposite polarity to the channel carriers are present in the channel regions of the MOSFETs. In some embodiments, the SOI MOSFETs may operate within the accumulated charge regime when the MOSFETs are partially depleted yet still biased to operate in the off-state. Significant benefits in improving nonlinear effects on source-drain capacitance can be realized by removing or otherwise controlling the accumulated charge according to the present teachings. In contrast to the disclosed techniques, none of the cited prior art teach or suggest ACS methods and apparatuses that are uniquely useful for removing or controlling accumulated charge. Nor are they informed regarding problems caused by the accumulated charge such as nonlinear effects on the off-state source-drain capacitance Coff. Consequently, the prior art body contacts described in the references cited above differ greatly (in structure, function, operation and design) from the ACSs described with reference to
In one example, the ACS 308 operates effectively to remove or otherwise control the accumulated charge from the SOI NMOSFET 300 using a high impedance connection to and throughout the body 312. High impedance ACSs may be used because the accumulated charge 120 is primarily generated by phenomena (e.g., thermal generation) that take a relatively long period of time to produce significant accumulated charge. For example, a typical time period for producing non-negligible accumulated charge when the NMOSFET operates in the accumulated charge regime is approximately a few milliseconds or greater. Such relatively slow generation of accumulated charge corresponds to very low currents, typically less than 100 nA/mm of transistor width. Such low currents can be effectively conveyed even using very high impedance connections to the body. According to one example, the ACS 308 is implemented with a connection having a resistance of greater than 106 ohms. Consequently, the ACS 308 is capable of effectively removing or otherwise controlling the accumulated charge 120 even when implemented with a relatively high impedance connection, relative to the low impedance prior art body contacts.
In stark contrast, the prior art teachings of body contacts described in the references cited above require low impedance (high efficiency) access to the body regions of SOI MOSFETs for proper operation (see, e.g., references (3), (6), and (7) above). A principal reason for this requirement is that the prior art body contacts are primarily directed to reducing the adverse effects on SOI MOSFET functions caused by much faster and more effective electron-hole pair generation processes than occur when the FET is operated in the accumulated charge regime. For example, in some prior art MOSFETs not operated in the accumulated charge regime, electron-hole pair carriers are generated as a result of impact ionization. Impact ionization produces electron-hole pairs at a much faster rate than occurs when the FET is operated in the accumulated charge regime.
The relative rates for electron-hole pair generation by impact ionization versus the pair generation processes causing accumulated charge can be estimated from the roll-off frequencies for the two phenomena. For example, reference (3) cited above indicates roll-off frequencies for impact ionization effects in the range of 105 Hz. In contrast, a roll-off frequency for the accumulated charge effects has been observed to be in the range of 103 Hz or less, as indicated by recovery times for odd harmonics. These observations indicate that the ACS 308 can effectively control accumulated charge using an impedance that is at least 100 times larger than required of prior art body contacts used in controlling impact ionization charge, for example. Further, because impact ionization primarily occurs when the SOI MOSFET operates in an on-state, the effects of impact ionization can be amplified by on-state transistor operation. Low impedance body contacts to and throughout a body region is even more critical in these environments in order to control the effects of impact ionization under the on-state conditions.
In stark contrast, the ACS 308 of the present teachings removes or otherwise controls the accumulated charge only when the ACC SOI MOSFET operates in the accumulated charge regime. By definition, the FET is in the off-state in this regime, so there is no requirement to remove impact ionization as amplified by an on-state FET. Therefore, a high impedance ACS 308 is perfectly adequate for removing the accumulated charge under these operating conditions. The prior art requirements for low impedance body connections results in numerous problems of implementation that are overcome by the present teachings, as described below in more detail.
In addition, the ACS 308 may be implemented with much lower source-to-drain parasitic capacitance as compared to the body contacts of the prior art. The above-described low impedance connection to the SOI MOSFET body required of the prior art body contacts necessitates proximity of the contacts to the entire body. This may require a plurality body contact “fingers” that contact the body at different locations along the body. The low impedance connection to the body also necessitates proximity of the prior art body contacts to the source and drain. Because of parasitic capacitances produced by such body contacts, the cited prior art references teach away from the use of such structures for many high frequency applications such as RF. In stark contrast, the ACS 308 of the present disclosure may be positioned a selected distance away from the source 304 and the drain 306, and the ACS 308 may also be coupled to the body 312 at a first distal end of the body 312 (shown in
Further, because impact ionization hole currents are much larger (in the range of 5,000 nA per mm body width) than for accumulated charge generation (less than approximately 100 nA per mm body width), the prior art does not teach how to effectively implement very large body widths (i.e., much greater than approximately 10 μm). In contrast, the ACS 308 of the present disclosed device may be implemented in SOI MOSFETs having relatively large body widths. This provides improvements in on-state conductance and transconductance, insertion loss and fabrication costs, particularly for RF switch devices. According to the prior art teachings cited above, larger body widths adversely affect the efficient operation of body contacts because their impedances are necessarily thereby increased. Although the cited prior art suggests that a plurality of fingers may be used to contact the body at different locations, the plurality of fingers adversely affects parasitic source-to-drain capacitances, as described above.
For these reasons, and for the reasons described below in more detail, the present disclosure provides novel MOSFET devices, circuits and methods that overcome the limitations according to the prior art teachings as cited above.
