Patent Application
20220010292
The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on May 1, 2018, is named 15069672_seq.txt and is 1,621,462 bytes in size.
The present invention relates to a method for the generation of compact Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) that can efficiently target and process double-stranded DNA. More specifically, the present invention concerns a method for the creation of TALENs that consist of a single TALE DNA binding domain fused to at least one catalytic domain such that the active entity is composed of a single polypeptide chain for simple and efficient vectorization and does not require dimerization to target a specific single double-stranded DNA target sequence of interest and process DNA nearby said DNA target sequence. The present invention also relates to compact TALENs, vectors, compositions and kits used to implement the method.
Mammalian genomes constantly suffer from various types of damage, of which double-strand breaks (DSBs) are considered the most dangerous (Haber 2000). Repair of DSBs can occur through diverse mechanisms that can depend on cellular context. Repair via homologous recombination (HR) is able to restore the original sequence at the break. Because of its strict dependence on extensive sequence homology, this mechanism is suggested to be active mainly during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle where the sister chromatids are in close proximity (Sonoda, Hochegger et al. 2006). Single-strand annealing (SSA) is another homology-dependent process that can repair DSBs between direct repeats and thereby promotes deletions (Paques and Haber 1999). Finally, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) of DNA is a major pathway for the repair of DSBs that can function throughout the cell cycle and does not depend on homologous recombination (Moore and Haber 1996; Haber 2008). NHEJ seems to comprise at least two different components: (i) a pathway that consists mostly in the direct re-joining of DSB ends, and which depends on the XRCC4, Lig4 and Ku proteins, and; (ii) an alternative NHEJ pathway, which does not depend on XRCC4, Lig4 and Ku, and is especially error-prone, resulting mostly in deletions, with the junctions occurring between micro-homologies (Frank, Sekiguchi et al. 1998; Gao, Sun et al. 1998; Guirouilh-Barbat, Huck et al. 2004; Guirouilh-Barbat, Rass et al. 2007; Haber 2008; McVey and Lee 2008).
Homologous gene targeting (HGT), first described over 25 years ago (Hinnen, Hicks et al. 1978; Orr-Weaver, Szostak et al. 1981; Orr-Weaver, Szostak et al. 1983; Rothstein 1983), was one of the first methods for rational genome engineering and remains to this day a standard for the generation of engineered cells or knock-out mice (Capecchi 2001). An inherently low efficiency has nevertheless prevented it from being used as a routine protocol in most cell types and organisms. To address these issues, an extensive assortment of rational approaches has been proposed with the intent of achieving greater than 1% targeted modifications. Many groups have focused on enhancing the efficacy of HGT, with two major disciplines having become apparent: (i) so-called “matrix optimization” methods, essentially consisting of modifying the targeting vector structure to achieve maximal efficacy, and; (ii) methods involving additional effectors to stimulate HR, generally sequence-specific endonucleases. The field of matrix optimization has covered a wide range of techniques, with varying degrees of success (Russell and Hirata 1998; Inoue, Dong et al. 2001; Hirata, Chamberlain et al. 2002; Taubes 2002; Gruenert, Bruscia et al. 2003; Sangiuolo, Scaldaferri et al. 2008; Bedayat, Abdolmohamadi et al. 2010). Stimulation of HR via nucleases, on the other hand, has repeatedly proven efficient (Paques and Duchateau 2007; Carroll 2008).
For DSBs induced by biological reagents, e.g. meganucleases, ZFNs and TALENs (see below), which cleave DNA by hydrolysis of two phosphodiester bonds, the DNA can be rejoined in a seamless manner by simple re-ligation of the cohesive ends. Alternatively, deleterious insertions or deletions (indels) of various sizes can occur at the breaks, eventually resulting in gene inactivation (Liang, Han et al. 1998; Lloyd, Plaisier et al. 2005; Doyon, McCammon et al. 2008; Perez, Wang et al. 2008; Santiago, Chan et al. 2008; Kim, Lee et al. 2009; Yang, Djukanovic et al. 2009). The nature of this process, which does not rely on site-specific or homologous recombination, gives rise to a third targeted approach based on endonuclease-induced mutagenesis. This approach, as well as the related applications, may be simpler than those based on homologous recombination in that (a) one does not need to introduce a repair matrix, and; (b) efficacy will be less cell-type dependent (in contrast to HR, NHEJ is probably active throughout the cell cycle (Delacote and Lopez 2008). Targeted mutagenesis based on NEHJ has been used to trigger inactivation of single or even multiple genes in immortalized cell lines (Cost, Freyvert et al. 2010; Liu, Chan et al. 2010). In addition, this method opens new perspectives for organisms in which the classical HR-based gene knock-out methods have proven inefficient, or at least difficult to establish (Doyon, McCammon et al. 2008; Geurts, Cost et al. 2009; Shukla, Doyon et al. 2009; Yang, Djukanovic et al. 2009; Gao, Smith et al. 2010; Mashimo, Takizawa et al. 2010; Menoret, Iscache et al. 2010).
Over the last 15 years, the use of meganucleases to successfully induce gene targeting has been well documented, starting from straightforward experiments involving wild-type I-SceI to more refined work involving completely re-engineered enzymes (Stoddard, Scharenberg et al. 2007; Galetto, Duchateau et al. 2009; Marcaida, Munoz et al. 2010; Arnould, Delenda et al. 2011). Meganucleases, also called homing endonucleases (HEs), can be divided into five families based on sequence and structure motifs: LAGLIDADG, GIY-YIG, HNH, His-Cys box and PD-(D/E)XK (Stoddard 2005; Zhao, Bonocora et al. 2007). Structural data are available for at least one member of each family. The most well studied family is that of the LAGLIDADG proteins, with a considerable body of biochemical, genetic and structural work having established that these endonucleases could be used as molecular tools (Stoddard, Scharenberg et al. 2007; Arnould, Delenda et al. 2011). Member proteins are composed of domains that adopt a similar αββαββα fold, with the LAGLIDADG motif comprising the terminal region of the first helix and not only contributing to a bipartite catalytic center but also forming the core subunit/subunit interaction (Stoddard 2005). Two such α/β domains assemble to form the functional protein, with the β-strands in each creating a saddle-shaped DNA binding region. The spatial separation of the catalytic center with regions directly interacting with the DNA has allowed for specificity re-engineering (Seligman, Chisholm et al. 2002; Sussman, Chadsey et al. 2004; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Doyon, Pattanayak et al. 2006; Rosen, Morrison et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006; Arnould, Perez et al. 2007). In addition, whereas all known LAGLIDADG proteins analyzed to date act as “cleavases” to cut both strands of the target DNA, recent progress has been made in generating “mega-nickases” that cleave only one strand (Niu, Tenney et al. 2008; McConnell Smith, Takeuchi et al. 2009). Such enzymes can in principle provide similar levels of targeted induced HR with a minimization in the frequency of NHEJ.
Although numerous engineering efforts have focused on LAGLIDADG HEs, members from two other families, GIY-YIG and HNH, are of particular interest. Biochemical and structural studies have established that in both families, member proteins can adopt a bipartite fold with distinct functional domains: (1) a catalytic domain responsible mainly for DNA cleavage, and; (2) a DNA-binding domain to provide target specificity (Stoddard 2005; Marcaida, Munoz et al. 2010). The related GIY-YIG HEs I-TevI and I-BmoI have been exploited to demonstrate the interchangeability of the DNA-binding region for these enzymes (Liu, Derbyshire et al. 2006). Analysis of the I-BasI HE revealed that although the N-terminal catalytic domain belongs to the HNH family, the C-terminal DNA-binding region resembles the intron-encoded endonuclease repeat motif (IENR1) found in endonucleases of the GIY-YIG family (Landthaler and Shub 2003). The catalytic head of I-BasI has sequence similarity to those of the HNH HEs I-HmuI, I-HmuII and I-TwoI, all of which function as strand-specific nickases (Landthaler, Begley et al. 2002; Landthaler and Shub 2003; Landthaler, Lau et al. 2004; Shen, Landthaler et al. 2004; Landthaler, Shen et al. 2006).
Whereas the above families of proteins contain sequence-specific nucleases, the HNH motif has also been identified in nonspecific nucleases such the E. coli colicins (e.g. ColE9 and ColE7), EndA from S. pneumoniae, NucA from Anabaena and CAD (Midon, Schafer et al. 2011). As well as having the HNH motif, several of these nucleases contain the signature DRGH motif and share structural homology with core elements forming the ββα-Me-finger active site motif. Mutational studies of residues in the HNH/DRGH motifs have confirmed their role in nucleic acid cleavage activity (Ku, Liu et al. 2002; Doudeva, Huang et al. 2006; Eastberg, Eklund et al. 2007; Huang and Yuan 2007). Furthermore, the DNA binding affinity and sequence preference for ColE7 could be effectively altered (Wang, Wright et al. 2009). Such detailed studies illustrate the potential in re-engineering nonspecific nucleases for targeted purposes.
Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), generated by fusing Zinc-finger-based DNA-binding domains to an independent catalytic domain via a flexible linker (Kim, Cha et al. 1996; Smith, Berg et al. 1999; Smith, Bibikova et al. 2000), represent another type of engineered nuclease commonly used to stimulate gene targeting. The archetypal ZFNs are based on the catalytic domain of the Type IIS restriction enzyme FokI and have been successfully used to induce gene correction, gene insertion, and gene deletion. Zinc Finger-based DNA binding domains are made of strings of 3 or 4 individual Zinc Fingers, each recognizing a DNA triplet (Pabo, Peisach et al. 2001). In theory, one of the major advantages of ZFNs is that they are easy to design, using combinatorial assembly of preexisting Zinc Fingers with known recognition patterns (Choo and Klug 1994; Choo and Klug 1994; Kim, Lee et al. 2009). However, close examination of high resolution structures shows that there are actually cross-talks between units (Elrod-Erickson, Rould et al. 1996), and several methods have been used to assemble ZF proteins by choosing individual Zinc Fingers in a context dependent manner (Greisman and Pabo 1997; Isalan and Choo 2001; Maeder, Thibodeau-Beganny et al. 2008; Ramirez, Foley et al. 2008) to achieve better success rates and reagents of better quality.
Recently, a new class of chimeric nuclease using a FokI catalytic domain has been described (Christian, Cermak et al. 2010; Li, Huang et al. 2011). The DNA binding domain of these nucleases is derived from Transcription Activator Like Effectors (TALE), a family of proteins used in the infection process by plant pathogens of the Xanthomonas genus. In these DNA binding domains, sequence specificity is driven by a series of 33-35 amino acids repeats, differing essentially by two positions (Boch, Scholze et al. 2009; Moscou and Bogdanove 2009). Each base pair in the DNA target is contacted by a single repeat, with the specificity resulting from the two variant amino acids of the repeat (the so-called repeat variable dipeptide, RVD). The apparent modularity of these DNA binding domains has been confirmed to a certain extent by modular assembly of designed TALE-derived protein with new specificities (Boch, Scholze et al. 2009; Moscou and Bogdanove 2009). However, one cannot yet rule out a certain level of context dependence of individual repeat/base recognition patterns, as was observed for Zinc Finger proteins (see above). Furthermore, it has been shown that natural TAL effectors can dimerize (Gurlebeck, Szurek et al. 2005) and how this would affect a “dimerization-based” TALE-derived nuclease is currently unknown.
The functional layout of a FokI-based TALE-nuclease (TALEN) is essentially that of a ZFN, with the Zinc-finger DNA binding domain being replaced by the TALE domain (Christian, Cermak et al. 2010; Li, Huang et al. 2011). As such, DNA cleavage by a TALEN requires two DNA recognition regions flanking an unspecific central region. This central “spacer” DNA region is essential to promote catalysis by the dimerizing FokI catalytic domain, and extensive effort has been placed into optimizing the distance between the DNA binding sites (Christian, Cermak et al. 2010; Miller, Tan et al. 2011). The length of the spacer has been varied from 14 to 30 base pairs, with efficiency in DNA cleavage being interdependent with spacer length as well as TALE scaffold construction (i.e. the nature of the fusion construct used). It is still unknown whether differences in the repeat region (i.e. RVD type and number used) have an impact on the DNA “spacer” requirements or on the efficiency of DNA cleavage by TALEN5. Nevertheless, TALE-nucleases have been shown to be active to various extents in cell-based assays in yeast, mammalian cells and plants (Christian, Cermak et al. 2010; Li, Huang et al. 2011; Mahfouz, Li et al. 2011; Miller, Tan et al. 2011).
The inventors have developed a new type of TALEN that can be engineered to specifically recognize and process target DNA efficiently. These novel “compact TALEN5” (cTALENs) do not require dimerization for DNA processing activity, thereby alleviating the need for “dual” target sites with intervening DNA “spacers”. Furthermore, the invention allows for generating several distinct types of enzymes that can enhance separate DNA repair pathways (HR vs. NHEJ).
The present invention relates to a method to generate compact Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) composed of a single polypeptide chain that do not require dimerization to target a specific single double-stranded DNA target sequence of interest and process DNA nearby said single double-stranded DNA target sequence of interest. The present invention also concerns the creation of functional single polypeptide fusion proteins for simple and efficient vectorization. In another aspect, the present invention relates to compact TALENs comprising at least an enhancer domain wherein said enhancer domain enhances the DNA processing efficiency of said compact TALENS nearby a single double-stranded DNA target sequence of interest. The present invention also relates to compact TALENS, vectors, compositions and kits used to implement the method. The present invention also relates to methods for use of said compact TALENs according to the invention for various applications ranging from targeted DNA cleavage to targeted gene regulation. The methods according to the present invention can be used in various fields ranging from the creation of transgenic organisms to treatment of genetic diseases.
In addition to the preceding features, the invention further comprises other features which will emerge from the description which follows, as well as to the appended drawings. A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following Figures in conjunction with the detailed description below.
Unless specifically defined herein, all technical and scientific terms used have the same meaning as commonly understood by a skilled artisan in the fields of gene therapy, biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology.
All methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, with suitable methods and materials being described herein. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will prevail. Further, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting, unless otherwise specified.
The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of cell biology, cell culture, molecular biology, transgenic biology, microbiology, recombinant DNA, and immunology, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See, for example, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Frederick M. AUSUBEL, 2000, Wiley and son Inc, Library of Congress, USA); Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Third Edition, (Sambrook et al, 2001, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M. J. Gait ed., 1984); Mullis et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195; Nucleic Acid Hybridization (B. D. Harries & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); Transcription And Translation (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); Culture Of Animal Cells (R. I. Freshney, Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1987); Immobilized Cells And Enzymes (IRL Press, 1986); B. Perbal, A Practical Guide To Molecular Cloning (1984); the series, Methods In ENZYMOLOGY (J. Abelson and M. Simon, eds.-in-chief, Academic Press, Inc., New York), specifically, Vols. 154 and 155 (Wu et al. eds.) and Vol. 185, “Gene Expression Technology” (D. Goeddel, ed.); Gene Transfer Vectors For Mammalian Cells (J. H. Miller and M. P. Calos eds., 1987, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory); Immunochemical Methods In Cell And Molecular Biology (Mayer and Walker, eds., Academic Press, London, 1987); Handbook Of Experimental Immunology, Volumes I-IV (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell, eds., 1986); and Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1986).
In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a method to generate compact Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (cTALENs) composed of a single polypeptide chain that do not require dimerization to target a specific single double-stranded DNA target sequence of interest and process DNA nearby said single double-stranded DNA target sequence of interest.
According to a first aspect of the present invention is a method to generate compact Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (cTALENs) comprising the steps of:
In another embodiment, is a method for targeting and processing a double-stranded DNA, comprising:
In another embodiment, said engineered core TALE scaffold according to the present invention comprises an additional N-terminal domain resulting in an engineered core TALE scaffold sequentially comprising a N-terminal domain and different sets of Repeat Variable Dipeptide regions (RVDs) to change DNA binding specificity and target a specific single double-stranded DNA target sequence of interest, onto which a selection of catalytic domains can be attached to effect DNA processing.
In another embodiment, said engineered core TALE scaffold according to the present invention comprises an additional C-terminal domain resulting in an engineered core TALE scaffold sequentially comprising different sets of Repeat Variable Dipeptide regions (RVDs) to change DNA binding specificity and target a specific single double-stranded DNA target sequence of interest and a C-terminal domain, onto which a selection of catalytic domains can be attached to effect DNA processing.
In another embodiment, said engineered core TALE-scaffold according to the present invention comprises additional N-terminus and a C-terminal domains resulting in an engineered core TALE scaffold sequentially comprising a N-terminal domain, different sets of Repeat Variable Dipeptide regions (RVDs) to change DNA binding specificity and target a specific single double-stranded DNA target sequence of interest and a C-terminal domain, onto which a selection of catalytic domains can be attached to effect DNA processing. In another embodiment, said engineered core TALE-scaffold according to the present invention comprises the protein sequences selected from the group consisting of ST1 (SEQ ID NO: 134) and ST2 (SEQ ID NO: 135). In another embodiment, said engineered TALE-scaffold comprises a protein sequence having at least 80%, more preferably 90%, again more preferably 95% amino acid sequence identity with the protein sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 134 and SEQ ID NO: 135.
In another embodiment, said engineered core TALE-scaffold according to the present invention comprises the protein sequences selected from the group consisting of bT1-Avr (SEQ ID NO: 136), bT2-Avr (SEQ ID NO: 137), bT1-Pth (SEQ ID NO: 138) and bT2-Pth (SEQ ID NO: 139). In another embodiment, said engineered TALE-scaffold comprises a protein sequence having at least 80%, more preferably 90%, again more preferably 95% amino acid sequence identity with the protein sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 136 to SEQ ID NO: 139.
In a preferred embodiment according to the method of the present invention, said additional N-terminus and C-terminal domains of engineered core TALE scaffold are derived from natural TALE. In a more preferred embodiment said additional N-terminus and C-terminal domains of engineered core TALE scaffold are derived from natural TALE like AvrBs3, PthXo1, AvrHah1, PthA, Tal1c as non-limiting examples.
In another more preferred embodiment, said additional N-terminus and/or said C-terminal domains are truncated forms of respective N-terminus and/or said C-terminal domains of natural TALE like AvrBs3, PthXo1, AvrHah1, PthA, Tal1c as non-limiting examples from which they are derived. In a more preferred embodiment, said additional N-terminus and C-terminal domains sequences of engineered core TALE scaffold are selected from the group consisting of ST1 SEQ ID NO: 134 and ST2 SEQ ID NO: 135 as respectively exemplified in baseline protein scaffolds bT1-Avr (SEQ ID NO: 136) or bT1-Pth (SEQ ID NO: 138) and bT2-Avr (SEQ ID NO: 137) or bT2-Pth (SEQ ID NO: 139).
In another embodiment, each RVD of said core scaffold is made of 30 to 42 amino acids, more preferably 33 or 34 wherein two critical amino acids located at positions 12 and 13 mediates the recognition of one nucleotide of said nucleic acid target sequence; equivalent two critical amino acids can be located at positions other than 12 and 13 especially in RVDs taller than 33 or 34 amino acids long. Preferably, RVDs associated with recognition of the different nucleotides are HD for recognizing C, NG for recognizing T, NI for recognizing A, NN for recognizing G or A, NS for recognizing A, C, G or T, HG for recognizing T, IG for recognizing T, NK for recognizing G, HA for recognizing C, ND for recognizing C, HI for recognizing C, HN for recognizing G, NA for recognizing G, SN for recognizing G or A and YG for recognizing T, TL for recognizing A, VT for recognizing A or G and SW for recognizing A. More preferably, RVDs associated with recognition of the nucleotides C, T, A, G/A and G respectively are selected from the group consisting of NN or NK for recognizing G, HD for recognizing C, NG for recognizing T and NI for recognizing A, TL for recognizing A, VT for recognizing A or G and SW for recognizing A. In another embodiment, RVDS associated with recognition of the nucleotide C are selected from the group consisting of N* and RVDS associated with recognition of the nucleotide T are selected from the group consisting of N* and H*, where * denotes a gap in the repeat sequence that corresponds to a lack of amino acid residue at the second position of the RVD. In another embodiment, critical amino acids 12 and 13 can be mutated towards other amino acid residues in order to modulate their specificity towards nucleotides A, T, C and G and in particular to enhance this specificity. By other amino acid residues is intended any of the twenty natural amino acid residues or unnatural amino acids derivatives.
In another embodiment, said core scaffold of the present invention comprises between 8 and 30 RVDs. More preferably, said core scaffold of the present invention comprises between 8 and 20 RVDs; again more preferably 15 RVDs.
In another embodiment, said core scaffold comprises an additional single truncated RVD made of 20 amino acids located at the C-terminus of said set of RVDs, i.e. an additional C-terminal half-RVD. In this case, said core scaffold of the present invention comprises between 8.5 and 30.5 RVDs, “0.5” referring to previously mentioned half-RVD (or terminal RVD, or half-repeat). More preferably, said core scaffold of the present invention comprises between 8.5 and 20.5 RVDs, again more preferably, 15.5 RVDs. In a preferred embodiment, said half-RVD is in a core scaffold context which allows a lack of specificity of said half-RVD toward nucleotides A, C, G, T. In a more preferred embodiment, said half-RVD is absent.
In another embodiment, said core scaffold of the present invention comprises RVDs of different origins. In a preferred embodiment, said core scaffold comprises RVDs originating from different naturally occurring TAL effectors. In another preferred embodiment, internal structure of some RVDs of the core scaffold of the present invention are constituted by structures or sequences originated from different naturally occurring TAL effectors. In another embodiment, said core scaffold of the present invention comprises RVDs-like domains. RVDs-like domains have a sequence different from naturally occurring RVDs but have the same function and/or global structure within said core scaffold of the present invention.
In another embodiment, said additional N-terminal domain of said engineered core TALE scaffold is an enhancer domain. In another embodiment, said enhancer domain is selected from the group consisting of Puf RNA binding protein or Ankyrin super-family, as non-limiting examples. In another embodiment, said enhancer domain sequence is selected from the group consisting of protein domains of SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 5, as non-limiting examples listed in Table 1, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof..
In another embodiment, said additional C-terminal domain of said engineered core TALE scaffold is an enhancer domain. In another embodiment, said enhancer domain is selected from the group consisting of hydrolase/transferase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa family, the polymerase domain from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ligase D family, the initiation factor elF2 from Pyrococcus family, the translation initiation factor Aif2 family, as non-limiting examples. In another embodiment, said enhancer domain sequence is selected from the group consisting of protein domains of SEQ ID NO: 6 to SEQ ID NO: 9, as non-limiting examples listed in Table 1, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof.
Pseudomonas
Aeruginosa Ligd
Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis
Pyrococcus
Abyssi
In another preferred embodiment according to the method of the present invention, the catalytic domain that is capable of processing DNA nearby the single double-stranded DNA target sequence of interest, when fused to said engineered core TALE scaffold according to the method of the present invention, is fused to the N-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold. In another preferred embodiment, said catalytic domain is fused to the C-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold. In another preferred embodiment two catalytic domains are fused to both N-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold and C-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold. In a more preferred embodiment, said catalytic domain has an enzymatic activity selected from the group consisting of nuclease activity, polymerase activity, kinase activity, phosphatase activity, methylase activity, topoisomerase activity, integrase activity, transposase activity or ligase activity. In another preferred embodiment, the catalytic domain fused to the core TALE scaffold of the present invention can be a transcription activator or repressor (i.e. a transcription regulator), or a protein that interacts with or modifies other proteins such as histones. Non-limiting examples of DNA processing activities of said compact TALEN of the present invention include, for example, creating or modifying epigenetic regulatory elements, making site-specific insertions, deletions, or repairs in DNA, controlling gene expression, and modifying chromatin structure.
