Patent Application
20090170304
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, and more specifically, to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device which method is suitably used for forming an ohmic electrode on a p-type layer in a nitride semiconductor device.
2. Description of the Background Art
One of the challenges for semiconductor devices using a nitride semiconductor such as gallium nitride (GaN), aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN), or indium gallium nitride (InGaN) is to form a low-resistance ohmic electrode on a p-type nitride semiconductor layer. In particular, for semiconductor lasers or other semiconductor devices that operate at high current densities, it is absolutely necessary to provide an ohmic electrode with stability on a p-type nitride semiconductor layer to achieve long-term stable operation.
National publication of translation No. 2007-518260 has suggested performing heat treatment in an atmosphere containing oxygen after the formation of an ohmic electrode, whereby gallium (Ga) in a nitride semiconductor layer diffuses to the outside, forming Ga holes, which will then serve as acceptors to increase the hole concentration, thus reducing the contact resistance.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 10-209493 has suggested forming an ohmic electrode of palladium (Pd) or the like and then performing heat treatment in an atmosphere containing oxygen, which will reduce the contact resistance of the ohmic electrode.
When heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere containing oxygen in order to reduce the contact resistance of an ohmic electrode to a p-type nitride semiconductor layer, a metallic oxide will be formed on the surface of the ohmic electrode. Since metallic oxides are of high resistance, semiconductor lasers or other semiconductor devices that operate at high current densities have the problem that they cannot operate with stability for a long period of time because long-term operation will produce heat, increasing the contact resistance of an ohmic electrode in proportion to time. To solve the above problem, it is necessary to reduce the contact resistance of an ohmic electrode to a p-type nitride semiconductor layer and not to form a metallic oxide on the surface of the ohmic electrode.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device that can reduce the contact resistance of an ohmic electrode to a p-type nitride semiconductor layer and can achieve long-term stable operation.
A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the invention includes an electrode forming step and a heat-treatment step. In the electrode forming step, a palladium (Pd) film and a tantalum (Ta) film is formed in succession on a p-type contact layer of a nitride semiconductor to form an ohmic electrode of a metal film of the palladium (Pd) film and the tantalum (Ta) film. The electrode forming step is performed in such a manner that the metal film is formed to include an oxygen atom. In the heat-treatment step, the ohmic electrode is heat-treated in an atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom-containing gas.
The above method of manufacturing a semiconductor device reduces the contact resistance of the ohmic electrode to the p-type contact layer, thereby producing a semiconductor device that will produce no heat even if operating at high current densities, thus achieving long-term stable operation.
These and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
The n-type GaN guide layer 3 may alternatively be an n-type InGaN guide layer. The p-type GaN guide layer 5 may alternatively be a p-type InGaN guide layer. The p-type GaN contact layer 7 is doped with magnesium (Mg) as an acceptor at concentrations of 1×1019/cm3 or more.
After the wafer process, the subsequent steps, such as forming a resonator by cleavage, forming an end-coating film through the formation of a single- or multi-layer dielectric or metal film with desired reflectivity on a cleavage plane, and isolation assembly with individual isolation of elements, will complete the manufacture of the semiconductor device 20.
Now, the electrode forming step is described. In the electrode forming step, firstly by vacuum evaporation, a palladium (Pd) film is deposited to a thickness of about 50 nm as the first p-type ohmic electrode 10. After the deposition of the Pd film, an oxygen atom-containing gas such as oxygen (O2), ozone (O3), dinitrogen monoxide (N2O), or nitrogen monoxide (NO) is supplied into an evaporation chamber to oxidize the surface of the Pd film, thereby taking in oxygen into the Pd film. The evaporation chamber is then evacuated again, and by vacuum evaporation, a tantalum (Ta) film is deposited to a thickness of about 20 nm as the second p-type ohmic electrode 11. The Pd film is necessary for establishing an ohmic contact with the p-type GaN contact layer 7, and the Ta film is necessary for inhibiting cohesion and promoting the ohmic properties of the Pd film during the heat treatment which will be described later.
