Methods for the diagnosis of glaucoma

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is in the fields of diagnostics, and concerns methods and reagents for diagnosing glaucoma and related disorders.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
"Glaucomas" are a group of debilitating eye diseases that are the leading cause of preventable blindness in the United States and other developed nations. Primary Open Angle Glaucoma ("POAG") is the most common form of glaucoma. The disease is characterized by the degeneration of the trabecular meshwork, leading to obstruction of the normal ability of aqueous humor to leave the eye without closure of the space (e.g., the "angle") between the iris and cornea (see, Vaughan, D. et al., In: General Ophthamology, Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, Conn., pp. 213-230 (1992)). A characteristic of such obstruction in this disease is an increased intraocular pressure ("IOP"), resulting in progressive visual loss and blindness if not treated appropriately and in a timely fashion.
The disease is estimated to affect between 0.4% and 3.3% of all adults over 40 years old (Leske, M. C. et al., Amer. J. Epidemiol. 113:1843-1846 (1986); Bengtsson, B., Br. J. Ophthamol. 73:483-487 (1989); Strong, N. P., Ophthal. Physiol. Opt. 12:3-7 (1992)). Moreover, the prevalence of the disease rises with age to over 6% of those 75 years or older (Strong, N. P., Ophthal. Physiol. Opt. 12:3-7 (1992)).
A link between the IOP response of patients to glucocorticoids and the disease of POAG has long been suspected. While only 5% of the normal population shows a high IOP increase (16 mm Hg) to topical glucocorticoid testing, over 90% of patients with POAG show this response. In addition, an open angle glaucoma may be induced by exposure to glucocorticoids. This observation has suggested that an increased or abnormal glucocorticoid response in trabecular cells may be involved in POAG (Zhan, G. L. et al., Exper. Eye Res. 54:211-218 (1992); Yun, A. J. et al., Invest. Ophthamol. Vis. Sci. 30:2012-2022 (1989); Clark, A. F., Exper. Eye Res. 55:265 (1992); Klemetti, A., Acta Ophthamol. 68:29-33 (1990); Knepper, P. A., U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,299).
The ability of glucocorticoids to induce a glaucoma-like condition has led to efforts to identify genes or gene products that would be induced by the cells of the trabecular meshwork in response to glucocorticoids (Polansky, J. R. et al., In: Glaucoma Update IV, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 20-29 (1991)). Initial efforts using short-term exposure to dexamethasone revealed only changes in specific protein synthesis. Extended exposure to relatively high levels of dexamethasone was, however, found to induce the expresion of related 66 kD and 55 kD proteins that could be visualized by gel electrophoresis (Polansky, J. R. et al., In: Glaucoma Update IV, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp.20-29 (1991)). The induction kinetics of these proteins as well as their dose response characteristics were similar to the kinetics those that were required for steroid-induced IOP elevation in human subjects (Polansky, J. R. et al., In: Glaucoma Update IV, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 20-29 (1991)). Problems of aggregation and apparent instability or loss of protein in the purification process were obstacles in obtaining a direct protein sequence.
Because increased IOP is a readily measurable characteristic of glaucoma, the diagnosis of the disease is largely screened for by measuring intraocular pressure (tonometry) (Strong, N. P., Ophthal. Physiol. Opt. 12:3-7 (1992), Greve, M. et al., Can. J. Ophthamol. 28:201-206 (1993)). Unfortunately, because glaucomatous and normal pressure ranges overlap, such methods are of limited value unless multiple readings are obtained (Hitchings, R. A., Br. J. Ophthamol. 77:326 (1993); Tuck, M. W. et al., Ophthal. Physiol. Opt. 13:227-232 (1993); Vaughan, D. et al., In: General Ophthamology, Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, Conn., pp. 213-230 (1992); Vernon, S. A., Eye 7:134-137 (1993)). For this reason, additional methods, such as direct examination of the optic disk and determination of the extent of a patient's visual field loss are often conducted to improve the accuracy of diagnosis (Greve, M. et al., Can. J. Ophthamol. 28:201-206 (1993)).
In view of the importance of glaucoma, and the at least partial inadequacies of prior methods of diagnosis, it would be desirable to have an improved, more accurate method for diagnosing glaucoma. The present invention provides such improved diagnostic agents and methods.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention concerns a novel peptide sequence discovered to be highly induced by glucocorticoids in the endothelial lining cells of the human trabecular meshwork. The cDNA for this protein, the protein itself, molecules that bind to it, and nucleic acid molecules that encode it, provide improved methods and reagents for diagnosing glaucoma and related disorders, as well as for diagnosing other diseases or conditions, such as cardiovascular, immunological, or other diseases or conditions that affect the expression or activity of the protein. Indeed, the molecules of the present invention may be used to diagnose diseases or conditions which are characterized by alterations in the expression of extracellular proteins. In addition, due to its cellular functions and DNA binding properties, the molecules of the present invention may be used to diagnose diseases or conditions which are characterized those functions.
The clone was termed "II.2" during the procedures of its isolation and was subsequently renamed "TIGR" ("Trabecular Meshwork Induced Glucocorticoid Response") protein.
In detail, the invention provides a substantially purified TIGR protein having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 residues 1-497 or 15-197.
The invention further provides a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a TIGR protein, especially a nucleic acid molecule that comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3.
The invention also provides an antibody capable of specifically binding to a TIGR protein.
The invention also provides a method for diagnosing glaucoma in a patient which comprises determining whether the amount of a TIGR protein present in the trabecular meshwork of an eye of the patient exceeds the amount of that TIGR protein present in the trabecular meshwork of an eye of an individual who is not suffering from glaucoma, wherein the detection of an excessive amount of the TIGR protein is indicative of glaucoma.
The invention also provides a method for quantitatively or qualitatively determining the amount of a TIGR protein present in the trabecular meshwork of an eye of an individual, and determining whether that amount exceeds the amount of that TIGR protein present in the trabecular meshwork of an eye of an individual who is not suffering from glaucoma, wherein the detection of an excessive amount of the TIGR protein is indicative of glaucoma.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE
FIGS. 1A-1D provide the amino acid sequence of the TIGR protein and the sequence of the cDNA that encodes the TIGR protein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
I. Overview of the Invention
As indicated above, the trabecular meshwork has been proposed to play an important role in the normal flow of the aqueous, and has been presumed to be the major site of outflow resistance in glaucomatous eyes. Human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells are endothelial like cells which line the outflow channels by which aqueous humor exits the eye; altered synthetic function of the cells may involve in the pathogenesis of steroid glaucoma and other types of glaucoma. Sustained steroid treatment of these cells are interesting because it showed major difference was observed when compared to 1-2 day glucocorticoid (GC) exposure, which appears relevant to the clinical onset of steroid glaucoma (1-6 weeks).
Despite decades of research, prior to the present invention, the molecular basis for glaucoma had not been determined (Snyder, R. W. et al., Exper. Eye Res. 57:461-468 (1993); Wiggs, J. L. et al., Genomics 21:299-303 (1994)).
Although trabecular meshwork cells had been found to induce specific proteins in response to glucocorticoids (see, Polansky, J. R., In: "Schriftenreihe de Adademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz," 307-318 (1993)), efforts to purify the expressed protein were encumbered by insolubility and other problems. Nguyen, T. D. et al. (In: "Schriftenreihe de Adademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz," 331-343 (1993), herein incorporated by reference) used a molecular cloning approach to isolate a highly induced mRNA species from glucocorticoid-induced human trabecular cells. The mRNA exhibited a time course of induction that was similar to the glucocorticoid-induced proteins. The clone was designated "II.2"
The present invention stems in part from the recognition that the isolated II.2 clone encodes a novel secretory protein (termed "Trabecular Meshwork Induced Glucocorticoid Response" protein or "TIGR") that is induced in cells of the trabecular meshwork upon exposure to glucocorticoids. It has been proposed that this protein may become deposited in the extracellular spaces of the trabecular meshwork and bind to the surface of the endothelial cells that line the trabecular meshwork, thus causing a decrease in aqueous flow. Quantitative dot blot analysis and PCR evaluations have shown that the TIGR mRNA exhibits a progressive induction with time whereas other known GC-inductions from other systems and found in HTM cells (metallothionein, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein and alpha-1 antichymotrypsin) reached maximum level at one day or earlier. Of particular interest, the induction level of this clone was very high (4-6% total cellular mRNA) and with control level undetectable without PCR method. Based on studies of .sup.35 S methionine cell labeling, the clone has the characteristics recently discovered for the major GC-induced extracellular blycoprotein in these cells, which is a sialenated, N-glycosylated molecule with a putative inositol phosphate anchor. The induction of TIGR RNA approached 4% of the total cellular mRNA. The mRNA increased progressively over 10 days of dexamethasone treatment.
