Method for controlling the spread of fluid around a nozzle orifice

Abstract
A method of manufacturing a printing head which can prevent ink, diluent, and a mixed solution thereof from adhering to and spreading about a portion of the print head around the nozzle is disclosed. The method comprises forming a hydrophobic film on a surface of a nozzle member, forming a first nozzle into which a discharge medium is introduced, and a second nozzle into which a metering medium is introduced, in the nozzle member. The first nozzle has a first orifice on the surface, and the second nozzle has a second orifice also on the surface. The first and second orifices are located so as to ooze the metering medium from the second orifice to the first orifice through the surface. An additional step of removing the hydrophobic film from a portion of the surface between the first and second orifices to define a groove is included.
Description




BACKGROUND OF TEE INVENTION




1. Field of the Invention




The present invention relates generally to a printing apparatus for mixing and ejecting a metering medium and a discharge medium and, more particularly, to a printing apparatus which has a means for controlling the spread of ink, diluent, and a mixed solution around a nozzle to form a recorded image of high resolution.




2. Description of the Related Art




In recent years, particularly in offices, documents have increasingly been composed and printed with computers, which is called desk top publishing. It has been recently requested to print not only another acter and a figure, but also a colored natural image of a high quality, such as a photograph, along with the character and the figure. Thus, it has been important to reproduce a halftone color.




In addition, an on-demand-type printing apparatus, which discharges a drop of ink solution from a nozzle to a sheet of paper, film, or the like according to a printing signal only when it is necessary for printing, has been used widely in recent years because it is easy to miniaturize the printing apparatus and to lower its cost.




Although various kinds of methods have been proposed for discharging a drop of the ink solution, it is common to use a piezo-electric element or a heating element. The former is a method of discharging a drop of the ink solution by pressurizing the ink with a deformation of a piezo-electric element. The latter is a method of discharging a drop of the ink solution with a pressure of bubbles generated by heating and boiling the ink with a heating element.




In addition, various kinds of methods have been proposed for reproducing the above-described halftone color with the on-demand-type printing apparatus which discharges a drop of the ink solution as described above. The first method is to control the size of a drop of the ink solution by changing a voltage or a pulse length of a voltage pulse provided to the piezo-electric element or the heating element and thus to change the diameter of a printing dot and to produce gradation therewith.




However, in this method too small of a voltage or pulse length provided to the piezo-electric element or the heating element will not discharge the ink. Therefore, this method has a limit to the minimum diameter of a drop of the ink solution, a relatively small number of expressible gradation levels, and a particular difficulty in expressing lower concentrations. Accordingly, this method is not sufficient to print out a natural image of high quality.




The second method is to compose a picture element with a matrix including 4×4 dots, for example, without changing the diameter of the dot, and to express the gradation by this matrix, or a dither method. This method can express 17 levels of gradation. However, in this method, for example, if a printing is performed in the same dot density as in the first method, the resolution of the picture in this method is a quarter of that in the first method and coarseness is noticeable. Accordingly, this method is not sufficient to print out a natural image of high quality.




On the other hand, the inventors have proposed a printing apparatus which mixes diluent and ink to discharge a drop of the mixed liquid, changes the concentration of a drop of the discharged ink, and thereby can control the concentration of the printed dot to express the gradation without deteriorating the resolution and to print out a natural image.




According to the above-described concept, there is a print head having a first nozzle into which discharge medium is introduced, and a second nozzle into which metering medium is introduced. The first nozzle is adjacent to the second nozzle. The second nozzle oozes a metered amount of the metering medium toward the first nozzle to mix with the discharge medium in the vicinity of an orifice of the first nozzle. A discharge medium is pushed out from the first nozzle with the discharge medium mixed with the metering medium. The discharge medium and metering medium are thereby discharged in a mixed state in a direction between the faces of the first nozzle and the second nozzle. In this case, one of the above-described metering medium and discharge medium is the ink and the other is a diluent.




In the above-described print head, however, as shown in

FIGS. 1 and 2

, liquid


104


, such as ink, diluent, or a mixed solution or the like, spreads around the orifices of the first nozzle


102


and the second nozzle


103


of the nozzle outlet face


101




a


where the first nozzle


102


and the second nozzle


103


of the print head


101


are opened. This spreading of the liquid


104


causes a number of problems.




For example, when the liquid


104


adheres to the part around the orifices of the first nozzle


102


and the second nozzle


103


, a condition occurs wherein the liquid


104


adheres to an unnecessary part of the print head during printing, thereby causing a worse printing.




In addition, when the liquid


104


adheres to the part around the orifices of the first nozzle


102


and the second nozzle


103


, the ink, the diluent, or the mixed solution discharged from each nozzle is displaced in its discharging direction during printing later, which produces a worse printing.




Moreover, when the liquid


104


adheres to the part around the orifices of the first nozzle


102


and the second nozzle


103


, there is a strong possibility that it has an effect on a mixing ratio of the ink and the diluent during printing later and, thus, the response to a change of concentration is lost. The gradation of the concentration in the dot, therefore, cannot be correctly reproduced and, therefore, the resolution of the recorded image is lost.




Furthermore, for the print head to reproduce precise shades of dots, the print head must stably mix a specified amount of metering medium with the discharge medium, and detach the mixture from the print head. Accordingly, for the print head with the above constitution to ensure detachment of the mixture comprising the metering medium and the discharge medium from the print head, the print head is provided with a liquid-repellent membrane.




Referring now to

FIGS. 3 and 4

, for a specified amount of the metering medium to stably mix with the discharge medium in the print head, which is provided with a first nozzle


201


having a round opening to eject the discharge medium and a second nozzle


202


having an elliptic opening to eject the metering medium, the metering medium should not be pushed out equally in all directions from the second nozzle


202


, but in a specific direction with respect to the position of the first nozzle


201


.




As illustrated in

FIG. 4

, with the liquid repellent membrane coated on the whole surface around the openings of the nozzles, however, the metering medium


203


ejected from the second nozzle


202


spreads equally in all directions around the opening of the second nozzle


202


, as indicated by the arrows A. If the metering medium were allowed to spread equally in all directions, as indicated in

FIG. 4

, it might happen that the metering medium


203


could not reach the first nozzle


201


from which the discharge medium is ejected. This would obliterate the required mixing of the metering medium and the discharge medium, which would destroy the precise quantification of the volume of the metering medium


203


.




To meet such situations, the print head with the above constitution has the first nozzle to eject the discharge medium and the second nozzle to push out the metering medium placed as close together as possible. This arrangement allows a minute to large amount of metering medium


203


to be put to mixing, which then allows reproduction of a wide range of graded tones.




To produce a print head in which the first nozzle


201


and the second nozzle


202


are placed as near as possible, however, it is necessary to improve the positioning precision of the machines responsible for the manufacture of the print head. Thus, stable-production of such print heads would be difficult or require a high cost.




In view of above, there is a need for a printing apparatus which suppresses the adherence of ink, diluent and their mixture to the parts around the nozzles, minimizes failures in printing, allows precise reproduction of graded tones, and thereby enables reproduction of high-resolution graphic images, and a method for manufacturing such a printing apparatus.




SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION




Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a printing apparatus which can form a recorded image of high resolution by preventing the ink, the diluent, or the mixed solution thereof from adhering to the part around the nozzles, and thereby preventing the occurrence of a worse printing, and by correctly reproducing the gradation of the concentration.




In order to solve the above-described problems, a printing apparatus according to the present invention has a print head comprising: a first chamber into which a discharge medium is introduced; a second chamber into which a metering medium is introduced; a first nozzle having a first orifice, communicating with the first chamber; and a second nozzle having a second orifice, communicating with the second chamber. The print head is characterized by the first and second nozzles being formed in a nozzle member having a surface on which the first and second orifices are formed to ooze the metering medium from the second orifice to the first orifice through the surface, and a means for controlling a spread of metering medium being formed on the surface between the first and second orifices. The means for controlling a spread of metering medium can be in the form of a groove, a hydrophilic portion, or an insular projection.




Thus, according to a first aspect of the present invention, a printing apparatus is provided which includes a print head comprising: a first chamber into which a discharge medium is introduced; a second chamber into which a metering medium is introduced; a first nozzle having a first orifice, communicating with the first chamber; and a second nozzle having a second orifice, communicating with the second chamber. The print head is characterized by first and second nozzles which are formed in a nozzle member having a surface on which the first and second orifices are formed to ooze the metering medium from the second orifice to the first orifice through the surface, and a groove which is formed on the surface between the first and second orifices.




It is desirable that the width of the groove of the above-described printing apparatus according to the present invention is smaller than a diameter of an orifice of the second nozzle.




In addition, the groove of the above-described printing apparatus according to the present invention may be formed from an orifice of the second nozzle to an orifice of the first nozzle or from an orifice of the second nozzle to a middle part between an orifice of the second nozzle and an orifice of the first nozzle.




Moreover, if the groove of the printing apparatus according to the present invention is formed in the latter shape, it is desirable that the depth of the groove becomes gradually smaller from the second nozzle toward the first nozzle.




Further, if the groove of the printing apparatus according to the present invention is formed in the latter shape, a groove may be formed from the orifice of the first nozzle to a middle part between the orifice of the first nozzle and the orifice of the second nozzle. In this case, it is desirable that the depth of the groove becomes gradually smaller from the first nozzle toward the second nozzle.




If the groove is formed from the orifice of the second nozzle to the orifice of the first nozzle, the depth of the groove may be large by the side of the orifice of each nozzle and become smaller toward a middle part between the orifices of the nozzles.




Further, it is desirable that the printing apparatus according to the present invention has a recess formed at least around the orifice of the second nozzle in a nozzle outlet face of the print head so as to surround the orifice of the second nozzle therewith. It is also desirable that the printing apparatus has a recess around the orifice of the first nozzle so as to surround the orifice of the first nozzle therewith. These recesses may be connected to the grooves.




According to a second aspect of the present invention, a printing apparatus is provided having a print head comprising: a first chamber into which a discharge medium is introduced; a second chamber into which a metering medium is introduced; a first nozzle having a first orifice, communicating with the first chamber; and a second nozzle having a second orifice, communicating with the second chamber. The print head is characterized by first and second nozzles which are formed in a nozzle member having a surface on which the first and second orifices are formed to ooze the metering medium from the second orifice to the first orifice through the surface, and a hydrophilic portion which is formed on the surface between the first and second orifices.




The printing apparatus according to the second aspect of the present invention may have a portion processed so as to be hydrophobic (hereinafter referred to as a hydrophobic portion) in the portion other than the hydrophilic portion.




Further, the hydrophilic portion of the above- described printing apparatus according to the present invention may be formed from the orifice of the second nozzle to the orifice of the first nozzle or from the orifice of the second nozzle to a middle part between the orifice of the second nozzle and the orifice of the first nozzle.




Furthermore, if the hydrophilic portion of the printing apparatus according to the present invention is formed in the latter shape, the hydrophilic portion may also be formed from the orifice of the first nozzle to a middle part between the orifice of the first nozzle and the orifice of the second nozzle.




Further, it is desirable that the printing apparatus according to the present invention has a hydrophilic portion formed at least around the orifice of the second nozzle in a nozzle outlet face of the printing head so as to surround the orifice of the second nozzle therewith. It is also desirable that the nozzle outlet face has also a hydrophilic portion formed around the orifice of the first nozzle so as to surround the orifice of the first nozzle therewith. These hydrophilic portions around the orifice of the nozzle may be connected to the above- described hydrophilic portions formed at the middle part between the orifice of the first nozzle and the orifice of the second nozzle.




Further, the present invention is characterized in that the hydrophilic portion of the printing apparatus having the above-described hydrophilic portion is made a non-processed portion, and the remaining portion thereof is made a hydrophobic portion.




According to a third aspect of the present invention, a printing apparatus is provided having a print head comprising: a first chamber into which a discharge medium is introduced; a second chamber into which a metering medium is introduced; a first nozzle having a first orifice, communicating with the first chamber; and a second nozzle having a second orifice, communicating with the second chamber. The print head is characterized by the first and second nozzles which are formed in a nozzle member having a surface on which the first and second orifices are formed to ooze the metering medium from the second orifice to the first orifice through the surface, and an insular projection which is formed on the surface between the first and second orifices.




Furthermore, the printing apparatus according to the present invention has a first pressure chamber to incorporate the discharge medium and a second pressure chamber to incorporate the metering medium, and has the first nozzle communicating with the first pressure chamber and the second nozzle communicating with the second pressure chamber. The first and second nozzles are placed such that their openings are adjacent each other, whereby, after the metering medium has oozed, the discharge medium is allowed to eject through the first nozzle to mix with the metering medium. The surface of the print head flush with the nozzle openings is coated with a liquid-repellent membrane, and a groove is formed between the openings of the first and second nozzles after the selective removal of a portion of the liquid-repellent membrane corresponding to the groove.




Incidentally, for the printing apparatus of the present invention, the width of the groove is preferably smaller than the diameter of the opening of the second nozzle.




In addition, for the printing apparatus of the present invention, the groove preferably communicates at least with the opening of the second nozzle, and extends from the opening of the second nozzle up to the opening of the first nozzle.




Still further, for the printing apparatus of the present invention, a plurality of grooves may be prepared. Also in this case, the plurality of grooves preferably communicate at least with the opening of the second nozzle, and extend from the opening of the second nozzle up to the opening of the first nozzle.




Also in this case, the width occupied by the plurality of grooves is preferably smaller than the diameter of the opening of the second nozzle. Still further, for the printing apparatus of the present invention, another plurality of grooves may be prepared with a right angle to the plurality of grooves communicating with the opening of the second nozzle. Incidentally, for the printing apparatus of the present invention, the liquid-repellent membrane is preferably formed after a liquid-repellent material has been coated. Further, for the printing apparatus of the present invention, a liquid-repellent membrane is preferably prepared on the bottom surface of the groove.




The liquid-repellent membrane generally, including the liquid-repellent membrane applied on the bottom surface of the groove, is preferably made of a polyimide material, and the polyimide material is preferably photosensitive.




Further, the method for the manufacture of the printing apparatus of the present invention includes the steps of: forming a hydrophobic film on a surface of a nozzle member; forming a first nozzle, into which a discharge medium is introduced, and a second nozzle, into which a metering medium is introduced, in the nozzle member, the first nozzle having a first orifice on the surface, and the second nozzle having a second orifice on the surface, the first and second orifices being placed to ooze the metering medium from the second orifice to the first orifice through the surface; and removing the hydrophobic film from a portion of the surface between the first and second orifices to define a groove. Incidentally, in the method, preparation of the groove may come before the formation of the first and second nozzles.




The liquid-repellent membrane is preferably made of a polyimide material having photosensitivity. Further, in the method, the liquid-repellent: membrane may be prepared as a two-layered structure by having one layer overlying another. Then, a portion of the superficial layer is selectively removed to form a groove whose bottom is formed by the underlying liquid-repellent layer. In this case, the superficial layer is preferably made of a polyimide material having photosensitivity.




Incidentally, in this case, the underlying layer is preferably made of a polyimide material. Further, if the underlying material is made of a material requiring polymerization, application of the superficial layer onto the underlying layer preferably takes place before polymerization of the underlying layer.




Further, in the method of the present invention, the selective removal of the liquid-repellent membrane is preferably performed by photolithography.