As described above with reference to
In most embodiments, as described above with reference to
In accordance with the disclosed method and apparatus, when the ACC NMOSFET 300′ is biased to operate in the accumulated charge regime (i.e., when the ACC NMOSFET 300′ is in the off-state, and there is an accumulated charge 120 of P polarity (i.e., holes) present in the channel region of the body 312), the accumulated charge is removed or otherwise controlled via the ACS terminal 308′. When accumulated charge 120 is present in the body 312, the charge 312 can be removed or otherwise controlled by applying a bias voltage (Vb (for “body”) or VACS (ACS bias voltage)) to the ACS terminal 308′. In general, the ACS bias voltage VACS applied to the ACS terminal 308′ may be selected to be equal to or more negative than the lesser of the source bias voltage Vs and drain bias voltage Vd. More specifically, in some embodiments, the ACS terminal 308′ can be coupled to various accumulated charge sinking mechanisms that remove (or “sink”) the accumulated charge when the FET operates in the accumulated charge regime. Several exemplary accumulated charge sinking mechanisms and circuit configurations are described below with reference to
Similar to the prior art NMOSFET 100 described above with reference to
However, those skilled in the electronics design arts shall appreciate that a myriad of bias voltages can be applied to the four device terminals while still employing the techniques of the present disclosed method and apparatus. As long as the ACC SOI NMOSFET 300′ is biased to operate in the accumulated charge regime, the accumulated charge can be removed or otherwise controlled by applying a bias voltage VACS to the ACS terminal 308′, and thereby remove the accumulated charge from the body 312.
For example, in one embodiment wherein the ACC NMOSFET 300′ comprises a depletion mode device, Vth is negative by definition. In this embodiment if both the Vs and Vd bias voltages comprise zero volts (i.e., both terminals tied to circuit ground node), and a gate bias Vg applied to the gate terminal 302′ is sufficiently negative to Vth (for example, Vg is more negative than approximately −1 V relative to Vth), holes may accumulate under the gate oxide 110 thereby becoming the accumulated charge 120. In this example, in order to remove the accumulated holes (i.e., the accumulated charge 120) from the FET body 312, the voltage VACS applied to the ACS 308 may be selected to be equal to or more negative than the lesser of Vs and Vd.
In other examples, the source and drain bias voltages, Vs and Vd, respectively, may comprise voltage other than zero volts. According to these embodiments, the gate bias voltage Vg must be sufficiently negative to both Vs and Vd (in order for Vg to be sufficiently negative to Vth, for example) in order to bias the NMOSFET in the off-state. As described above, if the NMOSFET is biased in the off-state for a sufficiently long time period (approximately 1-2 ms, for example) an accumulated charge will accumulate under the gate oxide. In these embodiments, as noted above, in order to remove the accumulated charge 120 from the body 312, the ACS bias voltage VACS applied to the ACS terminal 308′ may be selected to be equal to or more negative than the lesser of Vs and Vd.
It should be noted that, in contrast to the examples described above, the prior art body contacts are implemented largely for purposes of mitigating the adverse effects caused by impact ionization. Consequently, the prior art body contacts are typically tied to the source of the MOSFET. In order to effectively control, reduce, or entirely remove the accumulated charge in an NMOSFET, VACS should, in the exemplary embodiments, be equal to or more negative than the lesser of Vs and Vd. Those skilled in the electronic device design arts shall appreciate that different Vs, Vd, Vg and VACS bias voltages may be used when the ACC MOSFET comprises a PMOSFET device. Because the prior art body contacts are typically tied to the source, this implementation cannot be effected using the prior art body contact approach.
View line A-A′ slices through the following component regions of the ACC NMOSFET 300′″: the P+ electrical contact region 310, the ACS 308 (shown in
Although the present teachings encompass such embodiments described above, those skilled in the electronic device design and manufacturing arts shall recognize that such low-resistance connections are not required. Therefore, disadvantages associated with the embodiment shown in
Referring again to
The increased threshold voltage can be reduced by reducing the size of the region 307. Eliminating the region 307 altogether eliminates the threshold voltage increase. Because the threshold voltage increase can increase harmonic and intermodulation distortion of the “on” state MOSFET, eliminating this effect improves MOSFET performance. The increased threshold voltage also has the detrimental effect of increasing the MOSFET on-resistance (i.e., the resistance presented by the MOSFET when it is in the on-state (conducting state), which detrimentally impacts the MOSFET insertion loss.
In one exemplary embodiment, as shown, for example in the embodiments of the ACC NMOSFET 300 described above with reference to
This configuration of the P+ region 310 eliminates or greatly reduces the problems associated with threshold voltage increase as described above. As described above with reference to
In another exemplary embodiment, as described below with reference to
Moreover, as described above with reference to
It shall be understood by those skilled in the electronic device design arts that although the illustrated embodiment shows the ACSs 308 and 308″ extending approximately the entire width of the ACC NMOSFET 300′″″, the ACSs 308 and 308″ may also comprise much narrower (or wider) regions, and still function perfectly well to remove or otherwise control the accumulated charge. Also, in some embodiments, it is not necessary that the impedance of the ACS 308 matches the impedance of the ACS 308″. It will further be understood by the skilled person that the ACSs 308 and 308″ may comprise different sizes and configurations (i.e., rectangular, square, or any other convenient shape), and may also be positioned at various distances away from the body 312 (i.e., not necessarily the same distance away from the body 312). As described above with reference to
Four-Terminal ACC MOSFET Devices—Simple Circuit Configurations
The SOI NMOSFET 300 of
The ACC SOI NMOSFET 300 of
Advantageously, the accumulated charge can be removed via the ACS terminal 408 by connecting the ACS terminal 408 to the gate terminal 402 as shown. This configuration ensures that when the FET 300 is in the off-state, it is held in the correct bias region to effectively remove or otherwise control the accumulated charge. As shown in
In other exemplary embodiments, as described above with reference to
In another exemplary embodiment, as described above, the ACC NMOSFET 300 comprises a depletion mode device. In this embodiment, the threshold voltage, Vth is, by definition, less than zero. For Vs and Vd both at zero volts, when a gate bias Vg sufficiently negative to Vth is applied to the gate terminal 402 (for example, Vg more negative than approximately −1 V relative to Vth), holes may accumulate under the gate oxide and thereby comprise an accumulated charge. For this example, the voltage VACS may also be selected to be equal to Vg by connecting the ACS terminal 408 to the gate terminal 402, thereby conveying the accumulated charge from the ACC NMOSFET as described above.
