Patent Grant
7264537
The present invention generally relates to chemical mechanical planarization, and more particularly relates to methods for monitoring chemical mechanical planarization processes using in-situ eddy current measuring systems.
The manufacture of many types of work pieces requires the substantial planarization of at least one surface of the work piece. Examples of such work pieces that require a planar surface include semiconductor wafers, optical blanks, memory disks, and the like. Without loss of generality, but for ease of description and understanding, the following description of the invention will focus on applications to only one specific type of work piece, namely a semiconductor wafer. The invention, however, is not to be interpreted as being applicable only to semiconductor wafers.
One commonly used technique for planarizing the surface of a work piece is the chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process. In the CMP process a work piece, held by a work piece carrier, is pressed against a polishing surface in the presence of a polishing slurry, and relative motion (rotational, orbital, linear, or a combination of these) between the work piece and the polishing surface is initiated. The mechanical abrasion of the work piece surface combined with the chemical interaction of the slurry with the material on the work piece surface ideally produces a planar surface.
The construction of the carrier and the relative motion between the polishing pad and the carrier head have been extensively engineered in an attempt to achieve a uniform removal of metal across the surface of the work piece and hence to achieve the desired planar surface. However, as a CMP process proceeds, conditions or parameters of the process may change, slightly or dramatically, causing the process to “drift” away from providing a uniform work piece surface. In addition, the CMP process may change from work piece to work piece, or the work pieces themselves may vary enough from each other that achieving uniform removal or a uniform work piece surface on each work piece becomes difficult.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a method for monitoring the removal of a metal layer from work piece during a CMP process. It also is desirable to provide a method that generates a signal when the CMP process “drifts”, either during the planarization of a work piece or from work piece to work piece to prevent misprocessed wafers. Furthermore, other desirable features and characteristics of the present invention will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description of the invention and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and this background of the invention.
The present invention will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the following drawing figures, wherein like numerals denote like elements, and
The following detailed description of the invention is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the invention or the application and uses of the invention. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any theory presented in the preceding background of the invention or the following detailed description of the invention.
The present invention is directed to methods for monitoring the removal of a metal layer from a work piece during a chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process. The methods utilize the monitoring of work piece metrics and a comparison of those metrics to predetermined specifications. If an assessment of the work piece metrics indicates that the CMP process has “drifted” out of a specification such that misprocessing of the work piece may occur, a signal is generated. The signal provides an opportunity for immediate correction during the CMP process or for correction prior to subsequent work piece processing.
The terms “planarization” and “polishing,” or other forms of these words, although having different connotations, are often used interchangeably by those of skill in the art with the intended meaning conveyed by the context in which the term is used. In turn, the term “chemical mechanical planarization” is often referred to in the industry as “chemical mechanical polishing,” and it is intended to encompass herein both terms by the use of “chemical mechanical planarization” and to represent each by the acronym “CMP”. For purposes of illustration only, the invention will be described as it applies to a CMP apparatus and to a CMP process and specifically as it applies to the CMP processing of a semiconductor wafer. It is not intended, however, that the invention be limited to these illustrative embodiments; instead, the invention is applicable to a variety of processing apparatus, including electrochemical mechanical planarization (ECMP) and to the processing and handling of many types of work pieces.
An example of a CMP apparatus 100 having an in-situ eddy current thickness-measuring system and multiple pressure chambers or zones (hereinafter “zones”) is illustrated in
A method 400 for performing a conventional CMP process is illustrated in
The supporting surface 302 and polishing pad 300 may be moved rotationally, linearly, or preferably, orbitally. The carrier 200 is preferably rotated about its central axis as it presses the front surface of the wafer 102 against the polishing pad 300 during the planarization process. The carrier 200 may also be moved along the polishing pad 300 to enhance the planarization process of the wafer.
The CMP apparatus 100 also utilizes a plurality of probes 304, 306, and 308 positioned beneath the polishing pad 300. Probes 304, 306, 308 are sensor devices of a multi-probe eddy current thickness-measuring system 310. While three probes 304, 306, 308 are illustrated in
The multi-probe eddy current system 310 may include probes, i.e., 304, 306, and 308, a drive system 312 to induce eddy currents within a metal layer on the wafer 102 and a sensing system 314 to detect eddy currents induced in the metal layer by the drive system. Probes 304, 306, and 308 are activated by drive system 312 through cables 316, 318, 320, respectively. Eddy currents induced within a metal layer on the surface of the wafer 102 are sensed by the probes and signals are sent to the sensing system through cables 316, 318, 320. The sensing system is coupled to a controller 230, which calculates the thickness of the layer on the wafer 102 and determines locations of the thickness measurements. Eddy currents are induced and measured through holes or transparent areas 322, 324, and 326 within the polishing pad 300.