In another more preferred embodiment, said catalytic domain has an endonuclease activity. In another more preferred embodiment, said catalytic domain has cleavage activity on said double-stranded DNA according to the method of the present invention. In another more preferred embodiment, said catalytic domain has a nickase activity on said double-stranded DNA according to the method of the present invention. In another more preferred embodiment, said catalytic domain is selected from the group consisting of proteins MmeI, Colicin-E7 (CEA7_ECOLX), Colicin-E9, APFL, EndA, Endo I (END1_ECOLI), Human Endo G (NUCG_HUMAN), Bovine Endo G (NUCG_BOVIN), R.HinP1I, I-BasI, I-BmoI, I-HmuI, I-TevI, 1-TevII, 1-TevIII, 1-TwoI, R.MspI, R.MvaI, NucA, NucM, Vvn, Vvn_CLS, Staphylococcal nuclease (NUC_STAAU), Staphylococcal nuclease (NUC_STAHY), Micrococcal nuclease (NUC_SHIFL), Endonuclease yncB, Endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (ENRN_BPT7), Metnase, Nb.BsrDI, BsrDI A, Nt.BspD6I (R.BspD6I large subunit), ss.BspD6I (R.BspD6I small subunit), R.PleI, MlyI, AlwI, Mva12691, BsrI, BsmI, Nb.BtsCI, Nt.BtsCI, R1.BtsI, R2.BtsI, BbvCI subunit 1, BbvCI subunit 2, Bpu10I alpha subunit, Bpu10I beta subunit, BmrI, BfiI, I-CreI, hExoI (EXO1_HUMAN), Yeast ExoI (EXO1_YEAST), E. coli ExoI, Human TREX2, Mouse TREX1, Human TREX1, Bovine TREX1, Rat TREX1, Human DNA2, Yeast DNA2 (DNA2_YEAST) and VP16, as listed in Table 2 (SEQ ID NO: 10 to SEQ ID NO: 66 and SEQ ID NO: 1, 366 & 367), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment according to the method of the present invention, said catalytic domain is 1-TevI (SEQ ID NO: 20), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, catalytic domain 1-TevI (SEQ ID NO: 20), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof is fused to the N-terminal domain of said core TALE scaffold according to the method of the present invention. In another preferred embodiment, said compact TALEN according to the method of the present invention comprises a protein sequence having at least 80%, more preferably 90%, again more preferably 95% amino acid sequence identity with the protein sequences selected from the group of SEQ ID NO: 420-432.
In another preferred embodiment, said catalytic domain is ColE7 (SEQ ID NO: 11), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, catalytic domain ColE7 (SEQ ID NO: 11), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof is fused to the N-terminal domain of said core TALE scaffold according to the method of the present invention. In another preferred embodiment, catalytic domain ColE7 (SEQ ID NO: 11), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof is fused to the C-terminal domain of said core TALE scaffold according to the method of the present invention. In another preferred embodiment, said compact TALEN according to the method of the present invention comprises a protein sequence having at least 80%, more preferably 90%, again more preferably 95% amino acid sequence identity with the protein sequences selected from the group of SEQ ID NO: 435-438.
In another preferred embodiment, said catalytic domain is NucA (SEQ ID NO: 26), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, catalytic domain NucA (SEQ ID NO: 26), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof is fused to the N-terminal domain of said core TALE scaffold according to the method of the present invention. In another preferred embodiment, catalytic domain NucA (SEQ ID NO: 26), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof is fused to the C-terminal domain of said core TALE scaffold according to the method of the present invention. In another preferred embodiment, said compact TALEN according to the method of the present invention comprises a protein sequence having at least 80%, more preferably 90%, again more preferably 95% amino acid sequence identity with the protein sequences selected from the group of SEQ ID NO: 433-434.
In another preferred embodiment, said catalytic domain is I-CreI (SEQ ID NO: 1), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, catalytic domain I-CreI (SEQ ID NO: 1), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof is fused to the N-terminal domain of said core TALE scaffold according to the method of the present invention. In another preferred embodiment, catalytic domain I-CreI (SEQ ID NO: 1), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof is fused to the C-terminal domain of said core TALE scaffold according to the method of the present invention. In another preferred embodiment, said compact TALEN according to the method of the present invention comprises a protein sequence having at least 80%, more preferably 90%, again more preferably 95% amino acid sequence identity with the protein sequences selected from the group of SEQ ID NO: 439-441 and SEQ ID NO: 444-446.
In another embodiment, said catalytic domain is a restriction enzyme such as MmeI, R-HinPII, R.MspI, R.MvaI, Nb.BsrDI, BsrDI A, Nt.BspD6I, ss.BspD6I, R.PleI, MlyI and AlwI as non-limiting examples listed in table 2. In another more preferred embodiment, said catalytic domain has an exonuclease activity.
In another more preferred embodiment, any combinations of two catalytic domains selected from the group consisting of proteins MmeI, Colicin-E7 (CEA7_ECOLX), Colicin-E9, APFL, EndA, Endo I (END1_ECOLI), Human Endo G (NUCG_HUMAN), Bovine Endo G (NUCG_BOVIN), R.HinP1I, I-BasI, I-BmoI, I-HmuI, 1-TevI, I-TevII, I-TevIII, I-TwoI, R.MspI, R.MvaI, NucA, NucM, Vvn, Vvn_CLS, Staphylococcal nuclease (NUC_STAAU), Staphylococcal nuclease (NUC_STAHY), Micrococcal nuclease (NUC_SHIFL), Endonuclease yncB, Endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (ENRN_BPT7), Metnase, Nb.BsrDI, BsrDI A, Nt.BspD6I (R.BspD6I large subunit), ss.BspD6I (R.BspD6I small subunit), R.PleI, MlyI, AlwI, Mva12691, BsrI, BsmI, Nb.BtsCI, Nt.BtsCI, R1.BtsI, R2.BtsI, BbvCI subunit 1, BbvCI subunit 2, Bpu10I alpha subunit, Bpu10I beta subunit, BmrI, BfiI, I-CreI, hExoI (EXO1_HUMAN), Yeast ExoI (EXO1_YEAST), E. coli ExoI, Human TREX2, Mouse TREX1, Human TREX1, Bovine TREX1, Rat TREX1, Human DNA2, Yeast DNA2 (DNA2_YEAST) and VP16, as listed in Table 2 (SEQ ID NO: 10 to SEQ ID NO: 66 and SEQ ID NO: 1, 366 & 367), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative of these protein domains thereof, can be fused to both N-terminus part and C-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold, respectively. For example, I-HmuI catalytic domain can be fused to the N-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold and ColE7 catalytic domain can be fused to the C-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold. In another example, I-TevI catalytic domain can be fused to the N-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold and ColE7 catalytic domain can be fused to the C-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold. In another embodiment, according to the method of the present invention, said unique compact TALEN monomer comprises a combination of two catalytic domains respectively fused to the C-terminus part and to the N-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold selected from the group consisting of:
In another preferred embodiment, said compact TALEN according to the method of the present invention comprises a protein sequence having at least 80%, more preferably 90%, again more preferably 95% amino acid sequence identity with the protein sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 448 and 450.
In another preferred embodiment, said compact TALEN according to the method of the present invention comprises a combination of two catalytic domains respectively fused to the C-terminus part and to the N-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold selected from the group consisting of:
In another preferred embodiment, said compact TALEN according to the method of the present invention comprises a protein sequence having at least 80%, more preferably 90%, again more preferably 95% amino acid sequence identity with the protein sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 447-450 and SEQ ID NO: 452.
In the scope of the present invention, it can be envisioned to insert said catalytic domain between two parts of the engineered core TALE scaffold according to the invention, each part comprising one set of RVDs. In this last case, the number of RVDs for each part of the engineered core TALE scaffold can be the same or not. In other words, it can be envisioned to split said core TALE scaffold of the present invention to insert one catalytic domain between the resulting two parts of said engineered core TALE scaffold. In another preferred embodiment, said compact TALEN according to the method of the present invention comprises a protein sequence having at least 80%, more preferably 90%, again more preferably 95% amino acid sequence identity with the protein sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 453-455.
mojavensis]
vulnificus]
varians]
firmus]
coli]
In another preferred embodiment according to the method of the present invention, the peptidic linker that can link said catalytic domain to the core TALE scaffold according to the method of the present invention can be selected from the group consisting of NFS1, NFS2, CFS1, RM2, BQY, QGPSG, LGPDGRKA, 1a8h_1, 1dnpA_1, 1d8cA_2, 1ckqA_3, 1sbp_1, 1ev7A_1, 1alo_3, 1amf_1, 1adjA_3, 1fcdC_1, 1al3_2, 1g3p_1, 1acc_3, 1ahjB_1, 1acc_1, 1af7_1, 1heiA_1, 1bia_2, 1igtB_1, 1nfkA_1, 1au7A_1, 1bpoB_1, 1b0 pA_2, 1c05A_2, 1gcb_1, 1bt3A_1, 1b3oB_2, 16vpA_6, 1dhx_1, 1b8aA_1 and 1qu6A_1, as listed in Table 3 (SEQ ID NO: 67 to SEQ ID NO: 104 and SEQ ID NO: 372 to SEQ ID NO: 415). In a more preferred embodiment, the peptidic linker that can link said catalytic domain to the core TALE scaffold according to the method of the present invention can be selected from the group consisting of NFS1 (SEQ ID NO: 98), NFS2 (SEQ ID NO: 99) and CFS1 (SEQ ID NO: 100). In the scope of the present invention is also encompassed the case where a peptidic linker is not needed to fuse a catalytical domain to the TALE scaffold in order to obtain a cTALEN according to the present invention.
Depending from its structural composition [type of core TALE scaffold, type of catalytic domain(s) with associated enzymatic activities and eventually type of linker(s)], a compact TALEN according to the present invention can comprise different levels of separate enzymatic activities able to differently process DNA, resulting in a global DNA processing efficiency for said compact TALEN, each one of said different enzymatic activities having their own DNA processing efficiency.
In another preferred embodiment, the method according to the present invention further comprises the steps of:
In other words, according to the method of the present invention said unique compact TALEN monomer further comprises:
In another more preferred embodiment, said enhancer domain is fused to the N-terminus of the core TALE scaffold part of said compact TALEN entity. In another more preferred embodiment, said enhancer domain is fused to C-terminus of the core TALE scaffold part of said compact TALEN entity. In another more preferred embodiment, said enhancer domain is fused to the catalytic domain part of said compact TALEN entity. In another more preferred embodiment, said enhancer domain is fused between the N-terminus of the core TALE scaffold part and the catalytic part of said compact TALEN entity. In another more preferred embodiment, said enhancer domain is fused between the C-terminus of the core TALE scaffold part and the catalytic part of said compact TALEN entity. In the scope of the present invention, it can be envisioned to insert said catalytic domain and/or enhancer domain between two parts of the engineered core TALE scaffold according to the invention, each part comprising one set of RVDs. In this last case, the number of RVDs for each engineered core TALE scaffold can be the same or not. In other words, it can be envisioned to split said core TALE scaffold of the present invention to insert one catalytic domain and/or one enhancer domain between the resulting two parts of said engineered core TALE scaffold.
In another preferred embodiment, said enhancer domain is catalytically active or not, providing functional and/or structural support to said compact TALEN entity. In a more preferred embodiment, said enhancer domain consists of a protein domain selected from the group consisting of MmeI, Colicin-E7 (CEA7_ECOLX), Colicin-E9, APFL, EndA, Endo I (END1_ECOLI), Human Endo G (NUCG_HUMAN), Bovine Endo G (NUCG_BOVIN), R.HinP1I, I-BasI, I-BmoI, I-HmuI, I-TevI, 1-TevII, 1-TevIII, 1-TwoI, R.MspI, R.MvaI, NucA, NucM, Vvn, Vvn_CLS, Staphylococcal nuclease (NUC_STAAU), Staphylococcal nuclease (NUC_STAHY), Micrococcal nuclease (NUC_SHIFL), Endonuclease yncB, Endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (ENRN_BPT7), Metnase, Nb.BsrDI, BsrDI A, Nt.BspD6I (R.BspD6I large subunit), ss.BspD6I (R.BspD6I small subunit), R.PleI, MlyI, AlwI, Mva12691, BsrI, BsmI, Nb.BtsCI, Nt.BtsCI, R1.BtsI, R2.BtsI, BbvCI subunit 1, BbvCI subunit 2, Bpu10I alpha subunit, Bpu10I beta subunit, BmrI, BfiI, 1-CreI, hExoI (EXO1_HUMAN), Yeast ExoI (EXO1_YEAST), E. coli ExoI, Human TREX2, Mouse TREX1, Human TREX1, Bovine TREX1, Rat TREX1, Human DNA2, Yeast DNA2 (DNA2_YEAST) and VP16, as listed in Table 2 (SEQ ID NO: 10 to SEQ ID NO: 66 and SEQ ID NO: 1, 366 & 367, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another more preferred embodiment, said enhancer domain consists of a catalytically active derivative of the protein domains listed above and in Table 2, providing functional and/or structural support to said compact TALEN entity. In another preferred embodiment, said enhancer domain consists of a catalytically inactive derivative of the protein domains listed above and in Table 2, providing structural support to said compact TALEN entity. In another preferred embodiment, said enhancer domain is selected from the group consisting of 1-TevI (SEQ ID NO: 20), ColE7 (SEQ ID NO: 11) and NucA (SEQ ID NO: 26).
In a more preferred embodiment, said enhanced compact TALEN according to the method of the present invention can comprise a second enhancer domain. In this embodiment, said second enhancer domain can have the same characteristics than the first enhancer domain. In a more preferred embodiment, said second enhancer domain provides structural support to enhanced compact TALEN entity. In another more preferred embodiment, said second enhancer domain provides functional support to enhanced compact TALEN entity. In a more preferred embodiment, said second enhancer domain provides structural and functional support to the enhanced compact TALEN entity. In a more preferred embodiment, said enhanced compact TALEN entity comprises one catalytic domain and one enhancer domain. In another more preferred embodiment said enhanced compact TALEN entity comprises one catalytic domain and two enhancer domains. In another more preferred embodiment said enhanced compact TALEN entity comprises two catalytic domains and one enhancer domains. In another more preferred embodiment said enhanced compact TALEN entity comprises two catalytic domains and two enhancer domains.
In a more preferred embodiment, said second enhancer domain consists of a protein domain derived from a protein selected from the group consisting of MmeI, Colicin-E7 (CEA7_ECOLX), Colicin-E9, APFL, EndA, Endo I (END1_ECOLI), Human Endo G (NUCG_HUMAN), Bovine Endo G (NUCG_BOVIN), R.HinP1I, I-BasI, I-BmoI, I-HmuI, I-TevI, 1-TevII, 1-TevIII, 1-TwoI, R.MspI, R.MvaI, NucA, NucM, Vvn, Vvn_CLS, Staphylococcal nuclease (NUC_STAAU), Staphylococcal nuclease (NUC_STAHY), Micrococcal nuclease (NUC_SHIFL), Endonuclease yncB, Endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (ENRN_BPT7), Metnase, Nb.BsrDI, BsrDI A, Nt.BspD6I (R.BspD6I large subunit), ss.BspD6I (R.BspD6I small subunit), R.PleI, MlyI, AlwI, Mva12691, BsrI, BsmI, Nb.BtsCI, Nt.BtsCI, R1.BtsI, R2.BtsI, BbvCI subunit 1, BbvCI subunit 2, Bpu10I alpha subunit, Bpu10I beta subunit, BmrI, BfiI, 1-CreI, hExoI (EXO1_HUMAN), Yeast ExoI (EXO1_YEAST), E. coli ExoI, Human TREX2, Mouse TREX1, Human TREX1, Bovine TREX1, Rat TREX1, Human DNA2, Yeast DNA2 (DNA2_YEAST) and VP16, as listed in Table 2 (SEQ ID NO: 10 to SEQ ID NO: 66 and SEQ ID NO: 1, 366 & 367, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another more preferred embodiment, said second enhancer domain consists of a catalytically active derivative of the protein domains listed above and in Table 2, providing functional and/or structural support to said enhanced compact TALEN entity. In another preferred embodiment, said second enhancer domain consists of a catalytically inactive derivative of the protein domains listed above and in Table 2, providing structural support to said enhanced compact TALEN entity.
In another more preferred embodiment, any combinations of catalytic and/or enhancer domains listed above, as non-limiting examples, can be envisioned to be fused to said core TALE scaffold providing structural and/or functional support to said compact TALEN entity. More preferably, combinations of catalytic domains selected from the group of TevI (SEQ ID NO: 20), ColE7 (SEQ ID NO: 11) and NucA (SEQ ID NO: 26) can be envisioned. Optionally, FokI (SEQ ID NO: 368) can be used in combination with another catalytic domain according to the list of Tablet. Such combinations of catalytic and/or enhancer domains can be envisioned regarding the envisioned applications for using the method of the present invention.
Depending from its structural composition [type of core TALE scaffold, type of catalytic domain(s) with associated enzymatic activities, eventually type of linker(s) and type of enhancer(s) domains], an enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention can present different levels of separate enzymatic activities able to differently process DNA, resulting in a global DNA processing efficiency for said enhanced compact TALEN, each one of said different enzymatic activities having their own DNA processing efficiency.
In this preferred embodiment, the DNA processing efficiency of the compact TALEN entity according to the method of the present invention can be enhanced by the engineering of at least one enhancer domain and one peptidic linker thereby obtaining a compact TALEN entity with enhanced DNA processing activity nearby a single double-stranded DNA target sequence of interest, i.e a enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention.
Depending on its structural composition, the global DNA processing efficiency that is enhanced in said enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention, can have a dominant enzymatic activity selected from the group consisting of a nuclease activity, a polymerase activity, a kinase activity, a phosphatase activity, a methylase activity, a topoisomerase activity, an integrase activity, a transposase activity or a ligase activity as non-limiting examples. In a more preferred embodiment, the global DNA processing efficiency that is enhanced in said enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention is a combination of different enzymatic activities selected from the group consisting of a nuclease activity, a polymerase activity, a kinase activity, a phosphatase activity, a methylase activity, a topoisomerase activity, an integrase activity, a transposase activity or a ligase activity as non-limiting examples. In a more preferred embodiment, the global DNA processing efficiency that is enhanced in said enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention is one of its different enzymatic activities selected from the group consisting of a nuclease activity, a polymerase activity, a kinase activity, a phosphatase activity, a methylase activity, a topoisomerase activity, an integrase activity, a transposase activity or a ligase activity as non-limiting examples. In this case, the global DNA processing efficiency is equivalent to one DNA processing activity amongst the enzymatic activities mentioned above. In another more preferred embodiment, said DNA processing activity of the compact TALEN entity which is enhanced by the enhancer is a cleavase activity or a nickase activity or a combination of both a cleavase activity and a nickase activity.
Enhancement of DNA processing efficiency of a compact TALEN entity according to the present invention can be a consequence of a structural support by at least one enhancer domain. In a preferred embodiment, said structural support enhances the binding of a compact TALEN entity according to the invention for said DNA target sequence compared to the binding of a starting compact TALEN entity for the same DNA target sequence, thereby indirectly assisting the catalytic domain(s) to obtain a compact TALEN entity with enhanced DNA processing activity. In another preferred embodiment, said structural support enhances the existing catalytical activity of a compact TALEN entity for a DNA target sequence compared to the binding of a starting compact TALEN entity for the same DNA target sequence to obtain a compact TALEN entity with enhanced DNA processing activity.
In another preferred embodiment, said enhancer according to the method of the present invention both enhances the binding of the compact TALEN entity for said DNA target sequence and the catalytic activity of the catalytic domain(s) to obtain a compact TALEN entity with enhanced DNA processing activity. All these non-limiting examples lead to a compact TALEN entity with enhanced DNA processing efficiency for a DNA target sequence at a genomic locus of interest, i.e an enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention.
Enhancement of DNA processing efficiency of a compact TALEN entity according to the present invention, compared to a starting compact TALEN entity, can also be a consequence of a functional support by at least one enhancer domain. In a preferred embodiment, said functional support can be the consequence of the hydrolysis of additional phosphodiester bonds. In a more preferred embodiment, said functional support can be the hydrolysis of additional phosphodiester bonds by a protein domain derived from a nuclease. In an embodiment, said functional support can be the hydrolysis of additional phosphodiester bonds by a protein domain derived from an endonuclease. In a more preferred embodiment, said functional support can be the hydrolysis of additional phosphodiester bonds by a protein domain derived from a cleavase. In another more preferred embodiment, said functional support can be the hydrolysis of additional phosphodiester bonds by a protein domain derived from a nickase. In a more preferred embodiment, said functional support can be the hydrolysis of additional phosphodiester bonds by a protein domain derived from an exonuclease.
In genome engineering experiments, the efficiency of rare-cutting endonuclease, e.g. their ability to induce a desired event (Homologous gene targeting, targeted mutagenesis, sequence removal or excision) at a locus, depends on several parameters, including the specific activity of the nuclease, probably the accessibility of the target, and the efficacy and outcome of the repair pathway(s) resulting in the desired event (homologous repair for gene targeting, NHEJ pathways for targeted mutagenesis).
Cleavage by peptidic rare cutting endonucleases usually generates cohesive ends, with 3′ overhangs for LAGLIDADG meganucleases (Chevalier and Stoddard 2001) and 5′ overhangs for Zinc Finger Nucleases (Smith, Bibikova et al. 2000). These ends, which result from hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds, can be re-ligated in vivo by NHEJ in a seamless way (i.e a scarless re-ligation). The restoration of a cleavable target sequence allows for a new cleavage event by the same endonuclease, and thus, a series of futile cycles of cleavage and re-ligation events can take place. Indirect evidences have shown that even in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, such cycles could take place upon continuous cleavage by the HO endonuclease (Lee, Paques et al. 1999). In mammalian cells, several experiment have shown that perfect re-ligation of compatible cohesive ends resulting from two independent but close I-SceI-induced DSBs is an efficient process (Guirouilh-Barbat, Huck et al. 2004; Guirouilh-Barbat, Rass et al. 2007; Bennardo, Cheng et al. 2008; Bennardo, Gunn et al. 2009). Absence of the Ku DNA repair protein does not significantly affect the overall frequency of NHEJ events rejoining the ends from the two DSBs; however it very strongly enhances the contribution of imprecise NHEJ to the repair process in CHO immortalized cells and mouse ES cells (Guirouilh-Barbat, Huck et al. 2004; Guirouilh-Barbat, Rass et al. 2007; Bennardo, Cheng et al. 2008). Furthermore, the absence of Ku stimulates I-SceI-induced events such as imprecise NHEJ (Bennardo, Cheng et al. 2008), single-strand annealing (Bennardo, Cheng et al. 2008) and gene conversion (Pierce, Hu et al. 2001; Bennardo, Cheng et al. 2008) in mouse ES cells. Similar observations shave been made with cells deficient for the XRCC4 repair protein (Pierce, Hu et al. 2001; Guirouilh-Barbat, Rass et al. 2007; Bennardo, Gunn et al. 2009) (although XRCC4 deficiency affects the overall level of NHEJ in CHO cells (Guirouilh-Barbat, Rass et al. 2007)) or for DNA-PK (Pierce, Hu et al. 2001). In contrast, knock-down of CtIP has been shown to suppresses “alt-NHEJ” (a Ku- and XRCC4-independent form of NHEJ more prone to result in imprecise NHEJ), single-strand annealing and gene conversion, while not affecting the overall level of rejoining of two compatible ends generated by I-SceI (Bennardo, Cheng et al. 2008). Thus, competition between different DSB repair pathways can affect the spectrum or repair events resulting from a nuclease-induced DSB.