In some embodiments of the improved ACC SOI NMOSFET 300, such as that described above with reference to
Another exemplary simplified circuit using the improved ACC SOI NMOSFET 300 is shown in
As with the device shown in
When the SOI NMOSFET 300 is biased in an on condition, the diode 410 is reverse-biased, thereby preventing the flow of positive current into the source and drain regions. The reverse-biased configuration reduces power consumption and improves linearity of the device. The circuit shown in
With the exception of the diode 410 used to prevent the flow of positive current into the ACS terminal 408, exemplary operation of the simplified circuit shown in
In yet another embodiment, the ACS terminal 408 may be coupled to a control circuit 412 as illustrated in the simplified circuit of
It may be desirable to provide a negative ACS bias voltage VACS to the ACS terminal 408 when the SOI NMOSFET 300 is biased into an accumulated charge regime. In this exemplary embodiment, the control circuit 412 may prevent positive current flow into the ACS terminal 408 by selectively maintaining an ACS bias voltage VACS that is consistently negative with respect to both the source and drain bias voltages. In particular, the control circuit 412 may be used to apply an ACS bias voltage that is equal to or more negative than the lesser of Vs and Vd. By application of such an ACS bias voltage, the accumulated charge is thereby removed or otherwise controlled.
In the exemplary embodiment of the simplified circuit shown in
In other embodiments, Vs and Vd may comprise bias voltages that are other than zero. According to these examples, Vg must be sufficiently negative to both Vs and Vd in order for Vg to be sufficiently negative to Vth, in order to bias the NMOSFET 300 in the off-state. This allows the accumulation of accumulated charge under the gate oxide. For this example, the ACS bias voltage VACS may be selected to be equal to or more negative than the lesser of Vs and Vd by connecting the ACS terminal 408 to the control circuit 412 to provide selected ACS bias voltages, thereby conveying the accumulated charge from the ACC NMOSFET 300.
In other embodiments, if the ACC NMOSFET 300 of
As described above, in one embodiment, instead of having the control circuit 412 provide a bias to the ACS terminal 408 as shown in
In another embodiment, the circuit shown in
In one exemplary circuit, as shown in
In some embodiments, such as for example in an RF switch circuit, the gate terminal 402 and the ACS terminal 408 follow Vds at half the rate (Vds/2) of Vds. At high Vds excursions, Vgs may approach the threshold voltage Vth, resulting in increased Ids leakage current. In some cases, such a leakage current exits the ACS terminal 408 and can overwhelm associated circuitry (e.g., a negative voltage generator). Hence, the circuit shown in
In yet another exemplary embodiment, the simplified circuit shown in
As shown in the simplified circuit of
In some circuit embodiments, body nodes of a multi-finger FET implementation may be connected to one another (using, for example, metal or silicon), overlapping the source fingers. On another side of the FET implementation, gate nodes may be are connected to one another (using, for example, metal or silicon) overlapping the drain fingers. As a result of this FET implementation, additional capacitance may result between the source and body (S-B), and further additional capacitance may result between the drain and gate (D-G). These additional capacitances may degrade the symmetry of the intrinsic device. Under AC excitation, this results in the gate terminal following the drain terminal more closely, and the body terminal following the source terminal more closely, which effectively creates an AC signal across the diode 410, which can excite nonlinearities of the diode 410 as described above. Using the exemplary embodiment shown in
Improved Coff Performance Characteristics of ACC MOSFETs Made in Accordance with the Present Disclosed Method and Apparatus
As described above with reference to
Exemplary Improved Performance RF Switch Implementations Using ACC SOI MOSFETs in Accordance with the Present Teachings
Referring again to
Referring again to
The terms “switching” and “shunting”, as pertains to the transistors shown in
It will also be appreciated by those skilled in RF switch circuits that all of the exemplary switch circuits may be used “bi-directionally,” wherein the previously described input ports function as output ports, and vice versa. That is, although an exemplary RF switch may be described herein as having one or more input ports (or nodes) and one or more output ports (or nodes), this description is for convenience only, and it will be understood that output ports may, in some applications, be used to input signals, and input ports may, in some applications, be used to output signals. The RF switch circuits described with reference to
Referring again to
Exemplary bias voltages for the switching and shunting SOI NMOSFETs 506 and 508, respectively, may include the following: with Vth approximately zero volts, Vg, for the on-state, of +2.5 V, and Vg, for the off-state, of −2.5 V. For these bias voltages, the SOI NMOSFETs may eventually operate in an accumulated charge regime when placed into their off-states. In particular, and as described above with reference to
Exemplary bias voltages for the switching NMOSFET 526 and the shunting ACC NMOSFET 528 may include: with Vth approximately zero, Vg, for the on-state, of +2.5 V, and Vg, for the off-state, of −2.5 V. For these bias voltages, the SOI NMOSFETs may operate in an accumulated charge regime when placed into the off-state. However, when the switching NMOSFET 526 is in the on-state and the shunting ACC NMOSFET 528 is in the off-state, the output signal RFout at the output terminal 505 will not be distorted by nonlinear behavior of the off-state capacitance Coff of the improved shunting ACC NMOSFET 528 due to the accumulated charge. When the shunting ACC NMOSFET 528 operates in the accumulated charge regime, the accumulated charge is removed via the ACS terminal 508′. More specifically, because the gate terminal 502′ of the shunting ACC NMOSFET 528 is connected to the ACS terminal 508′, the accumulated charge is removed or otherwise controlled as described above in reference to the simplified circuit of