Since the printing apparatus according to the present invention has a groove formed between the orifice of the first nozzle and the orifice of the second nozzle, which is adjacent to the orifice of the first nozzle in the nozzle outlet face, for example, from the orifice of the second nozzle to the orifice to the first nozzle, and the metering medium oozing from the second nozzle travels along the above-described groove owing to a capillary action toward the first nozzle, the metering medium hardly leaks to the portion other than the groove, which thereby prevents the metering medium from adhering to the portion around the orifice of the nozzle.




Further, if the groove is formed from the orifice of the second nozzle to the middle part between the orifice of the second nozzle and the orifice of the first nozzle, the metering medium is well introduced into the second nozzle when the metering medium is introduced into the second nozzle so as to quantify the metering medium by making the metering medium ooze from the second nozzle toward the first nozzle and then making a metered amount of the metering medium remain around the orifice of the first nozzle, which thereby prevents the metering medium from adhering to the portion around the orifice of the nozzle.




Further, if the groove is formed from the orifice of the first nozzle to the middle part between the orifice of the first nozzle and the orifice of the second nozzle, when the metering medium is metered as described above, the metered amount of the metering medium is better separated from the introduced-metering medium, which thereby prevents the metering medium from adhering to the portion around the orifice of the nozzle. If the width of the groove is smaller than the orifice of the second nozzle, the capillary action tends to occur.




Further, when the groove is formed from the orifice of the second nozzle to the middle part between the orifice of the second nozzle and the orifice of the first nozzle, if the depth of the groove is made gradually smaller from the second nozzle toward the first nozzle, the metering medium is better metered.




Further, when the groove is also formed from the orifice of the first nozzle to the middle part between the orifice of the first nozzle and the orifice of the second nozzle, if the depth of the groove is made gradually smaller from the first nozzle toward the second nozzle, the metering medium is still better metered.




Further, if the printing apparatus according to the present invention has a recess formed at least around the orifice of the second nozzle in a nozzle outlet face of the printing head so as to surround the orifice of the second nozzle therewith and, in addition, it also has a recess formed around the orifice of the first nozzle so as to surround the orifice of the first nozzle therewith, it can prevent the ink, the diluent and the mixed solution from spreading around the orifice of the nozzle.




Further, since the printing apparatus according to the present invention has a hydrophilic portion formed between the orifice of first nozzle and the orifice of the second nozzle, which is adjacent: to the orifice of the first nozzle in the nozzle outlet face of the print head, for example, from the orifice of the second nozzle to the orifice of the first nozzle, and wettability of the above-described hydrophilic portion for the metering medium is considerably good, the metering medium oozing from the second nozzle travels along the above-described hydrophilic portion to be supplied toward the first nozzle and hardly leaks to the portion other than the above-described hydrophilic portion. This controlled flow of the metering medium prevents the metering medium from adhering to the portion around the orifice of the nozzle.




Further, if the above-described hydrophilic portion is formed from the orifice of the second nozzle to the middle part between the orifice of the second nozzle and the orifice of the first nozzle, the metering medium is well introduced into the first nozzle when the metering medium is introduced into the first nozzle so as to quantify the metering medium by making the metering medium ooze from the second nozzle to the first nozzle and then making a metered amount of the metering medium remain around the orifice of the first nozzle, which thereby prevents the metering medium from adhering to the portion around the orifice of the nozzle.




Further, if the above-described hydrophilic portion is also formed from the orifice of the first nozzle to the middle section between the orifice of the first nozzle and the orifice of the second nozzle, when the metering medium is metered as described above, the metered amount of the metering medium is still better separated from the introduced metering medium, which thereby prevents the metering medium from adhering to the portion around the orifice of the nozzle.




Further, if the portion other than the hydrophilic portion in the nozzle outlet face of the print head of the printing apparatus is made a hydrophobic portion, the metering medium travels still selectively along the hydrophilic portion.




Further, if the printing apparatus according to the present invention has a hydrophilic portion formed at least around the orifice of the second nozzle in a nozzle outlet face of the print head so as to surround the orifice of the second nozzle therewith and, in addition, the printing apparatus also has a hydrophilic portion formed around the orifice of the first nozzle so as to surround the orifice of the first nozzle therewith, it can prevent the ink, the diluent, and the mixed solution from spreading around the orifice of the nozzle.




Further, in the printing apparatus according to the present invention, if the above-described hydrophilic portion is made a non-processed portion, and the portion other than the hydrophilic portion is made a hydrophobic portion, the same effect as in the case of forming the hydrophilic portion is produced.




Further, since the printing apparatus according to the present invention has an insular projection formed between the orifice of the first nozzle and the orifice of the second nozzle, which is adjacent to the orifice of the first nozzle in the nozzle outlet face, and the metering medium oozing from the second nozzle travels along the contour of the above-described projection owing to a capillary action to be supplied toward the first nozzle, the metering medium hardly leaks to the portion other than the projection, which thereby prevents the metering medium from adhering to the portion around the orifice of the nozzle.




In addition, in the printing apparatus of the present invention, a liquid-repellent membrane is formed on the surface flush with the openings of the nozzles of the print head, the portion of the liquid-repellent membrane between the openings of the first and second nozzles adjacent to each other is selectively removed, and a groove is formed therein.




“Wettability” at an interface between a solid and a liquid depends on the roughness of the surface of the solid. Namely, when the contact angle between a solid having a substantial surface area and a liquid having a substantial surface area is larger than 90 degrees, wettability is impaired as the surface roughness increases. on the contrary, when the contact angle between a solid having a substantial surface area and a liquid having a substantial surface area is smaller than 90 degrees, wettability is improved as the surface roughness increases.




The metering medium used in the printing apparatus of the present invention has a contact angle equal to or less than 90 degrees with respect to the liquid-repellent material and, thus, as discussed earlier, wettability is improved as the surface roughness increases.




Accordingly, in the printing apparatus of the present invention, the groove formed after selective removal of a portion of the liquid-repellent membrane is made to have a rougher surface than other nearby portions, thereby raising its wettability so that the metering medium under pressure will selectively flow through the groove and its vicinity. With such constitution, even a minute amount of metering medium can stably flow under pressure towards the first nozzle. This arrangement makes it unnecessary to place the first and second nozzles as close as possible, which contributes to widening the range of producible graded tones.




Further, in the printing apparatus of the present invention, the width of the groove is made smaller than the diameter of the opening of the second nozzle. Being smaller than the diameter of the second nozzle, the width of the groove is also smaller than the diameter of a drop of the metering medium pushed out from the second nozzle under pressure and, thus, the drop of the metering medium readily chooses to flow through the groove because the surface of the groove is rougher than nearby portions. This constitution allows the metering medium to flow stably toward the first nozzle.




The characteristics of the printing apparatus described above also hold true for a printing head having a groove consisting of a number of hollow lines. The metering medium flows under pressure through these lines and their inter-line surfaces. When the width of the groove consisting of a plurality of lines is made smaller than the diameter of the opening of the second nozzle, the metering medium readily chooses to flow through the groove because the surface of the groove is rougher than nearby portions. This constitution allows the metering medium to flow stably towards the first nozzle.




Further, when the printing apparatus of the present invention is allowed to have a liquid-repellent membrane formed on the bottom of the groove, during standby intervals, no spontaneous mixing of the metering medium and the discharge medium occurs through the groove.




Furthermore, during the manufacture of the printing apparatus of the present invention, the liquid-repellent membrane may be prepared as a two-layered structure by having one layer overlay another, and then a portion of the superficial layer can be selectively removed. This allows ready production of a groove whose bottom is formed with a liquid-repellent layer.




Still further, when the liquid-repellent membrane is made of a polyimide material, the groove can be readily made by photolithography. When the liquid-repellent membrane is prepared by having one layer overlay another, and at least the superficial layer is made of a photosensitive polyimide material, the groove can be readily made by photolithography.











BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS




The present invention will become more clearly appreciated as the disclosure of the invention is made with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:

FIG. 1

is an enlarged plan view illustrating an example of a situation that liquid adheres to the portion around the orifice of the nozzle of a print head of a related printing apparatus.





FIG. 2

is an enlarged plan view illustrating another example of a situation that liquid adheres to the portion around the orifice of the nozzle of a print head of a related printing apparatus.





FIG. 3

is an enlarged plan view illustrating another example of a print head of a related printing apparatus having an elliptic opening for a metering medium positioned adjacent a round opening for a discharge medium.





FIG. 4

is an enlarged plan view illustrating the print head of the related printing apparatus wherein the metering medium spreads equally in all directions from the opening of the elliptic nozzle





FIG. 5

is a schematic perspective view illustrating the main assembly of a first liquid-ejection-type recording device having a printing apparatus according to the present invention.





FIG. 6

is a schematic perspective view illustrating the main assembly of a second liquid-ejection-type recording device having a printing apparatus according to the present invention.





FIG. 7

is a block diagram of the printing and control system of a liquid-ejection-type recording device having a printing apparatus according to the present invention.





FIG. 8

is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a main assembly of a print head of a printing apparatus according to the present invention.





FIG. 9

is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the vicinity of an orifice plate of a print head of a printing apparatus according to the present invention on an enlarged scale.




FIG.


10


A and

FIG. 10B

are timing charts illustrating the timing when a driving voltage of a print head of a printing apparatus according to the present invention is applied.





FIG. 11

is a circuit block diagram illustrating a driving circuit of a print head of a printing apparatus according to the present invention.





FIG. 12

is an enlarged plan view illustrating a main part of a print head of a printing apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention.





FIG. 13

is an enlarged plan view illustrating a main part of a print head of a printing apparatus according to a second embodiment of the present invention.





FIG. 14

is an enlarged plan view illustrating a main part of a print head of a printing apparatus according to a third embodiment of the present invention.





FIG. 15

is an enlarged plan view illustrating a main part of a print head of a printing apparatus according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.





FIG. 16

is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating a main part of a print head of a printing apparatus according to a first variation of the fourth embodiment of the present inventions





FIG. 17

is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating a main part of a print head of a printing apparatus according to a second variation of the fourth embodiment of the present invention.





FIG. 18

is an enlarged plan view illustrating a main part of a print head of a printing apparatus according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.





FIG. 19

is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating a main part of a print head of a printing apparatus according to a first variation of the fifth embodiment of the present invention.





FIG. 20

is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating a main part of a print head of a printing apparatus according to a second variation of the fifth embodiment of the present invention.





FIG. 21

is an enlarged plan view illustrating a main part of a print head of a printing apparatus according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention.





FIGS. 22A and 22B

are enlarged plan views illustrating a main part of a print: head of a printing apparatus according to seventh and eighth embodiments of the present invention.





FIGS. 23A

,


23


B, and


23


C are enlarged plan views illustrating a main part of a print head of a printing apparatus according to ninth, tenth, and eleventh embodiments of the present invention.





FIGS. 24A

,


24


B, and


24


C are enlarged plan views illustrating a main part of a print head of a printing apparatus according to twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth embodiments of the present invention.





FIG. 25

is an enlarged plan view illustrating a main part of a print head of a printing apparatus according to a fifteenth embodiment of the present invention.





FIG. 26

is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating a main part of the print head according to the fifteenth embodiment of the present invention.





FIG. 27

is an enlarged plan view illustrating a main part of a print head of a printing apparatus according to a sixteenth embodiment of the present invention.





FIG. 28

is an enlarged plan view illustrating a main part of a print head of a printing apparatus according to a seventeenth embodiment of the present invention.





FIGS. 29A and 29B

are enlarged plan views illustrating a main part of a print head of a printing apparatus according to eighteenth and nineteenth embodiments of the present invention.





FIGS. 30A

,


30


B, and


30


C are enlarged plan views illustrating a main part of a print head of a printing apparatus according to twentieth, twenty-first, and twenty-second embodiments of the present invention.





FIGS. 31A

,


31


B, and


31


C are enlarged plan views illustrating a main part of a print head of a printing apparatus according to twenty-third, twenty-fourth, and twenty-fifth embodiments of the present invention.





FIG. 32

is an enlarged plan view illustrating a main part of a print head of a printing apparatus according to a twenty-sixth embodiment of the present invention.





FIG. 33

is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating a main part of the print head according to the twenty-sixth embodiment of the present invention.





FIG. 34

is an enlarged plan view illustrating a main part of a print head of a printing apparatus according to a twenty-seventh embodiment of the present invention.





FIG. 35

is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating a main part of the print head according to the twenty-seventh embodiment of the present invention.





FIG. 36

is a block diagram of the printing and control system of a liquid-ejection-type recording device having a printing apparatus according to the present invention.





FIG. 37

is a circuit block diagram illustrating a driving circuit of a print head of a printing apparatus according to the present invention.





FIG. 38

is a cross-sectional view of a print head of a printing apparatus according to the present invention.





FIG. 39

is a plan view of a plurality of print heads according to the present invention arranged in parallel at regular intervals along an ink buffer tank and a diluent buffer tank.





FIG. 40

is an enlarged plan view of a print head of a print apparatus according to the present invention in which a liquid-repellent membrane is formed on the main surface where the nozzles open, and a groove is formed between the nozzles.





FIG. 41

is a cross-sectional view of a print head of a printing apparatus according to the present invention wherein both piezo-electric elements are at a raised position.





FIG. 42

is a cross-sectional view of a print head of a printing apparatus according to the present invention wherein a piezo-electric element for pressurizing the ink chamber is driven downward.





FIG. 43

is a cross-sectional view of a pressure chamber forming member of the print head of a printing apparatus according to the present invention.





FIG. 44

is a cross-sectional view of the pressure chamber forming member of the print head after being subjected to an etching process.





FIG. 45

is a cross-sectional view of the pressure chamber forming member of the print head after layers of resist material are removed.





FIG. 46

is a cross-sectional view of the pressure chamber forming member of the print head after a layer of resin material is applied to form an orifice plate.





FIG. 47

is a cross-sectional view of the pressure chamber forming member of the print head after a first liquid-repellent membrane is formed on the main surface of the orifice plate.





FIG. 48

is a cross-sectional view of the pressure chamber forming member of the print head after a second liquid-repellent membrane is formed over the first liquid-repellent membrane.





FIG. 49

is a cross-sectional view of the pressure chamber forming member of the print head after being coated with a photosensitive liquid resist material and subjected to photolithography.





FIG. 50

is a cross-sectional view of the pressure chamber forming member of the print head after pattern etching the liquid-repellent membrane to form a groove.





FIG. 51

is a cross-sectional view of the pressure chamber forming member of the print head after the masking material is removed.





FIG. 52

is a cross-sectional view of the pressure chamber forming member of the print head after the diluent nozzle and the ink nozzle are formed by laser irradiation.





FIG. 53

is a cross-sectional view of the pressure chamber forming member of the print head after a vibrating plate is bonded onto the main surface of the pressure chamber forming member.





FIG. 54

is an enlarged plan view of the print head of a printing apparatus according to the present invention having a groove in the form of a plurality of lines extending between the nozzles.





FIG. 55

is an enlarged schematic view of the grooves extending between the nozzles in the print head shown in FIG.


54


.





FIG. 56

is an enlarged plan view of the print head of a printing apparatus according to the present invention having a groove in the form of a plurality of lines extending between the nozzles and a plurality of lines extending at a right angle to the lines between the nozzles.





FIG. 57

is a cross-sectional view of an orifice plate of the print head of a printing apparatus according to the present invention.