In addition, DSB resection is important for certain DSB pathways. Extensive DSB resection, resulting in the generation of large single stranded regions (a few hundred nucleotides at least), has been shown in yeast to initiate single strand annealing (Sugawara and Haber 1992) and strand invasion, the ATP-dependent step that initiates many homologous recombination events of DNA duplex invasion by an homologous strand that (White and Haber 1990; Sun, Treco et al. 1991) (for a review of mechanisms, see (Paques and Haber 1999)). In eukaryotic cells DSB resection depends on several proteins including BLM/Sgs1 and DNA2, EXOI, and the MRN complex (Mre11, Rad50, Nbs1/Xrs2) and is thought to result from different pathways. MRN is involved in a small scale resection process, while two redundant pathways depending on BLM and DNA2 on one hand, and on EXOI on another hand, would be involved in extensive resection (Mimitou and Symington 2008; Nimonkar, Genschel et al. 2011). In addition, processing ends involving a damaged nucleotide (resulting from chemical cleavage or from a bulk adduct), requires the CtIP/Sae2 protein together with RM N (Sartori, Lukas et al. 2007; Buis, Wu et al. 2008; Hartsuiker, Mizuno et al. 2009). Over-expression of the Trex2 exonuclease was shown to strongly stimulate imperfect NHEJ associated with loss of only a few base pairs (Bennardo, Gunn et al. 2009), while it inhibited various kinds of DNA repair events between distant sequences (such as Single-strand annealing, NHEJ between ends from different breaks, or NHEJ repair of a single DSB involving remote micro-homologies). In the same study, it was suggested that Trex2 did resect the 3′ overhangs let by I-SceI in a non processive way. Thus, the type of stimulated pathway could in turn depend on the type of resection (length of resection, single strand vs. double strand, resection of 5′ strand vs. 3′ strand).
Thus, the efficiency of a compact TALEN, e.g. it ability to produce a desired event such as targeted mutagenesis or homologous gene targeting (see definition for full definition of “efficiency of compact TALEN”), can be enhanced by an enhancement or modification of its global DNA processing efficiency (see definition for full definition of “global DNA processing efficiency”), e.g. the global resultant or the overall result of different separate enzymatic activities that said compact TALEN.
In a preferred embodiment, enhancement of global DNA processing efficiency of a compact TALEN entity according to the present invention, compared to a starting compact TALEN entity, can be the hydrolysis of additional phosphodiester bonds at the cleavage site.
Said hydrolysis of additional phosphodiester bonds at the cleavage site by said at least one enhancer according to the invention can lead to different types of DSB resection affecting at said DSB cleavage site, one single DNA strand or both DNA strands, affecting either 5′ overhangs ends, either 3′ overhangs ends, or both ends and depending on the length of said resection. Thus, adding new nickase or cleavase activities to the existing cleavase activity of a compact TALEN entity can enhance the efficiency of the resulting enhanced compact TALEN according to the invention, at a genomic locus of interest (
In this aspect of the present invention, enhancement of DNA processing efficiency of a compact TALEN refers to the increase in the detected level of said DNA processing efficiency, against a target DNA sequence, of a enhanced compact TALEN in comparison to the activity of a first compact TALEN against the same target DNA sequence. Said first compact TALEN can be a starting compact TALEN, or a compact TALEN that has already been engineered or an enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention. Several rounds of enhancement can be envisioned from a starting compact TALEN or from a starting enhanced compact TALEN.
In this aspect of the method of the present invention, enhancement of the DNA processing efficiency of the compact TALEN entity (or enhanced compact TALEN) refers to the increase in the detected level of said DNA processing efficiency against a target DNA sequence of interest or nearby said DNA sequence of interest in comparison to the efficiency of a first compact TALEN or starting compact TALEN against or nearby the same target DNA sequence. In this case, the starting compact TALEN is taken as the reference scaffold to measure the DNA processing efficiency. Said enhanced compact TALEN is an engineered compact TALEN comprising an enhancer domain according to this aspect of the invention. Said enhanced compact TALEN can also be taken as a reference scaffold for further enhancement of said DNA processing efficiency. As a non-limiting example, said DNA processing efficiency can result from a cleavage-induced recombination generated by said enhanced compact TALEN. In this case, said level of cleavage-induced recombination can be determined, for instance, by a cell-based recombination assay as described in the International PCT Application WO 2004/067736. Importantly, enhancement of efficacy in cells (enhanced generation of targeted mutagenesis or targeted recombination) can be, but is not necessarily associated with an enhancement of the cleavage activity that could be detected in certain in vitro assays. For example, additional phosphodiesterase activities as described in
In another preferred embodiment according to the method of the present invention, the peptidic linker that can link said enhancer domain to one part of said compact TALEN entity according to the method of the present invention can be selected from the group consisting of NFS1, NFS2, CFS1, RM2, BQY, QGPSG, LGPDGRKA, 1a8h_1, 1dnpA_1, 1d8cA_2, 1ckqA_3, 1sbp_1, 1ev7A_1, 1alo_3, 1amf_1, 1adjA_3, 1fcdC_1, 1al3_2, 1g3p 1, 1acc_3, 1ahjB_1, 1acc_1, 1af7_1, 1heiA_1, 1bia_2, 1igtB_1, 1nfkA_1, 1au7A_1, 1bpoB_1, 1b0 pA_2, 1c05A_2, 1gcb_1, 1bt3A_1, 1b3oB_2, 16vpA_6, 1dhx_1, 1b8aA_1 and 1qu6A_1 as listed in Table 3 (SEQ ID NO: 67 to SEQ ID NO: 104 and SEQ ID NO: 372 to SEQ ID NO: 415). In a more preferred embodiment, the peptidic linker that can said enhancer domain to one part of said compact TALEN entity according to the method of the present invention can be selected from the group consisting of NFS1 (SEQ ID NO: 98), NFS2 (SEQ ID NO: 99) and CFS1 (SEQ ID NO: 100). In the scope of the present invention is also encompassed the case where a peptidic linker is not needed to fuse one enhancer domain to one part of said compact TALEN entity in order to obtain a enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention.
Depending from its structural composition [type of core TALE scaffold, type of catalytic domain(s) with associated enzymatic activities, type of enhancers and eventually type of linker(s)], a compact TALEN or an enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention can comprise different levels of separate enzymatic activities able to differently process DNA as mentioned above. By adding new enzymatic activities to said compact TALEN or said enhanced compact TALEN or enhancing the DNA processing efficiency of one or several of its constitutive enzymatic activities, one can enhance the global DNA processing efficiency of one compact TALEN or enhanced compact TALEN in comparison to a starting compact TALEN or enhanced compact TALEN.
According to the present invention, compact TALENs are designed to alleviate the need for multiple independent protein moieties when targeting a DNA processing event. Importantly, the requisite “spacer” region and dual target sites essential for the function of current TALENs are unnecessary. As each end of the core TALE scaffold is amenable to fusion, the order (N- vs. C-terminal) of addition of the catalytic and enhancement domains can vary with the application. In addition, since the catalytic domain does not require specific DNA contacts, there are no restrictions on regions surrounding the core TALE scaffold, as non-limiting examples depicted in
According to the present invention, compact TALENs can be enhanced through the addition of a domain to promote existing or alternate activities as non-limiting examples depicted in
According to the present invention, the nature of the catalytic domain(s) comprised in the compact TALEN and the enhanced compact TALEN is application dependent. As a non-limiting example, a nickase domain should allow for a higher HR/NHEJ ratio than a cleavase domain, thereby being more agreeable for therapeutic applications (McConnell Smith, Takeuchi et al. 2009; Metzger, McConnell-Smith et al. 2011). For example, the coupling of a cleavase domain on one side with a nickase domain on the other could result in excision of a single-strand of DNA spanning the binding region of a compact TALEN. The targeted generation of extended single-strand overhangs could be applied in applications that target DNA repair mechanisms. For targeted gene inactivation, the use of two cleavase domains is then preferred. In another preferred embodiment, the use of two nickase domains can be favored. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for generating several distinct types of compact TALENs that can be applied to applications ranging from targeted DNA cleavage to targeted gene regulation.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a compact TALEN comprising:
The present invention relates to a compact TALEN monomer comprising:
In another embodiment, said engineered core TALE scaffold of the compact TALEN according to the present invention comprises an additional N-terminal domain resulting in an engineered core TALE scaffold sequentially comprising a N-terminal domain and different sets of Repeat Variable Dipeptide regions (RVDs) to change DNA binding specificity and target a specific single double-stranded DNA target sequence of interest, onto which a selection of catalytic domains can be attached to effect DNA processing.
In another embodiment, said engineered core TALE scaffold of the compact TALEN according to the present invention comprises an additional C-terminal domain resulting in an engineered core TALE scaffold sequentially comprising different sets of Repeat Variable Dipeptide regions (RVDs) to change DNA binding specificity and target a specific single double-stranded DNA target sequence of interest and a C-terminal domain, onto which a selection of catalytic domains can be attached to effect DNA processing. In another embodiment, said engineered core TALE-scaffold of the compact TALEN according to the present invention comprises additional N-terminus and a C-terminal domains resulting in an engineered core TALE scaffold sequentially comprising a N-terminal domain, different sets of Repeat Variable Dipeptide regions (RVDs) to change DNA binding specificity and target a specific single double-stranded DNA target sequence of interest and a C-terminal domain, onto which a selection of catalytic domains can be attached to effect DNA processing.
In another embodiment, said engineered core TALE-scaffold according to the present invention comprises the protein sequences selected from the group consisting of ST1 (SEQ ID NO: 134) and ST2 (SEQ ID NO: 135). In another embodiment, said engineered core TALE scaffold comprises a protein sequence having at least 80%, more preferably 90%, again more preferably 95% amino acid sequence identity with the protein sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 134 and SEQ ID NO: 135. In another embodiment, said engineered core TALE-scaffold according to the present invention comprises the protein sequences selected from the group consisting of bT1-Avr (SEQ ID NO: 136), bT2-Avr (SEQ ID NO: 137), bT1-Pth (SEQ ID NO: 138) and bT2-Pth (SEQ ID NO: 139). In another embodiment, said engineered TALE-scaffold comprises a protein sequence having at least 80%, more preferably 90%, again more preferably 95% amino acid sequence identity with the protein sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 136 to SEQ ID NO: 139.
In a preferred embodiment, said additional N-terminus and C-terminal domains of engineered core TALE scaffold are derived from natural TALE. In a more preferred embodiment said additional N-terminus and C-terminal domains of engineered core TALE scaffold are derived from natural TALE selected from the group consisting of AvrBs3, PthXo1, AvrHah1, PthA, Tal1c as non-limiting examples. In another more preferred embodiment, said additional N-terminus and/or said C-terminal domains are truncated forms of respective N-terminus and/or said C-terminal domains of natural TALE like AvrBs3, PthXo1, AvrHah1, PthA, Tal1c as non-limiting examples, from which they are derived. In a more preferred embodiment, said additional N-terminus and C-terminal domains sequences of engineered core TALE scaffold are selected from the group consisting of ST1 SEQ ID NO: 134 and ST2 SEQ ID NO: 135 as respectively exemplified in baseline protein scaffolds bT1-Avr (SEQ ID NO: 136) or bT1-Pth (SEQ ID NO: 138) and bT2-Avr (SEQ ID NO: 137) or bT2-Pth (SEQ ID NO: 139).
In another embodiment, each RVD of said core scaffold is made of 30 to 42 amino acids, more preferably 33 or 34 wherein two critical amino acids located at positions 12 and 13 mediates the recognition of one nucleotide of said nucleic acid target sequence; equivalent two critical amino acids can be located at positions other than 12 and 13 especially in RVDs taller than 33 or 34 amino acids long. Preferably, RVDs associated with recognition of the different nucleotides are HD for recognizing C, NG for recognizing T, NI for recognizing A, NN for recognizing G or A, NS for recognizing A, C, G or T, HG for recognizing T, IG for recognizing T, NK for recognizing G, HA for recognizing C, ND for recognizing C, HI for recognizing C, HN for recognizing G, NA for recognizing G, SN for recognizing G or A and YG for recognizing T, TL for recognizing A, VT for recognizing A or G and SW for recognizing A. More preferably, RVDs associated with recognition of the nucleotides C, T, A, G/A and G respectively are selected from the group consisting of NN or NK for recognizing G, HD for recognizing C, NG for recognizing T and NI for recognizing A, TL for recognizing A, VT for recognizing A or G and SW for recognizing A. In another embodiment, RVDS associated with recognition of the nucleotide C are selected from the group consisting of N* and RVDS associated with recognition of the nucleotide T are selected from the group consisting of N* and H*, where * denotes a gap in the repeat sequence that corresponds to a lack of amino acid residue at the second position of the RVD. In another embodiment, critical amino acids 12 and 13 can be mutated towards other amino acid residues in order to modulate their specificity towards nucleotides A, T, C and G and in particular to enhance this specificity. By other amino acid residues is intended any of the twenty natural amino acid residues or unnatural amino acids derivatives.
In another embodiment, said core scaffold of the present invention comprises between 8 and 30 RVDs. More preferably, said core scaffold of the present invention comprises between 8 and 20 RVDs; again more preferably 15 RVDs.
In another embodiment, said core scaffold comprises an additional single truncated RVD made of 20 amino acids located at the C-terminus of said set of RVDs, i.e. an additional C-terminal half-RVD. In this case, said core scaffold of the present invention comprises between 8.5 and 30.5 RVDs, “0.5” referring to previously mentioned half-RVD (or terminal RVD, or half-repeat). More preferably, said core scaffold of the present invention comprises between 8.5 and 20.5 RVDs, again more preferably, 15.5 RVDs. In a preferred embodiment, said half-RVD is in a core scaffold context which allows a lack of specificity of said half-RVD toward nucleotides A, C, G, T. In a more preferred embodiment, said half-RVD is absent.
In another embodiment, said core scaffold of the present invention comprises RVDs of different origins. In a preferred embodiment, said core scaffold comprises RVDs originating from different naturally occurring TAL effectors. In another preferred embodiment, internal structure of some RVDs of the core scaffold of the present invention are constituted by structures or sequences originated from different naturally occurring TAL effectors. In another embodiment, said core scaffold of the present invention comprises RVDs-like domains. RVDs-like domains have a sequence different from naturally occurring RVDs but have the same function and/or global structure within said core scaffold of the present invention.
In another embodiment, said additional N-terminal domain of said engineered core TALE scaffold of said compact TALEN according to the present invention is an enhancer domain. In another embodiment, said enhancer domain is selected from the group consisting of Puf RNA binding protein or Ankyrin super-family, as non-limiting examples. In another embodiment, said enhancer domain sequence is selected from the group consisting of protein domains of SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 5 as non-limiting examples listed in Table 1, a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another embodiment, said additional C-terminal domain of said engineered core TALE scaffold is an enhancer domain. In another embodiment, said enhancer domain is selected from the group consisting of hydrolase/transferase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa family, the polymerase domain from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ligase D family, the initiation factor elF2 from Pyrococcus family, the translation initiation factor Aif2 family as non-limiting examples. In another embodiment, said enhancer domain sequence is selected from the group consisting of protein domains of SEQ ID NO: 6 to SEQ ID NO: 9 as non-limiting examples listed in Table 1.
In another preferred embodiment, the catalytic domain that is capable of processing DNA nearby the single double-stranded DNA target sequence of interest, when fused to said engineered core TALE scaffold according to the present invention, is fused to the N-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold. In another preferred embodiment, said catalytic domain is fused to the C-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold. In another preferred embodiment two catalytic domains are fused to both N-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold and C-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold. In a more preferred embodiment, said catalytic domain has an enzymatic activity selected from the group consisting of nuclease activity, polymerase activity, kinase activity, phosphatase activity, methylase activity, topoisomerase activity, integrase activity, transposase activity or ligase activity. In another preferred embodiment, the catalytic domain fused to the core TALE scaffold of the present invention can be a transcription activator or repressor (i.e. a transcription regulator), or a protein that interacts with or modifies other proteins such as histones. Non-limiting examples of DNA processing activities of said compact TALEN of the present invention include, for example, creating or modifying epigenetic regulatory elements, making site-specific insertions, deletions, or repairs in DNA, controlling gene expression, and modifying chromatin structure.
In another more preferred embodiment, said catalytic domain has an endonuclease activity. In another more preferred embodiment, said catalytic domain of the compact TALEN according to the present invention has cleavage activity on said double-stranded DNA according to the method of the present invention. In another more preferred embodiment, said catalytic domain has a nickase activity on said double-stranded DNA according to the method of the present invention. In another more preferred embodiment, said catalytic domain is selected from the group consisting of proteins MmeI, Colicin-E7 (CEA7_ECOLX), Colicin-E9, APFL, EndA, Endo I (END1_ECOLI), Human Endo G (NUCG_HUMAN), Bovine Endo G (NUCG_BOVIN), R.HinP1I, I-BasI, I-BmoI, I-HmuI, I-TevI, 1-TevII, 1-TevIII, 1-TwoI, R.MspI, R.MvaI, NucA, NucM, Vvn, Vvn_CLS, Staphylococcal nuclease (NUC_STAAU), Staphylococcal nuclease (NUC_STAHY), Micrococcal nuclease (NUC_SHIFL), Endonuclease yncB, Endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (ENRN_BPT7), Metnase, Nb.BsrDI, BsrDI A, Nt.BspD6I (R.BspD6I large subunit), ss.BspD6I (R.BspD6I small subunit), R.PleI, MlyI, AlwI, Mva12691, BsrI, BsmI, Nb.BtsCI, Nt.BtsCI, R1.BtsI, R2.BtsI, BbvCI subunit 1, BbvCI subunit 2, Bpu10I alpha subunit, Bpu10I beta subunit, BmrI, BfiI, 1-CreI, hExoI (EXO1_HUMAN), Yeast ExoI (EXO1_YEAST), E. coli ExoI, Human TREX2, Mouse TREX1, Human TREX1, Bovine TREX1, Rat TREX1, Human DNA2, Yeast DNA2 (DNA2_YEAST) and VP16, as listed in Table 2 (SEQ ID NO: 10 to SEQ ID NO: 66 and SEQ ID NO: 1, 366 & 367), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment said catalytic domain of the compact TALEN according to the present invention is 1-TevI (SEQ ID NO: 20), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, catalytic domain 1-TevI (SEQ ID NO: 20), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof is fused to the N-terminal domain of said core TALE scaffold according to the compact TALEN of the present invention. In another preferred embodiment, said compact TALEN according to the present invention comprises a protein sequence having at least 80%, more preferably 90%, again more preferably 95% amino acid sequence identity with the protein sequences selected from the group of SEQ ID NO: 426-432. In another preferred embodiment, said catalytic domain of the compact TALEN according to the present invention is ColE7 (SEQ ID NO: 11), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, catalytic domain ColE7 (SEQ ID NO: 11), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof is fused to the N-terminal domain of said core TALE scaffold according to the method of the present invention. In another preferred embodiment, catalytic domain ColE7 (SEQ ID NO: 11), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof is fused to the C-terminal domain of said core TALE scaffold according to the method of the present invention. In another preferred embodiment, said compact TALEN according to the method of the present invention comprises a protein sequence having at least 80%, more preferably 90%, again more preferably 95% amino acid sequence identity with the protein sequences selected from the group of SEQ ID NO: 435-438.
In another preferred embodiment, said catalytic domain of the compact TALEN according to the present invention is NucA (SEQ ID NO: 26), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, catalytic domain NucA (SEQ ID NO: 26), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof is fused to the N-terminal domain of said core TALE scaffold according to the method of the present invention. In another preferred embodiment, catalytic domain NucA (SEQ ID NO: 26), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof is fused to the C-terminal domain of said core TALE scaffold according to the method of the present invention. In another preferred embodiment, said compact TALEN according to the method of the present invention comprises a protein sequence having at least 80%, more preferably 90%, again more preferably 95% amino acid sequence identity with the protein sequences selected from the group of SEQ ID NO: 433-434.
In another preferred embodiment, said catalytic domain is I-CreI (SEQ ID NO: 1), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another preferred embodiment, catalytic domain I-CreI (SEQ ID NO: 1), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof is fused to the N-terminal domain of said core TALE scaffold according to the method of the present invention. In another preferred embodiment, catalytic domain I-CreI (SEQ ID NO: 1), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof is fused to the C-terminal domain of said core TALE scaffold according to the present invention. In another preferred embodiment, said compact TALEN according to the present invention comprises a protein sequence having at least 80%, more preferably 90%, again more preferably 95% amino acid sequence identity with the protein sequences selected from the group of SEQ ID NO: 439-441 and SEQ ID NO: 444-446.
In another embodiment, said catalytic domain is a restriction enzyme such as MmeI, R-HinPII, R.MspI, R.MvaI, Nb.BsrDI, BsrDI A, Nt.BspD6I, ss.BspD6I, R.PleI, MlyI and AlwI as non-limiting examples listed in table 2. In another more preferred embodiment, said catalytic domain has an exonuclease activity. In another more preferred embodiment, any combinations of two catalytic domains selected from the group consisting of proteins MmeI, Colicin-E7 (CEA7_ECOLX), Colicin-E9, APFL, EndA, Endo I (END1_ECOLI), Human Endo G (NUCG_HUMAN), Bovine Endo G (NUCG_BOVIN), R.HinP1I, I-BasI, I-BmoI, I-HmuI, I-TevI, 1-TevII, 1-TevIII, 1-TwoI, R.MspI, R.MvaI, NucA, NucM, Vvn, Vvn_CLS, Staphylococcal nuclease (NUC_STAAU), Staphylococcal nuclease (NUC_STAHY), Micrococcal nuclease (NUC_SHIFL), Endonuclease yncB, Endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (ENRN_BPT7), Metnase, Nb.BsrDI, BsrDI A, Nt.BspD6I (R.BspD6I large subunit), ss.BspD6I (R.BspD6I small subunit), R.PleI, MlyI, AlwI, Mva12691, BsrI, BsmI, Nb.BtsCI, Nt.BtsCI, R1.BtsI, R2.BtsI, BbvCI subunit 1, BbvCI subunit 2, Bpu10I alpha subunit, Bpu10I beta subunit, BmrI, BfiI, I-CreI, hExoI (EXO1_HUMAN), Yeast ExoI (EXO1_YEAST), E. coli ExoI, Human TREX2, Mouse TREX1, Human TREX1, Bovine TREX1, Rat TREX1, Human DNA2, Yeast DNA2 (DNA2_YEAST) and VP16, as listed in Table 2 (SEQ ID NO: 10 to SEQ ID NO: 66 and SEQ ID NO: 1, 366 & 367), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative of these protein domains thereof, can be fused to both N-terminus part and C-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold, respectively. For example, I-HmuI catalytic domain can be fused to the N-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold and ColE7 catalytic domain can be fused to the C-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold. In another example, I-TevI catalytic domain can be fused to the N-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold and ColE7 catalytic domain can be fused to the C-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold. Table 14 below gives non-limiting examples of combinations of catalytic domains that can be comprised in the compact TALEN monomer according to the present invention. Optionally, FokI (SEQ ID NO:368) can be used in combination with another catalytic domain according to the list of Tablet.
In a preferred embodiment according to the present invention, said unique compact TALEN monomer comprises a combination of two catalytic domains respectively fused to the N-terminus part and to the C-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold selected from the group consisting of:
In another preferred embodiment, said compact TALEN according to the present invention comprises a protein sequence having at least 80%, more preferably 90%, again more preferably 95% amino acid sequence identity with the protein sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 448 and 450.
In another preferred embodiment, said compact TALEN according to the present invention comprises a combination of two catalytic domains respectively fused to the C-terminus part and to the N-terminus part of said core TALE scaffold selected from the group consisting of:
In another preferred embodiment, said compact TALEN according to the present invention comprises a protein sequence having at least 80%, more preferably 90%, again more preferably 95% amino acid sequence identity with the protein sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 447-450 and SEQ ID NO: 452.