After a series of works of depositing the Pd film and the Ta film in a single vacuum evaporator, then in the heat-treatment step, the first and second p-type ohmic electrodes 10 and 11 are heat-treated at heat-treatment temperatures from 400 to 700° C. in an atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom-containing gas, specifically in a gaseous atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom, e.g., an atmosphere of an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon, or in a vacuum. This reduces the contact resistance of the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 to the p-type GaN contact layer 7.
If, in taking in oxygen into the Pd film, the temperature of the n-type low-resistance GaN substrate 1, on which the Pd film is formed, is raised to a temperature of 100 to 300° C., the amount of oxygen taken into the Pd film will increase, which further reduces the contact resistance of the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 to the p-type GaN contact layer 7 after the heat treatment. This temperature increase may be accomplished simultaneously with the supply of an oxygen atom-containing gas or may be after the supply and stop of an oxygen atom-containing gas and after evacuation.
According to the method of manufacturing a semiconductor device described in the first preferred embodiment of the invention, in the electrode forming step, a metal film that forms a p-type ohmic electrode of the Pd film, which is the first p-type ohmic electrode 10, and the Ta film, which is the second p-type ohmic electrode 11, on the p-type GaN contact layer 7 is formed to include an oxygen atom. To be more specific, the Pd film which is the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 is formed to include an oxygen atom. Specifically speaking, after the deposition of the Pd film, an oxygen atom-containing gas is supplied into the evaporation chamber to oxidize the surface of the Pd film, thereby completing the formation of the Pd film. Thus, oxygen atoms are taken into the Pd film which is the first p-type ohmic electrode 10, which in turn results in the oxygen atoms being taken into the metal film which forms the p-type ohmic electrode.
In the presence of oxygen atoms in the metal film, the p-type ohmic electrode of the metal film is heat-treated in the heat-treatment step. Thus, even if the heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom-containing gas, the oxygen atoms in the metal film, more specifically, the oxygen atoms in the Pd film which is the first p-type ohmic electrode 10, will induce outward diffusion of gallium (Ga) in the p-type GaN contact layer 7, thereby forming Ga holes. Those Ga holes then serve as acceptors to increase the hole concentration, thus reducing the contact resistance of the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 to the p-type GaN contact layer 7 and accordingly reducing the contact resistance of the p-type ohmic electrode to the p-type GaN contact layer 7.
Since the p-type ohmic electrode is heat-treated in an atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom-containing gas, no metal oxide film is formed on the surface of the second p-type ohmic electrode 11, i.e., on the surface of the p-type ohmic electrode. Hence, there is no high-resistance film formed in the metal film which forms the p-type ohmic electrode, which allows the production of the semiconductor device 20 that will produce no heat even if operating at high current densities, thus achieving long-term stable operation.
Since in the present preferred embodiment, the metal film forming the p-type ohmic electrode is formed of a Pd film and a Ta film, the contact resistance of the p-type ohmic electrode to the p-type GaN contact layer 7 can be reduced more than in the case where the metal film is formed of any other material.
In the method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the present preferred embodiment, there is no oxygen supply after the deposition of the Ta film which is the second p-type ohmic electrode 11, so that the Ta film is formed in an atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom-containing gas. In other words, the Ta film is formed not to include an oxygen atom. Since the Ta film which is the second p-type ohmic electrode 11 includes no oxygen atom as described above, oxidation of the Ta film during the above heat treatment performed in an atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom-containing gas is more reliably prevented, which results in more reliable prevention of the formation of a high-resistance metal oxide film, such as a Ta oxide film, on the surface of the second p-type ohmic electrode 11, i.e., on the surface of the p-type ohmic electrode. This more reliably prevents the formation of a high-resistance film in the p-type ohmic electrode, thus allowing more reliable production of the semiconductor device 20 that will produce no heat even if operating at high current densities, thus achieving long-term stable operation.
Next is described a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to a second preferred embodiment of the invention. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the present preferred embodiment is similar to that previously described in the first preferred embodiment, and differs in only the electrode forming step of forming the first and second p-type ohmic electrodes 10 and 11. The following description is thus given of the electrode forming step different from that in the first preferred embodiment, and corresponding parts to those previously described in the first preferred embodiment are referred to by the same reference numerals to eliminate redundant descriptions of the common parts.
