TREA

Method of making and using a fat mimetic in reduced fat/cholesterol foodstuffs

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Information

  • Patent Grant
  • 5589215
  • Patent Number
    5,589,215
  • Date Filed
    Wednesday, September 29, 1993
    31 years ago
  • Date Issued
    Tuesday, December 31, 1996
    27 years ago
Information
Abstract
A fat mimetic system using a unique combination of starch, cellulose and protein as well as optional gum and flavoring.
Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to methods of making and using fat mimetics. More particularly, this invention relates to a fat mimetic system for replacing saturated and unsaturated fat as well as cholesterol in a wide range of prepared foodstuffs which maintains the flavor and other organoleptic properties of their full-fat counterparts.
Consumer awareness of the health benefits of reduced fat and reduced cholesterol content foods is bringing about increasing demands for foods with reduced fat and cholesterol content. The food industry has sought to meet these demands by replacing at least a portion of the fat in prepared foodstuffs. Unfortunately, many prior attempts to do so have produced foodstuffs with off-flavors and unnatural and undesirable appearance and mouthfeel.
Accordingly, it is an important object of the present invention to provide a fat mimetic system which can be used in prepared foodstuffs to achieve reduced saturated and unsaturated fat and cholesterol while maintaining the same flavor and other organoleptic properties as their full-fat counterparts. For purposes of this invention, "prepared foodstuffs" are intended to include foods having more than about three grams of fat per serving which, in their preparation, include the addition of fat. Examples of such "prepared foodstuffs" includes soup, sauce, gravy, salad dressing, icings and bakery fillings, mayonnaise, ice-cream, cheese, baked goods like biscuits, cakes and cookies and processed meats such as hot dogs and sausage.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a fat mimetic system for prepared foodstuffs in which the saturated fat component of the prepared foodstuffs can be preferentially reduced, thereby producing prepared foodstuffs with fat primarily of the unsaturated type.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a fat mimetic for use in prepared foodstuffs which is particularly economical and easy to use.
The above and other objects of the invention will become apparent from the discussion below.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It has now been discovered that a unique fat mimetic system for prepared foods can be made from a combination of modified or unmodified starch, cellulose, protein, gum and flavoring. In order to obtain these unique properties, the relative quantities of the components of the mimetic system must be maintained within the very carefully delineated ranges discovered in the development of the invention and described below. The mimetic can be prepared by combining these components with water to achieve the desired consistency and then used in making the prepared foods. Alternatively, the mimetic effectively can be provided in situ, by introducing the above mimetic system components during the preparation of the prepared food product.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Starch
The level of starch in the system ranges from about 10 to 85 percent by weight. In a preferred embodiment, the level of starch will be about 24-84 percent by weight.
The starch, which may be modified or unmodified, will be chosen from among corn starch, potato starch, rice starch, wheat starch, tapioca starch, tapioca dextrin and tapioca maltodextrin. The preferred starches are tapioca dextrin and modified corn starch.
Cellulose
Cellulose will be present in the system at a level of about 2-25 percent by weight and preferably at a level of about 4-21.5 percent by weight. The cellulose should be in powder form and have a particle size of about 5-100 microns. It is preferred that the cellulose powder particles be about 20 microns in size. The cellulose will be chosen from among cellulose, cellulose gel, and cellulose ether.
Protein
The protein will be present in the fat mimetic system at a level of about 4.0-70 percent by weight and preferably at a level of about 6.9-62.4 percent by weight. The protein may include whey, whey protein concentrate, milk, non-fat dry milk, casein, rice protein, pea protein, soya, egg albumin and gelatin. Preferably, the protein will be a milk derivative.
Gum
The level of gum in the system will range from 0 to about 4 percent by weight. In a preferred embodiment, about 1-2 percent by weight gum will be present. The following gums may be used: guar, carrageenan, gum arabic, xanthan, alginate, methocel, and karaya.
Flavoring
Flavoring may be added to the system at a level of up to about 8.2 percent by weight. The use of flavoring is optional and will depend on the type of prepared foodstuff in which the fat mimetic system is to be used. Typical useful flavorings may be chosen from among: cream flavor, butter flavor, cheese flavor, chicken flavor and beef flavor.