Exemplary bias voltages for the NMOSFET 526 and the ACC NMOSFET 528 may include the following: with Vth approximately zero volts, Vg, for the on-state, of +2.5 V, and Vg, for the off-state, of −2.5 V. For these bias voltages, the SOI NMOSFETs 526, 528 may operate in an accumulated charge regime when placed into an off-state. However, when the NMOSFET 526 is in the on-state and the ACC NMOSFET 528 is in the off-state, the output signal RFout will not be distorted by nonlinear behavior of the off-state capacitance Coff of the ACC NMOSFET 528 due to the accumulated charge. Because the gate terminal 502′ of the ACC NMOSFET 528 is connected to the ACS terminal 508′ via a diode 509, the accumulated charge is entirely removed, reduced or otherwise controlled, as described above with reference to
Exemplary bias voltages for the NMOSFET 526 and the ACC NMOSFET 528 may include the following: with Vth approximately zero volts, Vg, for the on-state, of +2.5 V, and Vg, for the off-state, of −2.5 V. For these bias voltages, the SOI NMOSFETs 526, 528 may operate in an accumulated charge regime when placed into the off-state. However, when the NMOSFET 526 is in the on-state and the ACC NMOSFET 528 is in the off-state, the output signal RFout produced at the output terminal 505 will not be distorted by the nonlinear behavior of the off-state capacitance Coff of the ACC NMOSFET 528 due to the accumulated charge. When the NMOSFET 528 operates in the accumulated charge regime, the accumulated charge is removed via the ACS terminal 508′. More specifically, because the ACS terminal 508′ of the ACC NMOSFET 528 is electrically coupled to the control circuit 520 via the control line 517 (i.e., controlled by the control signal “C2” as shown), the accumulated charge can be eliminated, reduced or otherwise controlled by applying selected bias voltages to the ACS terminal 508′ as described above with reference to
In the circuits described above with respect to
For example, as set forth above, although the exemplary RF switches have been described as being implemented using ACC SOI NMOSFET devices, they can also be implemented using ACC SOI PMOSFET devices. Further, although single-pole single-throw, and single-pole double-throw RF switches have been described above as examples of RF switches implemented in accordance with the present teachings, the present application encompasses any variation of single-pole multi-throw, multi-pole single-throw, and multi-pole multi-throw RF switch configurations. Those skilled in the RF switch design and fabrication arts shall recognize and appreciate that the present teachings can be used in implementing any convenient RF switch configuration design.
Exemplary RF Switch Implementation Using Stacked Transistors
In the exemplary embodiments of RF switch circuits described above, the switch circuits are implemented using a single SOI NMOSFET (e.g., the single SOI NMOSFET 506 of
One example of how stacked NMOSFETs may be implemented in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure is illustrated in
Three stacked ACC SOI NMOSFETs are shown in each ACC NMOSFET stack in the exemplary stacked RF switch circuit 600 of
Other stacked RF switch circuits, adapted for accumulated charge control, analogous to the circuits described above with reference to
Exemplary Method of Operation
At the STEP 704, the ACC SOI MOSFET is controlled, at least part of the time, so that it operates in an accumulated charge regime. In most embodiments, as described above, the ACC MOSFET is operated in the accumulated charge regime by applying bias voltages that place the FET in an off-state condition. In one exemplary embodiment, the ACC SOI MOSFET comprises an ACC SOI NMOSFET that is configured as part of a shunting circuit of an RF switch. According to this exemplary embodiment, the SOI NMOSFET may be operated in an accumulated charge regime after the shunting circuit is placed into an off-state by applying a negative bias voltage to the gate terminal of the ACC NMOSFET.
The method then proceeds to a STEP 706, whereat the accumulated charge that has accumulated in the channel region of the ACC MOSFET is removed or otherwise controlled via the ACS terminal. In this embodiment, the accumulated charge is conveyed to another circuit terminal and is thereby reduced or otherwise controlled. One such exemplary circuit terminal that can be used to convey the accumulated charge from the MOSFET body comprises a gate terminal of the ACC MOSFET (see, e.g., the description above with reference to
Exemplary RF Switch Implementations Using Stacked Transistors Having Source to Drain Resistors
As shall be appreciated by skilled persons from the present teachings, removal of the accumulated charge via the ACS terminal causes current to flow from the body of the ACC SOI MOSFET. For example, when a hole current flows from the body of an ACC SOI MOSFET via the ACS, an equal electron current flows to the FET source and/or drain. For some circuits (e.g., the RF switch circuit of
Exemplary operating voltages for the NMOSFETs 602-606 of
Even currents smaller than the exemplary currents may produce adverse affects on the operation of the RF switching circuit 800 by reducing Vgs and/or Vgd of the ACC SOI MOSFETs 620-624 in the off-state, thereby reducing the power handling capability and reliability of the circuit by increasing leakage (e.g., when either Vgs or Vgd approaches Vth), by increasing hot-carrier damage caused by excess leakage, etc. Linearity of the MOSFETs is also degraded by reducing Vgs and/or Vgd when either value approaches Vth.