FIG. 58

is a cross-sectional view of a print head of a printing apparatus according to the present invention wherein presso-electric elements are used instead of layered piezo-electric elements to pressurize the diluent and ink chambers.





FIG. 59

is a cross-sectional view of the print head of

FIG. 58

showing one of the presso-electric elements bent inward to reduce the volume of the ink pressurizing chamber.





FIG. 60

is a cross-sectional view of the print head of

FIG. 58

showing another one of the presso-electric elements bent inward to reduce the volume of the diluent pressurizing chamber.





FIG. 61

is a cross-sectional view of a print head of a printing apparatus according to the present invention in which a modified orifice plate is provided.





FIG. 62

is a schematic perspective view illustrating a drum-revolving type printing assembly according to the present invention.





FIGS. 63

,


64


, and


65


are cross-sectional views of a liquid-repellent membrane showing the steps of an experiment conducted to check whether a groove on the liquid-repellant membrane would improve the wettability of the involved membrane.











DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS




The preferred embodiments are hereinafter described in detail with reference to

FIGS. 5

to


65


of the accompanying drawings.




Referring to

FIG. 5

, there is shown a serial-type recording device as an example of a liquid-ejection-type recording device having a printing apparatus according to the present invention. The recording device includes a drum


2


carrying a sheet of printing paper


1


to be printed thereon, and a printing head


3


comprising the printing apparatus to which the present invention is applied for printing on the printing paper


1


.




The printing paper


1


is attached to and carried on the drum


2


by a paper attaching roller


4


provided in parallel to an axial direction of the drum


2


. The drum


2


is also provided with a feed screw


5


in parallel to an axial direction of the drum


2


near the outer periphery of the drum


2


. The feed screw


5


carries the print head


3


for movement in an axial direction of the drum


2


, as shown by the arrow M, upon rotation of the feed screw


5


. on the other hand, the drum


2


is rotated, as shown by the arrow m in

FIG. 5

, by a motor


9


via a pulley


6


, a belt


7


, and a pulley


8


. In addition, the rotation of the feed screw


5


, the motor


9


, and the print head


3


is controlled by a head drive, head feed control, drum rotation control


10


on the basis of printing data and control signal


11


.




In the above-described construction, when the print head


3


prints a line while moving, the drum


2


is rotated by a line to print the next line. When the print head


3


is moved to print, there are two cases of one direction and to-and-fro direction.




Referring to

FIG. 6

, there is shown a line-type recording device as another example of a liquid-ejection- type recording device having a printing apparatus according to the present invention. The liquid-ejection- type recording device shown in

FIG. 6

has a construction similar to the liquid-ejection-type recording device shown in FIG.


5


.




The recording device shown in

FIG. 6

has a print head


12


in which a plurality of print heads are fixedly disposed in an axial direction of the drum


2


, instead of a print head


3


which is carried by the feed screw


5


and can be moved by the rotation of the feed screw


5


in an axial direction of the drum


2


. That is, the print head


12


prints an entire line at the sane time and, after a line is printed, the drum


2


is rotated by a line to print the next line. In this case, in addition to printing an entire line at the same time, it is possible to print a line by dividing the line into several blocks or to print every other line alternately.




A block diagram of printing and control for the liquid-ejection-type recording devices of

FIGS. 5 and 6

is shown in

FIG. 7. A

signal input


21


, such as printing data or the like, is input to a signal processing control circuit


22


in which the signal input is arranged in the order of printing and is sent to a print head


24


via a driver


23


. The order of printing may be different according to the head


24


, the construction of the printing unit, and the order of input of the data to be printed. Thus, if necessary, the printing data can be stored in a memory


25


, such as a line buffer memory, one picture memory, or the like, and then fetched. A gradation signal or a discharging signal is input to the head


24


.




If the head


24


is a multi-head having a very large number of nozzles, the head


24


can have an IC mounted thereon to reduce the number of wiring. In addition, a correction


26


is connected to the signal processing control circuit


22


and performs a γ correction, a color correction in the case of color printing, a variance correction of each head, or the like. It is common practice to store in the correction


26


the predetermined correction data in the form of a ROM map and to fetch the data according to the outside conditions, for example, nozzle number, temperature, input signal, or the like.




It is common that the signal processing control circuit


22


includes a CPU or a DSP, processes with software, and sends the processed data to the various kinds of controls, motor drive or the like


27


. The various kinds of controls, motor drive or the like


27


controls driving and synchronizing of the motor rotating the drum and the feed screw, cleaning of the head, and feeding and discharging the printing paper. For this reason, the signal can also include an operating section control signal or a peripheral control signal other than the data to be printed.




Next, the construction of the print head


3


comprising a printing apparatus according to the present invention will be described. Specifically, an example of a carrier-jet-type print head for the printing apparatus which mixes ink with the diluent to discharge them in a mixed condition will be described.




The print head


3


mixes the ink with the diluent to discharge them in a mixed condition. The print head


3


includes a pressure chamber unit


31


having two kinds of pressure chambers. A first piezo unit


32


and a second piezo unit


33


correspond to the two kinds of pressure chambers.




The above-described pressure chamber unit


31


mixes the ink with the diluent to discharge them in a mixed condition, as described above. The pressure chamber unit


31


includes a plate-like orifice plate


38


having in its center thereof, as shown in

FIG. 9

on an enlarged scale, a first nozzle


34


which is a discharging port of the diluent, a first introduction port


35


communicating with the discharging port of the diluent, a second nozzle


36


which is a discharging port of the ink, and a second introduction port


37


communicating with the discharging port of the ink. As shown in

FIG. 8

, a first pressure chamber


40


, which is a passageway of the diluent, a second pressure chamber


41


, which is a passageway of the ink, and a vibration plate


42


are formed by the side wall of the pressure chamber


39




a,




39




b,




39




c,




39




d


and


39




e


which forms bulk heads.




In the orifice plate


38


, as shown in

FIG. 9

on an enlarged scale, one end of the first and second nozzles


34


and


36


are made so as to face one main printing face


38




a.


An end of each of the first and second introduction ports


35


and


37


communicating with the first and the second nozzles


34


and


36


, respectively, is made so as to face a back face


38




b


of the orifice plate


38


, which is at the opposite side or the back side of the main printing face


38




a


. Accordingly, the first introduction port


35


and the first nozzle


34


pierce through the orifice plate


38


as a whole. The second introduction port


37


and the second nozzle


36


also pierce through the orifice plate


38


as a whole.




In addition, the first and second nozzles


34


and


36


are formed so as to make an angle indicated by 0 in

FIG. 9

between the directions of these nozzles, for example, 45 degrees.




In addition, in the orifice plate


38


, as shown in

FIG. 8

, first and second supply chambers


43


and


44


with C-shaped cross-sections are provided. The first supply chamber


43


is a recess for collecting the diluent, and the second supply chamber


44


is a recess for collecting the ink. The first and second supply chambers


43


,


44


are formed such that they have the first and second nozzles


34


and


36


and the first and the second introduction ports


35


and


37


between them. The orifices of the first and second supply chambers


43


,


44


face the back face


38




b


of the orifice plate


38


, which is at the opposite side or the back of the main printing face


38




a.






The pressure chamber-side wall


39




a,




39




b,




39




c


,


39




d


and


39




e


is laminated over as the bulkheads on the back side


38




b


of the above-described orifice plate


38


. The part where the side wall of the pressure chamber


39




a,




39




b,




39




c,




39




d


and


39




e


is not formed connects the outlet of the first supply chamber


43


to the outlet of the first introduction port


35


to form the first pressure chamber


40


which makes a flow passageway, and connects the outlet of the second supply chamber


44


to the outlet of the second introduction port


37


to form the second pressure chamber


41


which makes a flow passageway. The vibration plate


42


is laminated on the side wall of the pressure chamber


39




a,




39




b,




39




c,




39




d


and


39




e


to hermetically close the first and second pressure chambers


40


and


41


.




Further, the above-described first piezo unit


32


includes a plate-like first laminated piezo-electric element


45


laminated alternately by piezo-electric material and conductive material, a first supporting material


46


fixing one end of the first laminated piezo-electric element


45


, and a first holder


47


fixing the first supporting material


46


on the pressure chamber unit


31


. The second piezo unit


33


is similar to that of the first piezo unit


32


. That is, one end of the second laminated piezo-electric element


48


is fixed on the second supporting material


49


, and the second supporting material


49


is fixed on the pressure chamber unit


31


by the second holder


50


.




A piezo-electric element made by laminating piezo-electric material and conductive material in a direction normal to or parallel to the direction of the length of the first and second pressure chambers


40


and


41


may be used as the above-described first and second laminated piezo-electric elements


45


and


48


. The piezo-electric element has a characteristic of extending in a laminating direction when a voltage is applied across it.




For this reason, when a voltage is applied across the former laminated piezo-electric element, the former laminated piezo-electric element extends in the direction of the length of the first and the second pressure chambers


40


and


41


and contracts in the direction normal to the length of the first and the second pressure chambers


40


and


41


. Accordingly, this laminated piezo-electric element does not give pressure to the pressure chambers. This type of laminated piezo-electric element is called a laminated piezo-electric element of a mode d


31


.




On the other hand, when a voltage is applied across the latter laminated piezo-electric element, the latter laminated piezo-electric element extends in the direction normal to the length of the first and second pressure chambers


40


and


41


and, thus, gives pressure to the pressure chambers. This type of laminated piezo-electric element is called a laminated piezo-electric element of a mode d


33.






The above-described first laminated piezo-electric element


45


is disposed oppositely to the first pressure chamber


40


via the vibration plate


42


. The second laminated piezo-electric element


48


is also disposed oppositely to the second pressure chamber


41


via the vibration plate


42


.




Accordingly, in the print head


3


with the above-described construction, the diluent is supplied to the first supply chamber


43


through the supply pipe or the supply groove (not shown) from a tank for the diluent (not shown) and is packed in the first nozzle


34


communicating with the first introduction port


35


through the first pressure chamber


40


, as shown in FIG.


9


. Thus, the diluent


51


makes the first meniscus D


1


at the top end of the first nozzle


34


.




On the other hand, the situation for the ink is the same as the situation for the above-described diluent. That is, the ink is supplied to the second supply chamber


44


through the supply pipe or the supply groove (not shown) from an ink tank (not shown) and is packed in the second nozzle


36


communicating with the second introduction port


37


through the second pressure chamber


41


. Thus, the ink


52


makes the second meniscus D


2


at the top end of the second nozzle


36


.




Timing charts illustrating when a driving voltage is applied are shown in

FIGS. 10A and 10B

for the case where a printing is performed by the liquid-ejection-type recording device according to the present invention. The laminated piezo-electric elements of a d


31


mode, for example, are used as the first and second laminated piezo-electric elements


45


and


48


.




As indicated in

FIG. 10A

, during a wait before printing, that is, during the time indicated by (A) in the drawing, a voltage of 20V, for example, is applied across the first piezo-electric element


45


in advance. As indicated in

FIG. 10B

, during a wait before printing, that is, during the time indicated by (A) in the drawing, a voltage of 10V, for example, is applied across the second piezo-electric element


48


in advance.




Then when printing, a voltage applied across the second laminated piezo-electric element


48


is gradually reduced to 5V, for example, at a time indicated by (B) in

FIG. 10B

, so as to push and to make the ink


52


ooze from the second nozzle


36


on the basis of a signal from the above-described head drive, head feed control and drum rotation control


10


. The second piezo-electric element


48


is held at this condition for 150 μsec, for example. Then the second laminated piezo-electric element


48


gradually extends in the direction of the length thereof to make the ink


52


ooze from the outside of the second nozzle


36


toward the vicinity of the orifice of the first nozzle


34


and to mix it with the diluent


51


of the first nozzle


34


.




After that the voltage of the second laminated piezo-electric element


48


is gradually returned to 10V, for example, at a time indicated by (C) in the drawing, so as to introduce the ink


52


into the second nozzle


36


and to make only the metered ink


52


remain in the vicinity of the orifice of the first nozzle


34


. The second piezo-electric element


48


then gradually contracts in the direction of the length thereof, and the inner pressure of the second nozzle


36


is released and, thus, the ink


52


will return into the second nozzle


36


. Accordingly, the metered ink


52


remains in the vicinity of the orifice of the first nozzle


34


.




Next, the voltage of the first piezo-electric element


45


is made 0V, for example, at a time indicated by (D) in

FIG. 10A

, so as to discharge the diluent


51


from the first nozzle


34


. The first piezo-electric element


45


then extends in the direction of the length thereof and pressurizes the first pressure chamber


40


via the vibration plate


42


and thereby increases the inner pressure of the first nozzle


34


. As a result, the diluent


51


is pushed out by the inner pressure of the first nozzle


34


and mixed with the ink remaining in the vicinity of the orifice of the first nozzle


34


to make the mixed solution.




Next, the voltage of the first piezo-electric element


45


is made 0V for 50 μsec, for example, from the time indicated by (D) in FIG.


10


A and returned to 20V, for example. The first piezo-electric element


45


then contracts in the direction of the length thereof, the inner pressure of the first nozzle


34


is released, and the diluent


51


tends to return into the first nozzle


34


. This makes a narrow part between the diluent


51


in the first nozzle


34


and the mixed solution. The mixed solution is then discharged from the first nozzle


34


and adheres to the above-described printing paper


1


to perform the printing.




The inner pressure of the first and second pressure chambers


40


and


41


returns to the former state in the course of time. The diluent


51


and the ink


52


are packed again in the first and the second nozzles


34


and


36


to return to the former state.




The ink-metering pulse length between (B) and (C) indicated by T


1


in

FIG. 10B

, the diluent discharging pulse length between (D) and (E) indicated by T


2


in

FIG. 10A

, and the ink-metering voltage indicated by V in

FIG. 10B

are all variable.




As shown in

FIGS. 10A and 10B

, the printing is performed by repeating the-above-described operations. The printing cycle indicated by T


3


in

FIG. 10A

may be made 1 μsec, for example.




In the print head


3


, resin such as polysulfone or the like, dry film photoresist, and metal plate, such as nickel or the like, may be used for the orifice plate


38


, the walls of the pressure chamber side


39




a,




39




b,




39




c,




39




d


and


39




e,


and the vibration plate


42


.




Next, the driving circuit of the print head


3


described above will be described by reference to FIG.


11


. Digital halftone data are supplied from the other block and sent to each ink-metering unit (second laminated piezo-electric element


48


) control circuit


213


and each discharging control circuit


214


via a serial parallel changing circuit


211


. If the digital halftone data are less than a specified threshold value, the ink is not metered and discharged. When the printing time comes, a printing trigger is output from the other block and detected by a timing control circuit


212


which then outputs at a predetermined timing an ink-metering unit control signal and a discharging control signal to each ink metering unit (second laminated piezo-electric element


48


) control circuit


213


and each discharging control circuit


214


. Each signal is output at the timing indicated in FIG.


10


.




A specified voltage is applied to the ink-metering unit (second laminated piezo-electric element


48


)


215


and a discharging unit (first piezo-electric element


45


)


216


.




It is desirable that the ink


52


is made by dissolving or suspending water-based dyestuff or pigment of various kinds of colors in water, organic solvent or a mixture thereof. If necessary, the ink


52


may contain a viscosity adjusting agent, a surface tension adjusting agent, a preservative agent, a pH adjusting agent, or the like.