The carrier 200 illustrated in
The carrier 200 is adapted to permit biasing the pressure exerted on different areas of the back surface of the wafer 102 by the zones. Areas on the back surface of the wafer 102 receiving a higher (or lower) pressure will typically increase (or decrease) the removal rate of material from corresponding areas on the front surface of the wafer 102. Removal rates of material from planarization processes are typically substantially uniform within concentric annular bands about the center of the wafer, but the carrier 200 is preferably capable of exerting different pressures in a plurality of different areas while maintaining a uniform pressure within each area. In addition, the carrier 200 also is able to apply different pressures over different zones on the back surface of the wafer.
The pressure within the central 202, intermediate 204, and peripheral 206 zones may be individually communicated through passageways 214, 216, 218 by respective controllable pressure regulators 220, 222, 224 connected to a pump 226. A rotary union 228 may be used in communicating the pressure from the pump 226 and pressure regulators 220, 222, 224 to their respective zones 202, 204, 206 if the carrier 200 is rotated. Controller 230 may be used to automate the selected pressure for each pressure regulator 220, 222, 224. Thus, each concentric zone 202, 204, 206 may be individually pressurized to create three concentric bands to press against the back surface of the wafer 102. Each zone 202, 204, 206 may therefore have a different pressure, but each concentric band will therefore have a uniform pressure within the band to press against the back surface of the wafer 102. In a closed-loop-control (CLC) system, the multi-probe thickness-measuring system 310 may be used to determine areas on the front surface of the wafer 102 that need an increase or decrease in material removal rate and, hence, an increase or decrease in pressures of the corresponding zones providing a process correction for a range of process variations.
Various devices may be used to track the location of the measurements on the front surface of the wafer 102. For example, an encoder 328 may be used to track the position of the carrier 200 (and thus the wafer) and transmit this information via communication line 330 to the controller 230. In a similar manner, an encoder 332 may be used to track the position of the supporting surface 302 (and thus the probes) and transmit this information via communication line 334 to the controller 230. The controller 230 thus has the information necessary to match the data from the multi-probe thickness-measuring system 310 with the data's corresponding location on the front surface of the wafer 102.
Referring to
The method 500 begins with the generation at a given time of the CMP process of a plurality of measurements of the thickness of the metal layer that is to be removed (step 502). In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the radial location of each of the thickness measurements also is determined. The thickness measurements then are analyzed to derive one or more sets of wafer metrics (step 504). For purposes of the present invention, the term “wafer metric”, or “work piece metric”, may include the thickness of the metal layer at a corresponding radial location, the average thickness across the wafer, and/or an average removal rate, such as an average removal rate of the metal layer within a zone of the carrier or an average removal rate of the metal layer across the entire wafer. The term “wafer metric” or “work piece metric” also may include a thickness profile of the metal layer prior to clearing of the metal layer. For example, the thickness profile of the metal layer may be determined for a specific average thickness or when any portion of the metal layer has less than a predetermined thickness, such as less than 1000 angstroms. In addition, the term “wafer metric” or “work piece metric” may include endpoint or transition times, that is, the amount of time for the planarization process to substantially remove the metal layer or the amount of time for the planarization process to remove a predetermined portion of the metal layer may be determined.
Moreover, the term “wafer metric” or “work piece metric” may include a “within wafer nonuniformity” (WIWNU) or a “wafer-to-wafer nonuniformity” (WTWNU). WIWNU is an acceptable deviation of a wafer metric within a wafer. In an exemplary embodiment, if the removal rate profile of a wafer is being monitored during the CMP process, the wafer metrics derived from the in-situ eddy current system's thickness measurements may include the average removal rate and its WIWNU, that is, its acceptable standard deviation (σ). In another exemplary embodiment, if the incoming thickness profile of a wafer is being monitored, the wafer metrics derived from the in-situ eddy current system's thickness measurements may include the average incoming thickness and its WIWNU. In yet another embodiment, if the thickness just prior to clearing is being monitored, the derived wafer metrics may include the average thickness of the material layer prior to clearing and its WIWNU.