The II.2 clone is 2.0 Kb whereas the Northern blotting shows a band of 2.5 Kb. Although not including a poly A tail, the 3' end of the clone contains two consensus polyadenylation signals. Southern analysis suggested two groups of genomic sequences and two genomic clones were isolated. In-situ hybridization using these genomic probes shows that the TIGR gene and/or a sequence or sequences that specifically hybridize to the TIGR gene are located on chromosome 1, p36 and 10, 11 or 12, p13, p15. Further in-situ hybridization using the P.sub.1 TIGR clone (P.sub.1 TIGR DNA was deposited on May 14, 1996, American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852, USA) shows an additional TIGR gene and/or a sequence or sequences that specifically hybridize to the TIGR gene located at chromosome 1, q20-26, and most preferably at chromosome 1, q23-24. Clone P.sub.1 TIGR comprises human genomic sequences that specifically hybridize to the TIGR gene cloned into the BamHI site of vector pCYPAC (Ioannou et al., Nature Genetics, 6:84-89 (1994) herein incorporated by reference). Study of cyclohexamide treatment in the absence and presence of GC suggest that the induction of TIGR may involve factors in addition to the GC receptor. The TIGR gene may be involved in the cellular stress response since it is also induced by stimulants such as H.sub.2 O.sub.2, TPA, glucose and heat; this fact may relate to glaucoma pathogenesis and treatment.
The amino acid sequence of TIGR, the cDNA sequence that encodes TIGR, and the 2.0 kb nucleotide sequence that contains this coding region are shown in FIGS. 1A-1D. The amino acid sequence of TIGR is shown in FIGS. 1A-1D (and in SEQ ID NO:1). The nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 is that of the TIGR cDNA molecule that is shown in FIGS. 1A-1D. The portion of SEQ ID NO:2 that is shown in FIGS. 1A-1D as encoding the TIGR protein is presented as SEQ ID NO:3.
The primary structure of TIGR initiates from an ATG initiation site (SEQ ID NO:2, residue 1) and includes a 20 amino acid consensus signal sequence at a second ATG (SEQ ID NO:2, residue 15), indicating that the protein is a secretory protein. The protein contains an N-linked glycosylation site located in the most hydrophilic region of the molecule. The amino terminal portion of the protein is highly polarized and adopts alpha helical structure as shown by its hydropathy profile and the Garnier-Robison structure analysis. In contrast, the protein contains a 25 amino acid hydrophobic region near its carboxy terminus. This region may comprise a GIP anchoring sequence. Thus, the invention concerns two TIGR proteins: TIGR and a processed form of TIGR.
The TIGR protein also contains 5 putative O-linked glycosylation sites throughout the molecule. "Leucine zipper" regions define a helical structure that permits protein-protein binding to occur (see, generally, Tso, J. Y. et al., PCT Patent Application WO93/11162; Land, K. H. et al., PCT Patent Application WO93/19176). The TIGR protein contain 7 leucine zipper units. The presence of the zipper regions provides a means for the TIGR molecules to bind to one another forming macromolecular and possible aggregation. Studies showing the specific binding of this molecule to HTM cells (but not to fibroblast cells) support the notion that it can influence the outflow pathway in HTM tissue to cause the increased intra-ocular pressure that characterizes glaucoma and its related diseases. TIGR protein has also been successfully expressed using the baculovirus system and Sf9 insect cells. The major recombinant proteins are the two 55 kd cellular proteins encoded by the TIGR cDNA. Antibodies produced from these protein recognize both the cellular 55 kD proteins and the secreted 66 kD glycosylated form of these proteins in dexamethasome-treated HTM cells and in organ culture systems. In situ analysis of glaucomatous tissue specimens show a high expression level of this protein relative to normal controls.
The presence, induction, and level of the TIGR secretory protein mirror the onset and kinetics with which glucocorticoids induce glaucoma, and the glucocorticoid-induced expression of this secretory protein comprises the molecular basis for glaucoma and its related diseases. Such an understanding of the molecular basis permits the definition of diagnostic agents for glaucoma and its related diseases.
II. The Preferred Agents of the Invention
As used herein, the term "glaucoma" has its art recognized meaning, and includes both primary glaucomas, secondary glaucomas, and familial (i.e. inherited glaucomas). The methods of the present invention are particularly relevant to the diagnosis of POAG, OAG, juvenile glaucoma, and inherited glaucomas. A disease or condition is said to be related to glaucoma if it possesses or exhibits a symptom of glaucoma, for example, an increased intraocular pressure resulting from aqueous outflow resistance (see, Vaughan, D. et al., In: General Ophthamology, Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, Conn., pp. 213-230 (1992)). The preferred agents of the present invention are discussed in detail below.
The agents of the present invention are capable of being used to diagnose the presence or severity of glaucoma and its related diseases in a patient suffering from glaucoma (a "glaucomatous patient"). Such agents may be either naturally occurring or non-naturally occurring. As used herein, a naturally occurring molecule may be "substantially purified," if desired, such that one or more molecules that is or may be present in a naturally occurring preparation containing that molecule will have been removed or will be present at a lower concentration than that at which it would normally be found.
The agents of the present invention will preferably be "biologically active" with respect to either a structural attribute, such as the capacity of a nucleic acid to hybridize to another nucleic acid molecule, or the ability of a protein to be bound by antibody (or to compete with another molecule for such binding) Alternatively, such an attribute may be catalytic, and thus involve the capacity of the agent to mediate a chemical reaction or response.
The agents of the present invention comprise nucleic acid molecules, proteins, and organic molecules.
A. Nucleic Acid Molecules
A preferred class of agents of the present invention comprises TIGR nucleic acid molecules ("TIGR molecules"). Such molecules may be either DNA or RNA.
In one embodiment, such nucleic acid molecules will encode all or a fragment of TIGR protein, its "promoter" or flanking gene sequences. As used herein, the term "promoter" is used in an expansive sense to refer to the regulatory sequence(s) that control mRNA production. Such sequences include RNA polymerase binding sites, glucocorticoid response elements, enhancers, etc. All such TIGR molecules may be used to diagnose the presence of glaucoma and severity of glaucoma.
Fragment TIGR nucleic acid molecules may encode significant portion(s) of, or indeed most of, the TIGR protein. Alternatively, the fragments may comprise smaller oligonucleotides (having from about 15 to about 250 nucleotide residues, and more preferably, about 15 to about 30 nucleotide residues.). Such oligonucleotides may be used as probes of TIGR mRNA. For such purpose, the oligonucleotides must be capable of specifically hybridizing to a TIGR nucleic acid molecule. As used herein, two nucleic acid molecules are said to be capable of specifically hybridizing to one another if the two molecules are capable of forming an anti-parallel, double-stranded nucleic acid structure, whereas they are unable to form a double-stranded structure when incubated with a non-TIGR nucleic acid molecule. A nucleic acid molecule is said to be the "complement" of another nucleic acid molecule if they exhibit complete complementarity. As used herein, molecules are said to exhibit "complete complementarity" when every nucleotide of one of the molecules is complementary to a nucleotide of the other. Two molecules are said to be "minimally complementary" if they can hybridize to one another with sufficient stability to permit them to remain annealed to one another under at least conventional "low-stringency" conditions. Similarly, the molecules are said to be "complementary" if they can hybridize to one another with sufficient stability to permit them to remain annealed to one another under conventional "high-stringency" conditions. Conventional stringency conditions are described by Sambrook, J., et al., (In: Molecular Cloning, a Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989)), and by Haymes, B. D., et al. (In: Nucleic Acid Hybridization, A Practical Approach, IRL Press, Washington, D.C. (1985)), both herein incorporated by reference). Departures from complete complementarity are therefore permissible, as long as such departures do not completely preclude the capacity of the molecules to form a double-stranded structure. Thus, in order for an oligonucleotide to serve as a primer it need only be sufficiently complementary in sequence to be able to form a stable double-stranded structure under the particular solvent and salt concentrations employed.