On the other hand, it is desirable that the diluent


51


is a clear and colorless liquid. Thus, the diluent


51


may be water, organic solvent, or a mixture thereof. The diluent


51


may further contain a viscosity adjusting agent, a surface tension adjusting agent, a preservative agent, a pH adjusting agent, or the like in the solution.




In addition, in the printing apparatus of the present embodiment, as schematically shown in plan view in

FIG. 12

, a hydrophilic portion


53


indicated by an shaded area is formed between the first nozzle


34


and the second nozzle


36


in the main printing face


38




a


(i.e., the nozzle outlet face) of the orifice plate


38


of the print head


3


. The hydrophilic portion


53


is formed from the orifice of the second nozzle


36


to the orifice of the first nozzle


34


. The hydrophilic portion


53


may be formed by performing a corona treatment or applying ultraviolet rays or the like at a specified position on the main printing face


38




a


of the orifice plate


38


.




Accordingly, if the ink


52


is made to ooze from the second nozzle


36


to print as described above, the ink


52


selectively travels along the hydrophilic portion


53


, which has good wettability, for the ink to be fed toward the first nozzle


34


. Thus, the ink


52


hardly leaks in the portion other than the hydrophilic portion


53


. This prevents the ink


52


from adhering to the portion around the orifices of the first and second nozzles


34


,


36


, and thereby prevents the occurrence of the worse printing. In this manner, the print head can correctly reproduce the gradation of concentration and, thus, make a recorded image of high resolution.




Although the hydrophilic portion


53


is formed from the orifice of the second nozzle


36


to the orifice of the first nozzle


34


in the above embodiment, the hydrophilic portion


53


may be formed from the orifice of the second nozzle


36


to only a middle part between the first nozzle


34


and the second nozzle


36


.




As above-described, the ink


52


is well introduced into the second nozzle


36


when a metered amount of the ink


52


is made to remain in the vicinity of the orifice of the first nozzle


34


. The ink


52


is introduced into the second nozzle


36


to quantify. Thus, the ink


52


is prevented from adhering to a portion around the orifices of the first and second nozzles


34


and


36


, and thereby prevents the occurrence of worse printing. In this manner, the print head can correctly reproduce the gradation of concentration and, thus, make a recorded image of high resolution.




Moreover, a hydrophobic portion may be formed in addition to the above-described hydrophilic portion


53


. In other words, as schematically shown in

FIG. 13

, the portion of the main printing face


38




a


of the orifice plate


38


other than the hydrophilic portion


53


may be processed so as to form a hydrophobic portion


54


, as indicated by a crosshatched area in FIG.


13


.




In this case, the ink


52


more selectively travels the hydrophilic portion


53


owing to the difference in wettability for the ink between the hydrophilic portion


53


and the hydrophobic portion


54


. This further prevents the ink


52


from adhering to the portion around the orifices of the first and second nozzles


34


and


36


, and thereby prevents the occurrence of worse printing. In this manner, the print head can correctly reproduce the gradation of concentration and, thus, can make a recorded image of high resolution.




The above-described hydrophilic portion


53


may have a shape divided into two lines


53




a


and


53




b


, as schematically indicated in

FIG. 14

, instead of the shape of the above-described single line.




Further, in the print head of the printing apparatus according to the present invention, the hydrophilic portion


53


of the print head of the printing apparatus may be a non-processed portion, and the remaining portion of the print head may be hydrophobicly processed to be a hydrophobic portion


54


. This print head has the same effects as the print head with a processed hydrophilic portion.




The print head of the printing apparatus according to the present invention may have a groove formed between the orifice of the first nozzle and the orifice of the second nozzle in the main printing face (i.e., the nozzle outlet face) of the orifice plate in addition to the above-described hydrophilic portion. In other words, for example, the print head can have almost the same constitution as the above-described print head and, as schematically shown in

FIGS. 15 and 16

, the print head can be provided with a groove


63


with a constant depth connecting the orifice of the second nozzle


66


to the orifice of the first nozzle


64


in the main printing face


68




a


(i.e., the nozzle outlet face) of the orifice plate


68


.




The groove


63


may be formed by means of ultraviolet laser processing or the like and may also be formed by means of machining, etching or the like. Moreover, if the orifice plate


68


is formed by injection-molding, electro-forming or the like, it is recommended that it is formed in the shape having the above-described groove


63


. It is recommended that the means of forming is selected according to the material to be formed.




Accordingly, when a printing is performed as in the case of the above-described print head, the ink oozing out from the second nozzle


66


travels the groove


63


owing to a capillary action and is fed to the first nozzle


64


. Accordingly, the ink hardly leaks in the portion other than the groove


63


. This prevents the ink from adhering to the portion around the orifices of the nozzles and prevents the occurrence of the worse printing. Thus, this print head can correctly reproduce the gradation of concentration and, thus, can make a recorded image of high resolution.




Alternatively, the print head may have-almost the same constitution as described above, but with a groove


65


shaped as schematically shown in FIG.


17


. The groove


65


is formed in such a way that the depth of the groove is large in the vicinity of the orifices of the first nozzle


64


and the second nozzle


65


and becomes gradually smaller toward the middle point between the orifices.




Alternatively, the print head may have almost the same constitution as described above, but with a groove


67


shaped as schematically shown in

FIGS. 18 and 19

. The groove


67


has a constant depth from the orifice of the second nozzle


66


to the middle part between the orifice of the first nozzle


64


and the orifice of the second nozzle


66


in the main printing face


68




a


(i.e., the nozzle outlet face) of the orifice plate


68


.




When the printing is performed with this print head, the ink


52


is well introduced into the second nozzle


66


because the ink


52


is made to ooze from the second nozzle


66


toward the first nozzle


64


. A metered amount of the ink


52


is made to remain in the vicinity of the orifice of the first nozzle


64


, and then the ink is introduced into the second nozzle


66


to quantify it.




This prevents the ink


52


from adhering to the portion around the orifices of the first and the second nozzles


64


and


66


and prevents the occurrence of the worse printing. Thus, the print head can correctly reproduce the gradation of concentration and, thus, can make a recorded image of high resolution.




Alternatively, when the groove


67


is formed from the orifice of the second nozzle


66


to the middle part between the orifice of the first nozzle


64


and the orifice of the second nozzle


66


, the depth of the groove


69


is preferably made gradually smaller from the second nozzle


66


toward the first nozzle


64


, as schematically shown in FIG.


20


. The tapered groove


69


provides better metering of the ink as compared to the constant depth groove


67


shown in FIG.


18


.




Alternatively, the above-described groove


67


may have a shape divided into two lines


67




a


and


67




b


, as schematically illustrated in

FIG. 21

, instead of the above-described shape of a single line.




Further, the groove


67


may have an arc end or a pointed end at the side of the first nozzle


64


of the groove


67


, as shown in

FIGS. 22A and 22B

, respectively.




Furthermore, the print head having a groove between the first nozzle and the second nozzle may have another groove


70


formed as a second groove from the orifice of the first nozzle


64


to the middle part between the orifice of the first nozzle


64


and the orifice of the second nozzle


66


in addition to the groove


67


formed as a first groove from the orifice of the second nozzle


66


to the middle part between the orifice of the first nozzle


64


and the orifice of the second nozzle


66


, as shown in

FIGS. 23A

,


23


B, and


23


C. The grooves


67


and


70


are formed in such a way that one end is opposite to the other end and does not come into contact with the other end.




If a printing is performed with this print head, the metering ink is well separated from the introduced ink when the ink is metered. This prevents the ink from adhering to the portion around the orifices of the nozzles


64


,


66


, and prevents the occurrence of worse printing. The print head can thereby correctly reproduce the gradation of concentration and, thus, can make a recorded image of high resolution.




The above-described groove


70


can have a flat end, an arc end, or a pointed end at the side of the second nozzle


66


of the groove


70


, similar to the groove


67


, as shown in

FIGS. 23A

,


23


B, and


23


C, respectively. The depth of the groove


70


is preferably gradually smaller from the first nozzle


64


toward the second nozzle


66


. If the groove


70


has the above-described tapering depth, a discharge of the diluent is improved.




The print head having a groove between the first nozzle and the second nozzle may have a groove


71


formed from the orifice of the second nozzle


66


to the vicinity of the orifice of the first nozzle


64


. The groove


71


may have a flat end, as shown in

FIG. 24A

, an arc end, as shown in

FIG. 24B

, or a pointed end, as shown in

FIG. 24C

, at the side of the first nozzle


64


of the groove


71


, as in the case of the groove


67


. The depth of the groove


71


is preferably gradually smaller from the second nozzle


66


toward the first nozzle


64


.




The print head of the printing apparatus according to the present invention may also have a recess formed at least around the orifice of the second nozzle


76


of the nozzle outlet face to surround the orifice of the second nozzle


76


, in addition to the groove formed between the orifice of the first nozzle


74


and the orifice of the second nozzle


76


, as schematically shown in FIGS.


25


and


26


.




In other words, for example, this print head may have almost the same constitution as the above-described print head, and also have a recess


75


surrounding the orifice of the second nozzle


76


in addition to the groove


73


formed from the orifice of the second nozzle


76


to the middle part between the orifice of the first nozzle


74


and the orifice of the second nozzle


76


in the main printing face


78




a


of the nozzle outlet face of the orifice plate


78


. This further prevents the ink from spreading around the orifice of the nozzle


76


. In this case, the groove


73


has a depth that gradually becomes smaller from the second nozzle


76


toward the first nozzle


74


and is connected to the recess


75


.




Moreover, the groove


73


may have a shape divided into two lines


73




a


and


73




b


, instead of the above-described shape of a single line, as schematically indicated in FIG.


27


.




The print head of the printing apparatus according to the present invention may also have a recess


77


formed around the orifice of the first nozzle


74


, as shown in FIG.


28


. The recess


77


is in addition to a groove


73


formed from the orifice of the second nozzle


76


to the middle part between the first nozzle


74


and the orifice of the second nozzle


76


, and a recess


75


formed around the orifice of the second nozzle


76


to surround the orifice of the second nozzle


76


. In this case, the groove


73


is connected to the recess


75


. This print head of the printing apparatus further prevents the ink, diluent, and mixed solution from spreading around the orifices of the nozzles.




It is possible that the above-described print head having recesses


75


and


77


may also have an arc end or a pointed end at the side of the first nozzle


74


of the groove


73


, as shown in

FIGS. 29A and 29B

, respectively, as in the case of the above-described print head.




In addition, as shown in

FIGS. 30A

,


30


B, and


30


C, the print head having a groove between the first nozzle and the second nozzle may have another groove


80


formed as a second groove from the orifice of the first nozzle


74


to the middle part between the orifice of the first nozzle


74


and the orifice of the second nozzle


76


. The groove


80


is in addition to the groove


73


formed as a first groove from the orifice of the second nozzle


76


to the middle part between the orifice of the first nozzle


74


and the orifice of the second nozzle


76


. In this case, these grooves


73


and


80


are formed in such a way that one end is opposite to the other end and does not come into contact with the other end.




It is possible that the above—described groove


80


may also have a flat end, an arc end, or a pointed end at the side of the second nozzle


76


of the groove


80


, as shown in

FIGS. 30A

,


30


B, and


30


C, respectively, as in the. case of the above-described groove


73


, and that the depth of the groove


80


becomes gradually smaller from the first nozzle


74


toward the second nozzle


76


.




Furthermore, as shown in

FIGS. 31A

,


31


B, and


31


C, the print head may have a groove


81


formed from the orifice of the second nozzle


76


to the portion surrounding the first nozzle


74


. It is possible that the above-described groove


81


may also have a flat end, an arc end or a pointed end at the side of the first nozzle


74


of the groove


81


, as shown in

FIGS. 31A

,


31


B, and


31


C, respectively, as in the case of the above-described groove


73


, and that the depth of the groove


81


becomes gradually smaller from the second nozzle


76


toward the first nozzle


74


.




Moreover, as schematically shown in

FIGS. 32 and 33

, a groove


82


may also be formed from the orifice of the second nozzle


76


to the orifice of the first nozzle


74


. In this case, both ends of the groove


82


are connected to the recesses


75


and


77


, respectively.




Although various shapes of the grooves and the recesses have been described, it is noted that if the grooves and the recesses are instead in the form of the above-described hydrophilic portions, they would provide generally the same effects. Similarly, if the grooves and recesses are instead in the form of a non-processed portion and a hydrophobic portion, as described above, they would provide generally the same effects.




In addition, the print head of the printing apparatus according to the present invention may have an insular projection


83


formed between the orifice of the first nozzle


84


and the orifice of the second nozzle


86


in the main printing face


88




a


(i.e., the nozzle outlet face) of the orifice plate


88


, as schematically shown in

FIGS. 34 and 35

. The insular projection


83


is a columnar projection with an elliptical plane and is made long in the direction connecting the first nozzle


84


to the second nozzle


86


and, thus, does not: come into contact with the orifices of the nozzles


84


and


86


.




When the printing is performed with this printing apparatus, the ink oozing from the second nozzle


86


travels along the above-described projection


83


owing to a capillary action and is fed to the first nozzle


84


. Thus, the ink is prevented from spreading to the portion other than the projection


83


and from adhering to the portion around the orifices of the nozzles, thereby preventing the occurrence of worse printing. Thus, the print head can correctly reproduce the gradation of concentration and, thus, can form a recorded image of high resolution.




The projection


83


is preferably formed in such a way that the direction of its longer dimension is in the direction connecting the first nozzle


84


to the second nozzle


86


, as shown in FIG.


34


. However, if the projection


83


is made such that the direction of its longer diameter is in a direction normal to the direction connecting the first nozzle


84


to the second nozzle


86


, the ink is easily introduced when the ink is metered.




Further, the printing apparatus of the present invention can take the constitution as described below. The constitution of the printing apparatus is nearly the same as indicated in

FIG. 5

above. A block diagram of the printing part and control system of the printing apparatus is provided in FIG.


36


. This block diagram is similar to the one indicated in

FIG. 7

above. The control system


90


includes a signal-processing control circuit


22


, which is similar to the one in

FIG. 7

, a memory


25


, a drive control


27


and a correction circuit


26


. A description of the parts which have already been described with respect to

FIG. 7

is omitted.




The control system


90


also includes a first driver


91


and a second driver


92


. The first and second drivers


91


,


92


are installed in correspondence with the first nozzle for the delivery of discharge medium and the second nozzle for the delivery of metering medium, respectively.




The first driver


91


, as will be described later, provides a drive control for a first layered piezo-electric element to spew out the discharge medium from the first nozzle. The second driver


92


provides a drive control for a second layered piezo-electric element to push out under pressure the metering medium from the second nozzle. Incidentally, one of the discharge and metering media may be ink, and the other may be a diluent.




The first and second drivers


91


and


92


are under the control of a serial/parallel converting circuit and a timing control circuit, as described below, and are placed in the signal control circuit


22


to engage in the drive control of the corresponding first and second layered piezo-electric elements.




The drive circuit for the print head is shown in FIG.


37


. Digital data for graded tones are provided from other blocks, and delivered through the serial/parallel converting circuit


94


to the first and second drivers


91


and


92


. When a digital datum for graded tones delivered through the serial/parallel converting circuit


94


is below a predetermined threshold, neither pushing-out of the metering medium nor spewing-out of the discharge medium occurs. When the timing is set to character printing, a trigger for character printing is dispatched from other blocks, and the timing control circuit detects the trigger and delivers a pushing-out control signal and a spewing-out control signal to the first and second drivers


91


and


92


, respectively.