Exemplary values for the Rds resistors 802 to 806 may be selected in some embodiments by selecting a value approximately equal to the resistance of the gate resistors 632-636 divided by the number of ACC SOI NMOSFETs in the stack (in the exemplary embodiment, there are three ACC FETs in the stack). More generally, the value of the Rds resistors may be equal to the gate resistor value divided by the number of ACC SOI NMOSFETs in the stack. In one example, a stack of eight ACC SOI NMOSFETs may have gate resistors of 80 kohm and Ras resistors of 10 kohm.
In some embodiments, the Rds resistors may be selected so that they do not adversely affect switch performance characteristics, such as, for example, the insertion loss of the switch 800 due to the off-state ACC SOI NMOSFETs. For example, for a net shunt resistance greater than 10 kohm, the insertion loss is increased by less than 0.02 dB.
In other embodiments, the Rds resistors may be implemented in circuits comprising a single ACC SOI MOSFET (as contrasted with the stacked shunting configuration exemplified in
A first control signal C1 is provided to control the operating states of the ACC SOI NMOSFETs 526 and 528′ (i.e., C1 selectively operates the FETs in the on-state or the off-state). Similarly, a second control signal C1x is provided to control the operating states of the ACC SOI NMOSFETs 528 and 526′. As is well known, and as described for example in the above incorporated commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,804,502, the control signals C1 and C1x are generated so that the ACC SOI NMOSFETs 526 and 528′ are in an on-state when the ACC SOI NMOSFETs 528 and 526′ are in an off-state, and vice versa. This configuration allows the RF switch circuit 900 to selectively convey either the signal RF1 or RF2 to the RF common output node 903.
A first ACS control signal C2 is configured to control the operation of the ACS terminals of the SOI NMOSFETs 526 and 528′. A second ACS control signal C2x is configured to control the ACS terminals of the ACC SOI NMOSFETs 528 and 526′. The first and second ACS control signals, C2 and C2x, respectively, are selected so that the ACSs of the associated and respective NMOSFETs are appropriately biased in order to eliminate, reduce, or otherwise control their accumulated charge when the ACC SOI NMOSFETs operate in an accumulated charge regime.
As shown in the RF switch circuit 900 of
Additional Exemplary Benefits Afforded by the ACC MOSFETs of the Present Disclosure
As described above, presence of the accumulated charge in the bodies of the SOI MOSFETs can adversely affect the drain-to-source breakdown voltage (BVDSS) performance characteristics of the floating body MOSFETs. This also has the undesirable effect of worsening the linearity of off-state MOSFETs when used in certain circuits such as RF switching circuits. For example, consider the shunting SOI NMOSFET 528 shown in
When sufficiently large signals are input that cause the NMOSFET 528 to enter a BVDSS regime, some of the RF current is clipped, or redirected through the NMOSFET 528 to ground, resulting in a loss of signal power. This current “clipping” causes compression behavior that can be shown, for instance, in a RF switch “Pout vs. Pin” plot. This is frequently characterized by P1 dB, wherein the insertion loss is increased by 1.0 dB over the small-signal insertion loss. This is an obvious indication of nonlinearity of the switch. In accordance with the present disclosed method and apparatus, removing, reducing or otherwise controlling the accumulated charge increases the BVDSS point. Increases to the BVDSS point of the NMOSFET 528 commensurately increases the large-signal power handling of the switch. As an example, for a switch, doubling the BVDSS voltage of the ACC NMOSFET increases the P1 dB point by 6 dB. This is a significant accomplishment as compared with the prior art RF switch designs.
In addition, as described above in more detail, presence of the accumulated charge in SOI MOSFET body adversely impacts the magnitude of Coff and also takes time to form when the FET is switched from an on-state to an off-state. In terms of switch performance, the nonlinearity of Coff adversely impacts the overall switch linearity performance (as described above), and the magnitude of Coff adversely affects the small-signal performance parameters such as insertion loss, insertion phase (or delay), and isolation. By reducing the magnitude of Coff using the present disclosed method and apparatus, the switch (implemented with ACC MOSFETs) has reduced insertion loss due to lowered parasitic capacitance, reduced insertion phase (or delay), again due to lowered parasitic capacitance, and increased isolation due to less capacitive feedthrough.
The ACC MOSFET also improves the drift characteristic of SOI MOSFETs as pertains to the drift of the small-signal parameters over a period of time. As the SOI MOSFET takes some time to accumulate the accumulated charge when the switch is off, the Coff capacitance is initially fairly small. However, over a period of time while operated in the accumulated charge regime, the off-state capacitance Coff increases toward a final value. The time it takes for the NMOSFET to reach a full accumulated charge state depends on the electron-hole pair (EHP) generation mechanism. Typically, this time period is on the order of approximately hundreds of milliseconds for thermal EHP generation at room temperature, for example. During this charge-up time period, the insertion loss and insertion phase increase. Also, during this time period, the isolation decreases. As is well known, these are undesirable phenomena in standard SOI MOSFET devices. These problems are alleviated or otherwise mitigated using the ACC NMOSFETs and related circuits described above.
In addition to the above-described benefits afforded by the disclosed ACC MOSFET method and apparatus, the disclosed techniques also allow the implementation of SOI MOSFETs having improved temperature performance, improved sensitivity to Vdd variations, and improved sensitivity to process variations. Other improvements to the prior art SOI MOSFETs afforded by the present disclosed method and apparatus will be understood and appreciated by those skilled in the electronic device design and manufacturing arts.
Exemplary Fabrication Methods
In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the exemplary RF switches described above may be implemented using a fully insulating substrate semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) technology. Also, as noted above, in addition to the commonly used silicon-based systems, some embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented using silicon-germanium (SiGe), wherein the SiGe is used equivalently in place of silicon.