Preparation of the Fat Mimetic System
In one embodiment of the invention, the fat mimetic system is prepared before being used in the prepared foodstuff. In this embodiment, the starch, cellulose, protein, optional gum and optional flavor are dispersed in water at about 50.degree.-90.degree. C. and agitated. The level of water and the rate and time of agitation will depend upon the consistency sought in the resulting mimetic product, which preferably will be a thickened, smooth and creamy consistency having the mouthfeel and appearance of a plastic shortening. Usually, in order to achieve such a product, the above ingredients will be combined with water at a ratio, on a weight basis, of dry ingredients to water of about 1:5 and preferably about 1:3.
In another embodiment of the invention, the fat mimetic system components are not separately combined with water but rather are added directly to the prepared foodstuff to achieve the desired fat mimetic result in situ. Also, when the preparation of the prepared foodstuff does not include a boiling step, an instant starch like instantized tapioca dextrin should be used.
The practice of the invention will be illustrated in the following examples in which all percentages are by weight, unless otherwise indicated.





EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE I
In this example, a fat mimetic system having a paste-like consistency was prepared by first dry blending the following:
______________________________________Ingredients % by weight______________________________________modified potato starch 84.0cellulose (20 micron particle size) 7.6whey 7.6butter and cream flavoring 0.8______________________________________
Then, water at about 82.degree.-88.degree. C. was added to the blended dry ingredients and the mixture stirred for about 10-20 minutes at 230 rpm on a Stir-Pak Laboratory Mixer having a 0.5-1 inch blade to produce an end-product with a smooth and creamy consistency.
A low fat biscuit was then prepared from a conventional recipe in which 50 percent of the shortening was replaced by the above fat mimetic system. The biscuit was prepared in a conventional fashion from the following ingredients:
______________________________________Ingredients Weight (grams)______________________________________flour 66.3leavening agent 3.1shortening 6.0emulsifer 2.0salt 2.0sugar 1.5shortening flakes 6.0fat mimetic system 40.0buttermilk 45.0______________________________________
The resulting biscuit which, as noted, had about 50% less fat, also had about 51 percent less cholesterol and was nearly indistinguishable from its full-fat counterpart in taste and appearance.
Example II
In this example, reduced fat biscuits were again prepared, except that a dry blend of the fat mimetic system was added directly to the biscuit formulation. The desired fat texture formed when the biscuit was baked, to again produce a product nearly indistinguishable from its full-fat counterpart.
Example III
In this example, a reduced fat and low cholesterol cream soup was prepared. The fat mimetic system, which, as in Example II was added directly to the other prepared food ingredients, included the following:
______________________________________Ingredients % by weight______________________________________tapioca dextrin 69.8cellulose 21.5whey 6.9guar gum 1.7dariy flavor 0.1______________________________________
The above fat mimetic ingredients were uniformly blended and then combined with conventional cream soup ingredients:
______________________________________Ingredients Weight (grams)______________________________________flour 26.17fat mimetic system 32.49non Dairy Creamer 15.00salt 5.50sugar 0.75spices 1.09starch 6.00sweet cream 13.00water 793.00______________________________________
The ingredients were uniformly blended, heated to boiling and stirred for about 15 minutes.
The resulting cream soup had 54.7 percent less fat than its full fat (chicken fat) counterpart and the remaining fat was lower in saturated fat content. Cholesterol was reduced by 56.5%. The cream soup was found organoleptically indistinguishable from its full-fat counterpart by a test panel of 100 people.
Also, the dry ingredients (mimetic and soup combined) were stored at room temperature for six months, then subjected to sensory, analytical and microbial tests, and found to exhibit no appreciable changes. Freeze and thaw stability tests showed like positive results. These stability test results are far superior to those of full-fat counterparts which include chicken fat.
Example IV
A low fat and low cholesterol cheese sauce was prepared from a fat mimetic system comprising:
______________________________________Ingredients % by weight______________________________________modified corn starch (instantized) 60.0cellulose 4.0protein 29.4carrageenan gum 1.0cheese flavor 4.6______________________________________
The above ingredients were combined with the following conventional cheese sauce ingredients, to which the hot water was added followed by stirring:
______________________________________Ingredients Weight (grams)______________________________________reduced fat cheese 36fat Mimetic system 50shortening 5salt 4sugar 4emulsifier 1water (82-88.degree. C.) 236______________________________________
The resulting cheese sauce had 51.4 percent less fat and 25.9 less cholesterol than its full-fat counterpart. Also, it was indistinguishable from its full fat counterpart.