The constitution of the print head will be described by reference to FIG.


38


. It is assumed here for purposes of illustration that the print head has a metering medium comprising ink and a discharge medium comprising a diluent. The print head of this example, as shown in

FIG. 38

, mainly consists of a pressure chamber forming member


121


, a vibrating plate


122


, the first and second layered piezo-electric elements


123




a


and


123




b


, and a nozzle forming member


124


. The pressure chamber forming member


121


may be made of stainless steel or the like with a thickness of about 0.2 mm.




Constructed in the pressure chamber forming member


121


are a passage


135


forming a discharge-medium buffer tank (referred to hereinafter as a diluent buffer tank), a first concave surface


136


forming a pressure chamber for the discharge medium (referred to hereinafter as a diluent pressurizing chamber), a second concave surface


137


forming a discharge-medium feed channel (referred to hereinafter as a diluent feed channel), and a third concave surface


138


forming an outlet for the discharge medium (referred to hereinafter as a diluent conduit). The first concave surface


136


has a mouth directed to a main surface


121




a


. The second concave surface


137


has a mouth directed towards another main surface


121




b


, opposite to the main surface


121




a


, and joins the passage


135


and one end of the first concave surface


136


. The third concave surface


138


directs its mouth toward the main surface


121




b


and communicates with the other end of the first concave surface


136


.




Further, constructed in the pressure chamber forming member


121


are a passage


125


forming a metering medium buffer tank (hereinafter referred to as an ink buffer tank), a fourth concave surface


126


forming a pressure chamber for the metering medium (hereinafter referred to as an ink pressurizing chamber), a fifth concave surface


127


forming a metering medium feed channel (hereinafter referred to as an ink feed channel), and a sixth concave surface


138


forming an outlet for the metering medium (hereinafter referred to as an ink conduit). The fourth concave surface


126


has a mouth directed to a main surface


121




a


. The fifth concave surface


127


has a mouth directed toward a main surface


121




b


opposite to the main surface


121




a


and joining the passage


125


and one end of the fourth concave surface


126


. The sixth concave surface


138


has a mouth directed toward the main surface


121




b


and communicating with the other end of the fourth concave surface


126


.




The pressure chamber forming member


121


has those passages and concave surfaces prepared therein such that the sixth concave surface


128


and the third concave surface


138


face each other with a specified interval in between.




The pressure chamber forming member


121


of the print head of this example has a vibrating plate


122


formed on the same side as the main surface


121




a


, and a nozzle forming member


124


(hereinafter referred to as an orifice plate) formed on the same side as the main surface


121




b


, such that the vibrating plate


122


and the orifice plate


124


embrace the pressure chamber forming member


121


between them in the direction of thickness.




The orifice plate


124


may be made, for example, of a resin plate with a thickness of about 50 μm. A suitable material for the orifice plate


124


is Neoflex™ (available from Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals Co.), which is a thermoplastic polyimide with a glass transition temperature of approximately 200° C. If such resin is used, the chemical stability of the ink and diluent will be advantageously ensured.




The second nozzle


132


(referred to hereinafter as an ink nozzle) is formed on the orifice plate


124


opposite to the sixth concave surface


128


, which forms the ink conduit, to push out under pressure a specified amount of the metering medium or ink. The first nozzle


142


(referred to hereinafter as a diluent nozzle) is formed opposite to the third concave surface


138


, which forms the diluent conduit, to spew out the discharge medium or a diluent.




The ink nozzle


132


takes the form of a channel whose axis approaches the diluent nozzle


142


as it comes closer to the opening of the nozzle or the main surface


124




a


. The ink and diluent nozzles


132


and


142


consist of channels each having a round cross-section of a specific diameter, and are so formed as to have a smaller diameter than either the sixth concave surface forming the ink conduit or the third concave surface


138


forming the diluent conduit.




The print head of this example also has a constitution wherein a liquid-repellent membrane


130


is formed on the main surface


124




a


of the orifice plate


124


upon which the openings of the nozzles are formed. Parts of the liquid-repellent membrane


130


are selectively removed, and a groove, as described below, is inscribed between the openings of the ink nozzle


132


and the diluent nozzle


142


.




The material suitable for the liquid-repellent membrane


130


may include polyimide materials suitable for painting, and a material having photosensitivity is preferred.




The sixth concave surface


128


forming the ink conduit has been so formed as to have a larger diameter than does the ink nozzle


132


, while the third concave surface


138


forming the diluent conduit has been so formed as to have a larger diameter than does the diluent nozzle


142


.




As the pressure chamber forming member


121


is inserted between the vibrating plate


122


and the orifice plate


124


in the direction of thickness, the passage


135


, the first concave surface


136


, the second concave surface


137


, and the third concave surface


138


join together, and a cavity is formed which is confined between the vibrating plate


122


and the orifice plate


124


. Thus, the diluent buffer tank


153


formed in the direction of thickness from the vibrating plate


122


down to the orifice plate


124


with the pressure chamber forming member


121


as a side wall, the diluent feed channel


154


communicating with the tank


153


and formed in the axial direction of the pressure chamber forming member


121


, the diluent pressurizing chamber


155


communicating with the channel


154


and formed in contact with the vibrating plate


122


, and the diluent conduit


156


communicating with the chamber


155


and the opening through the orifice plate


124


communicate with each other to form a continuous channel. An ink feed aperture


129


is prepared on the vibrating plate


122


as mentioned earlier, and an ink nozzle is prepared on the orifice plate


124


. Thus, ink flows from the ink feed aperture


129


through an ink buffer tank


143


, ink feed channel


144


, ink pressurizing chamber


145


, ink conduit


146


, and ink nozzle


132


in this order.




As the pressure chamber forming member


121


is inserted between the vibrating plate


122


and the orifice plate


124


in the direction of thickness, the passage


125


, the fourth concave surface


126


, the fifth concave surface


127


, and the sixth concave portion join together, and a cavity is formed which is confined between the vibrating plate


122


and the orifice plate :L


24


. Thus, the ink tank


143


formed in the direction of thickness from the vibrating plate


122


down to the orifice plate


124


with the pressure chamber forming member


121


as a side wall, the ink feed channel


144


communicating with the ink buffer tank


143


and formed in the axial direction of the pressure chamber forming member


121


, the ink chamber pressing chamber


145


communicating with the ink feed channel


144


and formed in contact with the vibrating plate


122


, and the ink conduit


146


communicating with the pressing chamber


145


and opening on the orifice plate


124


communicate with each other to form a continuous channel.




The diluent feed aperture


139


is prepared on the vibrating plate


122


, as mentioned earlier, and the diluent nozzle


142


is prepared on the orifice plate


124


. Thus, ink flows from the diluent feed aperture


139


, the diluent buffer tank


153


, the diluent feed channel


154


, the diluent pressing chamber


155


, the diluent conduit


156


, and the diluent nozzle


142


in this order.




It is assumed for illustration that the print head of the present invention has a constitution wherein the liquid-repellent membrane


130


applied on the main surface


124




a


of the orifice plate where the nozzles open has a structure with one layer


130




b


overlaid upon another layer


130




a


, and, as shown schematically in

FIG. 40

, a portion of the superficial layer or the second layer


130




b


has been selectively removed in such a manner that a straight groove


131


connecting the openings of the ink nozzle


132


and the diluent nozzle


142


is formed. The groove


131


has a width smaller than the diameter of the opening of the ink nozzle


132


, and has the liquid-repellent membrane


130


formed on the bottom surface and the underlying layer or the first layer


130




a


exposed to outside.




For the print head of this example, the diameter of the diluent and ink nozzles


142


and


132


may be about 30 to 50 μm, and the width of the groove may be 30 μm or less, more preferably 20 μm or less, and further more preferably 10 μm or less.




As shown in

FIG. 41

, the print head of this example has a further constitution wherein a projection


149


is formed on the surface


122




a


of the vibrating plate


122


opposite to the surface to which the vibrating plate


122


is bonded to the pressure forming chamber members


121


. The projection


149


is formed at a location opposite to the ink pressurizing chamber


145


. A layered piezo-electric element


123




b


(a first layered piezo-electric element) is fixed firmly through the projection


149


to the underlying structure. The projection


149


is bonded to the vibrating plate


122


with a bonding agent (not shown).




Similarly, another projection


159


is formed at a location opposite to the diluent pressurizing chamber


155


. Another layered piezo-electric element


123




a


(a second layered piezo-electric element) is firmly fixed to the underlying structure through the projection


159


. The layered piezo-electric elements


123




a


and


123




b


may include piezo-electric components and electro conductive components laid one over another. The number of piezo-electric and electro-conductive components used is not restricted to any specific number.




The projections


149


and


159


are so constructed that their flat surface is smaller in area than the flat surface of the ink pressurizing chamber


145


or of the diluent pressurizing chamber


155


, respectively, and smaller in area than the flat surface of the layered piezo-electric elements


123




b


or


123




a


, respectively. An ink feed pipe


150


connected to an ink tank (not shown) is fitted to the location corresponding to the ink feed aperture


129


on the main surface


122




a


of the vibrating plate


122


. Similarly, a diluent feed pipe


160


connected to a diluent tank (not shown) is fitted to the location corresponding to the diluent feed aperture


139


.




The print head of the printing apparatus of this example has a further constitution wherein, as illustrated in

FIG. 39

, the ink buffer tank


143


and the diluent buffer tank


153


in the print head are so constructed as to have a tubular form, and a plurality of the print heads are arranged in parallel at specific regular intervals along the axial direction of the ink buffer tank


143


and the diluent buffer tank


153


. The ink buffer tank


143


therefore acts as an ink distributing pipe common to all the print heads and, similarly, the diluent buffer tank


153


acts as a diluent distributing pipe common to all the print heads. In each of these print heads, the ink feed channel


144


is joined to the ink buffer tank


143


, and the diluent feed channel


154


is joined to the diluent buffer tank


153


. Therefore, the ink nozzle


132


and the diluent nozzle


142


in each print head have mouths that open close to each other on the same surface.




As is evident from the above description, in the print head of the printing apparatus of this example, ink is provided from the ink tank (not shown) to the ink buffer tank


143


, and then to the ink feed channels


144


of the individual print heads, while a diluent is provided from the diluent tank (not shown) to the diluent buffer tank


153


, and then to the diluent feed channels


154


of the individual print heads.




Printing with the print head of the printing apparatus of this example may take place as follows.




When a driving voltage is applied to the first layered piezo-electric element


123




a


, because of the piezo-electric element being so constructed as to displace linearly in the direction opposite to the direction indicated by the arrow M


1


in

FIG. 38

, the first piezo-electric element


123




a


carries the vibrating plate


122


upward via the projection


159


firmly bonded to the piezo-electric element


123




a


. This leads to an enlarged volume of the diluent pressurizing chamber


155


, as shown in FIG.


41


.




The same phenomenon also happens for the second layered piezo-electric element


123




b


. Namely, when a driving voltage is applied to the second piezo-electric element


123




b


, because of the element


123




b


being so constructed as to displace in the direction opposite to the direction indicated by the arrow Ml in

FIG. 38

, the second piezo-electric element


123




b


carries the vibrating plate


122


upward via the projection


149


firmly bonded to the piezo-electric element


123




b


. This leads to an enlarged volume of the ink pressurizing chamber


145


, as shown in FIG.


41


.




When the first and second layered piezo-electric elements


123




a


and


123




b


are relieved of the driving voltage, because of their being so constructed as to displace linearly in the same direction as the arrow Ml in

FIG. 38

, they press and bend inward the vibrating plate


122


via the projections


149


and


159


. This leads to reduced volumes of the ink pressurizing and diluent pressurizing chambers


145


and


155


, which, in turn, leads to increased pressures within the ink pressurizing and diluent pressurizing chambers


145


and


155


. Because the projections


149


and


159


are so constructed as to have a smaller flat surface than the first and second layered piezo-electric elements


123




a


and


123




b


, they can concentrate the force transmitted through the displacement of the first and second layered piezo-electric elements


123




a


and


123




b


to the areas opposite to the diluent pressurizing chamber


155


and the ink pressurizing chamber


145


, respectively.




The timing of driving voltages generated while printing is in progress with the printing apparatus of the above configuration is as shown in

FIGS. 10A and 10B

. Printing operation will therefore be explained with reference to

FIGS. 10A and 10B

, assuming that the first layered piezo element


45


in

FIG. 10A

corresponds to the first layered piezo-electric element


123




a


, and the second layered piezo element


48


in

FIG. 10B

corresponds to the second layered piezo-electric element


123




b


.




As shown in

FIG. 10A

, during standby periods before printing, at times indicated by (A), a voltage of, for example,


20


V is applied to the layered piezo-electric element


123




a


, which has been placed opposite to the diluent pressurizing chamber


155


. As shown in

FIG. 10B

, during standby periods before printing, at times indicated by (A), a voltage of, for example, 10V is applied to the layered piezo-electric element


123




b


, which has been placed opposite to the ink pressurizing chamber


145


. In this state, as shown in

FIG. 41

, the ink pressurizing and diluent pressurizing chambers


145


and


155


are kept expanded. During these periods, a meniscus is formed at the tip of each of the ink and diluent nozzles


132


and


142


.




During printing, under the influence of signals from said head drive, head transfer control and drum revolution control, the voltage of the first layered piezo-electric element


123




b


is driven gradually downward to, for example, 5V at the time of (B) in FIG.


10


B and maintained at that level for 150 μsec so that a specific amount of the metering medium is pushed out without being spewed out. During this interval, the second layered piezo-electric element


123




b


extends gradually in the direction as indicated by the arrow M


1


in

FIG. 41

, thereby pressurizing gradually the ink pressurizing chamber


145


via the vibrating plate


122


, as shown in

FIG. 42

, and pushing the chamber


145


back towards its original position. The resulting increased internal pressure is transmitted to the ink nozzle


132


, which causes ink to ooze out towards the opening of the diluent nozzle


142


to combine with the diluent there. The voltage is chosen to give a desired tone of the graphic data to be printed. The voltage is so adjusted as to give an amount of ink adequate to give a desired tone corresponding with the graphic data to be printed.




Then, the ink nozzle


132


draws in ink, and at the time (C) in

FIG. 10B

, the voltage applied to the second layered piezo-electric element


123




b


is allowed to return gradually to 10V, so that a specific amount of ink stays close to the opening of the diluent nozzle


142


. During this operation, the second layered piezo-electric element


123




b


contracts gradually in the direction opposite to the direction indicated by the arrow M


1


in

FIG. 42

, the excess internal pressure of the ink nozzle


132


is relieved therewith, and ink at the tip tends to return to the interior of the ink nozzle


132


. This operation allows a specific amount of ink to stay close to the opening of the diluent nozzle


142


.




Then, at the time (D) in

FIG. 10A

the voltage applied to the first layered piezo-electric element


123




a


is made, for example, 0V. By this operation the first layered piezo-electric element


123




a


extends in the direction indicated by


14


I in

FIG. 42

, thereby to pressurize gradually the diluent pressurizing chamber


155


via the vibrating plate


122


, and to push the chamber


155


back towards its original position. The resulting increased internal pressure is transmitted to the diluent nozzle


142


, which causes the diluent to be pushed out to intermingle with the ink staying close to the opening of the diluent nozzle


142


to form a mixture.