In some exemplary embodiments, the MOSFET transistors of the present disclosure may be implemented using “Ultra-Thin-Silicon (UTSi)” (also referred to herein as “ultrathin silicon-on-sapphire”) technology. In accordance with UTSi manufacturing methods, the transistors used to implement the inventive methods disclosed herein are formed in an extremely thin layer of silicon in an insulating sapphire wafer. The fully insulating sapphire substrate enhances the performance characteristics of the inventive RF circuits by reducing the deleterious substrate coupling effects associated with non-insulating and partially insulating substrates. For example, insertion loss improvements may be realized by lowering the transistor on-state resistances and by reducing parasitic substrate conductance and capacitance. In addition, switch isolation is improved using the fully insulating substrates provided by UTSi technology. Owing to the fully insulating nature of silicon-on-sapphire technology, the parasitic capacitance between the nodes of the RF switches is greatly reduced as compared with bulk CMOS and other traditional integrated circuit manufacturing technologies.
Examples of and methods for making silicon-on-sapphire devices that can be implemented in the MOSFETs and circuits described herein, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,043 (“Minimum charge FET fabricated on an ultrathin silicon on sapphire wafer”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,492,857 (“High-frequency wireless communication system on a single ultrathin silicon on sapphire chip”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,572,040 (“High-frequency wireless communication system on a single ultrathin silicon on sapphire chip”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,596,205 (“High-frequency wireless communication system on a single ultrathin silicon on sapphire chip”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,600,169 (“Minimum charge FET fabricated on an ultrathin silicon on sapphire wafer”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,663,570 (“High-frequency wireless communication system on a single ultrathin silicon on sapphire chip”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,336 (“High-frequency wireless communication system on a single ultrathin silicon on sapphire chip”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,863,823 (“Self-aligned edge control in silicon on insulator”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,883,396 (“High-frequency wireless communication system on a single ultrathin silicon on sapphire chip”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,895,957 (“Minimum charge FET fabricated on an ultrathin silicon on sapphire wafer”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,920,233 (“Phase locked loop including a sampling circuit for reducing spurious side bands”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,930,638 (“Method of making a low parasitic resistor on ultrathin silicon on insulator”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,973,363 (“CMOS circuitry with shortened P-channel length on ultrathin silicon on insulator”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,973,382 (“Capacitor on ultrathin semiconductor on insulator”); and U.S. Pat. No. 6,057,555 (“High-frequency wireless communication system on a single ultrathin silicon on sapphire chip”). All of these referenced patents are incorporated herein in their entirety for their teachings on ultrathin silicon-on-sapphire integrated circuit design and fabrication.
Similarly to other bulk and SOI CMOS processes, an SOS enhancement mode NMOSFET, suitable for some embodiments of the present disclosure, may, in some embodiments, be fabricated with a p-type implant into the channel region with n-type source and drain regions, and may have a threshold voltage of approximately +500 mV. The threshold voltage is directly related to the p-type doping level, with higher doping resulting in higher thresholds. Similarly, the SOS enhancement mode PMOSFET may, in some exemplary embodiments, be implemented with an n-type channel region and p-type source and drain regions. Again, the doping level defines the threshold voltage with higher doping resulting in a more negative threshold.
In some exemplary embodiments, an SOS depletion-mode NMOSFET, suitable for some embodiments of the present disclosure, may be fabricated by applying the p-type channel-implant mask to the n-type transistor, resulting in a structure that has n-type channel, source, and drain regions and a negative threshold voltage of approximately −500 mV. Similarly, in some exemplary embodiments, a suitable depletion-mode PMOSFET may be implemented by applying the n-type channel-implant mask to the p-type transistor, resulting in a structure that has p-type channel, source, and drain regions and a positive threshold voltage of approximately +500 mV.
As noted in the background section above, the present ACC MOSFET apparatus can also be implemented using any convenient semiconductor-on-insulator technology, included, but not limited to, silicon-on-insulator, silicon-on-sapphire, and silicon-on-bonded wafer technology. One such silicon-on-bonded wafer technique uses “direct silicon bonded” (DSB) substrates. Direct silicon bond (DSB) substrates are fabricated by bonding and electrically attaching a film of single-crystal silicon of differing crystal orientation onto a base substrate. Such implementations are available from the Silicon Genesis Corporation headquartered in San Jose, Calif. As described at the Silicon Genesis Corporation website (publicly available at “www.sigen.com”), silicon-on-bonded wafer techniques include the so-called NanoCleave™ bonding process which can be performed at room temperature. Using this process, SOI wafers can be formed with materials having substantially different thermal expansion coefficients, such as in the manufacture of Germanium-on-Insulator wafers (GeOI). Exemplary patents describing silicon-on-bonded wafer implementations are as follows: U.S. Pat. No. 7,056,808, issued Jun. 6, 2006 to Henley, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,969,668, issued Nov. 29, 2005 to Kang, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,908,832, issued Jun. 21, 2005 to Farrens et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,724, issued Oct. 14, 2003 to Henley, et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 6,790,747, issued Sep. 14, 2004 to Henley, et al. All of the above-cited patents are incorporated by reference herein for their teachings on techniques and methods of fabricating silicon devices on bonded wafers.
A reference relating to the fabrication of enhancement-mode and depletion-mode transistors in SOS is “CMOS/SOS/LSI Switching Regulator Control Device,” Orndorff, R. and Butcher, D., Solid-State Circuits Conference, Digest of Technical Papers, 1978 IEEE International, Volume XXI, pp. 234-235, February 1978. The “Orndorff” reference is hereby incorporated in its entirety herein for its techniques on the fabrication of enhancement-mode and depletion-mode SOS transistors.