Apart from their diagnostic uses, such oligonucleotides may be employed to obtain other TIGR nucleic acid molecules. Such molecules include the TIGR-encoding nucleic acid molecule of non-human animals (particularly, cats, monkeys, rodents and dogs), fragments thereof, as well as their promoters and flanking sequences. Such molecules can be readily obtained by using the above-described primers to screen cDNA or genomic libraries obtained from non-human species. Methods for forming such libraries are well known in the art. Such analogs may differ in their nucleotide sequences from that of SEQ ID NO:1, because complete complementarity is not needed for stable hybridization. The TIGR nucleic acid molecules of the present invention therefore also include molecules that, although capable of specifically hybridizing with TIGR nucleic acid molecules may lack "complete complementarity."
Any of a variety of methods may be used to obtain the above-described nucleic acid molecules. SEQ ID NO:2 may be used to synthesize all or any portion of the TIGR protein or the TIGR cDNA (Zamechik et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 83:4143 (1986); Goodchild et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 85:5507 (1988); Wickstrom et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 85:1028; Holt, J. T. et al., Molec. Cell. Biol. 8:963 (1988); Gerwirtz, A. M. et al., Science 242:1303 (1988); Anfossi, G., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 86:3379 (1989); Becker, D., et al., EMBO J. 8:3679 (1989); all of which references are incorporated herein by reference). Automated nucleic acid synthesizers may be employed for this purpose. In lieu of such synthesis, the disclosed SEQ ID NO:2 may be used to define a pair of primers that can be used with the polymerase chain reaction (Mullis, K. et al., Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 51:263-273 (1986); Erlich H. et al., EP 50,424; EP 84,796, EP 258,017, EP 237,362; Mullis, K., EP 201,184; Mullis K. et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202; Erlich, H., U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,788; and Saiki, R. et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,194)) to amplify and obtain any desired TIGR-encoding DNA molecule or fragment.
The TIGR promoter sequence(s) and TIGR flanking sequences can also be obtained using the SEQ ID NO:2 sequence provided herein. In one embodiment, such sequences are obtained by incubating oligonucleotide probes of TIGR oligonucleotides with members of genomic human libraries and recovering clones that hybridize to the probes. In a second embodiment, methods of "chromosome walking," or 3' or 5' RACE may be used (Frohman, M. A. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 85:8998-9002 (1988); Ohara, O. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 86:5673-5677 (1989)) to obtain such sequences.
B. TIGR Protein and Peptide Molecules
A second preferred class of agents ("TIGR molecules") comprises the TIGR protein, its peptide fragments, fusion proteins, and analogs. As used herein, the term "TIGR protein" refers to a protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1. TIGR protein may be produced via chemical synthesis, or more preferably, by expressing TIGR-encoding cDNA in a suitable bacterial or eukaryotic host. Most preferably, the subsequence of such cDNA that encodes TIGR may be used for this purpose (SEQ ID NO:3). Alternatively, the entire cDNA (SEQ ID NO:2) shown in FIGS. 1A-1D may be employed. Suitable methods for expression are described by Sambrook, J., et al., (In: Molecular Cloning, a Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989)), or similar texts.
A "TIGR fragment" is a peptide or polypeptide whose amino acid sequence comprises a subset of the amino acid sequence of TIGR protein. A TIGR protein or fragment thereof that comprises one or more additional non-TIGR peptide regions is a "TIGR fusion" protein. Such molecules may be derivatized to contain carbohydrate or other moieties (such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin, etc.). As in the case of TIGR protein, the fragments and fusions of the present invention are preferably produced via recombinant means.
The analogs of the TIGR molecules comprise TIGR proteins, fragments or fusions in which non-essential, or nor relevant, amino acid residues have been added, replaced, or deleted. An example of such an analog is the TIGR protein of non-human species, such as primates, dogs, cats, etc. Such analogs can readily be obtained by any of a variety of methods. Most preferably, as indicated above, the disclosed SEQ ID NO:2 will be used to define a pair of primers that may be used to isolate the TIGR-encoding nucleic acid molecules from any desired species. Such molecules can be expressed to yield TIGR analogs by recombinant means.
C. Antibodies Reactive Against TIGR
One aspect of the present invention concerns antibodies, single-chain antigen binding molecules, or other proteins that specifically bind to TIGR protein and its analogs, fusions or fragments. Such antibodies are "anti-TIGR antibodies," and may be used to diagnose glaucoma and its related diseases. As used herein, an antibody or peptide is said to "specifically bind" to TIGR if such binding is not competitively inhibited by the presence of non-TIGR molecules.
Nucleic acid molecules that encode all or part of the TIGR protein can be expressed, via recombinant means, to yield TIGR protein or peptides that can in turn be used to elicit antibodies that are capable of binding TIGR. Such antibodies may be used in immunodiagnostic assays of glaucoma. Such TIGR-encoding molecules, or their fragments may be a "fusion" molecule (i.e. a part of a larger nucleic acid molecule) such that, upon expression, a fusion protein is produced.
The antibodies that specifically bind TIGR proteins and protein fragments may be polyclonal or monoclonal, and may comprise intact immunoglobulins, of antigen binding portions of immunoglobulins (such as (F(ab'), F(ab').sub.2) fragments, or single-chain immunoglobulins producible, for example, via recombinant means.
Murine monoclonal antibodies are particularly preferred. BALB/c mice are preferred for this purpose, however, equivalent strains may also be used. The animals are preferably immunized with approximately 25 .mu.g of purified TIGR protein (or fragment thereof) that has been emulsified a suitable adjuvant (such as TiterMax adjuvant (Vaxcel, Norcross, Ga.)). Immunization is preferably conducted at two intramuscular sites, one intraperitoneal site, and one subcutaneous site at the base of the tail. An additional i.v. injection of approximately 25 .mu.g of antigen is preferably given in normal saline three weeks later. After approximately 11 days following the second injection, the mice may be bled and the blood screened for the presence of anti-TIGR antibodies. Preferably, a direct binding ELISA is employed for this purpose.
Most preferably, the mouse having the highest antibody titer is given a third i.v. injection of approximately 25 .mu.g of TIGR protein or fragment. The splenic leukocytes from this animal may be recovered 3 days later, and are then permitted to fuse, most preferably, using polyethylene glycol, with cells of a suitable myeloma cell line (such as, for example, the P3X63Ag8.653 myeloma cell line). Hybridoma cells are selected by culturing the cells under "HAT" (hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymine) selection for about one week. The resulting clones may then be screened for their capacity to produce monoclonal antibodies ("mAbs) to TIGR protein, preferably by direct ELISA.
In one embodiment, anti-TIGR monoclonal antibodies are isolated using TIGR fusions, or conjugates, as immunogens. Thus, for example, a group of mice can be immunized using a TIGR fusion protein emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (approximately 50 .mu.g of antigen per immunization). At three week intervals, an identical amount of antigen is emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant and used to immunize the animals. Ten days following the third immunization, serum samples are taken and evaluated for the presence of antibody. If antibody titers are too low, a fourth booster can be employed. Polysera capable of binding TIGR at 1:5,000 dilution can also be obtained using this method.