In the scope of the present invention, it can be envisioned to insert said catalytic domain and/or said enhancer domain between two parts of the engineered core TALE scaffold according to the invention, each part comprising one set of RVDs. In this last case, the number of RVDs for each part of the engineered core TALE scaffold can be the same or not. In other words, it can be envisioned to split said core TALE scaffold of the present invention to insert one catalytic domain and/or one enhancer domain between the resulting two parts of said engineered core TALE scaffold. In another preferred embodiment, said compact TALEN according to the present invention comprises a protein sequence having at least 80%, more preferably 90%, again more preferably 95% amino acid sequence identity with the protein sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 453-455.
In other words, the compact TALEN monomer of the present invention comprises a protein sequence having at least 80%, more preferably 90%, again more preferably 95% amino acid sequence identity with the protein sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 420-450 and 452-455.
In another preferred embodiment according to the method of the present invention, the peptidic linker that can link said catalytic domain to the core TALE scaffold according to the method of the present invention can be selected from the group consisting of NFS1, NFS2, CFS1, RM2, BQY, QGPSG, LGPDGRKA, 1a8h_1, 1dnpA_1, 1d8cA_2, 1ckqA_3, 1sbp_1, 1ev7A_1, 1alo_3, 1amf_1, 1adjA_3, 1fcdC_1, 1al3_2, 1g3p_1, 1acc_3, 1ahjB_1, 1acc_1, 1af7_1, 1heiA_1, 1bia_2, 1igtB_1, 1nfkA_1, 1au7A_1, 1bpoB_1, 1b0 pA_2, 1c05A_2, 1gcb_1, 1bt3A_1, 1b3oB_2, 16vpA_6, 1dhx_1, 1b8aA_1 and 1qu6A_1, as listed in Table 3 (SEQ ID NO: 67 to SEQ ID NO: 104 and SEQ ID NO: 372 to SEQ ID NO: 415). In a more preferred embodiment, the peptidic linker that can link said catalytic domain to the core TALE scaffold according to the method of the present invention can be selected from the group consisting of NFS1 (SEQ ID NO: 98), NFS2 (SEQ ID NO: 99) and CFS1 (SEQ ID NO: 100). In the scope of the present invention is also encompassed the case where a peptidic linker is not needed to fuse a catalytical domain to the TALE scaffold in order to obtain a cTALEN according to the present invention.
Depending from its structural composition [type of core TALE scaffold, type of catalytic domain(s) with associated enzymatic activities and eventually type of linker(s)], a compact TALEN according to the present invention can comprise different levels of separate enzymatic activities able to differently process DNA, resulting in a global DNA processing efficiency for said compact TALEN, each one of said different enzymatic activities having their own DNA processing efficiency.
In another preferred embodiment, the compact TALEN according to the present invention further comprises:
In other words, said unique compact TALEN monomer further comprises:
In another more preferred embodiment, said enhancer domain is fused to N-terminus of the core TALE scaffold part of said compact TALEN entity. In another more preferred embodiment, said enhancer domain is fused to C-terminus of the core TALE scaffold part of said compact TALEN entity. In another more preferred embodiment, said enhancer domain is fused to the catalytic domain part of said compact TALEN entity. In another more preferred embodiment, said enhancer domain is fused between the N-terminus part of the core TALE scaffold and the catalytic part of said compact TALEN entity. In another more preferred embodiment, said enhancer domain is fused between the C-terminus part of the core TALE scaffold and the catalytic part of said compact TALEN entity. In the scope of the present invention, it can be envisioned to insert said catalytic domain and/or enhancer domain between two parts of the engineered core TALE scaffold according to the invention, each part comprising one set of RVDs. In this last case, the number of RVDs for each engineered core TALE scaffold can be the same or not. In other words, it can be envisioned to split said core TALE scaffold of the present invention to insert one catalytic domain and/or one enhancer domain between the resulting two parts of said engineered core TALE scaffold.
In another preferred embodiment, said enhancer domain is catalytically active or not, providing functional and/or structural support to said compact TALEN entity. In a more preferred embodiment, said enhancer domain consists of a protein domain selected from the group consisting of MmeI, Colicin-E7 (CEA7_ECOLX), Colicin-E9, APFL, EndA, Endo I (END1_ECOLI), Human Endo G (NUCG_HUMAN), Bovine Endo G (NUCG_BOVIN), R.HinP1I, I-BasI, I-BmoI, I-HmuI, I-TevI, 1-TevII, 1-TevIII, 1-TwoI, R.MspI, R.MvaI, NucA, NucM, Vvn, Vvn_CLS, Staphylococcal nuclease (NUC_STAAU), Staphylococcal nuclease (NUC_STAHY), Micrococcal nuclease (NUC_SHIFL), Endonuclease yncB, Endodeoxyribonuclease I (ENRN_BPT7), Metnase, Nb.BsrDI, BsrDI A, Nt.BspD6I (R.BspD6I large subunit), ss.BspD6I (R.BspD6I small subunit), R.PleI, MlyI, AlwI, Mva12691, BsrI, BsmI, Nb.BtsCI, Nt.BtsCI, R1.BtsI, R2.BtsI, BbvCI subunit 1, BbvCI subunit 2, Bpu10I alpha subunit, Bpu10I beta subunit, BmrI, BfiI, 1-CreI, hExoI (EXO1_HUMAN), Yeast ExoI (EXO1_YEAST), E. coli ExoI, Human TREX2, Mouse TREX1, Human TREX1, Bovine TREX1, Rat TREX1, Human DNA2, Yeast DNA2 (DNA2_YEAST) and VP16, as listed in Table 2 (SEQ ID NO: 10 to SEQ ID NO: 66 and SEQ ID NO: 1, 366 & 367), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative of these protein domains thereof. In another more preferred embodiment, said enhancer domain consists of a catalytically active derivative of the protein domains listed above and in Table 2, providing functional and/or structural support to said compact TALEN entity. In another preferred embodiment, said enhancer domain consists of a catalytically inactive derivative of the protein domains listed above and in Table 2, providing structural support to said compact TALEN entity. In another preferred embodiment, said enhancer domain is selected from the group consisting of 1-TevI (SEQ ID NO: 20), ColE7 (SEQ ID NO: 11) and NucA (SEQ ID NO: 26).
In a more preferred embodiment, said enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention can comprise a second enhancer domain. In this embodiment, said second enhancer domain can have the same characteristics than the first enhancer domain. In a more preferred embodiment, said second enhancer domain provides structural support to enhanced compact TALEN entity. In another more preferred embodiment, said second enhancer domain provides functional support to enhanced compact TALEN entity. In a more preferred embodiment, said second enhancer domain provides structural and functional supports to enhanced compact TALEN entity. In a more preferred embodiment, said enhanced compact TALEN entity comprises one catalytic domain and one enhancer domain. In another more preferred embodiment said enhanced compact TALEN entity comprises one catalytic domain and two enhancer domains. In another more preferred embodiment said enhanced compact TALEN entity comprises two catalytic domains and one enhancer domains. In another more preferred embodiment said enhanced compact TALEN entity comprises two catalytic domains and two enhancer domains.
In a more preferred embodiment, said second enhancer domain consists of a protein domain derived from a protein selected from the group consisting of MmeI, Colicin-E7 (CEA7_ECOLX), Colicin-E9, APFL, EndA, Endo 1 (END1_ECOLI), Human Endo G (NUCG_HUMAN), Bovine Endo G (NUCG_BOVIN), R.HinP1I, 1-BasI, I-BmoI, I-HmuI, 1-TevI, 1-TevII, 1-TevIII, 1-TwoI, R.MspI, R.MvaI, NucA, NucM, Vvn, Vvn_CLS, Staphylococcal nuclease (NUC_STAAU), Staphylococcal nuclease (NUC_STAHY), Micrococcal nuclease (NUC_SHIFL), Endonuclease yncB, Endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (ENRN_BPT7), Metnase, Nb.BsrDI, BsrDI A, Nt.BspD6I (R.BspD6I large subunit), ss.BspD6I (R.BspD6I small subunit), R.PleI, MlyI, AlwI, Mva12691, BsrI, BsmI, Nb.BtsCI, Nt.BtsCI, R1.BtsI, R2.BtsI, BbvCI subunit 1, BbvCI subunit 2, Bpu10I alpha subunit, Bpu10I beta subunit, BmrI, BfiI, I-CreI, hExoI (EXO1_HUMAN), Yeast ExoI (EXO1_YEAST), E. coli ExoI, Human TREX2, Mouse TREX1, Human TREX1, Bovine TREX1, Rat TREX1, Human DNA2, Yeast DNA2 (DNA2_YEAST) and VP16, as listed in Table 2 (SEQ ID NO: 10 to SEQ ID NO: 66 and SEQ ID NO: 1, 366 & 367), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative of these protein domains thereof. In another more preferred embodiment, said second enhancer domain consists of a catalytically active derivative of the protein domains listed above and in Table 2, providing functional and/or structural support to said enhanced compact TALEN entity. In another preferred embodiment, said second enhancer domain consists of a catalytically inactive derivative of the protein domains listed above and in Table 2, providing structural support to said enhanced compact TALEN entity.
In another more preferred embodiment, any combinations of catalytic and/or enhancer domains listed above, as non-limiting examples, can be envisioned to be fused to said core TALE scaffold providing structural and/or functional support to said compact TALEN entity. More preferably, combinations of catalytic domains listed in Table 14. Again more preferably, combinations of catalytic domains selected from the group of TevI (SEQ ID NO: 20), ColE7 (SEQ ID NO: 11) and NucA (SEQ ID NO: 26) can be envisioned. Optionally, FokI (SEQ ID NO: 368) can be used in combination with another catalytic domain according to the list of Tablet. Such combinations of catalytic and/or enhancer domains can be envisioned regarding the envisioned applications for using the method of the present invention.
Depending from its structural composition [type of core TALE scaffold, type of catalytic domain(s) with associated enzymatic activities, type of linker(s) and type of enhancer(s) domains], an enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention can present different levels of separate enzymatic activities able to differently process DNA, resulting in a global DNA processing efficiency for said enhanced compact TALEN, each one of said different enzymatic activities having their own DNA processing efficiency.
In this preferred embodiment, the DNA processing efficiency of the compact TALEN entity according to the present invention can be enhanced by the engineering of at least one enhancer domain and one peptidic linker thereby obtaining a compact TALEN entity with enhanced DNA processing activity nearby a single double-stranded DNA target sequence of interest, i.e a enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention.
Depending from its structural composition, the global DNA processing efficiency that is enhanced in said enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention, can have a dominant enzymatic activity selected from the group consisting of a nuclease activity, a polymerase activity, a kinase activity, a phosphatase activity, a methylase activity, a topoisomerase activity, an integrase activity, a transposase activity or a ligase activity as non-limiting examples. In a more preferred embodiment, the global DNA processing efficiency that is enhanced in said enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention is a combination of different enzymatic activities selected from the group consisting of a nuclease activity, a polymerase activity, a kinase activity, a phosphatase activity, a methylase activity, a topoisomerase activity, an integrase activity, a transposase activity or a ligase activity as non-limiting examples. In a more preferred embodiment, the global DNA processing efficiency that is enhanced in said enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention is one of its different enzymatic activities selected from the group consisting of a nuclease activity, a polymerase activity, a kinase activity, a phosphatase activity, a methylase activity, a topoisomerase activity, an integrase activity, a transposase activity or a ligase activity as non-limiting examples. In this case, the global DNA processing efficiency is equivalent to one DNA processing activity amongst the enzymatic activities mentioned above. In another more preferred embodiment, said DNA processing activity of the compact TALEN entity which is enhanced by the enhancer is a cleavase activity or a nickase activity or a combination of both a cleavase activity and a nickase activity.
Enhancement of DNA processing efficiency of a compact TALEN entity according to the present invention can be a consequence of a structural support by said at least one enhancer domain. In a preferred embodiment, said structural support enhances the binding of a compact TALEN entity according to the invention for said DNA target sequence compared to the binding of a starting compact TALEN entity for the same DNA target sequence, thereby indirectly assisting the catalytic domain(s) to obtain a compact TALEN entity with enhanced DNA processing activity. In another preferred embodiment, said structural support enhances the existing catalytical activity of a compact TALEN entity for a DNA target sequence compared to the binding of a starting compact TALEN entity for the same DNA target sequence to obtain a compact TALEN entity with enhanced DNA processing activity.
In another preferred embodiment, said enhancer according to the present invention both enhances the binding of the compact TALEN entity for said DNA target sequence and the catalytic activity of the catalytic domain(s) to obtain a compact TALEN entity with enhanced DNA processing activity. All these non-limiting examples lead to a compact TALEN entity with enhanced DNA processing efficiency for a DNA target sequence at a genomic locus of interest, i.e an enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention.
Enhancement of DNA processing efficiency of a compact TALEN entity according to the present invention, compared to a starting compact TALEN entity, can also be a consequence of a functional support by said at least one enhancer domain. In a preferred embodiment, said functional support can be the consequence of the hydrolysis of additional phosphodiester bonds. In a more preferred embodiment, said functional support can be the hydrolysis of additional phosphodiester bonds by a protein domain derived from a nuclease. In a more preferred embodiment, said functional support can be the hydrolysis of additional phosphodiester bonds by a protein domain derived from an endonuclease. In a more preferred embodiment, said functional support can be the hydrolysis of additional phosphodiester bonds by a protein domain derived from a cleavase. In another more preferred embodiment, said functional support can be the hydrolysis of additional phosphodiester bonds by a protein domain derived from a nickase. In a more preferred embodiment, said functional support can be the hydrolysis of additional phosphodiester bonds by a protein domain derived from an exonuclease.
In genome engineering experiments, the efficiency of rare-cutting endonuclease, e.g. their ability to induce a desired event (Homologous gene targeting, targeted mutagenesis, sequence removal or excision) at a locus, depends on several parameters, including the specific activity of the nuclease, probably the accessibility of the target, and the efficacy and outcome of the repair pathway(s) resulting in the desired event (homologous repair for gene targeting, NHEJ pathways for targeted mutagenesis).
Cleavage by peptidic rare cutting endonucleases usually generates cohesive ends, with 3′ overhangs for LAGLIDADG meganucleases (Chevalier and Stoddard 2001) and 5′ overhangs for Zinc Finger Nucleases (Smith, Bibikova et al. 2000). These ends, which result from hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds, can be re-ligated in vivo by NHEJ in a seamless way (i.e a scarless re-ligation). The restoration of a cleavable target sequence allows for a new cleavage event by the same endonuclease, and thus, a series of futile cycles of cleavage and re-ligation events can take place. Indirect evidences have shown that even in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, such cycles could take place upon continuous cleavage by the HO endonuclease (Lee, Paques et al. 1999). In mammalian cells, several experiment have shown that perfect re-ligation of compatible cohesive ends resulting from two independent but close I-SceI-induced DSBs is an efficient process (Guirouilh-Barbat, Huck et al. 2004; Guirouilh-Barbat, Rass et al. 2007; Bennardo, Cheng et al. 2008; Bennardo, Gunn et al. 2009). Absence of the Ku DNA repair protein does not significantly affect the overall frequency of NHEJ events rejoining the ends from the two DSBs; however it very strongly enhances the contribution of imprecise NHEJ to the repair process in CHO immortalized cells and mouse ES cells (Guirouilh-Barbat, Huck et al. 2004; Guirouilh-Barbat, Rass et al. 2007; Bennardo, Cheng et al. 2008). Furthermore, the absence of Ku stimulates I-SceI-induced events such as imprecise NHEJ (Bennardo, Cheng et al. 2008), single-strand annealing (Bennardo, Cheng et al. 2008) and gene conversion (Pierce, Hu et al. 2001; Bennardo, Cheng et al. 2008) in mouse ES cells. Similar observations shave been made with cells deficient for the XRCC4 repair protein (Pierce, Hu et al. 2001; Guirouilh-Barbat, Rass et al. 2007; Bennardo, Gunn et al. 2009) (although XRCC4 deficiency affects the overall level of NHEJ in CHO cells (Guirouilh-Barbat, Rass et al. 2007)) or for DNA-PK (Pierce, Hu et al. 2001). In contrast, knock-down of CtIP has been shown to suppresses “alt-NHEJ” (a Ku- and XRCC4-independent form of NHEJ more prone to result in imprecise NHEJ), single-strand annealing and gene conversion, while not affecting the overall level of rejoining of two compatible ends generated by I-SceI (Bennardo, Cheng et al. 2008). Thus, competition between different DSB repair pathways can affect the spectrum or repair events resulting from a nuclease-induced DSB.
In addition, DSB resection is important for certain DSB pathways. Extensive DSB resection, resulting in the generation of large single stranded regions (a few hundred nucleotides at least), has been shown in yeast to initiate single strand annealing (Sugawara and Haber 1992) and strand invasion, the ATP-dependent step that initiates many homologous recombination events of DNA duplex invasion by an homologous strand that (White and Haber 1990; Sun, Treco et al. 1991) (for a review of mechanisms, see (Paques and Haber 1999)). In eukaryotic cells DSB resection depends on several proteins including BLM/Sgs1 and DNA2, EXOI, and the MRN complex (Mre11, Rad50, Nbs1/Xrs2) and is thought to result from different pathways. MRN is involved in a small scale resection process, while two redundant pathways depending on BLM and DNA2 on one hand, and on EXOI on another hand, would be involved in extensive resection (Mimitou and Symington 2008; Nimonkar, Genschel et al. 2011). In addition, processing ends involving a damaged nucleotide (resulting from chemical cleavage or from a bulk adduct), requires the CtIP/Sae2 protein together with RM N (Sartori, Lukas et al. 2007; Buis, Wu et al. 2008; Hartsuiker, Mizuno et al. 2009). Over-expression of the Trex2 exonuclease was shown to strongly stimulate imperfect NHEJ associated with loss of only a few base pairs (Bennardo, Gunn et al. 2009), while it inhibited various kinds of DNA repair events between distant sequences (such as Single-strand annealing, NHEJ between ends from different breaks, or NHEJ repair of a single DSB involving remote micro-homologies). In the same study, it was suggested that Trex2 did resect the 3′ overhangs let by I-SceI in a non processive way. Thus, the type of stimulated pathway could in turn depend on the type of resection (length of resection, single strand vs. double strand, resection of 5′ strand vs. 3′ strand).
Thus, the efficiency of a compact TALEN, e.g. it ability to produce a desired event such as targeted mutagenesis or homologous gene targeting (see definition for full definition of “efficiency of compact TALEN”), can be enhanced by an enhancement or modification of its global DNA processing efficiency (see definition for full definition of “global DNA processing efficiency”), e.g. the global resultant or the overall result of different separate enzymatic activities that said compact TALEN.
In a preferred embodiment, enhancement of global DNA processing efficiency of a compact TALEN entity according to the present invention, compared to a starting compact TALEN entity, can be the hydrolysis of additional phosphodiester bonds at the cleavage site.
Said hydrolysis of additional phosphodiester bonds at the cleavage site by said at least one enhancer according to the invention can lead to different types of DSB resection affecting at said DSB cleavage site, one single DNA strand or both DNA strands, affecting either 5′ overhangs ends, either 3′ overhangs ends, or both ends and depending on the length of said resection. Thus, adding new nickase or cleavase activities to the existing cleavase activity of a compact TALEN entity can enhance the efficiency of the resulting enhanced compact TALEN according to the invention, at a genomic locus of interest (
In this aspect of the present invention, enhancement of DNA processing efficiency of a compact TALEN refers to the increase in the detected level of said DNA processing efficiency, against a target DNA sequence, of a compact TALEN in comparison to the activity of a first compact TALEN against the same target DNA sequence. Said first compact TALEN can be a starting compact TALEN, or a compact TALEN that has already been engineered or an enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention. Several rounds of enhancement can be envisioned from a starting compact TALEN or from a starting enhanced compact TALEN.
In this aspect of the present invention, enhancement of the DNA processing efficiency of the compact TALEN entity (or enhanced compact TALEN) refers to the increase in the detected level of said DNA processing efficiency against a target DNA sequence of interest or nearby said DNA sequence of interest in comparison to the efficiency of a first compact TALEN or starting compact TALEN against or nearby the same target DNA sequence. In this case, the starting compact TALEN is taken as the reference scaffold to measure the DNA processing efficiency. Said enhanced compact TALEN is an engineered compact TALEN comprising an enhancer domain according to this aspect of the invention. Said enhanced compact TALEN can also be taken as a reference scaffold for further enhancement in said DNA processing efficiency. As a non-limiting example, said DNA processing efficiency can result from a cleavage-induced recombination generated by said enhanced compact TALEN. In this case, said level of cleavage-induced recombination can be determined, for instance, by a cell-based recombination assay as described in the International PCT Application WO 2004/067736. Importantly, enhancement of efficacy in cells (enhanced generation of targeted mutagenesis or targeted recombination) can be, but is not necessarily associated with an enhancement of the cleavage activity that could be detected in certain in vitro assays. For example, additional phosphodiesterase activities as described in
In another preferred embodiment according to the method of the present invention, the peptidic linker that can link said enhancer domain to one part of said compact TALEN entity according to the method of the present invention can be selected from the group consisting of NFS1, NFS2, CFS1, RM2, BQY, QGPSG, LGPDGRKA, 1a8h_1, 1dnpA_1, 1d8cA_2, 1ckqA_3, 1sbp_1, 1ev7A_1, 1alo_3, 1amf_1, 1adjA_3, 1fcdC_1, 1al3_2, 1g3p_1, 1acc_3, 1ahjB_1, 1acc_1, 1af7_1, 1heiA_1, 1bia_2, 1igtB_1, 1nfkA_1, 1au7A_1, 1bpoB_1, 1b0 pA_2, 1c05A_2, 1gcb_1, 1bt3A_1, 1 b3oB_2, 16vpA_6, 1dhx_1, 1b8aA_1 and 1qu6A_1 as listed in table 3 (SEQ ID NO: 67 to SEQ ID NO: 104 and SEQ ID NO: 372 to SEQ ID NO: 415). In a more preferred embodiment, the peptidic linker that can said enhancer domain to one part of said compact TALEN entity according to the method of the present invention can be selected from the group consisting of NFS1 (SEQ ID NO: 98), NFS2 (SEQ ID NO: 99) and CFS1 (SEQ ID NO: 100). In the scope of the present invention is also encompassed the case where a peptidic linker is not needed to fuse one enhancer domain to one part of said compact TALEN entity in order to obtain a enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention.
Depending from its structural composition [type of core TALE scaffold, type of catalytic domain(s) with associated enzymatic activities, type of enhancers and eventually type of linker(s)], a compact TALEN or an enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention can comprise different levels of separate enzymatic activities able to differently process DNA as mentioned above. By adding new enzymatic activities to said compact TALEN or enhanced compact TALEN or enhancing the DNA processing efficiency of one or several of its constitutive enzymatic activities, one can enhance the global DNA processing efficiency of one compact TALEN or enhanced compact TALEN in comparison to a starting compact TALEN or enhanced compact TALEN.