Example V
A low fat and low cholesterol alfredo sauce was prepared from a fat mimetic system comprising:
______________________________________Ingredients % by weight______________________________________modified corn starch 67.7cellulose 15.3whey and milk 10.6cheese flavor 6.4______________________________________
The above fat mimetic ingredients were combined with the following conventional alfredo sauce ingredients after which they were heated to boiling and stirred as in Example III:
______________________________________Ingredients Weight (grams)______________________________________cheese 30.6fat mimetic system 35.9non dairy creamer 15.5salt 7.0sugar 2.0cream 9.0water 94.0______________________________________
The resulting alfredo sauce, which was indistinguishable from its full-fat counterpart, had 32.6 percent less fat and 26.2 less cholesterol. Also, it was found to be freeze and thaw stable and to withstand retorting with no perceptible loss of flavor or other organoleptic properties.
Example VI
A low fat and low cholesterol cream sauce was prepared using the following fat mimetic system:
______________________________________Ingredients % by weight______________________________________tapioca dextrin (instantized) 24.0cellulose 5.2whey and non-fat dry milk 62.4guar gum 0.2cheese flavor 8.2______________________________________
The above fat mimetic ingredients were combined with conventional cream sauce ingredients as follows:
______________________________________Ingredients Weight (grams)______________________________________fat mimetic system 57.4starch 26.9salt 5.4spices 1.0emulsifier 9.3water (82-88.degree. C.) 556.6______________________________________
The resulting cream sauce, which was indistinguishable from its full-fat counterpart, had 28.8 percent less fat and 50 percent less cholesterol.
Example VII
A low fat and low cholesterol chicken gravy was prepared using a fat mimetic system comprising:
______________________________________Ingredients % by weight______________________________________modified corn starch (instantized) 34.2cellulose 12.1whey and non-fat dry milk 47.6guar gum 0.5chicken flavor 5.6______________________________________
The above fat mimetic ingredients were combined in the following conventional chicken gravy recipe:
______________________________________Ingredients Weight (grams)______________________________________fat mimetic system 41.2starch 29.6salt 3.0sugar 2.0spices 14.7chicken powder 11.5water (82-88.degree. C.) 513.0______________________________________
The resulting chicken gravy was indistinguishable from its full fat counterpart and had 58.8 percent less fat and 47.5 percent less cholesterol.
Example VIII
A country gravy was prepared and cooked up as in Example III using the following fat mimetic system:
______________________________________Ingredients % by weight______________________________________tapioca dextrin (instantized) 26.0cellulose 10.5whey and non-fat dry milk 62.2guar gum 1.3______________________________________
The above fat mimetic ingredients were combined in the following conventional country gravy recipe:
______________________________________Ingredients Weight (grams)______________________________________fat mimetic system 38.4sugar 3.6salt 3.0spices 7.4flour 29.6emulsifer 18.0water 514.0______________________________________
The resulting country gravy, which was indistinguishable from its full fat counterpart, had 50.2 percent less fat and 61.1 percent less cholesterol.
The embodiments and examples described above are for illustrative purposes only and various modifications or changes therein will be apparent to persons skilled in the art and are intended to be included within the invention and the scope of the appended claims.
Claims
  • 1. A fat-free composition for use as a mimetic said composition consisting essentially of:
  • about 10-85 percent by weight starch;
  • about 2-25 percent by weight cellulose;
  • about 4-70 percent by weight protein;
  • about 0-4 percent by weight gum; and
  • about 0-8.2 percent by weight flavoring.
  • 2. The fat mimetic system of claim 1 in which the starch is present at a level of about 24-84 percent by weight.
  • 3. The fat mimetic system of claim 1 in which the cellulose is present at a level of about 4-21.5 percent by weight.
  • 4. The fat mimetic system of claim 1 in which the cellulose is in powder form and has a particle size from about 5-100 microns.
  • 5. The fat mimetic system of claim 1 in which the cellulose is in powder form and has a particle size of about 20 microns.
  • 6. The fat mimetic system of claim 1 in which the protein is present at a level of about 6.9-62.4 percent by weight.
  • 7. The fat mimetic system of claim 1 in which the gum is present at a level from about 1-2 percent by weight.