In a preferred procedure for obtaining monoclonal antibodies, the spleens of the above-described immunized mice are removed, disrupted, and immune splenocytes are isolated over a ficoll gradient. The isolated splenocytes are fused, using polyethylene glycol with BALB/c-derived HGPRT (hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase) deficient P3x63xAg8.653 plasmacytoma cells. The fused cells are plated into 96 well microtiter plates and screened for hybridoma fusion cells by their capacity to grow in culture medium supplemented with hypothanthine, aminopterin and thymidine for approximately 2-3 weeks. On average, out of every 10.sup.6 spleen cells subjected to fusion yields a viable hybridoma. A typical spleen yields 5-10.times.10.sup.7 spleen cells.
Hybridoma cells that arise from such incubation are preferably screened for their capacity to produce an immunoglobulin that binds to TIGR protein. An indirect ELISA may be used for this purpose. In brief, the supernatants of hybridomas are incubated in microtiter wells that contain immobilized TIGR protein. After washing, the titer of bound immunoglobulin can be determined using, for example, a goat anti-mouse antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. After additional washing, the amount of immobilized enzyme is determined (for example through the use of a chromogenic substrate). Such screening is performed as quickly as possible after the identification of the hybridoma in order to ensure that a desired clone is not overgrown by non-secreting neighbors. Desirably, the fusion plates are screened several times since the rates of hybridoma growth vary. In a preferred sub-embodiment, a different antigenic form of TIGR may be used to screen the hybridoma. Thus, for example, the splenocytes may be immunized with one TIGR immunogen, but the resulting hybridomas can be screened using a different TIGR immunogen.
As discussed below, such antibody molecules or their fragments may be used for diagnostic purposes. Where the antibodies are intended for diagnostic purposes, it may be desirable to derivatize them, for example with a ligand group (such as biotin) or a detectable marker group (such as fluorescent group, a radioisotope or an enzyme).
The ability to produce antibodies that bind TIGR molecules permits the identification of mimetic compounds of TIGR. A "mimetic compound" of TIGR is a compound that is not TIGR, or a fragment of TIGR, but which nonetheless exhibits an ability to specifically bind to anti-TIGR antibodies. Such molecules can be used to elicit anti-TIGR antibodies, and thus, may be used to assist the diagnosis of glaucoma and its related diseases.
III. Uses of the Molecules of the Invention in the Diagnosis of Glaucoma and Related Diseases
A particularly desired use of the present invention relates to the diagnosis of glaucoma, POAG, pigmentary glaucoma, high tension glaucoma and low tension glaucoma and their related diseases. As used herein the term "glaucoma" refers to glaucoma, POAG, pigmentary glaucoma, and low tension glaucoma and their related diseases. As indicated above, methods for diagnosing glaucoma suffer from inaccuracy, or require multiple examinations. The molecules of the present invention may be used to define superior assays for glaucoma. Quite apart from such usage, the molecules of the present invention may be used to diagnosis or predict an individual's sensitivity to elevated intraocular pressure upon administration of steroids such as glucocorticoids or corticosteroids). Dexamethasone, cortisol and prednisolone are preferred steroids for this purpose. Medical conditions such as inflammatory and allergic disorders, as well as organ transplantation recipients, benefit from treatment with glucocorticods. Certain individuals exhibit an increased sensitivity to such steroids (i.e., "steroid sensitivity"), which is manifested by an undesired increase in intraocular pressure. The present invention may be employed to diagnosis or predict such sensitivity, as well as glaucoma and related diseases.
In a first embodiment, the TIGR molecules of the present invention are used to determine whether an individual has a mutation affecting the level (i.e., the concentration of TIGR mRNA or protein in a sample, etc.) or pattern (i.e., the kinetics of expression, rate of decomposition, stability profile, etc.) of the TIGR expression (collectively, the "TIGR Response" of a cell or bodily fluid) (for example, a mutation in the TIGR gene, or in a regulatory region(s) or other gene(s) that control or affect the expression of TIGR), and being predictive of individuals who would be predisposed to glaucoma, related diseases, or steroid sensitivity. As used herein, the TIGR Response manifested by a cell or bodily fluid is said to be "altered" if it differs from the TIGR Response of cells or of bodily fluids of normal individuals. Such alteration may be manifested by either abnormally increased or abnormally diminished TIGR Response. To determine whether a TIGR Response is altered, the TIGR Response manifested by the cell or bodily fluid of the patient is compared with that of a similar cell sample (or bodily fluid sample) of normal individuals. As will be appreciated, it is not necessary to redetermine the TIGR Response of the cell sample (or bodily fluid sample) of normal individuals each time such a comparison is made; rather, the TIGR Response of a particular individual may be compared with previously obtained values of normal individuals.
In one sub-embodiment, such an analysis is conducted by determining the presence and/or identity of polymorphism(s) in the TIGR gene or its flanking regions which are associated with glaucoma, or a predisposition to glaucoma, related diseases, or steroid sensitivity.
Any of a variety of molecules can be used to identify such polymorphism(s). In one embodiment, the TIGR cDNA sequence (or a subsequence thereof) may be employed as a marker nucleic acid molecule to identify such polymorphism(s). Alternatively, such polymorphisms can be detected through the use of a marker nucleic acid molecule or a marker protein that is genetically linked to (i.e., a polynucleotide that co-segregates with) such polymorphism(s). As stated above, the TIGR gene and/or a sequence or sequences that specifically hybridize to the TIGR gene have been mapped to p36 of chromosome 1, and to p13, q15 of chromosome 10, 11, or 12. Also as stated above, the TIGR gene and/or a sequence or sequences that specifically hybridize to the TIGR gene have been mapped to chromosome 1, q20-26, and most preferably mapped to chromosome 1, q23-24. In a preferred aspect of this embodiment, such marker nucleic acid molecules will have the nucleotide sequence of a polynucleotide that is closely genetically linked to such polymorphism(s) (e.g., markers located at chromosome 1, p and q and chromosome 10 or 11 or 12, p, and q more preferably to chromosome 1, p34-p38 and q20-26 and chromosome 12, p11-17 and q13-17). Polynucleotide markers that map to such locations are well known and can be employed to identify such polymorphism(s).
In an alternative embodiment, such polymorphisms can be detected through the use of a marker nucleic acid molecule that is physically linked to such polymorphism(s). For this purpose, marker nucleic acid molecules comprising a nucleotide sequence of a polynucleotide located within 1 mb of the polymorphism(s), and more preferably within 100 kb of the polymorphism(s), and most preferably within 10 kb of the polymorphism(s) can be employed.
The genomes of animals and plants naturally undergo spontaneous mutation in the course of their continuing evolution (Gusella, J. F., Ann. Rev. Biochem. 55:831-854 (1986)).
A "polymorphism" in the TIGR gene or its flanking regions is a variation or difference in the sequence of the TIGR gene or its flanking regions that arises in some of the members of a species. The variant sequence and the "original" sequence co-exist in the species' population. In some instances, such co-existence is in stable or quasi-stable equilibrium.
A polymorphism is thus said to be "allelic," in that, due to the existence of the polymorphism, some members of a species may have the original sequence (i.e. the original "allele") whereas other members may have the variant sequence (i.e. the variant "allele"). In the simplest case, only one variant sequence may exist, and the polymorphism is thus said to be di-allelic. In other cases, the species' population may contain multiple alleles, and the polymorphism is termed tri-allelic, etc. A single gene may have multiple different unrelated polymorphisms. For example, it may have a di-allelic polymorphism at one site, and a multi-allelic polymorphism at another site.
The variation that defines the polymorphism may range from a single nucleotide variation to the insertion or deletion of extended regions within a gene. In some cases, the DNA sequence variations are in regions of the genome that are characterized by short tandem repeats (STRs) that include tandem di- or tri-nucleotide repeated motifs of nucleotides. Polymorphisms characterized by such tandem repeats are referred to as "variable number tandem repeat" ("VNTR") polymorphisms. VNTRs have been used in identity and paternity analysis (Weber, J. L., U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,217; Armour, J. A. L. et al., FEBS Lett. 307:113-115 (1992); Jones, L. et al., Eur. J. Haematol. 39:144-147 (1987); Horn, G. T. et al., PCT Application WO91/14003; Jeffreys, A. J., European Patent Application 370,719; Jeffreys, A. J., U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,082); Jeffreys. A. J. et al., Amer. J. Hum. Genet. 39:11-24 (1986); Jeffreys. A. J. et al., Nature 316:76-79 (1985); Gray, I. C. et al., Proc. R. Acad. Soc. Lond. 243:241-253 (1991); Moore, S. S. et al., Genomics 10:654660 (1991); Jeffreys, A. J. et al., Anim. Genet. 18:1-15 (1987); Hillel, J. et al., Anim. Genet. 20:145-155 (1989); Hillel, J. et al., Genet. 124:783-789 (1990)).