According to the present invention, compact TALENs are designed to alleviate the need for multiple independent protein moieties when targeting a DNA processing event. Importantly, the requisite “spacer” region and dual target sites essential for the function of current TALENs are unnecessary, as compact TALENs according to the invention comprises a core TALE scaffold containing only one DNA binding domain to target a specific single double-stranded DNA target sequence of interest and process DNA nearby said single double-stranded DNA target sequence of interest. As each end of the core TALE scaffold is amenable to fusion, the order (N- vs. C-terminal) of addition of the catalytic and enhancement domains can vary with the application. In addition, since the catalytic domain does not require specific DNA contacts, there are no restrictions on regions surrounding the core TALE scaffold, as non-limiting examples depicted in
According to the present invention, compact TALENs can be enhanced through the addition of a domain to promote existing or alternate activities as non-limiting examples depicted in
According to the present invention, the nature of the catalytic domain(s) comprised in the compact TALEN and the enhanced compact TALEN is application dependent. As a non-limiting example, a nickase domain should allow for a higher HR/NHEJ ratio than a cleavase domain, thereby being more agreeable for therapeutic applications (McConnell Smith, Takeuchi et al. 2009; Metzger, McConnell-Smith et al. 2011). For example, the coupling of a cleavase domain on one side with a nickase domain on the other could result in excision of a single-strand of DNA spanning the binding region of a compact TALEN. The targeted generation of extended single-strand overhangs could be applied in applications that target DNA repair mechanisms. For targeted gene inactivation, the use of two cleavase domains is then preferred. In another preferred embodiment, the use of two nickase domains can be favored. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for generating several distinct types of compact TALENs that can be applied to applications ranging from targeted DNA cleavage to targeted gene regulation.
The present invention also relates to methods for use of said compact TALENs according to the invention for various applications ranging from targeted DNA cleavage to targeted gene regulation. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method for increasing targeted HR (and NHEJ) when Double-Strand break activity is promoted in a compact TALEN targeting a DNA target sequence according to the invention. In another more preferred embodiment, the addition of at least two catalytically active cleavase enhancer domains according to the invention allows to increase Double-strand break-induced mutagenesis by leading to a loss of genetic information and preventing any scarless re-ligation of targeted genomic locus of interest by NHEJ.
In another preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method for increasing targeted HR with less NHEJ (i.e in a more conservative fashion) when Single-Strand Break activity is promoted in a compact TALEN targeting a DNA target sequence according to the invention.
In another preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method for increasing excision of a single-strand of DNA spanning the binding region of a compact TALEN when both one cleavase enhancer domain and one nickase enhancer domain, respectively, are fused to both N-terminus and C-terminus of a core TALE scaffold according to the invention.
In another preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method for treatment of a genetic disease caused by a mutation in a specific single double-stranded DNA target sequence in a gene, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a variant of a compact TALEN according to the present invention.
In another preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method for inserting a transgene into a specific single double-stranded DNA target sequence of a genomic locus of a cell, tissue or non-human animal, or a plant wherein at least one compact TALEN of the present invention is transitory or not introduced into said cell, tissue, non-human animal or plant.
In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a method to modulate the activity of a compact TALEN when expressed in a cell wherein said method comprises the step of introducing in said cell an auxiliary domain modulating the activity of said compact TALEN. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method which allows to have a temporal control of activity of a compact TALEN when expressed in a cell by introducing in said cell an auxiliary domain modulating the activity of said compact TALEN once said compact TALEN achieved its activity (DNA cleavage, DNA nicking or other DNA processing activities). In a preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method to inhibit the activity of a compact TALEN when expressed in a cell wherein said method comprises the step of introducing in said cell an auxiliary domain inhibiting the activity of said compact TALEN. In a more preferred embodiment, the catalytic domain of said compact TALEN is NucA (SEQ ID NO: 26) and said auxiliary domain is NuiA (SEQ ID NO: 229), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof. In another more preferred embodiment, the catalytic domain of said compact TALEN is ColE7 (SEQ ID NO: 11) and said auxiliary domain is Im7 (SEQ ID NO: 230), a functional mutant, a variant or a derivative thereof.
Is also encompassed in the scope of the present invention a recombinant polynucleotide encoding a compact TALEN, a dual compact TALEN, or an enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention. Is also encompassed in the scope of the present invention, a vector comprising a recombinant polynucleotide encoding for a compact TALEN or an enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention.
Is also encompassed in the scope of the present invention, a host cell which comprises a vector and/or a recombinant polynucleotide encoding for a compact TALEN or an enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention.
Is also encompassed in the scope of the present invention, a non-human transgenic animal comprising a vector and/or a recombinant polynucleotide encoding for a compact TALEN or an enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention.
Is also encompassed in the scope of the present invention, a transgenic plant comprising a vector and/or a recombinant polynucleotide encoding for a compact TALEN or an enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention.
The present invention also relates to kits used to implement the method according to the present invention. More preferably, is encompassed in the scope of the present invention, a kit comprising a compact TALEN or an enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention and instructions for use said kit in enhancing DNA processing efficiency of a single double-stranded DNA target sequence of interest.
For purposes of therapy, the compact TALENs of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient are administered in a therapeutically effective amount. Such a combination is said to be administered in a “therapeutically effective amount” if the amount administered is physiologically significant. An agent is physiologically significant if its presence results in a detectable change in the physiology of the recipient. In the present context, an agent is physiologically significant if its presence results in a decrease in the severity of one or more symptoms of the targeted disease and in a genome correction of the lesion or abnormality. Vectors comprising targeting DNA and/or nucleic acid encoding a compact TALEN can be introduced into a cell by a variety of methods (e.g., injection, direct uptake, projectile bombardment, liposomes, electroporation). Compact TALENs can be stably or transiently expressed into cells using expression vectors. Techniques of expression in eukaryotic cells are well known to those in the art. (See Current Protocols in Human Genetics: Chapter 12 “Vectors For Gene Therapy” & Chapter 13 “Delivery Systems for Gene Therapy”).
In one further aspect of the present invention, the compact TALEN of the present invention is substantially non-immunogenic, i.e., engender little or no adverse immunological response. A variety of methods for ameliorating or eliminating deleterious immunological reactions of this sort can be used in accordance with the invention. In a preferred embodiment, the compact TALEN is substantially free of N-formyl methionine. Another way to avoid unwanted immunological reactions is to conjugate compact TALEN to polyethylene glycol (“PEG”) or polypropylene glycol (“PPG”) (preferably of 500 to 20,000 daltons average molecular weight (MW)). Conjugation with PEG or PPG, as described by Davis et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,337) for example, can provide non-immunogenic, physiologically active, water soluble compact TALEN conjugates with anti-viral activity. Similar methods also using a polyethylene-polypropylene glycol copolymer are described in Saifer et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,006,333).
In another aspect of the present invention is a composition comprising a compact TALEN or an enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention and a carrier. More preferably, is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compact TALEN or an enhanced compact TALEN according to the present invention and a pharmaceutically active carrier known in the state of the art.
In the scope of the present invention and for all the applications mentioned above, it can be envisioned to use more than one compact TALEN (i.e one compact TALEN active entity) or more than one enhanced compact TALENs (i.e one enhanced compact TALEN active entity) for DNA processing according to the invention. In a preferred embodiment, two different compact TALENs or two enhanced compact TALENs can be used. In this embodiment, as non-limiting examples, said two different compact TALENs can comprise the same core TALE scaffold or not; said two different compact TALENs can comprise the same set of Repeat Variable Dipeptides or not; said two different compact TALENs can comprise the same catalytic domain or not. When two identical compact TALEN5 active entities are used for DNA processing according to the invention, they can be considered as a homodimeric pair of compact TALEN5 active entities. When two non identical compact TALEN5 active entities are used for DNA processing according to the invention, they can be considered as a heterodimeric pair of compact TALEN5 active entities. As non-limiting example, when two compact TALEN according to the present invention are used, one of the compact TALEN can modulate the activity of the other one, leading for instance to an enhanced DNA processing event compared to the same DNA processing event achieved by only one compact TALEN; in this non-limiting example, a Trans-TALEN modulates and enhances the catalytic activity of an initial compact TALEN.
In another preferred embodiment, three compact TALEN5 or three enhanced compact TALEN5 can be used. In another preferred embodiment, more than three compact TALEN5 or three enhanced compact TALEN5 can be used for DNA processing according to the invention. In another preferred embodiment, a combination of compact TALEN5 and enhanced compact TALEN5 can be used for DNA processing according to the invention. As a non-limiting example, one compact TALEN and one enhanced compact TALEN can be used. As another non-limiting example, one compact TALEN and one dual-cleavage compact TALEN can be used. In another preferred embodiment, a combination of compact TALEN5, enhanced compact TALEN5 and dual-cleavage compact TALEN5 can be used, said compact TALEN5 comprising the same catalytic domain or not, the same core TALE scaffold or not. When several compact TALEN5 have to be used, DNA target sequence for each compact TALEN5 of the combination to be used can be located on a same endogenous genomic DNA locus of interest or not. Said DNA target sequences can be located at an approximative distance of 1000 base pairs (bps). More preferably, said DNA target sequences can be located at an approximative distance of 500 bps or 200 bps, or 100 bps, or 50 bps, or 20 bps, 19 bps, 18 bps, 17 bps, 16 bps, 15 bps, 14 bps, 13 bps, 12 bps, 11 bps, 10 bps, 9 bps, 8 bps, 7 bps, 6 bps, 5 bps, 4 bps, 3 bps, 2 bps, 1 bp. Said DNA target sequences located at distances mentioned above are “nearby” DNA sequences in reference to the target DNA sequence for DNA processing according to the present invention.
In another preferred embodiment, two compact TALEN5 active entities can be used as a way of achieving two different DNA processing activities nearby a DNA target sequence according to the invention. As a non-limiting example, two compact TALEN5 targeting said DNA sequence or DNA sequences nearby said targeted DNA sequence and comprising each one a nickase-derived catalytic domain can be used; in this case, this use of two compact TALENs active entities can represent an alternative way of achieving a Double Strand Break nearby a said DNA target sequence, compared to the use of one compact TALEN targeting said DNA sequence and comprising a cleavase-derived catalytic domain, or not. As another non-limiting example, one compact TALEN comprising a cleavase-derived domain and one compact TALEN comprising an exonuclease-derived domain can be used to make a Double Strand Break and create a gap, respectively, to achieve an imprecise NHEJ event at the genomic locus of interest comprising said DNA target sequence. In this case, even if each compact TALEN forming this heterodimeric pair of compact TALENs is active by itself, each of these active entities is dependent of the other one to achieve the wanted resulting DNA processing activity. Indeed, in this particular case, the wanted resulting activity is a gap created by the exonuclease activity, said exonuclease activity being possible only from the Double Strand Break achieved by the cleavase domain of the other compact TALENs. In the scope of the present invention, is also envisioned the case where two identical compact TALEN active entities (a homodimeric pair of compact TALENs) are dependent each other to achieve a wanted resulting DNA processing activity.
When several compact TALENs have to be used in a particular genome engineering application, DNA target sequence for each compact TALENs of the combination to be used can be located on a same endogenous genomic DNA locus of interest or not. Said DNA target sequences can be located at an approximative distance of 1-1000 base pairs (bps), more preferably 1-500 bps, more preferably 1-100 bps, more preferably 1-100 bps, more preferably 1-50 bps, more preferably 1-25 bps, more preferably 1-10 bps. In another embodiment, said DNA target sequence for each compact TALENs of the combination to be used can be located on the same DNA strand or not. Said DNA target sequences located at distances mentioned above are “nearby” DNA sequences in reference to the target DNA sequence for DNA processing according to the present invention.
Rare-cutting endonucleases can also be for example TALENs, a new class of chimeric nucleases using a FokI catalytic domain and a DNA binding domain derived from Transcription Activator Like Effector (TALE), a family of proteins used in the infection process by plant pathogens of the Xanthomonas genus (Boch, Scholze et al. 2009; Boch, Scholze et al. 2009; Moscou and Bogdanove 2009; Moscou and Bogdanove 2009; Christian, Cermak et al. 2010; Christian, Cermak et al. 2010; Li, Huang et al. 2010; Li, Huang et al. 2011). The functional layout of a FokI-based TALE-nuclease (TALEN) is essentially that of a ZFN, with the Zinc-finger DNA binding domain being replaced by the TALE domain. As such, DNA cleavage by a TALEN requires two DNA recognition regions flanking an unspecific central region. Rare-cutting endonucleases encompassed in the present invention can also be derived from TALENs. The authors of the present invention have developed a new type of TALENs that can be engineered to specifically recognize and process target DNA efficiently. These novel “compact TALENs” (cTALENs) do not require dimerization for DNA processing activity, thereby alleviating the need for “dual” target sites with intervening DNA “spacers”; these compact TALENs can be seen as one subclass of rare-cutting endonucleases or chimeric rare-cutting endonucleases according to the present invention.
Rare-cutting endonuclease can be a homing endonuclease, also known under the name of meganuclease. Such homing endonucleases are well-known to the art (Stoddard 2005). Homing endonucleases recognize a DNA target sequence and generate a single- or double-strand break. Homing endonucleases are highly specific, recognizing DNA target sites ranging from 12 to 45 base pairs (bp) in length, usually ranging from 14 to 40 bp in length. The homing endonuclease according to the invention may for example correspond to a LAGLIDADG endonuclease, to a HNH endonuclease, or to a GIY-YIG endonuclease.
In the wild, meganucleases are essentially represented by homing endonucleases. Homing Endonucleases (HEs) are a widespread family of natural meganucleases including hundreds of proteins families (Chevalier and Stoddard 2001). These proteins are encoded by mobile genetic elements which propagate by a process called “homing”: the endonuclease cleaves a cognate allele from which the mobile element is absent, thereby stimulating a homologous recombination event that duplicates the mobile DNA into the recipient locus. Given their exceptional cleavage properties in terms of efficacy and specificity, they could represent ideal scaffolds to derive novel, highly specific endonucleases.
HEs belong to four major families. The LAGLIDADG family, named after a conserved peptidic motif involved in the catalytic center, is the most widespread and the best characterized group. Seven structures are now available. Whereas most proteins from this family are monomeric and display two LAGLIDADG motifs, a few have only one motif, and thus dimerize to cleave palindromic or pseudo-palindromic target sequences.
Although the LAGLIDADG peptide is the only conserved region among members of the family, these proteins share a very similar architecture. The catalytic core is flanked by two DNA-binding domains with a perfect two-fold symmetry for homodimers such as I-CreI (Chevalier, Monnat et al. 2001), I-MsoI (Chevalier, Turmel et al. 2003) and I-CeuI (Spiegel, Chevalier et al. 2006) and with a pseudo symmetry for monomers such as I-SceI (Moure, Gimble et al. 2003), I-DmoI (Silva, Dalgaard et al. 1999) or I-Anil (Bolduc, Spiegel et al. 2003). Both monomers and both domains (for monomeric proteins) contribute to the catalytic core, organized around divalent cations. Just above the catalytic core, the two LAGLIDADG peptides also play an essential role in the dimerization interface. DNA binding depends on two typical saddle-shaped αββαββα folds, sitting on the DNA major groove. Other domains can be found, for example in inteins such as PI-
The making of functional chimeric meganucleases, by fusing the N-terminal I-DmoI domain with an I-CreI monomer (Chevalier, Kortemme et al. 2002; Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003); International PCT Application WO 03/078619 (Cellectis) and WO 2004/031346 (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Stoddard et al)) have demonstrated the plasticity of LAGLIDADG proteins.
Different groups have also used a semi-rational approach to locally alter the specificity of the I-CreI (Seligman, Stephens et al. 1997; Sussman, Chadsey et al. 2004); International PCT Applications WO 2006/097784, WO 2006/097853, WO 2007/060495 and WO 2007/049156 (Cellectis); (Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Rosen, Morrison et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006), I-SceI (Doyon, Pattanayak et al. 2006), PI-SceI (Gimble, Moure et al. 2003) and I-MsoI (Ashworth, Havranek et al. 2006).
In addition, hundreds of I-CreI derivatives with locally altered specificity were engineered by combining the semi-rational approach and High Throughput Screening:
Two different variants were combined and assembled in a functional heterodimeric endonuclease able to cleave a chimeric target resulting from the fusion of two different halves of each variant DNA target sequence ((Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006); International PCT Applications WO 2006/097854 and WO 2007/034262).
Furthermore, residues 28 to 40 and 44 to 77 of I-CreI were shown to form two partially separable functional subdomains, able to bind distinct parts of a homing endonuclease target half-site (Smith, Grizot et al. 2006); International PCT Applications WO 2007/049095 and WO 2007/057781 (Cellectis)).
The combination of mutations from the two subdomains of I-CreI within the same monomer allowed the design of novel chimeric molecules (homodimers) able to cleave a palindromic combined DNA target sequence comprising the nucleotides at positions ±3 to 5 and ±8 to 10 which are bound by each subdomain ((Smith, Grizot et al. 2006); International PCT Applications WO 2007/049095 and WO 2007/057781 (Cellectis)).
The method for producing meganuclease variants and the assays based on cleavage-induced recombination in mammal or yeast cells, which are used for screening variants with altered specificity are described in the International PCT Application WO 2004/067736; (Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006). These assays result in a functional LacZ reporter gene which can be monitored by standard methods.
The combination of the two former steps allows a larger combinatorial approach, involving four different subdomains. The different subdomains can be modified separately and combined to obtain an entirely redesigned meganuclease variant (heterodimer or single-chain molecule) with chosen specificity. In a first step, couples of novel meganucleases are combined in new molecules (“half-meganucleases”) cleaving palindromic targets derived from the target one wants to cleave. Then, the combination of such “half-meganucleases” can result in a heterodimeric species cleaving the target of interest. The assembly of four sets of mutations into heterodimeric endonucleases cleaving a model target sequence or a sequence from different genes has been described in the following Cellectis International patent applications: XPC gene (WO2007/093918), RAG gene (WO2008/010093), HPRT gene (WO2008/059382), beta-2 microglobulin gene (WO2008/102274), Rosa26 gene (WO2008/152523), Human hemoglobin beta gene (WO2009/13622) and Human interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain gene (WO2009019614).
These variants can be used to cleave genuine chromosomal sequences and have paved the way for novel perspectives in several fields, including gene therapy.
Examples of such endonuclease include I-Sce I, I-Chu I, I-Cre I, I-Csm I, PI-Sce I, PI-Tli I, PI-Mtu I, I-Ceu I, I-Sce II, I-Sce III, HO, PI-Civ I, PI-Ctr I, PI-Aae I, PI-Bsu I, PI-Dha I, PI-Dra I, PI-May I, PI-Mch I, PI-Mfu I, PI-Mfl I, PI-Mga I, PI-Mgo I, PI-Min I, PI-Mka I, PI-Mle I, PI-Mma I, PI-Msh I, PI-Msm I, PI-Mth I, PI-Mtu I, PI-Mxe I, PI-Npu I, PI-Pfu I, PI-Rma I, PI-Spb I, PI-Ssp I, PI-Fac I, PI-Mja I, PI-Pho I, PI-Tag I, PI-Thy I, PI-Tko I, PI-Tsp I, I-MsoI.
A homing endonuclease can be a LAGLIDADG endonuclease such as I-SceI, I-CreI, I-CeuI, I-MsoI, and I-DmoI.
Said LAGLIDADG endonuclease can be I-Sce I, a member of the family that contains two LAGLIDADG motifs and functions as a monomer, its molecular mass being approximately twice the mass of other family members like I-CreI which contains only one LAGLIDADG motif and functions as homodimers.
Endonucleases mentioned in the present application encompass both wild-type (naturally-occurring) and variant endonucleases. Endonucleases according to the invention can be a “variant” endonuclease, i.e. an endonuclease that does not naturally exist in nature and that is obtained by genetic engineering or by random mutagenesis, i.e. an engineered endonuclease. This variant endonuclease can for example be obtained by substitution of at least one residue in the amino acid sequence of a wild-type, naturally-occurring, endonuclease with a different amino acid. Said substitution(s) can for example be introduced by site-directed mutagenesis and/or by random mutagenesis. In the frame of the present invention, such variant endonucleases remain functional, i.e. they retain the capacity of recognizing (binding function) and optionally specifically cleaving a target sequence to initiate gene targeting process.
The variant endonuclease according to the invention cleaves a target sequence that is different from the target sequence of the corresponding wild-type endonuclease. Methods for obtaining such variant endonucleases with novel specificities are well-known in the art.
Endonucleases variants may be homodimers (meganuclease comprising two identical monomers) or heterodimers (meganuclease comprising two non-identical monomers). It is understood that the scope of the present invention also encompasses endonuclease variants per se, including heterodimers (WO2006097854), obligate heterodimers (WO2008093249) and single chain mega nucleases (WO03078619 and WO2009095793) as non limiting examples, able to cleave one target of interest in a polynucleotidic sequence or in a genome. The invention also encompasses hybrid variant per se composed of two monomers from different origins (WO03078619).
Endonucleases with novel specificities can be used in the method according to the present invention for gene targeting and thereby integrating a transgene of interest into a genome at a predetermined location.
Viral vectors include retrovirus, adenovirus, parvovirus (e. g. adenoassociated viruses), coronavirus, negative strand RNA viruses such as orthomyxovirus (e. g., influenza virus), rhabdovirus (e. g., rabies and vesicular stomatitis virus), paramyxovirus (e. g. measles and Sendai), positive strand RNA viruses such as picornavirus and alphavirus, and double-stranded DNA viruses including adenovirus, herpesvirus (e. g., Herpes Simplex virus types 1 and 2, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus), and poxvirus (e. g., vaccinia, fowlpox and canarypox). Other viruses include Norwalk virus, togavirus, flavivirus, reoviruses, papovavirus, hepadnavirus, and hepatitis virus, for example. Examples of retroviruses include: avian leukosis-sarcoma, mammalian C-type, B-type viruses, D type viruses, HTLV-BLV group, lentivirus, spumavirus (Coffin, J. M., Retroviridae: The viruses and their replication, In Fundamental Virology, Third Edition, B. N. Fields, et al., Eds., Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, 1996).
One type of preferred vector is an episome, i.e., a nucleic acid capable of extra-chromosomal replication. Preferred vectors are those capable of autonomous replication and/or expression of nucleic acids to which they are linked. Vectors capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked are referred to herein as “expression vectors. A vector according to the present invention comprises, but is not limited to, a YAC (yeast artificial chromosome), a BAC (bacterial artificial), a baculovirus vector, a phage, a phagemid, a cosmid, a viral vector, a plasmid, a RNA vector or a linear or circular DNA or RNA molecule which may consist of chromosomal, non chromosomal, semi-synthetic or synthetic DNA. In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of “plasmids” which refer generally to circular double stranded DNA loops which, in their vector form are not bound to the chromosome. Large numbers of suitable vectors are known to those of skill in the art. Vectors can comprise selectable markers, for example: neomycin phosphotransferase, histidinol dehydrogenase, dihydrofolate reductase, hygromycin phosphotransferase, herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase, adenosine deaminase, glutamine synthetase, and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase for eukaryotic cell culture; TRP1 for S. cerevisiae; tetracyclin, rifampicin or ampicillin resistance in E. coli. Preferably said vectors are expression vectors, wherein a sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest is placed under control of appropriate transcriptional and translational control elements to permit production or synthesis of said polypeptide. Therefore, said polynucleotide is comprised in an expression cassette. More particularly, the vector comprises a replication origin, a promoter operatively linked to said encoding polynucleotide, a ribosome binding site, a RNA-splicing site (when genomic DNA is used), a polyadenylation site and a transcription termination site. It also can comprise an enhancer or silencer elements. Selection of the promoter will depend upon the cell in which the polypeptide is expressed. Suitable promoters include tissue specific and/or inducible promoters. Examples of inducible promoters are: eukaryotic metallothionine promoter which is induced by increased levels of heavy metals, prokaryotic lacZ promoter which is induced in response to isopropyl-13-D-thiogalacto-pyranoside (IPTG) and eukaryotic heat shock promoter which is induced by increased temperature. Examples of tissue specific promoters are skeletal muscle creatine kinase, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), α-antitrypsin protease, human surfactant (SP) A and B proteins, β-casein and acidic whey protein genes.
Delivery vectors and vectors can be associated or combined with any cellular permeabilization techniques such as sonoporation or electroporation or derivatives of these techniques.