Embodiments of Methods and Apparatuses for Improving Linearity Characteristics in Accordance with the Present CIP
The present CIP describes methods and apparatuses for improving linearity characteristics of ACC FETs. Persons skilled in the art of electronics devices will appreciate that the teachings herein apply equally to NMOSFETs and PMOSFETs and other similar devices. For simplicity, the embodiments and examples presented herein for illustrative purposes may include only NMOSFETs, unless otherwise noted. By making well known changes to dopants, charge carriers, polarity of bias voltages, etc., persons skilled in the art of electronic devices will easily understand how these embodiments and examples may be adapted for use with PMOSFETs and other similar devices.
Research shows that the above-described ACC field-effect-transistors (FETs) exhibit linearity sensitivity when the ACC FETs are in an OFF state. This linearity sensitivity is in large part caused by body-gate potential difference when the ACC FET is turned OFF. This sensitivity is most clearly defined as degradation in second and third order inter-modulation harmonic distortion, although it may encompass other signal degradation as well. In many implementations, body-to-gate voltage (VBG) is set according to the diode voltage drop, a value that is dependent on body current. Because body current has a delta of several orders of magnitude, VBG likewise varies accordingly. Evidence suggests that parasitic MOS capacitance in the ACS region causes the observed linearity sensitivity. In order to overcome the current sensitivity to linearity, various combinations of two methods are described that provide improvement in the linearity characteristics of the above-described ACC FETs.
The methods and apparatus described herein provide improvements to FET linearity characteristics by modifying the above-described accumulated charge control (ACC) FETs. Harmonic performance is improved using the presently disclosed improved methods and apparatus. In this improved method of using ACSs to improve harmonic performance, the body-to-gate potential sensitivity provides an impetus for providing improved solutions. Because the implant within the ACS itself generates harmonic interference at the desired range of operating voltage in the above described methods and apparatus, an improved method and apparatus is defined as an optimization of using ACSs to improve even and odd harmonics.
An overview of two methods providing linearity improvement is now presented. The first method comprises controlling the doping levels and the doping materials of the implant (also referred to herein as “improved body contact”) in the ACS region, so that the worst case harmonic peak is shifted away from standard or desired operating conditions. This method is described in additional detail in the section below entitled “Modification to ACS Implant.” The second method comprises providing a structure that cancels, in part or entirely, the voltage drop across parasitic capacitance between the body and the gate of the MOSFET having an ACS. In such a structure, voltages across non-linear parasitic capacitance terms are consequently set to zero, which advantageously nullifies the generation of non-linearity altogether. This method is described in additional detail in the section below entitled “Dual ACS Device Implementation with AC short.”
Modification to ACS Implant
By altering the doping type and the doping levels of the implant in the ACS region, the worst-case peak deviating from linearity can be moved away from standard operating conditions. More specifically, modifications of the implants can move the worst-case harmonic peak either to more negative bias voltages, or closer to zero bias condition. Because each direction has its advantages and disadvantages, there is room for tunability to the application specifications. Characterization of a variety of implants would provide for the desired tunability in future applications.
In silicon processes, selecting different types of the implant and tuning the implant levels will shift the worst-case harmonic peak away from desired operating conditions. More accurately, this shifts the body voltage worst-case harmonics peak away from approximate operational voltage magnitudes to values more or less than operational voltages (a shift from VB
As briefly discussed above, the non-linear harmonic response is believed to arise from the parasitic MOS capacitance in the ACS region. Adjusting the implant in the ACS region allows for the voltage threshold in which the parasitic MOS capacitor is turned on to be moved out of the desired operational voltage range to achieve a linear or near-linear response within the specified operating range.
By selecting and controlling the dopant material and dopant levels in the ACS region, undesirable harmonic responses can be moved away from the operational regions of an ACC MOSFET. The adjustment of the implant in the ACS region may be done with nearly any embodiment of an ACC MOSFET in nearly any configuration, such as those discussed above with reference to
Dual ACS Device Implementation with AC Short
In accordance with the present method and apparatus, a dual ACS (or “body contact”) device retains similarities to a standard H-gate FET device (such as the device shown in
The new H-gate type device is defined by an AC short between the dual-sided ACS regions at the bottom of the FET stack. Because each of the ACS regions on each side of the stack is independently radio-frequency coupled by parasitic capacitance to the gate polysilicon, second-order intermodulation distortion harmonics improve dramatically with symmetry. Because the body contacts on either side of the stack are shorted together, and thus jointly coupling to the gate polysilicon, there is a cancellation of voltage across CBG. This cancellation of voltage sets the voltage across nonlinear capacitances to 0V, voiding the generation of nonlinearity altogether.
By evening parasitic capacitance on the source and drain sides of the device (due to symmetry), and connecting the symmetrical body contacts (with the H-gate AC short), 20 to 30 dB improvements in second and third order harmonics versus their worst-case spikes are observed. Also, the layout lowered harmonic body-to-gate potential difference sensitivity.
It is also noted that the AC short can be made by any of the interconnect methods, direct or inductive. An example of a direct connection is by use of a metal layer. An example of an inductive connection is use of P+ routing
To illustrate the importance of the AC shorted configuration in a dual ACS ACC MOSFET,
With the AC short and balanced capacitances, the voltage difference between the body and the gate is forced to be zero due to the voltage balance. (That is, CGD=CGS and CBD=CBS, causing VBG=0V). If VBG=0, then even if CBG is nonlinear, there is no voltage across the capacitor to generate C(V) nonlinearity.