  • 8. The fat mimetic system of claim 1 in which the starch is chosen from the group consisting of corn starch, modified corn starch, potato starch, modified potato starch, rice starch, modified rice starch, wheat starch, modified wheat starch, tapioca starch, modified tapioca starch, tapioca dextrin, modified tapioca dextrin, tapioca maltodextrin and modified tapioca maltodextrin.
  • 9. The fat mimetic of claim 1 in which the starch is tapioca dextrin or modified corn starch.
  • 10. The fat mimetic system of claim 1 in which the protein is chosen from the group consisting of whey, whey protein concentrate, milk, non-fat dry milk, casein, rice protein, pea protein, soya, egg albumin and gelatin.
  • 11. The fat mimetic system of claim 1 in which the cellulose is chosen from the group consisting of cellulose, cellulose gel and cellulose ether.
  • 12. The fat mimetic system of claim 1 in which the gum is chosen from the group consisting of guar, carrageenan, gum, arabic, xanthan, alginate, methocel and karaya.
  • 13. The fat mimetic system of claim 1 in which the flavoring is chosen from the group consisting of: cream flavor, butter flavor, cheese flavor, chicken flavor and beef flavor.
  • 14. The fat mimetic composition of claim 1 including sufficient water to produce a composition with a smooth and creamy consistency.
  • 15. A reduced fat biscuit comprising a biscuit prepared from a conventional biscuit recipe in which the fat in the recipe is replaced with a fat-free mimetic system consisting essentially of:
  • about 24-84 percent by weight starch;
  • about 4-21.5 percent by weight cellulose;
  • about 6.9-62.4 percent by weight protein;
  • about 0-1.7 percent by weight gum; and
  • about 0-8.2 percent by weight flavoring.
  • 16. A reduced fat cream soup comprising a cream soup prepared from a conventional cream soup recipe in which the fat in the recipe is replaced with a fat-free mimetic system said mimetic system consisting essentially of:
  • about 24-84 percent by weight starch;
  • about 4-21.5 percent by weight cellulose;
  • about 6.9-62.4 percent by weight protein;
  • about 0-1.7 percent by weight gum; and
  • about 0-8.2 percent by weight flavoring.
  • 17. A reduced fat cheese sauce comprising a cheese sauce prepared from a conventional cheese sauce recipe in which the fat in the recipe is replaced with a fat-free mimetic system consisting essentially of:
  • about 24-84 percent by weight starch;
  • about 4-21.5 percent by weight cellulose;
  • about 6.9-62.4 percent by weight protein;
  • about 0-1.7 percent by weight gum; and
  • about 0-8.2 percent by weight flavoring.
  • 18. A reduced fat cream sauce comprising a cream sauce prepared from a conventional cream sauce recipe in which the fat in the recipe is replaced with a fat-free mimetic system consisting essentially of:
  • about 24-84 percent by weight starch;
  • about 4-21.5 percent by weight cellulose;
  • about 6.9-62.4 percent by weight protein;
  • about 0-1.7 percent by weight gum; and
  • about 0-8.2 percent by weight flavoring.
  • 19. A reduced fat chicken gravy comprising a chicken gravy prepared from a conventional chicken gravy recipe in which the fat in the recipe is replaced with a fat-free mimetic system consisting essentially of:
  • about 24-84 percent by weight starch;
  • about 4-21.5 percent by weight cellulose;
  • about 6.9-62.4 percent by weight protein;
  • about 0-1.7 percent by weight gum; and
  • about 0-8.2 percent by weight flavoring.
  • 20. A method for preparing a foodstuff comprising replacing at least a portion of the fat in the foodstuff with a fat-free mimetic said mimetic consisting essentially of the following dry components:
  • about 24-84 percent by weight starch;
  • about 4-21.5 percent by weight cellulose;
  • about 6.9-62.4 percent by weight protein;
  • about 0-1.7 percent by weight gum; and
  • about 0-8.2 percent by weight flavoring.
  • 21. A foodstuff made by the process of claim 20.
  • 22. A method for preparing a foodstuff comprising replacing at least a portion of the fat in the foodstuff with the following fat-free mimetic:
  • about 24-84 percent by weight starch;
  • about 4-21.5 percent by weight cellulose;
  • about 6.9-62.4 percent by weight protein;
  • about 0-1.7 percent by weight gum; and
  • about 0-8.2 percent by weight flavoring.
  • 23. A foodstuff made by the process of claim 21.
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Entry
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