More preferably the plant is of the genus Arabidopsis, Nicotiana, Solanum, lactuca, Brassica, Oryza, Asparagus, Pisum, Medicago, Zea, Hordeum, Secale, Triticum, Capsicum, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Citrullis, Citrus, Sorghum; More preferably, the plant is of the species Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabaccum, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum melongena, Solanum esculentum, Lactuca saliva, Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Oryza glaberrima, Oryza sativa, Asparagus officinalis, Pisum sativum, Medicago sativa, Zea mays, Hordeum vulgare, Secale cereal, Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum, Capsicum sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus maxima, Citrus medica, Citrus reticulata.
More preferably the animal cell is of the genus Homo, Rattus, Mus, Sus, Bos, Danio, Canis, Felis, Equus, Salmo, Oncorhynchus, Gallus, Meleagris, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis; more preferably, the animal cell is of the species Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa, Bos taurus, Danio rerio, Canis lupus, Felis catus, Equus caballus, Salmo salar, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Gallus gallus, Meleagris gallopavo, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans.
In the present invention, the cell can be a plant cell, a mammalian cell, a fish cell, an insect cell or cell lines derived from these organisms for in vitro cultures or primary cells taken directly from living tissue and established for in vitro culture. As non-limiting examples, cell can be protoplasts obtained from plant organisms listed above. As non limiting examples cell lines can be selected from the group consisting of CHO-K1 cells; HEK293 cells; Caco2 cells; U2-OS cells; NIH 3T3 cells; NSO cells; SP2 cells; CHO-S cells; DG44 cells; K-562 cells, U-937 cells; MRCS cells; IMR90 cells; Jurkat cells; HepG2 cells; HeLa cells; HT-1080 cells; HCT-116 cells; Hu-h7 cells; Huvec cells; Molt 4 cells.
All these cell lines can be modified by the method of the present invention to provide cell line models to produce, express, quantify, detect, study a gene or a protein of interest; these models can also be used to screen biologically active molecules of interest in research and production and various fields such as chemical, biofuels, therapeutics and agronomy as non-limiting examples. Adoptive immunotherapy using genetically engineered T cells is a promising approach for the treatment of malignancies and infectious diseases. Most current approaches rely on gene transfer by random integration of an appropriate T Cell Receptor (TCR) or Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR). Targeted approach using rare-cutting endonucleases is an efficient and safe alternative method to transfer genes into T cells and generate genetically engineered T cells.
The above written description of the invention provides a manner and process of making and using it such that any person skilled in this art is enabled to make and use the same, this enablement being provided in particular for the subject matter of the appended claims, which make up a part of the original description.
As used above, the phrases “selected from the group consisting of,” “chosen from,” and the like include mixtures of the specified materials.
Where a numerical limit or range is stated herein, the endpoints are included. Also, all values and subranges within a numerical limit or range are specifically included as if explicitly written out.
The above description is presented to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the preferred embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, this invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.
Having generally described this invention, a further understanding can be obtained by reference to certain specific examples, which are provided herein for purposes of illustration only, and are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified.
The wild-type I-CreI meganuclease (SEQ ID NO: 106) was chosen as the parent scaffold on which to fuse the catalytic domain of I-TevI (SEQ ID NO: 107). Wild-type I-TevI functions as a monomeric cleavase of the GIY-YIG family to generate a staggered double-strand break in its target DNA. Guided by biochemical and structural data, variable length constructs were designed from the N-terminal region of I-TevI that encompass the entire catalytic domain and deletion-intolerant region of its linker (SEQ ID NO: 109 to SEQ ID NO: 114). In all but one case, fragments were fused to the N-terminus of I-CreI with an intervening 5-residue polypeptide linker (-QGPSG-; SEQ ID NO: 103). The linker-less fusion construct naturally contained residues (-LGPDGRKA-; SEQ ID NO: 104) similar to those in the artificial linker. As I-CreI is a homodimer, all fusion constructs contain three catalytic centers (
The activity of each “tri-functional” meganuclease was assessed using our yeast assay previously described in International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in (Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006). All constructs were able to cleave the C1221 target DNA with an activity comparable to that of wild-type I-CreI (Table 4). To validate the activity of the I-TevI catalytic domain independent of the I-CreI catalytic core, D20N point mutants were made to inactivate the I-CreI scaffold [SEQ ID NO: 108, SEQ ID NO: 115 to SEQ ID NO: 120; Chevalier, Sussman et al. 2004)]. Tests in our yeast assays showed no visible activity from the inactivated I-CreI (D20N) mutant protein alone (Table 4). However, cleavage activity could be observed for fusions having the I-TevI catalytic domain (Table 4).
Protein-fusion scaffolds were designed based on a truncated form of I-CreI (SEQ ID NO: 106, I-CreI_X: SEQ ID NO: 121) and three different linker polypeptides (NFS1=SEQ ID NO: 98; NFS2=SEQ ID NO: 99; CFS1=SEQ ID NO: 100) fused to either the N- or C-terminus of the protein. Structure models were generated in all cases, with the goal of designing a “baseline” fusion linker that would traverse the I-CreI parent scaffold surface with little to no effect on its DNA binding or cleavage activities. For the two N-terminal fusion scaffolds, the polypeptide spanning residues 2 to 153 of I-CreI was used, with a K82A mutation to allow for linker placement. The C-terminal fusion scaffold contains residues 2 to 155 of wild-type I-CreI. For both fusion scaffold types, the “free” end of the linker (i.e. onto which a polypeptide can be linked) is designed to be proximal to the DNA, as determined from models built using the I-CreI/DNA complex structures as a starting point (PDB id: 1g9z). The two I-CreI N-terminal fusion scaffolds (I-CreI_NFS1=SEQ ID NO: 122 and I-CreI_NFS2=SEQ ID NO: 123) and the single C-terminal fusion scaffold (I-CreI_CFS1=SEQ ID NO: 124) were tested in our yeast assay (see Example 1) and found to have activity similar to that of wild-type I-CreI (Table 5).
Colicin E7 is a non-specific nuclease of the HNH family able to process single- and double-stranded DNA (Hsia, Chak et al. 2004). Guided by biochemical and structural data, the region of ColE7 that encompasses the entire catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 140; (Hsia, Chak et al. 2004) was selected. This ColE7 domain was fused to the N-terminus of either I-CreI_NFS1 (SEQ ID NO: 122) or I-CreI_NFS2 (SEQ ID NO: 123) to create hColE7Cre_D0101 (SEQ ID NO: 128) or hColE7Cre_D0102 (SEQ ID NO: 129), respectively. In addition, a C-terminal fusion construct, hCreColE7_D0101 (SEQ ID NO: 130), was generated using I-CreI_CFS1 (SEQ ID NO: 124). As I-CreI is a homodimer, all fusion constructs contain three catalytic centers (
The activity of each “tri-functional” meganuclease was assessed using our yeast assay (see Example 1). All constructs were able to cleave the C1221 target DNA with an activity comparable to that of wild-type I-CreI (Table 5).
To validate the activity of the ColE7 catalytic domain independent of the I-CreI catalytic core, D2ON point mutants were made to inactivate the I-CreI scaffold (SEQ ID NO: 125, SEQ ID NO: 126, SEQ ID NO: 127, SEQ ID NO: 131, SEQ ID NO: 132, SEQ ID NO: 133; (Chevalier, Sussman et al. 2004)). Tests in our yeast assays showed no visible activity from the inactivated I-CreI (D2ON) mutant proteins alone (Table 5). However, cleavage activity could be observed for fusions having the ColE7 catalytic domain (Table 5).
Two core TALE scaffolds are generated onto which (a) different sets of RVD domains could be inserted to change DNA binding specificity, and; (b) a selection of catalytic domains could be attached, N- or C-terminal, to effect DNA cleavage (or nicking). The core scaffolds (sT1: SEQ ID NO: 134 and sT2: SEQ ID NO: 135) differ in the N- and C-terminal regions, where sT2 is a truncated variant lacking 152 amino acid residues from the N-terminus (Szurek, Rossier et al. 2002) and the last 220 residues from the C-terminus compared to sT1. In sT1, the C-terminal region is a truncation with respect to wild-type TALE domains, ending at a fortuitously defined restriction site (BamHI) in the DNA coding sequence.
Using the two core scaffolds, four “baseline” TALE DNA binding proteins (bT1-Avr=SEQ ID NO: 136, bT2-Avr=SEQ ID NO: 137, bT1-Pth=SEQ ID NO 138 and bT2-Pth=SEQ ID NO 139) are generated by insertion of the corresponding set of repeat domains that recognize the naturally occurring asymmetric sequences AvrBs3 (19 bp) and PthXo1 (25 bp) (
In addition to verifying activity using naturally occurring sequences, five artificial RVD constructs recognizing relevant sequences were generated (
Basic compact TALENs (cTALENs) are generated via fusion of catalytic domains to either the N- or C-terminus of the baseline scaffolds (
The catalytic domain of I-TevI (SEQ ID NO: 20), a member of the GIY-YIG endonuclease family, was fused to a TALE-derived scaffold (composed of a N-terminal domain, a central core composed of RVDs and a C-terminal domain) to create a new class of cTALEN (TALE::TevI). To distinguish the orientation (N-terminal vs. C-terminal) of the catalytic domain (CD) fusions, construct names are written as either CD::TALE-RVD (catalytic domain is fused N-terminal to the TALE domain) or TALE-RVD::CD (catalytic domain is fused C-terminal to the TALE domain), where “—RVD” optionally designates the sequence recognized by the TALE domain and “CD” is the catalytic domain type. Herein, we describe novel TALE::TevI constructions that target AvrBs3 sequence for example, thus named TALE-AvrBs3::TevI.
Activity of TALE::TevI in Yeast
A core TALE scaffold, sT2 (SEQ ID NO: 135), was selected onto which (a) different sets of RVD domains could be inserted to change DNA binding specificity, and; (b) a selection of I-TevI-derived catalytic domains could be attached, N- or C-terminal, to effect DNA cleavage (or nicking). The previously mentioned sT2 truncated scaffold was generated by the PCR from a full-length core TALEN scaffold template (pCLS7183, SEQ ID NO: 141) using primers CMP_G061 (SEQ ID NO: 142) and CMP_G065 (SEQ ID NO: 143) and was cloned into vector pCLS7865 (SEQ ID NO: 144) to generate pCLS7865-cTAL11_CFS1 (pCLS9009, SEQ ID NO: 145), where CFS1 designates the amino acid sequence -GSSG- (with underlying restriction sites BamHI and Kpn2I in the coding DNA to facilitate cloning). Three variants of the I-TevI (SEQ ID NO: 20) catalytic domain were amplified by the PCR on templates TevCreD01 [SEQ ID NO: 109 protein in plasmid pCLS6614 (SEQ ID NO: 146)] using the primer pair CMP_G069 (SEQ ID NO: 147) and CMP_G070 (SEQ ID NO: 148), TevCreD02 [SEQ ID NO: 110 protein in plasmid pCLS6615 (SEQ ID NO: 203)] using the primer pair CMP_G069 (SEQ ID NO: 147) and CMP_G071 (SEQ ID NO: 149) or TevCreD05 [SEQ ID NO: 113 protein in plasmid pCLS6618 (SEQ ID NO: 258)] using the primer pair CMP_G069 (SEQ ID NO: 147) and CMP_G115 (SEQ ID NO: 259) and subcloned into the pCLS9009 backbone by restriction and ligation using BamHI and EagI restriction sites, yielding pCLS7865-cT11_TevD01 (pCLS9010, SEQ ID NO: 150), pCLS7865-cT11_TevD02 (pCLS9011, SEQ ID NO: 151) and pCLS7865-cT11_TevD05 (pCLS15775, SEQ ID NO: 260), respectively. All fusions contain the dipeptide -GS- linking the TALE-derived DNA binding domain and 1-TevI-derived catalytic domain.
The DNA sequence coding for the RVDs to target the AvrBs3 site (SEQ ID NO: 152) was subcloned into both plasmids pCLS9010 (SEQ ID NO: 150, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 420), pCLS9011 (SEQ ID NO: 151, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 421) and pCLS15775 (SEQ ID NO: 260, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 422) using Type IIS restriction enzymes BsmBI for the receiving plasmid and BbvI and SfaNI for the inserted RVD sequence to create the subsequent TALE-AvrBs3::TevI constructs cT11Avr_TevD01 (pCLS9012, SEQ ID NO: 218, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 423), cT11Avr_TevD02 (pCLS9013, SEQ ID NO: 153, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 424) and cT11Avr_TevD05 (pCLS15776, SEQ ID NO: 261, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 425), respectively. These TALE-AvrBs3::TevI constructs were sequenced and the insert transferred to additional vectors as needed (see below).
The final TALE-AvrBs3::TevI yeast expression plasmids, pCLS8523 (SEQ ID NO: 154), pCLS8524 (SEQ ID NO: 155) and pCLS12092 (SEQ ID NO: 262), were prepared by yeast in vivo cloning using plasmids pCLS9012, pCLS9013 and pCLS15776, respectively. To generate an intact coding sequence by in vivo homologous recombination, approximately 40 ng of each plasmid linearized by digestion with BssHII and 1 ng of the pCLS0542 (SEQ ID NO: 156) plasmid DNA linearized by digestion with NcoI and EagI were used to transform, respectively, the yeast S. cerevisiae strain FYC2-6A (MATα, trp1Δ63, leu2Δ1, his3Δ200) using a high efficiency LiAc transformation protocol (Arnould et al. 2007).
All the yeast target reporter plasmids containing the TALEN DNA target sequences were constructed as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006).
The TALE-AvrBs3::TevI constructs were tested in a yeast SSA assay as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006) on pseudo palindromic targets in order to compare activity with a standard TALE-AvrBs3::FokI TALEN (pCLS8590, SEQ ID NO: 244), which requires two binding sites for activity. AvrBs3 targets contain two identical recognition sequences juxtaposed with the 3′ ends proximal and separated by “spacer” DNA ranging from 5 to 40 bps (SEQ ID NO: 157 to 192, Table 6). TALE-AvrBs3::TevI activity levels on their respective targets in yeast cells are shown on
Activity of TALE::TevI in Mammalian Cells
DNA encoding the TALE-AvrBs3::TevI construct from either pCLS9012 (SEQ ID NO: 218) or pCLS9013 (SEQ ID NO: 153) was subcloned into the pCLS1853 (SEQ ID NO: 193) mammalian expression plasmid using Ascl and XhoI restriction enzymes for the receiving plasmid and BssHII and XhoI restriction enzymes for the TALE-AvrBs3::TevI insert, leading to the mammalian expression plasmids pCLS8993 and pCLS8994 (SEQ ID NO: 194 and 195), respectively.
All mammalian target reporter plasmids containing the TALEN DNA target sequences were constructed using the standard Gateway protocol (INVITROGEN) into a CHO reporter vector (Arnould, Chames et al. 2006, Grizot, Epinat et al. 2010). The TALE-AvrBs3::TevI constructs were tested in an extrachromosomal assay in mammalian cells (CHO K1) on pseudo palindromic targets in order to compare activity with a standard TALE-AvrBs3::FokI TALEN, which requires two binding sites for activity. AvrBs3 targets contain two identical recognition sequences juxtaposed with the 3′ ends proximal and separated by “spacer” DNA ranging from 5 to 40 bps (SEQ ID NO: 157 to 192, Table 6).
For this assay, CHO K1 cells were transfected in a 96-well plate format with 75 ng of target vector and an increasing quantity of each variant DNA from 0.7 to 25 ng, in the presence of PolyFect reagent (14 per well). The total amount of transfected DNA was completed to 125 ng (target DNA, variant DNA, carrier DNA) using an empty vector. Seventy-two hours after transfection, culture medium was removed and 150 μl of lysis/revelation buffer for β-galactosidase liquid assay was added. After incubation at 37° C., optical density was measured at 420 nm. The entire process is performed on an automated Velocity11 BioCel platform (Grizot, Epinat et al. 2009).
Activity levels in mammalian cells for the TALE-AvrBs3::TevI constructs (12.5 ng DNA transfected) on the Avr15 target (SEQ ID NO: 167) are shown in
TALE::TevI Nickase Activity
The results described in examples above illustrate two TALE::TevI fusions, each containing one TALE-based DNA binding domain and one I-TevI-based catalytic domain, working to generate detectable activity. The assays used measure tandem repeat recombination by single-strand annealing, a process that is triggered essentially by a DSB (Sugawara and Haber 1992; Paques and Duchateau 2007). TALE::TevI fusions can have a nickase activity insufficient to alone trigger a signal in the cell-based assay. However, two TALE::TevI proteins binding on two nearby sites can sometimes generate two independent nicks, that when proximal and on different DNA strands can create a DSB. In this case, each TALE::TevI is a cTALEN able to generate a nick.
Different experiments are set up to measure TALE::TevI nickase activity:
Super-Coiled Circular Plasmid Nicking and/or Linearization Assay
The sequences encoding the TALE-AvrBs3::TevI constructs cT11Avr_TevD01 and cT11Avr_TevD02 are cloned into a T7-based expression vector using NcoI/EagI restriction sites to yield plasmids pCLS9021 (SEQ ID NO: 201) and pCLS9022 (SEQ ID NO: 202), respectively. This cloning step results in TALE-AvrBs3::TevI proteins having an additional hexa-His tag for purification. Plasmids pCLS9021 and pCLS9022 are then used to produce active proteins by one of two methods:
Active proteins are assayed against DNA targets having either none, one or two AvrBs3 recognition site sequences. When more than one site is present, identical recognition sequences are juxtaposed with the 3′ ends proximal and separated by “spacer” DNA ranging from 5 to 40 bps.
A super-coiled circular plasmid nicking and/or linearization assay is performed. Plasmids harboring the DNA targets described above are prepared by standard methods and column purified to yield super-coiled plasmid of >98% purity. Increasing amounts of TALE-AvrBs3::TevI proteins (prepared as described above) are incubated with each plasmid under conditions to promote DNA cleavage for 1 h at 37° C. Reaction products are separated on agarose gels and visualized by EtBr staining.
Linear DNA Nicking and/or Cleavage Assay
A linear DNA nicking and/or cleavage assay is also performed. PCR products containing the target sequences described above are prepared by standard methods and column purified to yield linear substrate of >98% purity. Increasing amounts of TALE-AvrBs3::TevI proteins (prepared as described above) are then incubated with each PCR substrate under conditions to promote DNA cleavage for 1 h at 37° C. Reaction products are separated on a denaturing acrylamide gel and the single-strand DNA visualized.
Engineering of the TALE::TevI
Variants differing by truncations of the C-terminal domain of the AvrBs3-derived TALEN (SEQ ID NO: 196) are chosen as starting scaffolds. A subset of these variants includes truncation after positions E886 (CO), P897 (C11), G914 (C28), L926 (C40), D950 (C64), R1000 (C115), D1059 (C172) (the protein domains of truncated C-terminal domains C11 to C172 are respectively given in SEQ ID NO: 204 to 209) and P1117 [also referred as Cter wt or WT Cter (SEQ ID NO: 210) lacking the activation domain of the C-terminal domain of natural AvrBs3 (SEQ ID NO: 220)]. The plasmids coding for the variant scaffolds containing the AvrBs3-derived N-terminal domain, the AvrBs3-derived set of repeat domains and the truncated AvrBs3-derived C-terminal domain [pCLS7821, pCLS7803, pCLS7807, pCLS7809, pCLS7811, pCLS7813, pCLS7817 (SEQ ID NO: 211 to 217) which are based on the pCLS7184 (SEQ ID NO: 196)] allow cloning of any catalytic domain in fusion to the C-terminal domain, using the restriction sites BamHI and EagI.
Variants of the catalytic domain of I-TevI (SEQ ID NO: 20) are designed from the N-terminal region of I-TevI. A subset of these variants includes truncations of the catalytic domain, as the deletion-intolerant region of its linker, the deletion-tolerant region of its linker and its zinc finger (SEQ ID NO: 197 to 200) named in Liu et al, 2008 (Liu, Dansereau et al. 2008).
The DNA corresponding to these variants of I-TevI is amplified by the PCR to introduce, at the DNA level, a BamHI (at the 5′ of the coding strand) and a EagI (at the 3′ of the coding strand) restriction site and, at the protein level, a linker (for example -SGGSGS- stretch, SEQ ID NO: 219) between the C terminal domain of the TALE and the variant of the catalytic domain of I-TevI. The final TALE::TevI constructs are generated by insertion of the variant of I-TevI catalytic domains into the scaffold variants using BamHI and EagI and standard molecular biology procedures.
All the yeast target reporter plasmids containing the TALEN DNA target sequences were constructed as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006).
The TALE-AvrBs3::TevI constructs were tested in a yeast SSA assay as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006) on pseudo palindromic targets in order to compare activity with a standard TALE-AvrBs3::FokI TALEN (pCLS8590, SEQ ID NO: 244), which requires two binding sites for activity. AvrBs3 targets contain two identical recognition sequences juxtaposed with the 3′ ends proximal and separated by “spacer” DNA ranging from 5 to 40 bps (SEQ ID NO: 157 to 192, Table 6).
The sT2 (SEQ ID NO: 135) core TALE scaffold described in example 3a was selected to generate pCLS7865-cTAL11_NFS1 (pCLS9008, SEQ ID NO: 234), where NFS1 designates the amino acid sequence -GSSG- (with underlying restriction sites BamHI and Kpn2I in the coding DNA to facilitate cloning). Four variants of the I-TevI (SEQ ID NO: 20) catalytic domain were amplified by the PCR on templates TevCreD01 [SEQ ID NO: 109 protein in plasmid pCLS6614 (SEQ ID NO: 146)] using the primer pairs CMP_G001 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and CMP_G067 (SEQ ID NO: 263) or CMP_G152 (SEQ ID NO: 264), TevCreD02 [SEQ ID NO: 110 protein in plasmid pCLS6615 (SEQ ID NO: 203)] using the primer pair CMP_G001 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and CMP_G068 (SEQ ID NO: 240) or TevCreD05 [SEQ ID NO: 113 protein in plasmid pCLS6618 (SEQ ID NO: 258)] using the primer pair CMP_G001 (SEQ ID NO: 239) and CMP_G114 (SEQ ID NO: 265) and subcloned into the pCLS9008 backbone by restriction and ligation using NcoI and Kpn2I restriction sites, yielding pCLS7865-TevW01_cT11 (pCLS15777, SEQ ID NO: 266, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 426), pCLS7865-TevD01_cT11 (pCLS15778, SEQ ID NO: 267, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 427), pCLS7865-TevD02_cT11 (pCLS12730, SEQ ID NO: 235, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 428) and pCLS7865-TevD05_cT11 (pCLS15779, SEQ ID NO: 268, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 429), respectively. Whereas the TevW01_cT11-based fusion contains the dipeptide -SG- linking the TALE-derived DNA binding domain and 1-TevI-derived catalytic domain, all others constructs incorporate a longer pentapeptide -QGPSG- to link the domains.
Activity of TevI::TALE in Yeast
The DNA sequence coding for the RVDs to target the AvrBs3 site (SEQ ID NO: 152) was subcloned into plasmids pCLS15777 (SEQ ID NO: 266), pCLS15778 (SEQ ID NO: 267) and pCLS12730 (SEQ ID NO: 235) using Type IIS restriction enzymes BsmBI for the receiving plasmid and BbvI and SfaNI for the inserted RVD sequence to create the subsequent TevI::TALE-AvrBs3 constructs TevW01_cT11Avr (pCLS15780, SEQ ID NO: 269, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 430), TevD01_cT11Avr (pCLS15781, SEQ ID NO: 270, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 431) and TevD02_cT11Avr (pCLS12731, SEQ ID NO: 236, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 432), respectively. A similar cloning technique was used to introduce the RVDs to target the RagT2-R site (SEQ ID NO: 271) into plasmid pCLS15779 (SEQ ID NO: 268) to create the subsequent construct TevD05_cT11RagT2-R (pCLS15782, SEQ ID NO: 272). All TevI::TALE constructs were sequenced and the inserts transferred to additional vectors as needed (see below).