Then, the voltage applied to the first layered piezo-electric element


123




a


is kept at 0V from the time marked (D) in

FIG. 10A

for 50 μsec, for example, and allowed to return to 20V, for example, at the time marked (E) in FIG.


10


A. During this operation, the first layered piezo-electric element


123




a


contracts in the direction opposite to the direction indicated by the arrow Ml in

FIG. 42

, the excess internal pressure of the diluent nozzle


142


is relieved therewith, and the diluent at the tip tends to return to the interior of the diluent nozzle


142


.




This operation allows a constriction to develop between the diluent in the diluent nozzle


142


and the mixture, and finally the mixture is spewed out from the diluent nozzle


142


to hit upon the printing paper


1


for printing. During this operation the temporary change of the voltage applied to the first layered piezo-electric element


123




a


is set so as to allow a drop of the mixture to be spewed out from the diluent nozzle


142


.




Soon the excess internal pressures of the diluent pressurizing chamber


155


and the ink pressurizing chamber


145


return to the original level, the diluent and ink are drawn into the diluent and ink nozzles


142


and


132


, and the print head is put into a renewed standby state, as shown in FIG.


38


.




Signals from the driving circuit shown in

FIG. 36

are dispatched at the timing indicated in

FIGS. 10A and 10B

, and, in accordance with those signals, specified voltages are applied to the first and second layered piezo-electric elements


123




a


and


123




b.






As shown in

FIG. 40

, the printing apparatus of this example has a further constitution wherein the liquid-repellent membrane


130


is formed on the main surface


124




a


of the orifice plate


124


where the nozzles open. The portion of the liquid-repellent membrane


130


between the openings of the diluent nozzle


142


and ink nozzle


132


, which are placed close to each other, has been selectively removed to form therein a groove


131


.




“Wettability” at an interface between a solid and a liquid depends on the roughness of the surface of the solid. Namely, when the contact angle between a solid having a substantial surface area and a liquid having a substantial surface area (i.e., a contact angle when it is assumed that the surface roughness of the solid is zero) is larger than 90 degrees, wettability is impaired as the surface roughness increases. On the other hand, when the contact angle between a solid having a substantial surface area and a liquid having a substantial surface area (i.e., a contact angle when it is assumed that the surface roughness of the solid is zero) is smaller than 90 degrees, wettability is improved as the surface roughness increases.




The metering medium (i.e., ink) used in the printing apparatus of this example has a contact angle equal to or less than 90 degrees with respect to the liquid-repellent material, and thus, as discussed earlier, wettability is improved as the surface roughness increases.




Accordingly, in the printing apparatus of this example, a groove formed after selective removal of a portion of the liquid-repellent membrane


130


is made to have a rougher surface than other nearby portions, thereby raising its wettability so that the metering medium or ink under pressure may selectively flow through the groove


131


and its vicinity. With such a constitution, even a minute amount of ink can be stably pushed towards the diluent nozzle


142


to securely mix with the diluent, thereby ensuring ejection of the resultant mixture. The printing apparatus of this example therefore allows precise reproduction of tones of lower density. Thus, with this apparatus graded tones of a wide range of density can be reproduced faithfully, thereby enabling high resolution images of real objects. Further, in the printing apparatus of this example, as the first layer


130




a


made of a liquid-repellent material is exposed on the bottom of the groove


131


, spontaneous mixing of ink and the diluent during standby periods can be prevented.




The procedures for manufacturing the print head of the printing apparatus according to the present invention will now be described.




First, the pressure chamber forming member is produced. As shown in

FIG. 43

, resists made of, for example, a photosensitive dry film or a liquid resist material are bonded onto one main surface


171




a


of a stainless steel member


171


made of a stainless steel plate with a thickness of about 0.2 mm. Then, a mask is prepared on whose surface portions corresponding to the passages for the ink buffer tank and the diluent buffer tank, and to the concave surfaces to form parts of the ink pressurizing and diluent pressurizing chambers have been processed into patterns susceptible to photo etching. The mask is applied onto the surface


171




a


and is exposed to light to form the resists


172


thereupon.




The same process as above is applied to the other main surface


171




b


which is opposite to the main surface


171




a


of the stainless steel plate


171


. That is, a mask is prepared on whose surface portions corresponding to the concave surfaces to form the ink feed and diluent feed apertures, and to the concave surfaces to form parts of the ink pressurizing and diluent pressurizing chambers have been processed into patterns susceptible to photo etching. The mask is applied onto the surface


171




b


and is exposed to light to form the resists


173


thereupon.




The stainless member


171


is then subjected to etching with the resists


172


and


173


acting as masks. The stainless member


171


is immersed into an etching solution or, for example, into an iron chloride (II) aqueous solution for a specific period of time. As a result, as shown in

FIG. 44

, an ink buffer tank is formed with a passage


125


passing from the main surface


171




a


down to the opposite main surface


171




b


; an ink pressurizing chamber is formed with a fourth concave surface


126


directing its mouth towards the main surface


171




a


; an ink feed channel bounded at its sides with the passage


125


and at its base with the fourth concave surface


126


is formed with a fifth concave surface directing its mouth towards the main surface


171




b


; and an ink conduit is formed with a sixth concave surface


128


extending from the base of the fourth concave surface


126


and extending its mouth up to the main surface


171




b.






Similarly, a diluent buffer tank is formed with a passage


135


passing from the main surface


171




a


down to the opposite main surface


171




b


; a diluent pressurizing chamber is formed with a fourth concave surface


136


directing its mouth towards the main surface


171




a


; a diluent feed channel bounded at its sides with the passage


135


and its base with the first concave surface


136


is formed with a second concave surface


137


directing its mouth towards the main surface


171




b


; and a diluent conduit is formed with a third concave surface


138


extending from the base of the first concave surface


136


and extending its mouth up to the main surface


171




b


. In this assembly, as described earlier, the sixth and third concave surfaces are made to face each other with a specific interval in between.




Etching can be adjusted such that the consumed level from one side of the main surface of the stainless steel member


171


is equal to or marginally more than half the thickness of the steel member. Because the stainless steel member


171


has a thickness of 0.2 mm in this case, the consumed level from one main surface of the stainless steel member


171


is set to about 0.11 mm. This maneuver allows more precise reproduction of each passage and recess, thereby enabling their stable production.




Further, as the consumed levels from both main sides of the stainless steel member


171


are made nearly equal, the conditions responsible for the formation of the first and fourth concave surfaces


136


and


126


, of the second and third concave surfaces


137


and


138


, and of the fifth and sixth concave surfaces


127


and


128


, respectively, are made nearly equal, which is helpful for simplifying and shortening the etching process.




Then comes removal of the resists


172


and


173


. When a dry film is used for the resists


172


and


173


, an aqueous solution of 5% or less sodium hydroxide, for example, may be used. When a liquid resist material is used for the resists


172


and


173


, an alkali solution specially prepared for the purpose, for example, may be used. After the process, as shown in

FIG. 45

, a pressure chamber forming member


121


is constructed wherein a passage


135


, a first concave surface


136


, a second concave surface


137


, a third concave surface


138


, a passage


125


, a fourth concave surface


126


, a fifth concave surface


127


, and a sixth concave surface


128


are formed.




Then, as shown in

FIG. 46

, a resin material having a thickness of 50 μm and a glass transition temperature of 250° C. or less is placed to act as an orifice plate


124


upon the main surface


121




b


to which the mouths of the second concave surface


137


, the third concave surface


138


, the fifth concave surface


127


, and the sixth concave surface


128


constructed within the pressure forming member


121


are directed. The material for the orifice plate


124


may include a membrane made of a thermoplastic polyimide or Neoflex™ (available from Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals Co.). The plate made of above material can be bonded by pressure while being heated. The bonding should be done at a temperature of approximately 230° C. under a pressure of 20 to 30 kgf/cm


2


. This ensures stable and efficient bonding of the orifice plate


124


upon the pressure chamber forming member


121


.




In this process, as the orifice plate


124


has no ink or diluent nozzles formed therethrough yet, the alignment of the orifice plate to the pressure chamber forming member


121


for bonding does not require so much precision, which makes the bonding easy. Further, as this bonding does not require use of a bonding agent, occlusion of the second, third, fifth and sixth concave surfaces


137


,


138


,


127


and


128


, respectively, due to the presence of excess bonding agent can be effectively avoided.




Then, a first layer of membrane


130




a


to act as the liquid-repellent membrane is formed on the main surface


124




a


of the orifice plate


124


, as shown in FIG.


47


. The first layer of membrane


130




a


is preferably made of a material allowing laser processing and having a liquid-repellent property. Suitable materials are, for example, paintable polyimide materials, such as PIX™ (available from Hitachi Chemicals Co.) or Semicofine™ and Torenice™ (available from Toray Industries Inc.). Generally these materials take a liquid form before use and are dissolved in solvents. Thus, the material should be dried before use to remove the solvent, and allowed to take a form, for example, ready for the final polyimide polymerization.




The preferred drying consists of heating the material at a temperature of about 90 to 120° C. for 30 minutes to remove the solvent, and then reheating the material at about 200° C. (T1) for 30 to 60 minutes.




Then, a second layer of membrane


130




b


to act as another liquid-repellent: membrane is formed on the first layer of membrane


130




a


, as shown in FIG.


48


. The second layer is preferably made of a material allowing selective removal by photolithography and laser processing after membrane formation, and having a liquid-repellent property. Suitable materials are, for example, paintable polyimide materials, such as PIX™ (available from Hitachi Chemicals Co.) or Semicofine™ (available from Toray Industries Inc.).




If PIX™, which is a paintable polyimide material available from Hitachi Chemicals Co., or Semicofine™, which is a paintable polyimide material available from Toray Industries, Inc., is used as the material, it should be dried at about 90 to 120° C. for approximately 30 minutes, and then maintained at about 130 to 160° C. (T2) for 30 to 60 minutes, to form the second layer of membrane


130




b


. If the first and second layers


130




a


and


130




b


are made of similar materials, the temperature T1 should be higher than the temperature T2.




In above process for the manufacture of the first layer


130




a


, as the material does not undergo polymerization, and thus does not have a liquid-repellent property, it can be painted easily as a flat membrane. The second layer


130




b


of the liquid-repellent membrane


130


is subjected, after having been coated with a photosensitive liquid resist material, to photolithography, as shown in FIG.


49


. During this process, the second layer


130




b


is exposed to light and subjected to a developing process to form a mask material


161


corresponding in form to the groove


131


in FIG.


40


.




Then, as shown in

FIG. 50

, the pattern etching of the liquid-repellent membrane


130


is made with the mask material


161


used as a masking plate, to form the groove


131


. With photolithography the depth of the groove


131


can be formed stably and precisely. If the first and second layers


130




a


and


130




b


are made of PIX™, which is a paintable polyimide material available from Hitachi Chemicals Co., or Semicofine™, which is a paintable polyimide available from Toray Industries, Inc., use of an organic solvent such as NMD-3™, which is a developing agent available from Tokyo Applied Chemical Industry Co., would be beneficial because it allows precise etching. In this process, as the heat treatment temperature T1 for the first layer


130




a


of the liquid-repellent membrane


130


is placed higher than the heat treatment temperature T2 for the second layer


130




b


, etching proceeds slower in the first layer


130




a


than in the second layer


130




b


, which allows the second layer


130




b


to be selectively processed finely, and the groove to be formed precisely.




Then, the masking material


161


is removed from the assembly by the use of a specific solvent (for example, acetone), and subjected to a heating treatment for the final polymerization, whereby liquid-repellency is conferred to the first and second layers


130




a


and


130




b


of the liquid-repellent membrane


130


, and the liquid-repellent membrane


130


is produced as shown in FIG.


51


. It is noted that the groove is omitted from

FIG. 51

onward. The heating treatment preferably consists of heating at 350° C. for about 60 minutes.




The above description is directed to the liquid-repellent membrane


130


whose first and second layers are made of the same material or a material which undergoes imide polymerization at the final polymerization process. However, it is possible to use as a material for the second layer


130




b


, for example, Yupicoat™ (available from Ube Industries Ltd.), which is a material that has undergone polymerization prior to use and can undergo the final polymerization different from imide polymerization at a comparatively low temperature (e.g., 160 to 180° C.). In this case, application of the second superficial layer


130




b


preferably takes place before the first underlying layer


130




a


is put to the final polymerization or, in other words, before the first layer


130




a


is conferred a liquid-repellent property.




If Yupicoat™, which is a paintable polyimide material available from Ube Industries Ltd., is employed, the assembly should be maintained at 70-90° C. for 30 to 40 minutes to allow the solvent to evaporate, and the second layer


130




b


should be formed on the assembly thus dried.




Then, as shown in

FIG. 52

, a laser is irradiated with a right angle onto the main surface


124




b


of the orifice plate


124


carrying the pressure chamber forming member


121


via the third concave surface


138


, to form the diluent nozzle


142


penetrating the orifice plate


124


and the first and second layers


130




a


and


130




b


of the liquid-repellent membrane


130


.




Further, a laser is irradiated with a slanted angle onto the main surface


124




b


of the orifice plate


124


carrying the pressure chamber forming member


121


via the sixth concave surface


128


, to form the ink nozzle


132


penetrating the orifice plate


124


and the first and second layers


130




a


and


130




b


of the liquid-repellent membrane


130


, thereby to complete the orifice plate


124


. The laser light should be directed to the assembly such that the ink nozzle


132


produced therewith comes closer to the opening of the diluent nozzle


142


as it approaches its opening. In this process, as the orifice plate


124


and the first and second layers of the membrane


130


are all made of a polyimide material, which is easily processed by laser, the ink and diluent nozzles


132


and


142


can be easily formed.




As the third concave surface


138


forming the diluent conduit


156


and the sixth concave surface


128


forming the ink conduit


146


have a larger diameter than do the diluent and ink nozzles


142


and


132


, a high precision alignment of the orifice plate


124


and the pressure chamber forming member


121


prior to laser processing is not required. Thus, the risk of the presence of the pressure chamber forming member


121


to intercept laser light during processing can be avoided.




Then, as shown in

FIG. 53

, the vibrating plate


122


, on one surface


122




a


of which the projections


149


and


159


have been fixed at specific positions, is bonded with an epoxy bonding agent (not shown) onto the main surface


121




a


of the pressure chamber forming member


121


opposite to the surface upon which the orifice plate


124


has been fixed. In this case, as the second, third, fifth and sixth concave surfaces


137


,


138


,


127


and


128


are all formed on the main surface


121




b


of the pressure chamber forming member


121


opposite to the surface


121




a


upon which the vibrating plate


122


is to be placed, occlusion of those concave surfaces due to the presence of excess bonding agent would be effectively avoided during the bonding process of the vibrating plate


122


.




As this process allows the pressure chamber forming member


121


to be inserted between the vibrating plate


122


and the orifice plate


124


, a diluent feed channel is formed around the second concave surface


137


, a diluent pressurizing chamber is formed over the first concave surface


136


, and a diluent conduit


156


is formed around the third concave surface


138


.




In the same manner, an ink feed channel is formed around the fifth concave surface


127


, an ink pressurizing chamber


145


is formed over the fourth concave surface


126


, and an ink conduit


146


is formed around the fifth concave surface


128


. As the printing apparatus of this example, as described above, has a constitution wherein the second and fifth concave surfaces


137


and


127


have been formed on the main surface


121




b


of the pressure chamber forming member


121


opposite to the surface


121




a


upon which the vibrating plate


122


is to be placed, an increase in flow resistance through the diluent and ink feed channels


154


and


144


can be avoided.