The detection of polymorphic sites in a sample of DNA may be facilitated through the use of nucleic acid amplification methods. Such methods specifically increase the concentration of polynucleotides that span the polymorphic site, or include that site and sequences located either distal or proximal to it. Such amplified molecules can be readily detected by gel electrophoresis or other means.
The most preferred method of achieving such amplification employs the polymerase chain reaction ("PCR") (Mullis, K. et al., Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 51:263-273 (1986); Erlich H. et al. European Patent Appln. 50,424; European Patent Appln. 84,796, European Patent Application 258,017, European Patent Appln. 237,362; Mullis, K., European Patent Appln. 201,184; Mullis K. et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202; Erlich, H., U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,788; and Saiki, R. et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,194), using primer pairs that are capable of hybridizing to the proximal sequences that define a polymorphism in its double-stranded form.
In lieu of PCR, alternative methods, such as the "Ligase Chain Reaction" ("LCR") may be used (Barany, F., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 88:189-193 (1991). LCR uses two pairs of oligonucleotide probes to exponentially amplify a specific target. The sequences of each pair of oligonucleotides is selected to permit the pair to hybridize to abutting sequences of the same strand of the target. Such hybridization forms a substrate for a template-dependent ligase. As with PCR, the resulting products thus serve as a template in subsequent cycles and an exponential amplification of the desired sequence is obtained.
LCR can be performed with oligonucleotides having the proximal and distal sequences of the same strand of a polymorphic site. In one embodiment, either oligonucleotide will be designed to include the actual polymorphic site of the polymorphism. In such an embodiment, the reaction conditions are selected such that the oligonucleotides can be ligated together only if the target molecule either contains or lacks the specific nucleotide that is complementary to the polymorphic site present on the oligonucleotide. Alternatively, the oligonucleotides may be selected such that they do not include the polymorphic site (see, Segev, D., PCT Application WO 90/01069).
The "Oligonucleotide Ligation Assay" ("OLA") may alternatively be employed (Landegren, U. et al., Science 241:1077-1080 (1988)). The OLA protocol uses two oligonucleotides which are designed to be capable of hybridizing to abutting sequences of a single strand of a target. OLA, like LCR, is particularly suited for the detection of point mutations. Unlike LCR, however, OLA results in "linear" rather than exponential amplification of the target sequence.
Nickerson, D. A. et al. have described a nucleic acid detection assay that combines attributes of PCR and OLA (Nickerson, D. A. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 87:8923-8927 (1990). In this method, PCR is used to achieve the exponential amplification of target DNA, which is then detected using OLA. In addition to requiring multiple, and separate, processing steps, one problem associated with such combinations is that they inherit all of the problems associated with PCR and OLA.
Schemes based on ligation of two (or more) oligonucleotides in the presence of nucleic acid having the sequence of the resulting "di-oligonucleotide", thereby amplifying the di-oligonucleotide, are also known (Wu, D. Y. et al., Genomics 4:560 (1989)), and may be readily adapted to the purposes of the present invention.
Other known nucleic acid amplification procedures, such as allele-specific oligomers, branched DNA technology, transcription-based amplification systems, or isothermal amplification methods may also be used to amplify and analyze such polymorphisms (Malek, L. T. et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,238; Davey, C. et al., European Patent Application 329,822; Schuster et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,169,766; Miller, H. I. et al., PCT appln. WO 89/06700; Kwoh, D. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 86:1173 (1989); Gingeras, T. R. et al., PCT application WO 88/10315; Walker, G. T. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 89:392-396 (1992)). All the foregoing nucleic acid amplification methods could be used to predict or diagnose glaucoma.
The identification of a polymorphism in the TIGR gene can be determined in a variety of ways. By correlating the presence or absence of glaucoma in an individual with the presence or absence of a polymorphism in the TIGR gene or its flanking regions, it is possible to diagnose the predisposition of an asymptomatic patient to glaucoma, related diseases, or steroid sensitivity. If a polymorphism creates or destroys a restriction endonuclease cleavage site, or if it results in the loss or insertion of DNA (e.g., a VNTR polymorphism), it will alter the size or profile of the DNA fragments that are generated by digestion with that restriction endonuclease. As such, individuals that possess a variant sequence can be distinguished from those having the original sequence by restriction fragment analysis. Polymorphisms that can be identified in this manner are termed "restriction fragment length polymorphisms" ("RFLPs"). RFLPs have been widely used in human and animal genetic analyses (Glassberg, J., UK patent Application 2135774; Skolnick, M. H. et al., Cytogen. Cell Genet. 32:58-67 (1982); Botstein, D. et al., Ann. J. Hum. Genet. 32:314-331 (1980); Fischer, S. G et al. (PCT Application WO90/13668); Uhlen, M., PCT Application WO90/11369)). The role of TIGR in glaucoma pathogenesis indicates that the presence of genetic alterations (e.g., DNA polymorphisms) that affect the TIGR Response can be employed to predict glaucoma.
In accordance with this embodiment of the invention, a sample DNA is obtained from a patient's cells. In a preferred embodiment, the DNA sample is obtained from the patient's blood. However, any source of DNA may be used. The DNA is subjected to restriction endonuclease digestion. TIGR is used as a probe in accordance with the above-described RFLP methods. By comparing the RFLP pattern of the TIGR gene obtained from normal and glaucomatous patients, one can determine a patient's predisposition to glaucoma. The polymorphism obtained in this approach can then be cloned to identify the mutation at the coding region which alters the protein's structure or regulatory region of the gene which affects its expression level. Changes involving promoter interactions with other regulatory proteins can be identified by, for example, gel shift assays using HTM cell extracts, fluid from the anterior chamber of the eye, serum, etc. Interactions of TIGR protein in glaucomatous cell extracts, fluid from the anterior chamber of the eye, serum, etc. can be compared to control samples to thereby identify changes in those properties of TIGR that relate to the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Similarly such extracts and fluids as well as others (blood, etc.) can be used to diagnosis or predict steroid sensitivity.
Several different classes of polymorphisms may be identified through such methods. Examples of such classes include: (1) polymorphisms present in the TIGR cDNA of different individuals; (2) polymorphisms in non-translated TIGR gene sequences, including the promoter or other regulatory regions of the TIGR gene; (3) polymorphisms in genes whose products interact with TIGR regulatory sequences; (4) polymorphisms in gene sequences whose products interact with the TIGR protein, or to which the TIGR protein binds.
In an alternate sub-embodiment, the evaluation is conducted using oligonucleotide "probes" whose sequence is complementary to that of a portion of TIGR mRNA. Such molecules are then incubated with cell extracts of a patient under conditions sufficient to permit nucleic acid hybridization. For this sub-embodiment, cells of the trabecular meshworks are preferred. The detection of double-stranded probe-mRNA hybrid molecules is indicative of the presence of TIGR mRNA; the amount of such hybrid formed is proportional to the amount of TIGR mRNA. Thus, such probes may be used to ascertain the level and extent of TIGR mRNA production in a patient's cells. Such nucleic acid hybridization may be conducted under quantitative conditions (thereby providing a numerical value of the amount of TIGR mRNA present). Alternatively, the assay may be conducted as a qualitative assay that indicates either that TIGR MRNA is present, or that its level exceeds a user set, predefined value.
In a second embodiment, the previously described "anti-TIGR antibodies" are employed in an immunodiagnostic assay for glaucoma and its related diseases.