In the electrode forming step according to the present preferred embodiment, firstly by vacuum evaporation, a first Pd film is deposited to a thickness of about 20 nm as the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 on the p-type GaN contact layer 7. After the deposition of the first Pd film, an oxygen atom-containing gas such as oxygen (O2), ozone (O3), dinitrogen monoxide (N2O), or nitrogen monoxide (NO) is supplied into the evaporation chamber to oxidize the surface of the first Pd film, thereby taking in oxygen into the first Pd film. The evaporation chamber is then evacuated again, and by vacuum evaporation, a second Pd film is deposited to a thickness of about 30 nm as the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 on the first Pd film. In this way, the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 is formed of the first and second Pd films. Then, a Ta film is deposited to a thickness of about 20 nm as the second p-type ohmic electrode 11.
The thickness of each film forming the first p-type ohmic electrode 10, i.e., the first and second Pd films, is determined so that the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 is equal in thickness to that in the first preferred embodiment. The first and second Pd films are necessary for establishing an ohmic contact with the p-type GaN contact layer 7, and the Ta film is necessary for inhibiting cohesion and promoting the ohmic properties of the first and second Pd films during the heat treatment which will be described later.
After a series of works of depositing the first and second Pd films and the Ta film in a single vacuum evaporator, then, as in the first preferred embodiment, in the heat-treatment step, the first and second p-type ohmic electrodes 10 and 11 are heat-treated at heat-treatment temperatures from 400 to 700° C. in an atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom-containing gas, specifically, in a gaseous atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom, e.g., an atmosphere of an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon, or in a vacuum. This reduces the contact resistance of the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 to the p-type GaN contact layer 7.
If, in taking in oxygen into the first Pd film, the temperature of the n-type low-resistance GaN substrate 1, on which the first Pd film is formed, is raised to a temperature of 100 to 300° C., the amount of oxygen taken into the first Pd film will increase, which further reduces the contact resistance of the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 to the p-type GaN contact layer 7 after the heat treatment. This temperature increase may be accomplished simultaneously with the supply of an oxygen atom-containing gas or may be after the supply and stop of an oxygen atom-containing gas and after evacuation.
According to the method of manufacturing a semiconductor device described in the present preferred embodiment, the first Pd film forming the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 is formed to include an oxygen atom. To be more specific, after the deposition of the first Pd film, an oxygen atom-containing gas is supplied into the evaporation chamber to oxidize the surface of the first Pd film, thereby completing the formation of the first Pd film. Thus, oxygen atoms are taken into the first Pd film, which in turn results in the oxygen atoms being taken into the first p-type ohmic electrode 10. In other words, oxygen atoms are taken into the metal film forming the p-type ohmic electrode. Thus, even if heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom-containing gas, the oxygen atoms in the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 will induce outward diffusion of Ga in the p-type GaN contact layer 7, thereby forming Ga holes. Those Ga holes then serve as acceptors to increase the hole concentration, thus reducing the contact resistance of the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 to the p-type GaN contact layer 7.
Besides, because there is no oxygen supply after the deposition of the Ta film which is the second p-type ohmic electrode 11 and because the heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom-containing gas, no metal oxide film is formed during the heat treatment. In particular, since the second Pd film in contact with the Ta film includes no oxygen, oxidation of the Ta film can be prevented with more reliability than in the first preferred embodiment. This more reliably prevents the formation of a high-resistance film in the p-type ohmic electrode, thus allowing more reliable production of a semiconductor device that will produce no heat even if operating at high current densities, thus achieving long-term stable operation.
Next is described a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to a third preferred embodiment of the invention. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the present preferred embodiment is similar to that previously described in the first preferred embodiment, and differs in only the electrode forming step of forming the first and second p-type ohmic electrodes 10 and 11. The following description is thus given of the electrode forming step different from that in the first preferred embodiment, and corresponding parts to those previously described in the first preferred embodiment are referred to by the same reference numerals to eliminate redundant descriptions of the common parts.