This arrangement further allows a far wider selection of usable bonding agents for bonding the pressure chamber forming member


121


and the vibrating member


122


.




When the vibrating plate


122


is bonded onto the pressure chamber forming member


121


, only the alignment of the projection


159


to the first concave surface


136


, which forms part of the diluent pressurizing chamber


155


, and the alignment of the projection


149


to the fourth concave surface


126


, which forms part of the ink pressurizing chamber


145


, may be taken into consideration. Thus, a bonding of the vibrating plate


122


to the pressure chamber forming member


121


will take place easily.




Then, the first layered piezo-electric element


123




a


is bonded onto the projection


159


, and the second layered piezo-electric element


123




b


is bonded onto the second projection


149


with, for example, an epoxy bonding agent. The diluent feed channel


160


is allowed to communicate with the passage


139


penetrating the vibrating plate


122


, and the ink feed channel


150


to communicate with the passage


129


also penetrating the vibrating plate


122


, to complete the print head, as shown in FIG.


38


.




The print head of the printing apparatus of this example allows even a minute amount of ink to mix stably with diluent, and thus makes it unnecessary to place, so as to widen reproducible graded tones, the diluent and ink nozzles


142


and


132


as near as possible to each other. Accordingly, during the boring process (laser processing in this example) whereby the diluent and ink nozzles


142


and


132


are formed during the manufacture of the print head, it becomes unnecessary to precisely align the involved members with respect to each other, which leads to lowering of production cost and stable manufacture of the product.




In the print head of the printing apparatus of this example, the groove to be formed between the openings of the diluent and ink nozzles can take the form of a plurality of lines


162


stretching between the openings of the diluent and ink nozzles


142


and


132


, as shown in FIG.


54


.




If the groove includes a plurality of lines


162


, precise alignment of the nozzles can be slackened because, even if the positions of the diluent and ink nozzles


142


and


132


are displaced from the prescribed positions, some lines or ridges between the lines are always positioned close to the center of the area sandwiched by the diluent and ink nozzles


142


and


132


.




As shown in

FIG. 55

schematically, the tolerable crosswise alignment of the diluent and ink nozzles


142


and


132


with respect to the groove with a plurality of lines


162


(i.e., the crosswise tolerance indicated by X) can be increased.




Further, when the groove is made after the diluent and ink nozzles


142


and


132


have been formed, as in the above production method, the tolerable lengthwise alignment of the diluent and ink nozzles


142


and


132


with respect to the groove with a plurality of lines


162


(i.e., the lengthwise tolerance indicated by Y) can be increased.




The groove formed between the openings of the diluent and ink nozzles


142


and


132


can take any form that increases the surface roughness of the area between the two openings. Thus, it can include, in addition to the parallel lines


163


running between the openings of the diluent and ink nozzles


142


and


132


as discussed above, a plurality of lines


164


running with a right angle to the lines


163


, as shown in FIG.


56


. The groove having parallel and crosswise lines


163


and


164


, respectively, gives generally the same effect as the groove having only parallel lines


162


.




A description was provided above for the case wherein PIX™, which is a paintable polyimide material provided by Hitachi Chemicals Co., or Semicofine™, which is a paintable polyimide material provided by Toray Industries, Inc., is used as a material for the second layer


130




b


of the liquid-repellent membrane


130


for the print head of the printing apparatus. These materials are particularly suitable for the second layer


130




b


because they are selectively removable by photolithography.




Another suitable material for the second layer


130




b


is a photosensitive liquid-repellent material, such as Probimide XB-7021™, which is a photosensitive, paintable polyimide material provided by FujiHunt Co., or Photonice UR-3140™, which is a photosensitive paintable polyimide material provided by Toray Industries, Inc. In addition, PS-100™, which is a material produced after photosensitivity has been conferred to Yupicoat™, a paintable polyimide material provided by Ube Industries Ltd., can also be used.




Use of a photosensitive material for the manufacture of the second layer


130




b


can obviate the need for the masking material


161


used in the above process, and dispense with the process of applying/removing the mask material


161


. This reduces necessary steps for production. Further, this allows the second layer


130




b


to be developed into desired form and subjected to etching, which enables a high-precision fine-patterning. In above example, a suitable material for the orifice plate


124


is Neoflex™, which is a thermoplastic polyimide material with a glass transition temperature of 250° C. or less provided by Mitsui Toatsu Chemical Industry Co.




However, the orifice plate can also take the following constitution. As shown in

FIG. 57

, a resin membrane


166


with a thickness of about 7 μm can be applied/formed on one main surface


165




a


of a plate


165


to form the orifice plate


167


. The resin membrane


166


may comprise Neoflex™, which is a thermoplastic polyimide material with a glass transition temperature of approximately 250° C. provided by Mitsui Toatsu Chemical Industry Co. The plate


165


has a thickness of about 125 μm and may comprise Capton™, which is a polyimide film with a glass transition temperature of 250° C. or more provided by DuPont.




As this orifice plate


167


is thicker than the above- described orifice plate


124


, the assembly incorporating it becomes far stronger, and the diluent nozzle formed therein becomes longer, which allows a drop of mixture to be spewed out towards a desired direction more easily. Use of the orifice plate


167


further allows the ink nozzle to have a wider selection for its slanted angle, and the interval between the diluent and the ink pressurizing chambers


155


and


145


to become wider easily. This allows secure prevention of leaks of ink and diluent.




The print head of the printing apparatus of the present invention can employ presso-electric elements instead of layered piezo-electric elements as described above, as a pressurizing means.




As shown in

FIG. 58

, the print head of the last example has the similar constitution to the one shown in FIG.


38


. The parts in

FIG. 58

corresponding in function to those in

FIG. 38

are marked with the same symbols, and their description will be omitted for brevity. The most striking difference of the print head of

FIG. 58

from the one shown in

FIG. 38

is that first and second presso-electric elements


168




a


and


168




b


in the form of a plate, instead of layered piezo-electric elements


123




a


and


123




b


, are placed on the top of the projections


159


and


149


, respectively.




The polarity and intensity of the voltage to be applied to the first and second presso-electric elements


168




a


and


168




b


should be so chosen as to make them contract in their axial direction. Thus, when proper voltages are provided, the first and second presso-electric elements


168




a


and


168




b


contract in their axial direction, and press the vibrating plate


122


in the direction indicated by the arrow M


2


via the projections


159


and


149


, respectively. This results in inward ending of the vibrating plate


122


.




Printing with the printing apparatus having a printing head according to the present invention preferably takes place as follows.




During standby periods, driving voltages are not applied, and ink and diluent remain at a position where equilibrium is sustained between the weight of the ink and diluent and a surrounding surface tension. A meniscus is formed close to the tip of each of the ink and diluent nozzles


132


and


142


.




A driving voltage is applied to the second presso-electric element


168




b


to push out a specific amount of ink. Then, as shown in

FIG. 59

, the second presso-electric element


168




b


bends inward, thereby reducing the volume of the ink pressurizing chamber


145


and raising its internal pressure. Ink is pushed out from the ink nozzle


132


towards the diluent nozzle


142


.




The voltage applied as above to the second presso-electric element


168




b


is adjusted in intensity according to the tone of the graphic data to be reproduced. Thus, the amount of ink pushed out from the tip of the ink nozzle


132


corresponds precisely with the tone of the graphic data to be reproduced.




As the print head of this example is also provided with a groove on the liquid-repellent membrane


130


of the orifice plate


124


between the ink and diluent nozzles


132


and


142


, ink, even though small in amount, is securely pushed out towards the diluent nozzle


142


. This allows precise reproduction of tones of lower density. Thus, with this apparatus graded tones of a wide range of density can be reproduced faithfully, thereby enabling high resolution reproduction of real objects.




The ink pushed out from the ink nozzle


132


comes into contact with diluent forming a meniscus close to the tip of the diluent nozzle


142


to form a mixture.




A driving voltage is applied to the first presso-electric element


168




a


to spew out the diluent mixed with ink. Then, as shown in

FIG. 60

, the first presso-electric element


168




a


bends inward and presses the vibrating plate


122


in the direction indicated by the arrow M


2


via the projection


159


. This movement causes the diluent pressurizing chamber


155


to reduce its volume and to increase its internal pressure, which allows the diluent mixed with ink or a mixed solution to be spewed out from the diluent nozzle


142


.




The mixed solution has an ink density corresponding with the tone of the graphic data to be reproduced. In this operation, the temporary parameter of the voltage applied to the first presso-electric element


168




a


is adjusted so as to allow a mixed solution to be spewed out from the diluent nozzle


142


.




The examples discussed above are directed to print heads wherein the diameter of the ink and diluent conduits


146


and


156


is larger by 30 to 50 μm than that of the ink and diluent nozzles


132


and


142


. However, the present invention is not limited to those examples. The print head wherein the diameter of the ink and diluent conduits


146


and


156


is made smaller than that of the ink and diluent nozzles


132


and


142


may be used, as long as no adverse effects are produced in association therewith when voltages are applied to the ink and diluent pressurizing chambers


145


and


155


.




Further, the examples discussed above are directed to print heads wherein the ink and diluent feed channels


144


and


145


and the ink and diluent conduits


146


and


156


are placed on the orifice plate


124


. However, the channels and/or conduits may instead be placed on the vibrating plate


122


.




Furthermore, the examples discussed above are directed to print heads wherein the pressure chamber forming member and the orifice plate exist as separate entities. However, a single orifice plate can be modified so as to provide all the functions of the related members described above.




A print head provided with the above properties is shown in FIG.


61


. The orifice plate


171


is formed through injection molding. This orifice plate


171


is fabricated such that a trough


185


facing a main surface


171




a


to act as the diluent buffer tank, a second concave surface


187


forming part of the diluent feed channel, a first concave surface


186


forming part of the diluent pressurizing chamber, and a third concave surface


188


forming part of the diluent conduit communicate with each other. The diluent nozzle


194


penetrates from the bottom of the third concave surface


188


up to a main surface


171




b


opposite to the main surface


171




a.






Further, this orifice plate


171


is fabricated such that a trough


175


facing a main surface


171




a


to act as the ink buffer tank, a fifth concave surface


177


forming part of the ink feed channel, a fourth concave surface


176


forming part of the diluent pressurizing chamber, and a fifth concave surface


178


forming part of the ink conduit communicate with each other. The ink nozzle


184


penetrates from the bottom of the fifth-concave surface


178


up to a main surface


171




b


opposite to the main surface


171




a


. A material appropriate for the manufacture of the orifice plate may include polyimide, polybenzimidazol, and the like.




The first and second layers


130




a


and


130




b


constituting the liquid-repellent membrane


130


are formed on the main surface


171




b


upon which the diluent and ink nozzles


194


and


184


of the orifice plate


171


open their mouths. Further, the vibrating plate


122


for carrying the first and second layered piezo-electric elements


123




a


and


123




b


is placed onto the main surface


171




a


, and ink and diluent feed channels are also prepared. The parts corresponding in function to the print heads described above are marked with the same symbols, and their description will be omitted for brevity.




The print head of the printing apparatus of this example has a constitution similar to above-described examples wherein a groove (not shown) is formed on a liquid-repellent membrane between the openings of the diluent and ink nozzles


194


and


184


, and gives the same printing effects.




Although the examples discussed above are directed to a print head wherein the vibrating plate has a size sufficient to cover the whole main surface of the pressure chamber forming member, the vibrating plate may instead have a size only sufficient to cover the ink and diluent pressurizing chambers. In this case, as the vibrating plate becomes considerably smaller, its bonding to the pressure chamber forming member becomes quite easy.




Further, the examples discussed above are directed to a print head wherein the pressure chamber forming member is made of a metal plate with a thickness of about 0.2 mm, but the metal plate is not limited to that size. The metal plate may instead have any thickness as long as it is 0.1 mm or more and has a sufficient strength to withstand an etching process.




Furthermore, the examples discussed above are directed to a print head wherein bonding of the orifice plate to the pressure chamber forming member takes place at about 230° C. under a pressure of 20 to 30 kgf/cm


2


, but the present invention is not limited to that condition. Bonding of the orifice plate to the pressure chamber forming member can take place under any conditions, as long as the resulting bonding is sufficiently strong.




Still further, the examples discussed above are directed to a print head wherein nozzles are formed by liquid laser processing, but the present invention is not limited to that type of processing. Various other lasers, including carbon dioxide laser, can be used for the present invention.




Still further, the examples discussed above are directed to a print head wherein the pressure is applied to the respective pressurizing chamber to pressurize the internal solution, but other types of pressurization are also possible. Further, the nozzle has been used as a route through which a specific amount of liquid is ejected or displaced, but other forms of route are also possible.




Still further, the examples discussed above are directed to a print head wherein the orifice plate is made of a resin with a glass transition temperature of 250° C. or less, such as a thermoplastic polyimide material provided by Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals Co. having a thickness of 50 μm and a glass transition temperature of 250° C. or less, but the printer apparatus of the present invention is not limited to such material. Various other kinds of resin materials can also be used.




Further, in one example described above, a resin membrane with a thickness of about 7 μm comprising Neoflex™, which is a thermoplastic polyimide material with a glass transition temperature of 250° C. provided by Mitsui Toatsu Chemical Industry Co., is applied/formed on a plate with a thickness of about 125 μm comprising Capton™, which is a polyimide film with a glass transition temperature of 2500° C. or more provided by DuPont, to form the orifice plate. However, the composition of the orifice plate is not limited to this particular construction. Various materials can be employed, as long as they allow production of a composite plate consisting of a plate with a glass transition temperature of 2500° C. or more, and a resin membrane with a glass transition temperature of 2500° C. or less.




The printing apparatus described above in relation to the present invention is of a serial or line printing type, but it can also be a drum-revolving type. The drum-revolving type printing apparatus, for example, can have a constitution as shown in FIG.


62


. The parts corresponding in function to those shown in

FIG. 5

are marked with the same symbols, and their description will be omitted for brevity. The control mechanism is also omitted.




In this printing apparatus, a drum


2


revolves, ink is ejected from a print head part


3


in synchrony with the revolution of the drum, and an image is formed on the printing paper


1


. When the drum


2


makes a complete rotation in the direction indicated by the arrow m in

FIG. 62

, and printing of a line is, completed on the paper


1


along the circumference of the drum, a transfer screw


5


is rotated such that the print head part


3


is displaced by one pitch in the direction indicated by the arrow M′ in

FIG. 62

into a position for printing for the next circumferential line. As an alternative, the drum


2


and the transfer screw


5


can be allowed to rotate at the same time, thereby displacing the print head part


3


gradually while performing printing. When the printing apparatus has a multi-nozzle head or a constitution whereby printing can be repeated on the same location the drum


2


and the transfer screw


5


are interlocked to rotate together, to thereby print in a spiral form.




The examples discussed above are directed to a carrier-jet type of printing apparatus. However, the present invention can also be applied to an ink-jet type of printing apparatus with a density modulation variation. The ink-jet type of printing apparatus with a density modulation variation generally reproduces low density tones worse than a carrier-jet type of printing apparatus, but provides a sufficient ink density for high density tones. Both the carrier-jet type and the ink-jet type of printing apparatus with a density modulation allow reproduction of so-called. continuously graded tones and, thus, are most appropriate for printing images from photographs which require smooth reproduction of subtle shades.