As discussed above, TIGR protein is secreted extracellularly from the trabecular meshwork into the extracellular matrix of the trabecular meshwork, and thus may pass out into the body fluids. This characteristic permits one to assay TIGR concentrations in blood, lymph, or serum, and to thereby determine whether a patient's TIGR levels exceed those found in the blood of individuals who do not have glaucoma and are not predisposed to glaucoma related diseases or steroid sensitivity. Patients found to have altered levels of TIGRthus may be diagnosed as glaucoma.
Thus, a third aspect of the present invention concerns the recognition that one can diagnosis or predict glaucoma, related diseases or steroid sensitivity by determining the TIGR Response of cells or tissue other than the trabecular meshwork.
In one sub-embodiment of this aspect of the present invention, one can diagnose or predict glaucoma, related diseases and steroid sensitivity by ascertaining the TIGR Response in a biopsy (or a macrophage or other blood cell sample), or other cell sample, or more preferably, in a sample of bodily fluid (especially, blood, serum, plasma, tears, etc.). Since the TIGR gene is induced in response to the presence of glucocorticoids, a highly preferred embodiment of this method comprises ascertaining such TIGR Response prior to, during and/or subsequent to, the administration of a glucocorticoid. Thus, by way of illustration, glaucoma could be diagnosed or predicted by determining whether the administration of a glucocorticoid (administered topically, intraocularly, intramuscularly, systemically, or otherwise) alters the TIGR Response of a particular individual, relative to that of normal individuals. Most preferably, for this purpose, at least a "TIGR gene-inducing amount" of the glucocorticoid will be provided. As used herein, a TIGR gene-inducing amount of a glucocorticoid is an amount of glucocorticoid sufficient to cause a detectable induction of TIGR expression in cells of glaucomatous or non-glaucomatous individuals.
The anti-TIGR antibodies of the present invention may thus be used in an immunoassay to assess the presence of TIGR. Any of a wide array of immunoassays formats may be used for this purpose (Fackrell, J. Clin. Immunoassay 8:213-219 (1985)), Yolken, R. H., Rev. Infect. Dis. 4:35 (1982); Collins, W. P., In: Alternative Immunoassays, John Wiley & Sons, NY (1985); Ngo, T. T. et al., In: Enzyme Mediated Immunoassay, Plenum Press, NY (1985)).
The simplest immunoassay involves merely incubating an antibody that is capable of binding to a predetermined target molecule with a sample suspected to contain the target molecule. The presence of the target molecule is determined by the presence, and proportional to the concentration, of any antibody bound to the target molecule. In order to facilitate the separation of target-bound antibody from the unbound antibody initially present, a solid phase is typically employed. Thus, for example the sample can be passively bound to a solid support, and, after incubation with the antibody, the support can be washed to remove any unbound antibody.
In more sophisticated immunoassays, the concentration of the target molecule is determined by binding the antibody to a support, and then permitting the support to be in contact with a sample suspected of containing the target molecule. Target molecules that have become bound to the immobilized antibody can be detected in any of a variety of ways. For example, the support can be incubated in the presence of a labeled, second antibody that is capable of binding to a second epitope of the target molecule. Immobilization of the labeled antibody on the support thus requires the presence of the target, and is proportional to the concentration of the target in the sample. In an alternative assay, the target is incubated with the sample and with a known amount of labeled target. The presence of target molecule in the sample competes with the labeled target molecules for antibody binding sites. Thus, the amount of labeled target molecules that are able to bind the antibody is inversely proportional to the concentration of target molecule in the sample.
In general, immunoassay formats employ either radioactive labels ("RIAs") or enzyme labels ("ELISAs"). RIAs have the advantages of simplicity, sensitivity, and ease of use. Radioactive labels are of relatively small atomic dimension, and do not normally affect reaction kinetics. Such assays suffer, however, from the disadvantages that, due to radioisotopic decay, the reagents have a short shelf-life, require special handling and disposal, and entail the use of complex and expensive analytical equipment. RIAs are described in Laboratory Techniques and Biochemistry in Molecular Biology, by Work, T. S., et al., North Holland Publishing Company, NY (1978), with particular reference to the chapter entitled "An Introduction to Radioimmune Assay and Related Techniques" by Chard, T., incorporated by reference herein. ELISAs have the advantage that they can be conducted using inexpensive equipment, and with a myriad of different enzymes, such that a large number of detection strategies--colorimetric, pH, gas evolution, etc.--can be used to quantitate the assay. In addition, the enzyme reagents have relatively long shelf-lives, and lack the risk of radiation contamination that attends to RIA use. ELISAs are described in ELISA and Other Solid Phase Immunoassays (Kemeny, D. M. et al., Eds.), John Wiley & Sons, NY (1988), incorporated by reference herein.
In an alternative diagnostic format, ocular tissue (obtained, for example by trabeculotomy) may be evaluated in an in situ immunodiagnostic assay for glaucoma and its related diseases.
In such a format, antibodies (especially labeled antibodies) or other TIGR-binding peptides are incubated in the presence of ocular tissue in order to evaluate the clinical degree and significance of glaucoma in biopsied tissue. The extent, location, or degree of TIGR in the ocular tissue is determined by staining or other visualization methods. Such information is then compared to the staining pattern obtained from normal or glaucomatous individuals in order to diagnose or predict glaucoma.
Anti-TIGR antibodies or TIGR binding molecules may be administered to a patient, and their capacity to bind to TIGR in vivo may be determined by ocular examination. Significantly, since such a diagnostic test is relatively rapid, immune responses that require significant time, such as the potential eliciting of anti-[anti-TIGR] antibodies, or the complexing of such antibodies with anti-TIGR antibodies is of not important. In a preferred embodiment, the antibody will be fluorescently labeled, and will be provided to a patient by injection into the patient's circulatory system. The antibody progresses from the circulatory system to the posterior optic chamber. The complexing of the antibody with TIGR can be monitored using conventional gonioscopy, or by other suitable means. Significantly, such an assay provides both a means to visualize the trabecular meshwork and a means for determining the extent of deposited TIGR in the extracellular matrix.
As discussed above, TIGR protein exhibits an ability to self-aggregate, due at least in part to the presence of leucine zippers in the molecule. Because small peptide fragments of TIGR that possess such zipper regions can bind to TIGR, such peptides may be used as alternatives to anti-TIGR antibodies in diagnostic assays. The use of such peptides is desirable since the peptides can be modified to possess both lipophilic and hydrophilic groups. The presence of such groups will permit the peptide to traverse the corneal membrane. Thus, such agents may be provided topically in an eye drop or ointment, and can be used in the same manner as anti-TIGR antibodies to effect the diagnosis of glaucoma. The peptide will desirably be labeled with a fluorescent group to facilitate detection.
Any suitable peptide fragment of TIGR may be used for this purpose, however, it is preferable to use a fragment corresponding to all or part of SEQ ID NO:1 residues 85-92, 92-99, 121-128; 128-135, 135-142, 142-149, 149-156, 241-248 and 374-381. Suitable lipophilic and hydrophilic groups are known in the art (see, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences), and comprise aliphatic groups, lipids, etc. (lipophilic groups) and organic acids, esters, ionic groups, etc. (hydrophilic groups). Such groups can be readily added to the TIGR molecules of the present invention by, for example, derivatizing the side chain groups of appropriate amino acids.
Cysteinyl residues may be reacted with a-haloacetates (and corresponding amines), such as chloroacetic acid or chloroacetamide, to give carboxymethyl or carboxyamidomethyl derivatives. Cysteinyl residues also are derivatized by reaction with bromotrifluoroacetone, a-bromo-b-(5-imidozoyl)propionic acid, chloroacetyl phosphate, N-alkylmaleimides, 3-nitro-2-pyridyl disulfide, methyl 2-pyridyl disulfide, p-chloromercuribenzoate, 2-chloromercuri-4-nitrophenol, or chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole.
Histidyl residues may be derivatized by reaction with diethylprocarbonate at pH 5.5-7.0 because this agent is relatively specific for the histidyl side chain. Para-bromophenacyl bromide also is useful; the reaction is preferably performed in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate at pH 6.0.