The effectiveness of the AC short in reducing the linearity sensitivity of the dual ACS contact MOSFET may be improved by controlling certain layout dependent characteristics. These layout dependent characteristics include controlling layout dependent critical capacitances. These critical capacitances include the following: (1) CGS should be the same as CGD; and (2) CBS should be the same as CBD; and (3) CGG and CBB should be negligible. Also, for FETs with many fingers, if symmetric, parasitics should be almost identical. Such capacitances may be achieved through a layout where the source and drain are symmetric with respect to a horizontal line passing through a center of the gate. Layout connections may also improve the effectiveness of the AC short. Preferably, contacts to the ACS regions on both sides of the MOSFET should be connected together through a low impedance path. In the layout shown in
2D and 3D Symmetric “N”-Body Contact Device Implementation with AC Short
The ideology behind a two-dimensionally symmetric dual ACS (body contact) FET device with an AC short can be extended to a triple-body contact device, quadruple contact device, and so on, up to an “N”-body contact device, as long as two dimensional symmetry is maintained. An N-body contact device may also be thought of as an annular device. Also, should devices be made in three dimensional layers, that is, a series of stacked, two dimensional devices, approximated as three dimensional vis-à-vis a summation technique, again, so long as symmetry is maintained, shorting the three dimensionally layered n-body contacts together will produce better second and third order harmonics.
As indicated above, embodiments according to the present invention are not limited to a single ACS region contacting the MOSFET body at one end of the body or dual ACS regions contacting the MOSFET body at both ends of the body. Alternative MOSFET architectures according to embodiments of the present invention may allow for multiple ACS regions to contact the MOSFET body in a variety of orientations. Preferably, the ACS regions are disposed in a symmetric manner so as to maximize the cancellation of voltage across CBG when shorting the ACS regions, which provides for reduction of the second order harmonic. The multiple ACS regions are also preferably disposed close to the Gate oxide, where the accumulated charges are located. As indicated above, MOSFET architectures may also comprise three dimensional structures. Again, embodiments of the present invention having three dimensional structures may have multiple ACS regions contacting the MOSFET body. ACS regions in such a three dimensional structure are preferably disposed in a symmetric manner.
Still other embodiments of the present invention may use both the method described above of controlling the doping type and doping level of the ACS region and the method described above of shorting the ACS regions to achieve a linearity improvement in a MOSFET. Note also that an electrical contact region or regions to the ACS region may comprise the same material as the ACS region, that is, the two regions may be coextensive. In other embodiments, the two regions may be different materials, such as shown in
Electrical connections to MOSFETs incorporating either or both of the described method of controlling the ACS region implant and the AC short may be made in the manner described above in regard to
The foregoing Detailed Description of exemplary and preferred embodiments is presented for purposes of illustration and disclosure in accordance with the requirements of the law. It is not intended to be exhaustive nor to limit the invention to the precise form or forms described, but only to enable others skilled in the art to understand how the invention may be suited for a particular use or implementation. The possibility of modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in the art.
No limitation is intended by the description of exemplary embodiments which may have included tolerances, feature dimensions, specific operating conditions, engineering specifications, or the like, and which may vary between implementations or with changes to the state of the art, and no limitation should be implied therefrom. In particular it is to be understood that the disclosures are not limited to particular compositions or biological systems, which can, of course, vary. This disclosure has been made with respect to the current state of the art, but also contemplates advancements and that adaptations in the future may take into consideration of those advancements, namely in accordance with the then current state of the art. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the Claims as written and equivalents as applicable. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. Reference to a claim element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. The term “several” includes two or more referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosure pertains.
Moreover, no element, component, nor method or process step in this disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or step is explicitly recited in the Claims. No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. Sec. 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for . . . ” and no method or process step herein is to be construed under those provisions unless the step, or steps, are expressly recited using the phrase “comprising step(s) for . . . ”
A number of embodiments of the disclosure have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
This patent application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/804,198 filed Jul. 20, 2015. Application Ser. No. 14/804,198 is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/198,315 filed Mar. 5, 2014 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,087,899, issuing Jul. 21, 2015), which patent application is a continuation of issued U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/277,108 filed Oct. 19, 2011, (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,742,502, issuing on Jun. 3, 2014) which Ser. No. 13/277,108 patent application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. provisional application No. 61/405,165, filed Oct. 20, 2010; application Ser. No. 13/277,108 is a Continuation-in-Part (CIP) of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/053,211 filed Mar. 22, 2011 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,129,787, issuing on Mar. 6, 2012), the Ser. No. 13/053,211 application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/484,370 filed Jul. 10, 2006 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,910,993, issuing on Mar. 22, 2011) which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. provisional application No. 60/698,523, filed Jul. 11, 2005; the Ser. No. 14/198,315 application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/028,144 filed Feb. 15, 2011 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,954,902, issuing Feb. 10, 2015), which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/520,912 filed Sep. 14, 2006 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,890,891, issuing Feb. 15, 2011), which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/484,370 filed Jul. 10, 2006 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,910,993, issuing Mar. 22, 2011) which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 60/698,523, filed Jul. 11, 2005, and said application Ser. No. 11/520,912 claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/718,260 filed, Sep. 15, 2005. The contents of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/804,198, U.S. application Ser. No. 14/198,315 (U.S. Pat. No. 9,087,899), U.S. application Ser. No. 13/277,108 (U.S. Pat. No. 8,742,502), U.S. Prov. App. No. 61/405,165, U.S. application Ser. No. 13/053,211 (U.S. Pat. No. 8,129,787), U.S. application Ser. No. 11/484,370 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,910,993) and U.S. Prov. App. No. 60/698,523, including appendices of those applications and issued patents, are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety as if set forth in full.
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