EXAMPLE




The following experiments were conducted to confirm the advantages of the printing apparatus of the present invention. In the printing apparatus that was tested, a liquid-repellent membrane was formed around the openings of the nozzles of the print head, and part of the liquid-repellent membrane selectively removed to form a groove there.




An experiment was conducted to check whether the preparation of the groove on the liquid-repellent membrane would improve the wettability of the involved membrane.




First, samples were prepared. As shown in

FIG. 63

, a Ta


2


O


5


sputter membrane


192


with a thickness of 0.05 μm was formed on the Si substrate


191


with a thickness of 0.5 mm, another SiO


2


sputter membrane


193


with a thickness of 0.05 μm was formed thereupon, a first polyimide membrane


195


with a thickness of 1 μm was formed thereupon, and finally a second polyimide membrane


196


with a thickness of 0.03 μm was formed as the uppermost layer which has had its parts removed corresponding in form to the groove


197


. This was sample 1. As is evident from above, the groove


197


in sample 1had a depth of 0.03 μm.




Next, as shown in

FIG. 64

, a Ta


2


O


5


sputter membrane


192


was formed on the Si substrate


191


, another SiO


2


sputter membrane


193


was formed thereupon, a first polyimide membrane


195


was formed thereupon, and then part of the first polyimide membrane


193


was removed to form a groove


197


therein. This was sample 2. As is evident from above, the groove


197


in sample 2 had a depth of 0.04 to 0.08 μm.




In addition, as shown in

FIG. 65

, a Ta


2


O


5


sputter membrane


192


was formed on the Si substrate


191


, another SiO


2


sputter membrane


193


was formed thereupon, a first polyimide membrane


195


was formed thereupon, and finally the second polyimide membrane


196


with a thickness of 0.03 μm was formed as the uppermost layer, which had its parts removed corresponding in form to the groove


197


. This was sample 3. As is evident from above, the groove


197


in sample 3 had a depth of 0.03 μm.




The patterning interval was determined as 2.5 μm for each sample. Each line of the groove had a width of about 1.0 μm, and each ridge between the lines had a width of about 1.5 μm.




A solution for which water and glycol had been mixed so as to give a surface tension of 31 to 32 dyn/cm when in contact with the groove surface of each sample, was allowed to contact with the groove. A contact angle towards the groove and the contact angle in the direction perpendicular to the foregoing direction were measured. Pure water was used instead of ink, and a contact angle towards the groove and the angle perpendicular to the foregoing angle were measured. When pure water was allowed to contact with the second polyimide membrane 196 or a membrane which was assumed to have a completely flat surface, the contact angle was 92.3 degrees. The results are shown in Table 1. In the table, A represents the contact angle towards the groove, and B represents the contact angle in the direction perpendicular to the foregoing direction.












TABLE 1











RESULTS OF WETTABILITY EXPERIMENT















Ink (31-32 dyne/cm)




Pure Water (92.3°)

















A




B




A




B



















Sample 1




44.5°




46.5°




87.7°




86.4°






Sample 2




41.3°




44.1°




80.6°




80.9°






Sample 3




9.7°




12.7°




75.7°




74.3°














As is evident from inspection of the results in Table 1, when pure water allowing a big surface tension was used, no difference was observed between the two contact angles in the direction towards the groove and in the direction perpendicular thereto, for all the samples.




Comparison of the results from samples 1 and 2, and those from sample 3 indicates that samples 1 and 2, whose groove has no liquid-repellent membrane on its bottom, do not readily become wet:, while sample 3, whose groove has a liquid-repellent membrane on its bottom, readily becomes wet. If a liquid-repellent membrane were not formed on the groove, spontaneous mixing of liquids from the nozzles would occur. Comparison of the results from samples 1 and 2 suggests that the depth of the groove may affect its wettability.




Further, as is evident from the results in Table 1, when ink allowing a small surface tension is used, both the contact angles in the direction towards the groove and in the direction perpendicular thereto are smaller than those with pure water, for all the samples, suggesting that the samples become readily wet when in contact with ink.




Further, a difference was observed between the two contact angles in the direction towards the groove and in the direction perpendicular thereto, for all the samples; the former was smaller than the latter. This suggests that it is possible to harness a liquid to flow more in the direction of the groove.




From the above experimental results, it is apparent that when a groove is formed so as to communicate the openings of ink and diluent nozzles as seen in above-described printing apparatuses, ink becomes vented to flow in the direction of the groove. Accordingly, it has been confirmed that, when a groove is formed close to the openings of the nozzles as in the print head of the present invention, it is possible to control the direction towards which a metering medium is pushed out, and also to prevent spontaneous mixing of media by forming a liquid-repellent membrane on the bottom of the groove.




Although a carrier-jet-type printing apparatus has been described in the above-described embodiments, the present invention is also applicable to an ink-jet-type printing apparatus which can adjust concentration by mixing the ink with a diluent before discharging. The ink-jet-type printing apparatus capable of adjusting concentration is inferior to the carrier-jet-type printing apparatus in low concentration, but it can operate comparably at high concentrations.




In addition, both of the carrier-jet-type printing apparatus and the ink-jet-type printing apparatus capable of adjusting concentration can record the so-called continuous gradation. Thus, both types of printing apparatus are suitable for printing a photograph image because they can smoothly express concentration.




As described above, the printing apparatus according to the present invention has a groove formed between the orifice of the first nozzle and the orifice of the second nozzle whose orifice is adjacent to the orifice of the first nozzle in the nozzle outlet face, and the metering medium oozing from the second nozzle travels along the above-described groove owing to a capillary action and is fed to the first nozzle. Thus, the metering medium hardly leaks to the part other than the groove, which therefore prevents the metering medium from adhering to the portion around the orifice of the nozzle.




Further, if the groove is formed from the orifice of the second nozzle to the middle part between the orifice of the second nozzle and the orifice of the first nozzle, the metering medium is well introduced into the second nozzle when the metering medium is introduced into the second nozzle so as to quantify the metering medium by making the metering medium ooze from the second nozzle toward the first nozzle and then making a given quantity of the metering medium remain around the orifice of the first nozzle. The groove thereby prevents the metering medium from adhering to the portion around the orifice of the nozzle.




Further, if the groove is formed from the orifice of the first nozzle to the middle part between the orifice of the first nozzle and the orifice of the second nozzle, the metered amount of the metering medium is better separated from the introduced-metering medium, which thereby prevents the metering medium from adhering to the portion around the orifice of the nozzle.




If the width of the groove is smaller than the orifice of the second nozzle, the capillary action further tends to occur.




Further, when the groove is formed from the orifice of the second nozzle to the middle portion between the orifice of the second nozzle and the orifice of the first nozzle, if the depth of the groove is made gradually smaller from the second nozzle toward the first nozzle, the metering medium is better metered.




Further, when the groove is also formed from the orifice of the first nozzle to the middle part between the orifice of the first nozzle and the orifice of the second nozzle, if the depth of the groove is made gradually smaller from the first nozzle toward the second nozzle, the metering medium is still better metered.




Further, if the printing apparatus according to the present invention has a recess formed at least around the orifice of the second nozzle in a nozzle outlet face of the printing head so as to surround the orifice of the second nozzle therewith and, in addition, a recess formed around the orifice of the first nozzle so as to surround the orifice of the first nozzle therewith, it can prevent the ink, the diluent and the mixed solution thereof from spreading around the orifice of the nozzle.




Further, since the printing apparatus according to the present invention has a hydrophilic portion formed between the orifice of the first nozzle and the orifice of the second nozzle whose orifice is adjacent to the orifice of the first nozzle in the nozzle outlet face of the printing head, for example, from the orifice of the second nozzle to the orifice of the first nozzle, and wettability of the above-described hydrophilic portion for the metering medium is considerably good, the metering medium oozing from the second nozzle travels along the above-described hydrophilic portion and is fed to the first nozzle and hardly leaks to the portion other than the above-described hydrophilic portion, which prevents the metering medium from adhering to the portion around the orifice of the nozzle.




Further, if the above-described hydrophilic portion is formed from the orifice of the second nozzle to the middle part between the orifice of the second nozzle and the orifice of the first nozzle, the metering medium is well introduced into the second nozzle when the metering medium is introduced into the second nozzle so as to quantify the metering medium by making the metering medium ooze from the second nozzle toward the first nozzle and then making a metered amount of the metering medium remain around the orifice of the first nozzle, which thereby prevents the metering medium from adhering to the portion around the orifice of the nozzle.




Further, if the above-described hydrophilic portion is also formed from the orifice of the first nozzle to the middle part between the orifice of the first nozzle and the orifice of the second nozzle, when the metering medium is metered as described above, the metered amount of the metering medium is still better separated from the introduced-metering medium, which thereby prevents the metering medium from adhering to the portion around the orifice of the nozzle.




Further, if the portion other than the hydrophilic portion in the nozzle outlet face of the printing head of the printing apparatus is made of a hydrophobic portion, the metering medium travels further selectively along the hydrophilic portion.




Further, if the printing apparatus according to the present invention has a hydrophilic portion formed at least around the orifice of the second nozzle in a nozzle outlet face of the printing head so as to surround the orifice of the second nozzle therewith and, in addition, also has a hydrophilic portion formed around the orifice of the first nozzle so as to surround the orifice of the first nozzle therewith, it can further prevent the ink, the diluent and the mixed solution thereof from spreading around the orifice of the nozzle.




Further, in the printing apparatus according to the present invention, if the above-described hydrophilic portion is made a non-processed portion, and the remaining portion other than the hydrophilic portion is made a hydrophobic portion, the same effect as in the case of forming the hydrophilic portion is produced.




Further, since the printing apparatus according to the present invention has an insular projection formed between the orifice of the first nozzle and the orifice of the second nozzle whose orifice is adjacent to the orifice of the first nozzle in the nozzle outlet face, and the metering medium oozing from the second nozzle travels along the contour of the above-described projection owing to a capillary action and is fed to the first nozzle, the metering medium hardly leaks to the portion other than the projection, which thereby prevents the metering medium from adhering to the portion around the orifice of the nozzle.




Accordingly, the printing apparatus according to the present invention prevents the occurrence of a worse printing and can reproduce the gradation of concentration and thus make a recorded image of high resolution.




The printing apparatus of the present invention has a further constitution wherein a liquid-repellent membrane is formed on the surface flush with the openings of the nozzles of the print head, and part of the liquid-repellent membrane between the closely opposed openings of the first and second nozzles is selectively removed to form a groove therein.




“Wettability” at an interface between a solid and a liquid depends on the roughness of the surface of the solid. Namely, when the contact angle between a solid having a substantial surface area and a liquid having a substantial surface area (i.e., when it is assumed that the surface roughness of the solid is zero) is larger than 90 degrees, wettability is more impaired as the surface roughness increases. On the contrary, when the contact angle between a solid having a substantial surface area and a liquid having a substantial surface area (i.e., when it is assumed that the surface roughness of the solid is zero) is smaller than 90 degrees, wettability is improved as the surface roughness increases.




A metering medium to be used for the printing apparatus of the present invention has a contact angle equal to or less than 90 degrees when in contact with the liquid-repellent material and, thus, its wettability is improved further as the surface roughness described above increases.




Accordingly, in the printing apparatus of the present invention, a groove formed after selective removal of a portion of the liquid-repellent membrane 130 is made to have a rougher surface than other nearby portions, thereby raising its wettability so that a metering medium, even in a minute amount, can be stably pushed towards the first nozzle. The printing apparatus of the present invention therefore allows precise reproduction of tones of low density and, thus, of graded tones of a wide range of density, thereby enabling high resolution reproduction of images.




This obviates the need for preparing the first and second nozzles as close as possible to each other, so as to broaden the width of reproducible tones, and for precisely aligning the involved members with respect to each other, which leads to lowering of production cost and stable manufacture of the product.




The printing apparatus of the present invention has a further constitution wherein the width of the groove is made smaller than the diameter of the opening of the second nozzle. Making the width of the groove smaller than the diameter of the opening of the second nozzle allows the width of the groove to be smaller than the radius of a drop of the metering medium pushed out from the second nozzle. Further, as the groove is made rougher than nearby portions, the metering medium comes to flow readily on the groove, which ensures stable movement of the metering medium towards the first nozzle.




The characteristics described above are also present in a printing head wherein the groove consists of a plurality of lines. In such a printing head, the metering medium selectively flows along those lines or their surrounds. Further, for the printing head having the groove comprising a plurality of lines, when the groove is allowed to have a width smaller than the diameter of the opening of the second nozzle, the metering medium comes to flow readily on the groove because the groove forms a rougher surface than nearby portions. This ensures stable movement of the metering medium towards the first nozzle.




Further, when the printing apparatus of the present invention is allowed to have a liquid-repellent membrane on the bottom of the groove, no spontaneous mixing takes place between the metering medium and the discharge medium during printing.




Furthermore, during manufacture of the printing apparatus of the present invention, when two layers are put upon one another to form the liquid-repellent membrane, and part of the superficial layer is selectively removed, a groove whose bottom has a liquid-repellent membrane thereupon can be prepared readily.




Still further, when the liquid-repellent membrane is made of a photosensitive polyimide material, a groove can be made easily by photolithography. When the liquid-repellent membrane is produced after two layers have been put one over the other, at least the superficial layer is preferably made of a photosensitive polyimide material. Then, a groove can be readily made by photolithography, thereby improving the productivity.




It will be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to the exact construction that has been described above and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, and that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope and spirit thereof. It is intended that the scope of the invention only be limited by the appended claims.



Claims
  • 1. A method of manufacturing a print head, comprising the steps of:(a) forming a hydrophobic film on a substantially planar surface of a nozzle member; (b) forming a first nozzle, into which a discharge medium is introduced, and a second nozzle, into which a metering medium is introduced, in said nozzle member, said first nozzle having a first orifice on said surface, and said second nozzle having a second orifice also on said surface, said first and second orifices being placed to ooze said metering medium from said second orifice to said first orifice through said surface; and (c) removing said hydrophobic film from a portion of said surface between said first and second orifices to define a groove.
  • 2. A method of manufacturing a print head according to claim 1, wherein said step of forming a hydrophobic film comprises forming a first hydrophobic film on said surface and a second hydrophobic film on said first hydrophobic film, and wherein after said step (c) said first hydrophobic film is remaining in said groove.
  • 3. A method of manufacturing a print head according to claim 2, wherein at least one of said first and second hydrophobic films is a polyimide film.
  • 4. A method of manufacturing a print head according to claim 3, wherein said hydrophobic film is a polyimide film.
  • 5. A method of manufacturing a print head according to claim 4, wherein said polyimide is a light sensitive polyimide.
Priority Claims (2)
Number Date Country Kind
8-015968 Jan 1996 JP
8-318185 Nov 1996 JP
Parent Case Info

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/787,269 filed Jan. 24, 1997.

US Referenced Citations (3)
Number Name Date Kind
5312517 Ouki May 1994
5429909 Kaszczuk et al. Jul 1995
5811019 Nakayama et al. Sep 1998
Foreign Referenced Citations (6)
Number Date Country
0 655 337 May 1995 EP
56-146783 Nov 1981 JP
2-121843 May 1990 JP
4-355151 Dec 1992 JP
5-64889 Mar 1993 JP
WO 9315911 Aug 1993 WO
Continuations (1)
Number Date Country
Parent 08/787269 Jan 1997 US
Child 09/349982 US