Lysinyl and amino terminal residues may be reacted with succinic or other carboxylic acid anhydrides. Derivatization with these agents has the effect of reversing the charge of the lysinyl residues. Other suitable reagents for derivatizing a-amino-containing residues include imidoesters such as methyl picolinimidate; pyridoxal phosphate; pyridoxal; chloroborohydride; trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid; O-methylissurea; 2,4pentanedione; and transaminase-catalyzed reaction with glyoxylate.
Arginyl residues may be modified by reaction with one or several conventional reagents, among them phenylglyoxal, 2,3-butanedione, 1,2-cyclohexanedione, and ninhydrin. Derivatization of arginine residues requires that the reaction be performed in alkaline conditions because of the high pK.sub.a of the guanidine functional group. Furthermore, these reagents may react with the groups of lysine as well as the arginine epsilon-amino group.
Carboxyl side groups (aspartyl or glutamyl) may be selectively modified by reaction with carbodiimides (R'--N--C--N--R') such as 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinyl-(4-ethyl) carbodiimide or 1-ethyl-3 (4 azonia 4,4-dimethylpentyl) carbodiimide. Furthermore, aspartyl and glutamyl residues may be converted to asparaginyl and glutaminyl residues by reaction with ammonium ions.
IV. Methods of Administration
The agents of the present invention can be formulated according to known methods to prepare pharmacologically acceptable compositions, whereby these materials, or their functional derivatives, having the desired degree of purity are combined in admixture with a physiologically acceptable carrier, excipient, or stabilizer. Such materials are non-toxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed. The active component of such compositions may be TIGR protein, TIGR fusion proteins or fragments of TIGR protein or analogs or mimetics of such molecules. Where nucleic acid molecules are employed, such molecules may be sense, antisense or triplex oligonucleotides of the TIGR cDNA or gene.
A composition is said to be "pharmacologically acceptable" if its administration can be tolerated by a recipient patient. An agent is physiologically significant if its presence results in a detectable change in the physiology of a recipient patient.
Suitable vehicles and their formulation, inclusive of other human proteins, e.g., human serum albumin, are described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (16th ed., Osol, A., Ed., Mack, Easton, Pa. (1980)).
If the composition is to be water soluble, it may be formulated in a buffer such as phosphate or other organic acid salt preferably at a pH of about 7 to 8. If the composition is only partially soluble in water, it may be prepared as a microemulsion by formulating it with a nonionic surfactant such as Tween, Pluronics, or PEG, e.g., Tween 80, in an amount of, for example, 0.04-0.05% (w/v), to increase its solubility. The term "water soluble" as applied to the polysaccharides and polyethylene glycols is meant to include colloidal solutions and dispersions. In general, the solubility of the cellulose derivatives is determined by the degree of substitution of ether groups, and the stabilizing derivatives useful herein should have a sufficient quantity of such ether groups per anhydroglucose unit in the cellulose chain to render the derivatives water soluble. A degree of ether substitution of at least 0.35 ether groups per anhydroglucose unit is generally sufficient. Additionally, the cellulose derivatives may be in the form of alkali metal salts, for example, the Li, Na, K or Cs salts.
Optionally other ingredients may be added such as antioxidants, e.g., ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about ten residues) polypeptides, e.g., polyarginine or tripeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone; amino acids, such as glycine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, or arginine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including cellulose or its derivatives, glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; and sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol.
Additional pharmaceutical methods may be employed to control the duration of action. Controlled or sustained release preparations may be achieved through the use of polymers to complex or absorb the TIGR molecule(s) of the composition. The controlled delivery may be exercised by selecting appropriate macromolecules (for example polyesters, polyamino acids, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, ethylenevinylacetate, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, or protamine sulfate) and the concentration of macromolecules as well as the methods of incorporation in order to control release.
Sustained release formulations may also be prepared, and include the formation of microcapsular particles and implantable articles. For preparing sustained-release compositions, the TIGR molecule(s) of the composition is preferably incorporated into a biodegradable matrix or microcapsule. A suitable material for this purpose is a polylactide, although other polymers of poly-(a-hydroxycarboxylic acids), such as poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid (EP 133,988A), can be used. Other biodegradable polymers include poly(lactones), poly(orthoesters), polyamino acids, hydrogels, or poly(orthocarbonates) poly(acetals). The polymeric material may also comprise polyesters, poly(lactic acid) or ethylene vinylacetate copolymers. For examples of sustained release compositions, see U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919, EP 58,481A, U.S. Pat. No. 3,887,699, EP 158,277A, Canadian Patent No. 1176565, Sidman, U. et al., Biopolymers 22:547 (1983), and Langer, R. et al., Chem. Tech. 12:98 (1982).
Alternatively, instead of incorporating the TIGR molecule(s) of the composition into polymeric particles, it is possible to entrap these materials in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatine-microcapsules and poly(methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively, or in colloidal drug delivery systems, for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nanoparticles, and nanocapsules or in macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1980).
In an alternative embodiment, liposome formulations and methods that permit intracellular uptake of the molecule will be employed. Suitable methods are known in the art, see, for example, Chicz, R. M. et al. (PCT Application WO 94/04557), Jaysena, S. D. et al. (PCT Application WO93/12234), Yarosh, D. B. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,190,762), Callahan, M. V. et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,270,052) and Gonzalezro, R. J. (PCT Application 91/05771), all herein incorporated by reference.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be sterilized, as by filtration through sterile filtration membranes (e.g., 0.2 micron membranes). The compositions may be stored in lyophilized form or as a liquid solution. It will be understood that use of certain of the foregoing excipients, carriers, or stabilizers will result in the formation of salts of the molecules.
The compositions of the present invention can be applied topically as to the skin, or to the cornea. When applied topically, the molecule(s) of the composition may be suitably combined with other ingredients, such as carriers and/or adjuvants. There are no limitations on the nature of such other ingredients, except that they must be pharmaceutically acceptable and efficacious for their intended administration, and cannot degrade the activity of the active ingredients of the composition. Examples of suitable vehicles include ointments, creams, gels, or suspensions, with or without purified collagen. The compositions also may be impregnated into transdermal patches, and bandages, preferably in liquid or semi-liquid form.
For obtaining a gel formulation, the molecule(s) of the composition formulated in a liquid composition may be mixed with an effective amount of a water-soluble polysaccharide or synthetic polymer such as polyethylene glycol to form a gel of the proper viscosity to be applied topically. The polysaccharide that may be used includes, for example, cellulose derivatives such as etherified cellulose derivatives, including alkyl celluloses, hydroxyalkyl celluloses, and alkylhydroxyalkyl celluloses, for example, methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and hydroxypropyl cellulose; starch and fractionated starch; agar; alginic acid and alginates; gum arabic; pullullan; agarose; carrageenan; dextrans; dextrins; fructans; inulin; mannans; xylans; arabinans; chitosans; glycogens; glucans; and synthetic biopolymers; as well as gums such as xanthan gum; guar gum; locust bean gum; gum arabic; tragacanth gum; and karaya gum; and derivatives and mixtures thereof. The preferred gelling agent herein is one that is inert to biological systems, non-toxic, simple to prepare, and not too runny or viscous, and will not destabilize the TIGR molecule(s) held within it. Preferably the polysaccharide is an etherified cellulose derivative, more preferably one that is well defined, purified, and listed in USP, e.g., methylcellulose and the hydroxyalkyl cellulose derivatives, such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Most preferred herein is methylcellulose.
The polyethylene glycol useful for gelling is typically a mixture of low and high molecular weight polyethylene glycols to obtain the proper viscosity. For example, a mixture of a polyethylene glycol of molecular weight 400-600 with one of molecular weight 1500 would be effective for this purpose when mixed in the proper ratio to obtain a paste.
The compositions of the present invention can also be formulated for administration parenterally by injection, rapid infusion, nasopharyngeal absorption (intranasopharangeally), dermoabsorption, or orally. The compositions may alternatively be administered intramuscularly, or intravenously. Compositions for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Carriers, adjuncts or occlusive dressings can be used to increase tissue permeability and enhance antigen absorption. Liquid dosage forms for oral administration may generally comprise a liposome solution containing the liquid dosage form. Suitable forms for suspending liposomes include emulsions, suspensions, solutions, syrups, and elixirs containing inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as purified water. Besides the inert diluents, such compositions can also include wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, or sweetening, flavoring, coloring or perfuming agents.