The final TevI::TALE-based yeast expression plasmids, pCLS11979 (SEQ ID NO: 273), pCLS8521 (SEQ ID NO: 274), pCLS8522 (SEQ ID NO: 237) and pCLS12100 (SEQ ID NO: 275), were prepared by yeast in vivo cloning using plasmid pCLS15780 (SEQ ID NO: 269), pCLS15781 (SEQ ID NO: 270), pCLS12731 (SEQ ID NO: 236) and pCLS15782 (SEQ ID NO: 272), respectively. To generate an intact coding sequence by in vivo homologous recombination, approximately 40 ng of each plasmid linearized by digestion with BssHII and 1 ng of the pCLS0542 (SEQ ID NO: 156) plasmid DNA linearized by digestion with NcoI and EagI were used to transform, respectively, the yeast S. cerevisiae strain FYC2-6A (MATα, trp1Δ63, leu2Δ1, his3Δ200) using a high efficiency LiAc transformation protocol (Arnould et al. 2007).
All the yeast target reporter plasmids containing the TALEN DNA target sequences were constructed as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006).
The TevI::TALE-AvrBs3 and TevI::TALE-RagT2-R constructs were tested in a yeast SSA assay as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006) on pseudo palindromic targets in order to compare activity with a standard TALE-AvrBs3::FokI TALEN (pCLS8590, SEQ ID NO: 244), which requires two binding sites for activity. AvrBs3 targets contain two identical recognition sequences juxtaposed with the 3′ ends proximal and separated by “spacer” DNA ranging from 5 to 40 bps (SEQ ID NO: 157 to 192, Table 6). In addition, constructs were tested on a target having only a single AvrBs3 or RagT2-R recognition site (SEQ ID NO: 238, Table 8). The TevI::TALE-AvrBs3 activity level in yeast was comparable to that of TALE-AvrBs3::TevI (pCLS8524, SEQ ID NO: 155) on suitable targets. Significant activity is illustrated in table 8 for a sample single-site target, according to the cTALEN of the present invention.
Activity of TevI::TALE in Plants
The DNA sequence coding for the RVDs to target the NptIIT5-L and NptIIT6-L sites (SEQ ID NO: 276 to 279) were subcloned into plasmid pCLS12730 (SEQ ID NO: 235) using Type IIS restriction enzymes BsmBI for the receiving plasmid and BbvI and SfaNI for the inserted RVD sequences to create the subsequent TevI::TALE constructs TevD02_cT11NptIIT5-L (pCLS15783, SEQ ID NO: 280) and TevD02_cT11NptIIT6-L (pCLS15784, SEQ ID NO: 281), respectively. The constructs were sequenced and the TevI::TALE inserts transferred by standard cloning techniques to plasmid pCLS14529 (SEQ ID NO: 282) to generate the final TevI::TALE-NptIIT5-L and TevI::TALE-NptIIT6-L expression plasmids, pCLS14579 (SEQ ID NO: 283) and pCLS14581 (SEQ ID NO: 284), respectively. Plasmid pCLS14529 allows for cloning gene of interest sequences downstream of a promoter that confers high levels of constitutive expression in plant cells.
To test activity in plant cells, a YFP-based single-strand annealing (SSA) assay was employed. The YFP reporter gene has a short duplication of coding sequence that is interrupted by either an NptIIT5 or NptIIT6 TALEN target site. Cleavage at the target site stimulates recombination between the repeats, resulting in reconstitution of a functional YFP gene. To quantify cleavage, the reporter is introduced along with a construct encoding a FokI-based TALEN or compact TALEN into tobacco protoplasts by PEG-mediated transformation (as known or derived from the state of the art). Uniform transformation efficiencies were obtained by using the same amount of plasmid in each transformation—i.e. 15 μg each of plasmids encoding YFP and either the TALEN or cTALEN. After 24 hours, the protoplasts were subjected to flow cytometry to quantify the number of YFP positive cells. The TevI::TALE activity levels, using cTALENs according to the present invention, in plants were comparable to those of a FokI-based TALEN control constructs on the targets tested (Table 9).
NucA (SEQ ID NO: 26), a nonspecific endonuclease from Anabaena sp., was fused to a TALE-derived scaffold (composed of a N-terminal domain, a central core composed of RVDs and a C-terminal domain) to create a new class of cTALEN (TALE::NucA). To distinguish the orientation (N-terminal vs. C-terminal) of the catalytic domain (CD) fusions, construct names are written as either CD::TALE-RVD (catalytic domain is fused N-terminal to the TALE domain) or TALE-RVD::CD (catalytic domain is fused C-terminal to the TALE domain), where “—RVD” optionally designates the sequence recognized by the TALE domain and “CD” is the catalytic domain type. Herein, we describe novel TALE::NucA constructions that target for example the AvrBs3 sequence, and are thus named TALE-AvrBs3::NucA. Notably, the wild-type NucA endonuclease can be inhibited by complex formation with the NuiA protein (SEQ ID NO: 229). In a compact TALEN context, the NuiA protein can function as an auxiliary domain to modulate the nuclease activity of TALE::NucA constructs.
Activity of TALE::NucA in Yeast
A core TALE scaffold, sT2 (SEQ ID NO: 135), was selected onto which (a) different sets of RVD domains could be inserted to change DNA binding specificity, and; (b) a selection of NucA-derived catalytic domains could be attached, N- or C-terminal, to effect DNA cleavage (or nicking). As previously mentioned, the sT2 truncated scaffold was generated by the PCR from a full-length core TALEN scaffold template (pCLS7183, SEQ ID NO: 141) using primers CMP_G061 (SEQ ID NO: 142) and CMP_G065 (SEQ ID NO: 143) and was cloned into vector pCLS7865 (SEQ ID NO: 144) to generate pCLS7865-cTAL11_CFS1 (pCLS9009, SEQ ID NO: 145), where CFS1 designates the amino acid sequence -GSSG- (with underlying restriction sites BamHI and Kpn2l in the coding DNA to facilitate cloning). The NucA (SEQ ID NO: 26) catalytic domain, corresponding to amino acid residues 25 to 274, was subcloned into the pCLS9009 backbone (SEQ ID NO: 145) by restriction and ligation using BamHI and EagI restriction sites, yielding pCLS7865-cT11_NucA (pCLS9937, SEQ ID NO: 221, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 433). The fusion contains the dipeptide -GS- linking the TALE-derived DNA binding domain and NucA-derived catalytic domain. The cloning step also brings at the amino acid level an AAD sequence at the Cter of the NucA catalytic domain.
The DNA sequence coding for the RVDs to target the AvrBs3 site (SEQ ID NO: 152) was subcloned into plasmid pCLS9937 (SEQ ID NO: 221) using Type IIS restriction enzymes BsmBI for the receiving plasmid and BbvI and SfaNI for the inserted RVD sequence to create the subsequent TALE-AvrBs3::NucA construct cT11Avr_NucA (pCLS9938, SEQ ID NO: 222, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 434). The TALE-AvrBs3::NucA construct was sequenced and the insert transferred to additional vectors as needed (see below).
The final TALE-AvrBs3::NucA yeast expression plasmid, pCLS9924 (SEQ ID NO: 223), was prepared by yeast in vivo cloning using plasmid pCLS9938 (SEQ ID NO: 222). To generate an intact coding sequence by in vivo homologous recombination, approximately 40 ng of plasmid (pCLS9938) linearized by digestion with BssHII and 1 ng of the pCLS0542 (SEQ ID NO: 156) plasmid DNA linearized by digestion with NcoI and EagI were used to transform the yeast S. cerevisiae strain FYC2-6A (MATα, trp1Δ63, leu2Δ1, his3Δ200) using a high efficiency LiAc transformation protocol (Arnould et al. 2007).
All the yeast target reporter plasmids containing the TALEN DNA target sequences were constructed as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006).
The TALE-AvrBs3::NucA construct was tested in a yeast SSA assay as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006) on pseudo palindromic targets in order to compare activity with a standard TALE-AvrBs3::FokI TALEN (pCLS8590, SEQ ID NO: 244), which requires two binding sites for activity. AvrBs3 targets contain two identical recognition sequences juxtaposed with the 3′ ends proximal and separated by “spacer” DNA ranging from 5 to 40 bps (SEQ ID NO: 157 to 192, Table 7). In addition, constructs were tested on a target having only a single AvrBs3 recognition site (SEQ ID NO: 224; Table 7).
Engineering of the TALE::NucA
Variants differing by truncations of the C-terminal domain of the AvrBs3-derived TALEN (SEQ ID NO: 196) are chosen as starting scaffolds. A subset of these variants includes truncation after positions E886 (CO), P897 (C11), G914 (C28), L926 (C40), D950 (C64), R1000 (C115), D1059 (C172) (the protein domains of truncated C-terminal domains C11 to C172 are respectively given in SEQ ID NO: 204 to 209) and P1117 [also referred as Cter wt or WT Cter (SEQ ID NO: 210) lacking the activation domain of the C-terminal domain of natural AvrBs3 (SEQ ID NO: 220)]. The plasmids coding for the variant scaffolds containing the AvrBs3-derived N-terminal domain, the AvrBs3-derived set of repeat domains and the truncated AvrBs3-derived C-terminal domain [pCLS7821, pCLS7803, pCLS7807, pCLS7809, pCLS7811, pCLS7813, pCLS7817 (SEQ ID NO: 211 to 217) which are based on the pCLS7184 (SEQ ID NO: 196)] allow cloning of any catalytic domain in fusion to the C-terminal domain, using the restriction sites BamHI and EagI.
The DNA corresponding to amino acid residues 25 to 274 of NucA is amplified by the PCR to introduce, at the DNA level, a BamHI (at the 5′ of the coding strand) and a EagI (at the 3′ of the coding strand) restriction site and, at the protein level, a linker (for example -SGGSGS- stretch, SEQ ID NO: 219) between the C terminal domain of the TALE and the NucA catalytic domain. The final TALE::NucA constructs are generated by insertion of the NucA catalytic domain into the scaffold variants using BamHI and EagI and standard molecular biology procedures. For example, scaffold variants truncated after positions P897 (C11), G914 (C28) and D950 (C64), respectively encoded by pCLS7803, pCLS7807, pCLS7811, (SEQ ID NO: 212, 213 and 215), were fused to the NucA catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 26), leading to pCLS9596, pCLS9597, and pCLS9599 (SEQ ID NO: 225 to 227). The cloning step also brings at the amino acid level an AAD sequence at the Cter of the NucA catalytic domain.
All the yeast target reporter plasmids containing the TALEN DNA target sequences were constructed as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006).
The TALE-AvrBs3::NucA constructs were tested in a yeast SSA assay as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006) on pseudo palindromic targets in order to compare activity with a standard TALE-AvrBs3::FokI TALEN (pCLS8590, SEQ ID NO: 244), which requires two binding sites for activity. AvrBs3 targets contain two identical recognition sequences juxtaposed with the 3′ ends proximal and separated by “spacer” DNA ranging from 5 to 40 bps (SEQ ID NO: 157 to 192, Table 7). In addition, TALE-AvrBs3::NucA constructs were tested on a target having only a single AvrBs3 recognition site (SEQ ID NO: 224). Data summarized in
The catalytic domain of ColE7 (SEQ ID NO: 140), a nonspecific endonuclease from E. coli, was fused to a TALE-derived scaffold (composed of a N-terminal domain, a central core composed of RVDs and a C-terminal domain) to create a new class of cTALEN (TALE::ColE7). To distinguish the orientation (N-terminal vs. C-terminal) of the catalytic domain (CD) fusions, construct names are written as either CD::TALE-RVD (catalytic domain is fused N-terminal to the TALE domain) or TALE-RVD::CD (catalytic domain is fused C-terminal to the TALE domain), where “—RVD” optionally designates the sequence recognized by the TALE domain and “CD” is the catalytic domain type. Herein, we describe novel TALE::ColE7 constructions that target for example the AvrBs3 sequence, and are thus named TALE-AvrBs3::ColE7. Notably, the wild-type ColE7 endonuclease can be inhibited by complex formation with the Im7 immunity protein (SEQ ID NO: 230). In a compact TALEN context, the Im7 protein can function as an auxiliary domain to modulate the nuclease activity of TALE::ColE7 constructs.
Activity of TALE::ColE7 in Yeast
A core TALE scaffold, sT2 (SEQ ID NO: 135), was selected onto which (a) different sets of RVD domains could be inserted to change DNA binding specificity, and; (b) a selection of ColE7-derived catalytic domains could be attached, N- or C-terminal, to effect DNA cleavage (or nicking). As previously mentioned, the sT2 truncated scaffold was generated by the PCR from a full-length core TALEN scaffold template (pCLS7183, SEQ ID NO: 141) using primers CMP_G061 (SEQ ID NO: 142) and CMP_G065 (SEQ ID NO: 143) and was cloned into vector pCLS7865 (SEQ ID NO: 144) to generate pCLS7865-cTAL11_CFS1 (pCLS9009, SEQ ID NO: 145), where CFS1 designates the amino acid sequence -GSSG- (with underlying restriction sites BamHI and Kpn2I in the coding DNA to facilitate cloning). The ColE7 (SEQ ID NO: 140) catalytic domain was subcloned into the pCLS9009 backbone by restriction and ligation using Kpn2I and EagI restriction sites, yielding pCLS7865-cT11_ColE7 (pCLS9939, SEQ ID NO: 231, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 435). The fusion contains the dipeptide -GSSG- linking the TALE-derived DNA binding domain and ColE7-derived catalytic domain.
The DNA sequence coding for the RVDs to target the AvrBs3 site (SEQ ID NO: 152) was subcloned into plasmid pCLS9939 (SEQ ID NO: 231) using Type IIS restriction enzymes BsmBI for the receiving plasmid and BbvI and SfaNI for the inserted RVD sequence to create the subsequent TALE-AvrBs3::ColE7 construct cT11Avr_ColE7 (pCLS9940, SEQ ID NO: 232, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 436). The TALE-AvrBs3::ColE7 construct was sequenced and the insert transferred to additional vectors as needed (see below).
The final TALE-AvrBs3::ColE7 yeast expression plasmid, pCLS8589 (SEQ ID NO: 233), was prepared by yeast in vivo cloning using plasmid pCLS9940 (SEQ ID NO: 232). To generate an intact coding sequence by in vivo homologous recombination, approximately 40 ng of plasmid (pCLS9940) linearized by digestion with BssHII and 1 ng of the pCLS0542 (SEQ ID NO: 156) plasmid DNA linearized by digestion with NcoI and EagI were used to transform the yeast S. cerevisiae strain FYC2-6A (MATα, trp1Δ63, leu2Δ1, his3Δ200) using a high efficiency LiAc transformation protocol (Arnould et al. 2007).
All the yeast target reporter plasmids containing the TALEN DNA target sequences were constructed as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006).
The TALE-AvrBs3::ColE7 construct was tested in a yeast SSA assay as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006) on pseudo palindromic targets in order to compare activity with a standard TALE-AvrBs3::FokI TALEN (pCLS8590, SEQ ID NO: 244), which requires two binding sites for activity. AvrBs3 targets contain two identical recognition sequences juxtaposed with the 3′ ends proximal and separated by “spacer” DNA ranging from 5 to 40 bps (SEQ ID NO: 157 to 192, Table 7). In addition, constructs were tested on a target having only a single AvrBs3 recognition site (SEQ ID NO: 224, Table 7). TALE-AvrBs3::ColE7 activity levels on the respective targets in yeast cells are shown in
Activity of TALE::ColE7 in Plants
The DNA sequence coding for the RVDs to target the NptIIT5-L and NptIIT6-L sites (SEQ ID NO: 276 to 279) were subcloned into plasmid pCLS15785 (SEQ ID NO: 285, a C-terminally modified ColE7 K497A mutant of plasmid pCLS9939, SEQ ID NO: 231) using Type IIS restriction enzymes BsmBI for the receiving plasmid and BbvI and SfaNI for the inserted RVD sequences to create the subsequent TALE::ColE7_A497 constructs cT11NptIIT5-L_ColE7_A497 (pCLS15786, SEQ ID NO: 286) and cT11NptIIT6-L_ColE7_A497 (pCLS15787, SEQ ID NO: 287), respectively. The constructs were sequenced and the TALE::ColE7_A497 inserts transferred by standard cloning techniques to plasmid pCLS14529 (SEQ ID NO: 282) to generate the final TALE-NptIIT5-L::ColE7_A497 and TALE-NptIIT6-L::ColE7_A497 expression plasmids, pCLS14584 (SEQ ID NO: 288, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 437) and pCLS14587 (SEQ ID NO: 289, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 438), respectively. Plasmid pCLS14529 allows for cloning gene of interest sequences downstream of a promoter that confers high levels of constitutive expression in plant cells.
To test activity in plant cells, a YFP-based single-strand annealing (SSA) assay was employed. The YFP reporter gene has a short duplication of coding sequence that is interrupted by either an NptIIT5 or NptIIT6 TALEN target site. Cleavage at the target site stimulates recombination between the repeats, resulting in reconstitution of a functional YFP gene. To quantify cleavage, the reporter is introduced along with a construct encoding a FokI-based TALEN or compact TALEN into tobacco protoplasts by PEG-mediated transformation. Uniform transformation efficiencies were obtained by using the same amount of plasmid in each transformation—i.e. 15 μg each of plasmids encoding YFP and either the TALEN or cTALEN. After 24 hours, the protoplasts were subjected to flow cytometry to quantify the number of YFP positive cells. The TALE::ColE7_A497 activity levels, using cTALENs according to the present invention, in plants were comparable to those of a FokI-based TALEN control constructs on the targets tested (Table 10).
Engineering of the TALE::ColE7
Variants differing by truncations of the C-terminal domain of the AvrBs3-derived TALEN (SEQ ID NO: 196) are chosen as starting scaffolds. A subset of these variants includes truncation after positions E886 (CO), P897 (C11), G914 (C28), L926 (C40), D950 (C64), R1000 (C115), D1059 (C172) (the protein domains of truncated C-terminal domains C11 to C172 are respectively given in SEQ ID NO: 204 to 209) and P1117 [also referred as Cter wt or WT Cter (SEQ ID NO: 210) lacking the activation domain of the C-terminal domain of natural AvrBs3 (SEQ ID NO: 220)]. The plasmids coding for the variant scaffolds containing the AvrBs3-derived N-terminal domain, the AvrBs3-derived set of repeat domains and the truncated AvrBs3-derived C-terminal domain [pCLS7821, pCLS7803, pCLS7807, pCLS7809, pCLS7811, pCLS7813, pCLS7817 (SEQ ID NO: 211 to 217) which are based on the pCLS7184 (SEQ ID NO: 196)] allow cloning of any catalytic domain in fusion to the C-terminal domain, using the restriction sites BamHI and EagI.
The DNA corresponding to the catalytic domain of ColE7 is amplified by the PCR to introduce, at the DNA level, a BamHI (at the 5′ of the coding strand) and a EagI (at the 3′ of the coding strand) restriction site and, at the protein level, a linker (for example -SGGSGS- stretch, SEQ ID NO: 219) between the C terminal domain of the TALE and the ColE7 catalytic domain. Additionally, variants of the ColE7 endonuclease domain that modulate catalytic activity can be generated having changes (individually or combined) at the following positions: K446, R447, D493, R496, K497, H545, N560 and H573 [positions refer to the amino acid sequence of the entire ColE7 protein (SEQ ID NO: 11)]. The final TALE::ColE7 constructs are generated by insertion of the ColE7 catalytic domain into the scaffold variants using BamHI and EagI and standard molecular biology procedures.
All the yeast target reporter plasmids containing the TALEN DNA target sequences were constructed as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006).
The TALE-AvrBs3::ColE7 constructs are tested in a yeast SSA assay as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006) on pseudo palindromic targets in order to compare activity with a standard TALE-AvrBs3::FokI TALEN (pCLS8590, SEQ ID NO: 244), which requires two binding sites for activity. AvrBs3 targets contain two identical recognition sequences juxtaposed with the 3′ ends proximal and separated by “spacer” DNA ranging from 5 to 40 bps (SEQ ID NO: 157 to 192, Table 7). In addition, constructs were tested on a target having only a single AvrBs3 recognition site (SEQ ID NO: 224, Table 7).
The wild-type I-CreI meganuclease (SEQ ID NO: 106) was chosen as a protein template to derive a sequence-specific catalytic domain that when fused to a TALE-derived scaffold (composed of a N-terminal domain, a central core composed of RVDs and a C-terminal domain) would generate a new class of cTALEN (TALE::CreI). To distinguish the orientation (N-terminal vs. C-terminal) of the catalytic domain (CD) fusions, construct names are written as either CD::TALE-RVD (catalytic domain is fused N-terminal to the TALE domain) or TALE-RVD::CD (catalytic domain is fused C-terminal to the TALE domain), where “—RVD” optionally designates the sequence recognized by the TALE domain and “CD” is the catalytic domain type. Herein, we describe novel TALE::CreI-based constructions that target for example the T cell receptor B gene (TCRB gene, SEQ ID NO: 290,
Activity of TALE::CreI in Yeast
A core TALE scaffold, sT2 (SEQ ID NO: 135), was selected onto which (a) different sets of RVD domains could be inserted to change DNA binding specificity, and; (b) a selection of I-CreI-derived catalytic domains could be attached, N- or C-terminal, to effect DNA cleavage (or nicking). As previously mentioned, the sT2 truncated scaffold was generated by the PCR from a full-length core TALEN scaffold template (pCLS7183, SEQ ID NO: 141) using primers CMP_G061 (SEQ ID NO: 142) and CMP_G065 (SEQ ID NO: 143) and was cloned into vector pCLS7865 (SEQ ID NO: 144) to generate pCLS7865-cTAL11_CFS1 (pCLS9009, SEQ ID NO: 145), where CFS1 designates the amino acid sequence -GSSG- (with underlying restriction sites BamHI and Kpn2I in the coding DNA to facilitate cloning). A re-engineered I-CreI catalytic domain, designed to target a sequence in the T cell receptor B gene (TCRB gene, SEQ ID NO: 290,
Three DNA sequences coding for RVDs that target the TCRB gene were designed at different distances from the meganuclease site, leading to RVDs TCRB02A1 (SEQ ID NO: 297), TCRB02A2 (SEQ ID NO: 298) and TCRB02A3 (SEQ ID NO: 299) that target sequences located 7 bp, 12 bp and 16 bp, respectively, upstream of the meganuclease TCRB site (
The final TALE::scTB2aD01 yeast expression plasmids, pCLS13449 (SEQ ID NO: 304, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 444), pCLS13450 (SEQ ID NO: 305, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 445), pCLS13451 (SEQ ID NO: 306, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 446) and pCLS15148 (SEQ ID NO: 307, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 455), were prepared by yeast in vivo cloning using plasmids pCLS15791 (SEQ ID NO: 300), pCLS15792 (SEQ ID NO: 301), pCLS15793 (SEQ ID NO: 302) and pCLS15794 (SEQ ID NO: 303), respectively. To generate an intact coding sequence by in vivo homologous recombination, approximately 40 ng of each plasmid linearized by digestion with BssHII and 1 ng of the pCLS0542 (SEQ ID NO: 156) plasmid DNA linearized by digestion with NcoI and EagI were used to transform, respectively, the yeast S. cerevisiae strain FYC2-6A (MATα, trp1Δ63, leu2Δ1, his3Δ200) using a high efficiency LiAc transformation protocol (Arnould et al. 2007).
All the yeast target reporter plasmids containing the TALEN or meganuclease DNA target sequences were constructed as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006).