While the electrode forming step in the first preferred embodiment uses vacuum evaporation for the formation of the first and second p-type ohmic electrodes 10 and 11, the electrode forming step according to the present preferred embodiment uses sputtering for the formation of the first and second p-type ohmic electrodes 10 and 11. To be more specific, firstly by sputtering, a Pd film is deposited to a thickness of about 50 nm as the first p-type ohmic electrode 10. After the deposition of the Pd film, an oxygen atom-containing gas such as such as oxygen (O2), ozone (O3), dinitrogen monoxide (N2O), or nitrogen monoxide (NO) is supplied into a sputter chamber to oxidize the surface of the Pd film, thereby taking in oxygen into the Pd film. Alternatively, the supply of an oxygen atom-containing gas may produce the state of plasma. The sputter chamber is then evacuated again, and by sputtering, a Ta film is deposited to a thickness of about 20 nm as the second p-type ohmic electrode 11.
After a series of works of depositing the Pd film and the Ta film in a single sputtering apparatus, then, as in the first preferred embodiment, in the heat-treatment step, the first and second p-type ohmic electrodes 10 and 11 are heat-treated at heat-treatment temperatures from 400 to 700° C. in an atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom-containing gas, specifically, in a gaseous atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom, e.g., an atmosphere of an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon, or in a vacuum. This reduces the contact resistance of the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 to the p-type GaN contact layer 7.
If, in taking in oxygen into the Pd film, the temperature of the n-type low-resistance GaN substrate 1, on which the Pd film is formed, is raised to a temperature of 100 to 300° C., the amount of oxygen taken into the Pd film will increase, which further reduces the contact resistance of the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 to the p-type GaN contact layer 7 after the heat treatment. This temperature increase may be accomplished simultaneously with the supply of an oxygen atom-containing gas or may be after the supply and stop of an oxygen atom-containing gas and after evacuation.
According to the method of manufacturing a semiconductor device described in the present preferred embodiment, in the electrode forming step, a metal film that forms a p-type ohmic electrode of the Pd film, which is the first p-type ohmic electrode 10, and the Ta film, which is the second p-type ohmic electrode 11, on the p-type GaN contact layer 7 is formed to include an oxygen atom. To be more specific, the Pd film which is the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 is formed to include an oxygen atom. Specifically speaking, after the deposition of the Pd film, an oxygen atom-containing gas is supplied into the sputter chamber to oxidize the surface of the Pd film, thereby completing the formation of the Pd film. Thus, oxygen atoms are taken into the Pd film which is the first p-type ohmic electrode 10, which in turn results in the oxygen atoms being taken into the metal film which forms the p-type ohmic electrode.
In the presence of oxygen atoms in the metal film, the p-type ohmic electrode of the metal film is heat-treated in the heat-treatment step. Thus, even if the heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom-containing gas, the oxygen atoms in the metal film, more specifically, the oxygen atoms in the Pd film which is the first p-type ohmic electrode 10, will induce outward diffusion of gallium (Ga) in the p-type GaN contact layer 7, thereby forming Ga holes. Those Ga holes then serve as acceptors to increase the hole concentration, thus reducing the contact resistance of the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 to the p-type GaN contact layer 7 and accordingly reducing the contact resistance of the p-type ohmic electrode to the p-type GaN contact layer 7.
Since the p-type ohmic electrode is heat-treated in an atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom-containing gas, no metal oxide film is formed on the surface of the second p-type ohmic electrode 11, i.e., on the surface of the p-type ohmic electrode. Thus, there is no high-resistance film formed in the metal film which is the p-type ohmic electrode, which allows the production of a semiconductor device that will produce no heat even if operating at high current densities, thus achieving long-term stable operation.
In the method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the present preferred embodiment, there is no oxygen supply after the deposition of the Ta film which is the second p-type ohmic electrode 11, so that the Ta film is formed in an atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom-containing gas. In other words, the Ta film is formed not to include an oxygen atom. Since the Ta film which is the second p-type ohmic electrode 11 includes no oxygen atom as described above, oxidation of the Ta film during the above heat treatment performed in an atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom-containing gas is more reliably prevented, which results in more reliable prevention of the formation of a high-resistance metal oxide film, such as a Ta oxide film, on the surface of the second p-type ohmic electrode 11, i.e., on the surface of the p-type ohmic electrode. This more reliably prevents the formation of a high-resistance film in the p-type ohmic electrode, thus allowing more reliable production of a semiconductor device that will produce no heat even if operating at high current densities, thus achieving long-term stable operation.