WTWNU is an acceptable deviation of a wafer metric derived from a predetermined set of previously processed or measured wafers. The WTWNU is calculated from at least three wafers. For example, the WTWNU may be calculated from the first three processed wafers of a wafer set, from the first ten processed wafers of a wafer set, or a running WTWNU may be calculated, that is, the WTWNU may be calculated from a number of wafers just previously processed (e.g., last three wafers processed, last five wafers processed, etc.) For example, if the removal rate of the metal layer at the wafer edge is being monitored, the derived wafer metrics may include the WTWNU of the removal rate at a location at the wafer's edge. In another exemplary embodiment, if the endpoint times are being monitored, the derived wafer metrics may include the WTWNU of the end point times. Any other suitable measurable or analytically derived parameter that identified a condition of the wafer also may constitute a wafer or work piece metric. In addition, more than one type of wafer metric may be analyzed, either simultaneously or serially, to ensure that the CMP process or other related semiconductor processes are functionally correctly.
Once one or more sets of wafer metrics are derived, the wafer metrics are assessed to determine if a predetermined number, such as one, two, or more wafer metrics, falls outside of a predetermined specification (step 506). For example, if the wafer metric being analyzed is the average removal rate profile of the metal layer, a predetermined specification may be a range of acceptable average removal rates with a maximum and a minimum acceptable average rate. Optionally, or in addition, a predetermined specification may be an acceptable deviation from the WIWNU of the average removal rate (e.g., no more than 3σ). In another example, if the wafer metric being analyzed is the average incoming thickness measurement of the material layer to be removed, a predetermined specification may be an acceptable thickness range. Optionally, or in addition, a predetermined specification may be an acceptable deviation from the WIWNU of the average incoming thickness.
If a predetermined number of wafer metrics of a set of wafer metrics is determined to be outside of a predetermined specification, a signal is provided to indicate that one or more semiconductor process parameters has drifted from or otherwise significantly varies from initial or desired semiconductor process parameters (step 508). In this regard, achieving a properly polished surface on the wafer is not likely. Accordingly, the CMP process may be terminated and/or one or more of the semiconductor process parameters may be corrected. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the signal may be any suitable visual or audible warning signal, such as a flashing light, a warning message, or a warning bell, whistle or horn, that informs a CMP operator that the CMP apparatus is not functioning correctly or optimally. The CMP operator may halt the CMP process and/or adjust the CMP process to correct for the drift or variance. Accordingly, the operator is given an opportunity to identify the wayward parameter(s) and make the appropriate correction(s). In another exemplary embodiment, a given signal also may be associated with each set of wafer metrics so that an operator can determine from the signal which wafer metric set has exceeded a desired specification. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, each wafer metric set can be associated with a particular audible tone or with a visual message or color. For example, if the removal rate of the metal layer within only one pressure zone is outside the predetermined specification, the operator may determine from a first signal that the control of the pressure zones is working improperly and may fix the problem. In another example, if an incoming thickness of the metal layer at a location of the wafer is outside a WIWNU specification, the operator may determine from a second signal that a metal layer deposition process performed before the CMP process is improperly depositing metal and corrections can be made. Method 500 may be repeated any suitable number of cycles until desirable uniformity of the wafer surface is obtained and the CMP process is completed (step 512).
Referring to
In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, once contact is made between the front surface of the wafer and the polishing pad, a first set of thickness measurements may be generated (step 608). In another exemplary embodiment of the invention, planarization may begin by generating relative motion between the front surface of the wafer and the polishing pad (step 606) and a first set of thickness measurements may be generated simultaneously with or subsequent to commencement of the planarization (step 608). By analyzing this first set of thickness measurements (step 610), a controller or processor of the closed-loop system may determine that corrections to a parameter of the CMP process should be made and cause the CMP apparatus to make such corrections (step 612).
Using method 500 of
Once the CMP process has been corrected, steps 606–622 may be repeated any suitable number of cycles until it is determined that a desired surface will be achieved and/or until the CMP process is completed (step 624). In this regard, the CMP process can be monitored to ensure that the CLC system is not overcorrecting or undercorrecting the CMP process. In addition, the method of the present invention can be used to ensure that the CMP apparatus is operating correctly and optimally.
Accordingly, a method for monitoring the removal of a metal layer from work piece during a CMP process is provided. The method generates a signal when the CMP process “drifts”, either during the planarization of a work piece or from work piece to work piece so that the process can be corrected. In this regard, the number of misprocessed wafers may be reduced, thus increasing product production. While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing detailed description of the invention, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the invention in any way. Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing an exemplary embodiment of the invention, it being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements described in an exemplary embodiment without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims and their legal equivalents.
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