The TALE::scTB2aD01-based constructs were tested in a yeast SSA assay as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006) on hybrid targets TCRB02Tsp7 (SEQ ID NO: AC4), TCRB02Tsp12 (SEQ ID NO: AC5) and TCRB02Tsp16 (SEQ ID NO: AC6), illustrated in
Activity of TALE::CreI in Mammalian Cells
DNA encoding the TALE-TB2A2::scTB2aD01 and TALE-TB2A3::scTB2aD01 constructs from pCLS15792 (SEQ ID NO: 301) and pCLS15793 (SEQ ID NO: 302) were subcloned into the pCLS1853 (SEQ ID NO: 193) mammalian expression plasmid using Ascl and XhoI restriction enzymes for the receiving plasmid and BssHII and XhoI restriction enzymes for TALE::scTB2aD01-based inserts, leading to the mammalian expression plasm ids pCLS14894 and pCLS14895 (SEQ ID NO: 308 and 309), respectively.
All mammalian target reporter plasmids containing the TALEN DNA target sequences were constructed using the standard Gateway protocol (INVITROGEN) into a CHO reporter vector (Arnould, Chames et al. 2006, Grizot, Epinat et al. 2010).
To monitor protein expression levels, TALE::scTB2aD01-based constructs were transfected in mammalian cells (HEK293) alongside the engineered TCRB02-A meganuclease (pCLS6857, SEQ ID NO: 291). Briefly, cells were transfected, respectively, with 300 ng of each protein encoding plasmid in the presence of lipofectamine. Forty-eight hours post-transfection, 20 μg of total protein extract for each sample was analyzed by Western-Blot using a polyclonal anti-I-CreI antibody. A typical western-blot is shown in
Relative toxicity of the TALE::scTB2aD01-based constructs was assessed using a cell survival assay. CHOK1 cells were used to seed plates at a density of 2.5*103 cells per well. The following day, varying amounts of plasmid encoding either the TALE::scTB2aD01-based constructs (pCLS14894 and pCLS14895; SEQ ID NO: 308 and 309) or the engineered TCRB02-A meganuclease (pCLS6857, SEQ ID NO: 291) and a constant amount of GFP-encoding plasmid (10 ng) were used to transfect the cells with a total quantity of 200 ng using Polyfect reagent. GFP levels were monitored by flow cytometry (Guava Easycyte, Guava technologies) on days 1 and 6 post-transfection. Cell survival is expressed as a percentage, calculated as a ratio (TALEN and meganuclease-transfected cells expressing GFP on Day 6/control-transfected cells expressing GFP on Day 6) corrected for the transfection efficiency determined on Day 1. Typical cell survival assay data are shown in
Cleavage activity in vivo was monitored via detection of NHEJ events in the presence of TREX2 exonuclease. Plasmid (3 μg) encoding either the TALE::scTB2aD01-based constructs (pCLS14894 and pCLS14895; SEQ ID NO: 308 and 309) or the engineered TCRB02-A meganuclease (pCLS6857, SEQ ID NO: 291) and 2 μg of scTrex2-encoding plasmid (pCLS8982, SEQ ID NO: 310) were used to transfect the HEK293 cells in the presence of lipofectamine. Genomic DNA was extracted 2 and 7 days post-transfection with the DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit (Qiagen) and the region encompassing the TCRB02 site (
Engineering of the TALE::CreI
A significant novel property of the TALE::CreI compact TALEN resides in the ability to independently engineer the “hybrid” specificity of the final molecule. As such, the inherent activity/specificity ratio can be modulated within the TALE::CreI-derived constructs, allowing for unprecedented specific targeting with retention of high DNA cleavage activity. In its simplest form, successful re-targeting of the TALE DNA binding domain is achieved via the RVD cipher (
Activity of TALE::SnaseSTAUU in Yeast
Variants differing by truncations of the C-terminal domain of the AvrBs3-derived TALEN (SEQ ID NO: 196) are chosen as starting scaffolds. A subset of these variants includes truncation after positions G914 (C28) and L926 (C40) (the protein domains of truncated C-terminal domains C28 and C40 are respectively given in SEQ ID NO: 205 and 206). The plasmids coding for the variant scaffolds containing the AvrBs3-derived N-terminal domain, the AvrBs3-derived set of repeat domains and the truncated AvrBs3-derived C-terminal domain [pCLS7807 and pCLS7809, (SEQ ID NO: 213 and 214) which are based on the pCLS7184 (SEQ ID NO: 196)] allow cloning of any catalytic domain in fusion to the C-terminal domain, using the restriction sites BamHI and EagI.
The DNA corresponding to amino acid residues 83 to 231 of SnaseSTAAU (SEQ ID NO: 30) is amplified by the PCR to introduce, at the DNA level, a BamHI (at the 5′ of the coding strand) and a EagI (at the 3′ of the coding strand) restriction site and, at the protein level, a linker (for example -SGGSGS- stretch, SEQ ID NO: 219) between the C terminal domain of the TALE and the SnaseSTAAU catalytic domain. The final TALE::SnaseSTAAU constructs are generated by insertion of the SnaseSTAAU catalytic domain into the scaffold variants using BamHI and EagI and standard molecular biology procedures. Scaffold variants truncated after positions G914 (C28) and L926 (C40), respectively encoded by pCLS7807 and pCLS7809, (SEQ ID NO: 213 and 214), were fused to the SnaseSTAAU catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 30), leading to pCLS9082 and pCLS9081 (SEQ ID NO: 370 and 371). The cloning step also brings at the amino acid level an AAD sequence at the Cter of the SnaseSTAAU catalytic domain.
All the yeast target reporter plasmids containing the TALEN DNA target sequences were constructed as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006).
The TALE-AvrBs3::SnaseSTAAU constructs were tested in a yeast SSA assay as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006) on pseudo palindromic targets in order to compare activity with a standard TALE-AvrBs3::FokI TALEN, which requires two binding sites for activity. AvrBs3 targets contain two identical recognition sequences juxtaposed with the 3′ ends proximal and separated by “spacer” DNA ranging from 5 to 40 bps (SEQ ID NO: 157 to 192, Table 7). In addition, TALE-AvrBs3::SnaseSTAAU constructs were tested on a target having only a single AvrBs3 recognition site (SEQ ID NO: 224). Data summarized in
Basic cTALENs are composed of a single DNA binding domain fused to a single catalytic domain and are designed to stimulate HR via a single double-strand DNA cleavage or single-strand nicking event. For certain applications (e.g. gene inactivation), it is favorable to enhance the level of NHEJ. This example illustrates the creation of a dual-cleavage cTALEN (dcTALEN) that is capable of effecting cleavage of double-strand DNA at two distinct sites flanking the TALE DNA binding domain (
The baseline scaffolds (SEQ ID NO: 136 to SEQ ID NO: 139) described in Example 3 are used as starting points for fusion designs. A non-exhaustive list of catalytic domains amenable to fusion with TALE DNA binding domains is presented in Table 2. A non-exhaustive list of linkers that can be used is presented in Table 3. See examples 3, 5, 6 and 7 for additional details concerning the choice of linker or enhancement domain. For the dcTALEN designs, at least one cleavase domain is fused (N- or C-terminal) to the TALE DNA binding domain. The additional catalytic domain can be either a nickase of cleavase (endonuclease or exonuclease) domain, and depends on the nature of the application. For example, the coupling of a cleavase domain on one side with a nickase domain on the other could result in excision of a single-strand of DNA spanning the TALE DNA binding region. The targeted generation of extended single-strand overhangs could be applied in applications that target DNA repair mechanisms. For targeted gene inactivation, the use of two cleavase domains in the dcTALEN is preferred.
All dcTALEN designs are assessed using our yeast assay (see Example 1) and provide detectable activity comparable to existing engineered meganucleases. Furthermore, potential enhancements in NHEJ are monitored using the mammalian cell based assay as described in Example 3.
Dual cleavage TALENs (CD::TALE::CD), possessing an N-terminal I-TevI-derived catalytic domain and a C-terminal catalytic domain derived from either FokI (SEQ ID NO:368) or I-TevI (SEQ ID NO: 20), were generated on the baseline bT2-Avr (SEQ ID NO: 137) scaffold. The catalytic domain fragment of I-TevI was excised from plasmid pCLS12731 (SEQ ID NO: 236) and subcloned into vectors pCLS15795 (SEQ ID NO: 351) and pCLS9013 (SEQ ID NO: 153) by restriction and ligation using NcoI and NsiI restriction sites, yielding TevD02_cT11Avr_FokI-L (pCLS15796, SEQ ID NO: 352, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 447) and TevD02_cT11Avr_TevD02 (pCLS15797, SEQ ID NO: 353, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 448), respectively. All constructs were sequenced and the insert transferred to additional vectors as needed (see below).
The final TevI::TALE-AvrBs3::FokI and TevI::TALE-AvrBs3::TevI yeast expression plasmids, pCLS13299 (SEQ ID NO: 354, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 449) and pCLS13301 (SEQ ID NO: 355, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 450), were prepared by yeast in vivo cloning using plasmids pCLS15796 (SEQ ID NO: 352) and pCLS15797 (SEQ ID NO: 353), respectively. To generate an intact coding sequence by in vivo homologous recombination, approximately 40 ng of each plasmid linearized by digestion with BssHII and 1 ng of the pCLS0542 (SEQ ID NO: 156) plasmid DNA linearized by digestion with NcoI and EagI were used to transform, respectively, the yeast S. cerevisiae strain FYC2-6A (MATα, trp1Δ63, leu2Δ1, his3Δ200) using a high efficiency LiAc transformation protocol (Arnould et al. 2007).
All the yeast target reporter plasmids containing the TALEN DNA target sequences were constructed as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006).
The TevI::TALE-AvrBs3::FokI and TevI::TALE-AvrBs3::TevI constructs were tested in a yeast SSA assay as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006) on pseudo palindromic targets in order to compare activity with a standard TALE-AvrBs3::FokI TALEN (pCLS8590, SEQ ID NO: 244), which requires two binding sites for activity. AvrBs3 targets contain two identical recognition sequences juxtaposed with the 3′ ends proximal and separated by “spacer” DNA ranging from 5 to 40 bps (SEQ ID NO: 157 to 192, Table 6). In addition, constructs were tested on a target having only a single AvrBs3 or RagT2-R recognition site (SEQ ID NO: 238, Table 11). On suitable targets, the TevI::TALE-AvrBs3::FokI and TevI::TALE-AvrBs3::TevI activity levels in yeast were comparable to those of their parent molecules lacking the N-terminal I-TevI-derived catalytic domain. Significant activity is illustrated in table 11 for a sample single-site target, according to the dcTALEN of the present invention.
A dual cleavage TALEN (CD::TALE::CD), possessing an N-terminal scTrex2-derived catalytic domain and a C-terminal catalytic domain derived from FokI, was generated on the baseline bT2-Avr (SEQ ID NO: 137) scaffold. The catalytic domain fragment of scTrex2 was excised from plasmid pCLS15798 (SEQ ID NO: 356, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 451) and subcloned into vector pCLS15795 (SEQ ID NO: 351) by restriction and ligation using NcoI and NsiI restriction sites, yielding scTrex2_cT11Avr_FokI-L (pCLS15799, SEQ ID NO: 357, encoding the protein of SEQ ID NO: 452). The construct was sequenced and the insert transferred to additional vectors as needed (see below).
DNA encoding the TALE-AvrBs3::FokI or scTrex2::TALE-AvrBs3::FokI constructs from either pCLS15795 (SEQ ID NO: 351) or pCLS15799 (SEQ ID NO: 357), respectively, was subcloned into the pCLS1853 (SEQ ID NO: 193) mammalian expression plasmid using Ascl and XhoI restriction enzymes for the receiving plasmid and BssHII and XhoI restriction enzymes for the inserts, leading to the mammalian expression plasmids pCLS14972 and pCLS14971 (SEQ ID NO: 358 and 359), respectively.
All mammalian target reporter plasmids containing the TALEN DNA target sequences were constructed using the standard Gateway protocol (INVITROGEN) into a CHO reporter vector (Arnould, Chames et al. 2006, Grizot, Epinat et al. 2010). The TALE-AvrBs3::FokI and scTrex2::TALE-AvrBs3::FokI constructs were tested in an extrachromosomal assay in mammalian cells (CHO K1) on pseudo palindromic targets in order to compare activity with a standard TALE-AvrBs3::FokI TALEN, which requires two binding sites for activity. AvrBs3 targets contain two identical recognition sequences juxtaposed with the 3′ ends proximal and separated by “spacer” DNA ranging from 5 to 40 bps (SEQ ID NO: 157 to 192, Table 6).
For this assay, CHO K1 cells were transfected in a 96-well plate format with 75 ng of target vector and an increasing quantity of each variant DNA from 0.7 to 25 ng, in the presence of PolyFect reagent (1 μL per well). The total amount of transfected DNA was completed to 125 ng (target DNA, variant DNA, carrier DNA) using an empty vector. Seventy-two hours after transfection, culture medium was removed and 150 μl of lysis/revelation buffer for β-galactosidase liquid assay was added. After incubation at 37° C., optical density was measured at 420 nm. The entire process is performed on an automated Velocity11 BioCel platform (Grizot, Epinat et al. 2009).
Activity levels in mammalian cells on suitable targets for the scTrex2::TALE-AvrBs3::FokI construct were comparable to those of the parent TALE-AvrBs3::FokI molecule, indicating that the extra scTrex2 moiety does not impair the TALEN DNA cleavage function. Assessment of the scTrex2 function is performed in assays suitable for the detection of NHEJ events.
Baseline designs for the cTALEN scaffolds are based on established TALE DNA binding domains. Compact TALEN5 are designed to be as small and efficient as possible. To obtain this goal it may therefore be necessary to enlist “enhancer” domains to bridge the functional gap between compact TALE DNA binding domains and the various catalytic domains.
Enhanced TALEN5 (eTALENs) are created using functional cTALENS from Example 3. The addition of the enhancer domain is evaluated in our yeast assay (see Example 1). A particular enhancer domain is judged useful if it provides a minimal 5% enhancement in efficiency of the starting cTALEN, more preferably a minimal 10% enhancement, more preferably 20%, more preferably 30%, more preferably 40%, more preferably 50%, again more preferably an enhancement greater than 50%.
Enhanced TALENs (TALE::CD::TALE), possessing N- and C-terminal TALE DNA binding domains bordering a central DNA cleavage domain, were generated using the sT2 (SEQ ID NO: 135) core scaffold. The layout of this class of compact TALEN is illustrated in
The final TALE::CD::TALE-based yeast expression plasmids, pCLS12106 (SEQ ID NO: 362) and pCLS12110 (SEQ ID NO: 363, were prepared by restriction and ligation using NcoI and EagI restriction sites to subclone into the pCLS0542 (SEQ ID NO: 156) plasmid. The yeast S. cerevisiae strain FYC2-6A (MATα, trp1Δ63, leu2Δ1, his3Δ200) was transformed using a high efficiency LiAc transformation protocol (Arnould et al. 2007).
All the yeast target reporter plasmids containing the TALEN DNA target sequences were constructed as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006).
The TALE::CD::TALE constructs are tested in a yeast SSA assay as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006) on asymmetric AvrBs3/RagT2-R hybrid targets in order to compare activity with a parent compact TALEN (e.g. pCLS8589, SEQ ID NO: 233), which has activity on targets with a single binding site. In addition, constructs are tested on a target having only a single AvrBs3 or RagT2-R recognition site.
To date, all known TAL effectors and derivatives thereof appear to require a T base at positions −1 (
Chimeric proteins are constructed using the analogous regions from one of the 3 candidates mentioned to replace the N-terminal TALE protein region up to the first canonical repeat domain. The new interface is redesigned in silico, using the homology models as guides. This approach can be used to pinpoint the determinants of specificity for the requisite T at position −1 of the target sequence. The replacement enhancer domain should at minimum provide structural integrity to the cTALEN protein. Constructs are evaluated in our yeast assay (see Example 1). A particular enhancer domain is judged useful if it provides a minimal 5% retention in activity of the starting cTALEN in the absence of a T at target position −1, more preferably a minimal 10% retention, more preferably 20%, more preferably 30%, more preferably 40%, more preferably 50%, again more preferably a retention in activity greater than 50%.
To generate more suitable and compact scaffolds for cTALENS, the nature of the C-terminal region (beyond the final half-repeat domain) of the TALE protein has been analyzed. Sequence and structure-based homology modeling of the C-terminal TALE region of bT2-derivatives have yielded three potential candidate proteins (Table 1): (i) the hydrolase/transferase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, SEQ ID NO: 6; (ii) the Polymerase domain from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ligase D, SEQ ID NO: 7; (iii) initiation factor elF2 from Pyrococcus, SEQ ID NO: 8; (iv) Translation Initiation Factor Aif2betagamma, SEQ ID NO: 9. As in example 6, homology models are used to pinpoint regions for generating possible C-terminal truncations; potential truncation positions include 28, 40, 64, 118, 136, 169, 190 residues remaining beyond the last half-repeat domain. Additionally, homologous regions from the aforementioned proteins can be used to replace the C-terminal domain entirely. Contact prediction programs can be used to identify, starting from the primary sequence of a protein, the pairs of residues that are likely proximal in the 3D space. Such chimeric proteins should provide more stable scaffolds on which to build cTALENs.
Constructs are evaluated in our yeast assay (see Example 1). A particular enhancer domain is judged useful if it provides a minimal 5% retention in activity of the starting cTALEN, more preferably a minimal 10% retention, more preferably 20%, more preferably 30%, more preferably 40%, more preferably 50%, again more preferably a retention in activity greater than 50%.
To generate compact TALENS with alternative activities, trans cTALENS are generated by (a) using a catalytic domain with separable activities (
Constructs are evaluated in our yeast assay (see Example 1). A particular auxiliary domain is judged useful if it provides an alternative activity to that of the starting cTALEN.
If the auxiliary domain used exhibits activity independent of the initial cTALEN (i.e in a non-trans TALEN context), it can as well be fused to a TALE domain for specific targeting (
As mentioned in examples 3c and 3d, both NucA (SEQ ID NO: 26) and ColE7 (SEQ ID NO: 140) can be inhibited by complex formation with their respective inhibitor proteins, NuiA (SEQ ID NO: 229) and Im7 (SEQ ID NO: 230). Colicin-E9 (SEQ ID NO: 366) is another non-limiting example of protein which can be inhibited by its respective inhibitor Im9 (SEQ ID NO: 369). With respect to TALENs derived from the NucA (TALE::NucA) or ColE7 (TALE::ColE7) catalytic domains, the inhibitors serve as auxiliary domains (
The Im7 (SEQ ID NO: 230) and NuiA (SEQ ID NO: 229) inhibitor proteins were subcloned into the pCLS7763 backbone (SEQ ID NO: 241) by restriction and ligation using NcoI and EagI restriction sites, yielding pCLS9922 (SEQ ID NO: 242) and pCLS9923 (SEQ ID NO: 243), respectively. These plasmids were then used in co-transformation experiments in the standard yeast SSA assay as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006).
All the yeast target reporter plasmids containing the TALEN DNA target sequences were constructed as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006).
TALE-AvrBs3::NucA (pCLS9924, SEQ ID NO: 223) and TALE-AvrBs3::ColE7 (pCLS8589, SEQ ID NO: 233) constructs were tested in a yeast SSA assay on pseudo palindromic targets in order to compare activity with a standard TALE-AvrBs3::FokI TALEN (pCLS8590, SEQ ID NO: 244), which requires two binding sites for activity. AvrBS3 targets contain two identical recognition sequences juxtaposed with the 3′ ends proximal and separated by “spacer” DNA ranging from 5 to 40 bps (SEQ ID NO: 157 to 192, Table 7). In addition, constructs were tested on a target having only a single AvrBs3 recognition site (SEQ ID NO: 224, Table 7). Activity modulation of the TALENs was assessed in the presence or absence of specific or unspecific inhibitor protein, using the TALE-AvrBs3::FokI TALEN as control.
Data summarized in table 12 indicate that TALE-AvrBs3::NucA and TALE-AvrBs3::ColE7 constructs are specifically inactivated by the presence of their respective inhibitor proteins NuiA and Im7, according to the present invention.
Example 3b illustrates that the TevI::TALE functions unassisted as a compact TALEN (pCLS8522, SEQ ID NO: 237). To further enhance activity, a trans TALEN was designed using a TALE::TevI construct in a layout depicted in
All the yeast target reporter plasmids containing the TALEN DNA target sequences were constructed as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006).
The TALE-RagT2-R::TevI/TevI::TALE-AvrBs3 construct pairs were tested in a yeast SSA assay as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006) on asymmetric RagT2-R/AvrBs3 hybrid targets in order to compare activity with a parent compact TALEN (e.g. pCLS8522, SEQ ID NO: 237), which has activity on targets with a single binding site. RagT2-R/AvrBs3 hybrid targets contain two different recognition sequences juxtaposed with the 3′ end of the first (RagT2-R) proximal to the 5′ end of the second (AvrBs3) and separated by “spacer” DNA ranging from 5 to 40 bps (SEQ ID NO: G064 to G099, Table 13).
We generated a first library of 37 different linkers. Many of them have a common structure comprising a variable region encoding 3 to 28 amino acids residues and flanked by regions encoding SGGSGS stretch (SEQ ID NO: 219) at both the 5′ and a 3′ end (SEQ ID NO: 372 to 408). These linkers contain XmaI and BamHI restriction sites in their 5′ and 3′ ends respectively. The linker library is then subcloned in pCLS7183 (SEQ ID NO: 141) via the XmaI and BamHI restriction sites to replace the C-terminal domain of the AvrBs3-derived TALEN (pCLS7184, SEQ ID NO: 196). The AvrBs3-derived set of repeat domains (RVDs) or any other RVD sequences having or lacking the terminal half RVD is cloned in this backbone library. DNA from the library is obtained, after scrapping of the colonies from the Petri dishes, using standard miniprep techniques. The FokI catalytic head is removed using BamHI and EagI restriction enzymes, the remaining backbone being purified using standard gel extraction techniques.
DNA coding for ColE7 catalytic domain (SEQ ID NO: 11) was amplified by the PCR to introduce, at the DNA level, a BamHI (at the 5′ of the coding strand) and a EagI (at the 3′ of the coding strand) restriction site and, at the protein level, a linker (for example -SGGSGS- stretch, SEQ ID NO: 219) between the C terminal domain library and the catalytic head. After BamHI and EagI digestion and purification, the DNA coding for the different catalytic heads were individually subcloned into the library scaffold previously prepared. DNA from the final library is obtained, after scrapping of the colonies from Petri dishes, using standard miniprep techniques and the resulting libraries are screened in our yeast SSA assay as previously described (International PCT Applications WO 2004/067736 and in Epinat, Arnould et al. 2003; Chames, Epinat et al. 2005; Arnould, Chames et al. 2006; Smith, Grizot et al. 2006) on pseudo palindromic targets in order to compare activity with a standard TALE-AvrBs3::FokI TALEN, which requires two binding sites for activity. AvrBs3 targets contain two identical recognition sequences juxtaposed with the 3′ ends proximal and separated by “spacer” DNA containing 15, 18, 21 and 24 bps (SEQ ID NO: 167, 170, 173 and 176, Table 7). In addition, constructs (SEQ ID NO: 416-419) were tested on a target having only a single AvrBs3 recognition site (SEQ ID NO: 224). Data summarized in
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61472065 | Apr 2011 | US | |
| 61496454 | Jun 2011 | US | |
| 61499043 | Jun 2011 | US | |
| 61499047 | Jun 2011 | US | |
| 61533098 | Sep 2011 | US | |
| 61533123 | Sep 2011 | US | |
| 61579544 | Dec 2011 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15069672 | Mar 2016 | US |
| Child | 17489454 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13440940 | Apr 2012 | US |
| Child | 15069672 | US |