Next is described a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to a fourth preferred embodiment of the invention. The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the present preferred embodiment is similar to those previously described in the first and second preferred embodiments, and differs in only the electrode forming step of forming the first and second p-type ohmic electrodes 10 and 11. The following description is thus given of the electrode forming step different from those in the first and second preferred embodiments, and corresponding parts to those previously described in the first and second preferred embodiments are referred to by the same reference numerals to eliminate redundant descriptions of the common parts.
While the electrode forming steps in the first and second preferred embodiments use vacuum evaporation for the formation of the first and second p-type ohmic electrodes 10 and 11, the electrode forming step according to the present preferred embodiment uses sputtering for the formation of the first and second p-type ohmic electrodes 10 and 11. Specifically, firstly by sputtering, a first Pd film is deposited to a thickness of about 20 nm as the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 on the p-type GaN contact layer 7. After the deposition of the first Pd film, an oxygen atom-containing gas such as oxygen (O2), ozone (O3), dinitrogen monoxide (N2O), or nitrogen monoxide (NO) is supplied into a sputter chamber to oxidize the surface of the first Pd film, thereby taking in oxygen into the first Pd film. Alternatively, the supply of an oxygen-atom-containing gas may produce the state of plasma. The chamber is then evacuated again, and by sputtering, a second Pd film is deposited to a thickness of about 30 nm as the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 on the first Pd film. In this way, the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 is formed of the first and second Pd films. Then, a Ta film is deposited to a thickness of about 20 nm as the second p-type ohmic electrode 11.
After a series of works of depositing the first and second Pd films and the Ta film in a single sputtering apparatus, then, as in the first and second preferred embodiments, in the heat-treatment step, the first and second p-type ohmic electrodes 10 and 11 are heat-treated at heat-treatment temperatures from 400 to 700° C. in an atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom-containing gas, specifically, in a gaseous atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom, e.g., an atmosphere of an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon, or in a vacuum. This reduces the contact resistance of the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 to the p-type GaN contact layer 7.
If, in taking in oxygen into the first Pd film, the temperature of the n-type low-resistance GaN substrate 1, on which the first Pd film is formed, is raised to a temperature of 100 to 300° C., the amount of oxygen taken into the first Pd film will increase, which further reduces the contact resistance of the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 to the p-type GaN contact layer 7 after the heat treatment. This temperature increase may be accomplished simultaneously with the supply of an oxygen atom-containing gas or may be after the supply and stop of an oxygen atom-containing gas and after evacuation.
According to the method of manufacturing a semiconductor device described in the present preferred embodiment, since the first Pd film which forms the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 is formed by oxidation of its surface after deposition, oxygen atoms are taken into the first Pd film, which in turn results in the oxygen atoms being taken into the first p-type ohmic electrode 10. Thus, even if the heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom-containing gas, the oxygen atoms in the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 will induce outward diffusion of Ga in the p-type GaN contact layer 7, thereby forming Ga holes. Those Ga holes then serve as acceptors to increase the hole concentration, thus reducing the contact resistance of the first p-type ohmic electrode 10 to the p-type GaN contact layer 7.
Besides, because there is no oxygen supply after the deposition of the Ta film which is the second p-type ohmic electrode 11 and because the heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere not containing an oxygen atom-containing gas, no metal oxide film is formed during the heat treatment. In particular, since the second Pd film in contact with the Ta film includes no oxygen, oxidation of the Ta film can be prevented with more reliability than in the first preferred embodiment. This more reliably prevents the formation of a high-resistance film in the p-type ohmic electrode, thus allowing more reliable production of a semiconductor device that will produce no heat even if operating at high current densities, thus achieving long-term stable operation.
While the invention has been shown and described in detail, the foregoing description is in all aspects illustrative and not restrictive. It is therefore understood that numerous modifications and variations can be devised without departing from the scope of the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007-335698 | Dec 2007 | JP | national |