If methylcellulose is employed in the gel, preferably it comprises about 2-5%, more preferably about 3%, of the gel and the TIGR molecule(s) of the composition is present in an amount of about 300-1000 .mu.g per ml of gel. The dosage to be employed is dependent upon the factors described above. As a general proposition, the TIGR molecule(s) of the composition is formulated and delivered to the target site or tissue at a dosage capable of establishing in the tissue a maximum dose that is efficacious but not unduly toxic.
In the most preferred embodiment, the molecules of the invention will be provided to the cornea or surface of the eye, and permitted to adsorb across the cornea into the anterior chamber of the eye. Methods that may be used for accomplishing such ocular drug delivery are described by Zun, L. S. (Emerg. Med. Clin. North. Amer. 6:121 (1988)), Lee, V. H. (J. Ocular Pharmacol. 6:157 (1990)), Ellis, P. P. (In: Ocular Therapeutics and Pharmacology, 7th ed., Mosby, (1987)) and (Vaughan, D. et al., In: General Ophthamology, Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, Conn., pp. 213-230 (1992)).
Most preferably, however, such drug administration will be accomplished by combining effective amounts of the agents of the invention with any of the sustained release ophthalmic delivery systems described by Davis, J. P. et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,535, herein incorporated by reference).
Such preferred sustained release topical ophthalmic medicament delivery systems comprise an aqueous suspension at a pH of from about 3 to about 6.5 and an osmotic pressure of from about 10 to about 400 mOsM containing from about 0.1% to about 6.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the suspension, of a carboxyl-containing polymer prepared by polymerizing one or more carboxyl-containing monoethylenically unsaturated monomers and less than about 5% by weight of a crosslinking agent, such weight percentages of monomers being based on the total weight of monomers polymerized. Desirably the polymer is prepared by suspension or emulsion polymerizing the monomer with the crosslinking agent to a particle size of not more than about 50 .mu.m, preferably not more than about 30 .mu.m, in equivalent spherical diameter. The suspension has an initial viscosity of from about 1,000 to about 30,000 centipoises (cp) and is administrable to the eye in drop form at that initial viscosity. The polymer has average particle size of not more than about 50 .mu.m, preferably not more than about 30 .mu.m, in equivalent spherical diameter. In general, such polymers will range in molecular weight estimated to be about 250,000 to about 4,000,000, and preferably about 500,000 to about 2,000,000.
Aqueous suspensions containing polymer particles prepared by suspension or emulsion polymerization whose average dry particle size is appreciably larger than about 50 .mu.m in equivalent spherical diameter are less comfortable when administered to the eye than suspensions otherwise identical in composition containing polymer particles whose equivalent spherical diameters are, on the average, below about 50 .mu.m. Moreover, above the average 50 .mu.m size, the advantage of substantially increased viscosity after administration is not realized.
The lightly crosslinked suspension is administrable in drop form, upon contact of the lower pH suspension with the higher pH tear fluid of the eye, the suspension is rapidly gellable to a substantially greater viscosity than the viscosity of the suspension as originally administered in drop form. Accordingly, the resulting more viscous gel can remain in the eye for a prolonged period of time so as to release
The polymer of the preferred intra-ocular drug delivery system is preferably prepared from at least about 50% by weight, more preferably at least about 90% by weight, of one or more carboxyl-containing monoethylenically unsaturated monomers. Acrylic acid is the preferred carboxyl-containing, monoethylenically unsaturated monomer, but other unsaturated, polymerizable carboxyl-containing monomers, such as methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, b-methylacrylic acid (crotonic acid), cis-a-methylcrotonic acid (angelic acid), trans-a-methylcrotonic acid (tiglic acid), a-butylcrotonic acid, a-phenylacrylic acid, a-benzylacrylic acid, a-cyclohexylacrylic acid, b-phenylacrylic acid (cinnamic acid), coumaric acid (o-hydroxycinnamic acid), p-hydroxycoumaric acid (umbellic acid), and the like can be used in addition to or instead of acrylic acid.
Such polymers are crosslinked by using a small percentage, i.e., less than about 5%, such as from about 0.5% or from about 0.1% to about 5%, and preferably from about 0.2% to about 1%, based on the total weight of monomers present, of a polyfunctional crosslinking agent. The crosslinking agents of such compositions include non-polyalkenyl polyether difunctional crosslinking monomers such as divinyl glycol; 2,3-dihydroxyhexa-1,5-diene; 2,5-dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene; divinylbenzene; N,N-diallylacrylamide; N,N-diallylmethacrylamide and the like. A preferred crosslinking agent is divinyl glycol. Also included are polyalkenyl polyether crosslinking agents containing two or more alkenyl ether groupings per molecule, preferably alkenyl ether groupings containing terminal H.sub.2 C.dbd.C< groups, prepared by etherifying a polyhydric alcohol containing at least four carbon atoms and at least three hydroxyl groups with an alkenyl halide such as allyl bromide or the like, e.g., polyallyl sucrose, polyallyl pentaerythritol, or the like; see, e.g., Brown, U.S. Pat. No. 2,798,053. Diolefinic non-hydrophilic macromeric crosslinking agents having molecular weights of from about 400 to about 8,000, such as insoluble di- and polyacrylates and methacrylates of diols and polyols, diisocyanate-hydroxyalkyl acrylate or methacrylate reaction products, and reaction products of isocyanate terminated prepolymers derived from polyester diols, polyether diols or polysiloxane diols with hydroxyalkyl-methacrylates, and the like, can also be used as the crosslinking agents; see, e.g., Mueller et al. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,192,827 and 4,136,250.
In a preferred method of preparing sustained release topical ophthalmic delivery systems, the foregoing suspensions are prepared and packaged at the desired viscosity of from 1,000 to about 30,000 centipoises, for administration to the eye in drop form. In a preferred delivery method, the foregoing suspensions, containing the medicament, are administered to the eye at the initial viscosity in drop form to cause the administered suspension, upon contact with the higher pH tear fluid of the eye, to rapidly gel in situ to a substantially greater viscosity than the viscosity of the suspension as originally administered in drop form. The more viscous gel remains in the eye for a prolonged period of time so as to release the medicament, entrapped in the more viscous gel formed in the eye, in sustained fashion.
It may be desirable to replace up to about 40% by weight of the carboxyl-containing monoethylenically unsaturated monomers by one or more non-carboxyl-containing monoethylenically unsaturated monomers containing only physiologically and ophthamologically innocuous substituents.
The desired osmotic pressure is preferably achieved by using a physiologically and ophthalmologically acceptable salt in an amount of from about 0.01% to about 1% by weight, based on the total weight of the suspensions. A preferred salt is sodium chloride.
Generally, the dosage needed to provide an effective amount of the composition will vary depending upon such factors as the recipient's age, condition, sex, and extent of disease, if any, and other variables, and can be adjusted and determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. Effective amounts of the compositions of the invention can vary from 0.01-1,000 mg/ml per dose or application, although lesser or greater amounts can be used. For ophthalmic suspensions, the effective amounts will preferably be from about 0.005% to about 10% by weight, and most preferably from about 0.01% to about 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the suspension.
Having now generally described the invention, the same will be more readily understood through reference to the following examples which are provided by way of illustration, and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention, unless specified.
EXAMPLE 1
Cloning of TIGR cDNA
In order to clone the major DEX-inducible cDNA of HTM cells, a subtraction screening procedure was employed. In such subtractive screening methods, cDNA molecules created from a complete population of cells are permitted to hybridize with a cDNA library constructed from RNA of different subpopulations of cells in order to identify clones that exhibit differential expression, and that thus reflect mRNA molecules that are induced or repressed in each population (Lamar, E. E. et al., Cell 37:171-177 (1984); Rubenstein, J. L. R. et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 18:4833-4842 (1990); Hedrik, S. M. et al., Science 308:149-153 (1984); Duguid, J. R. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 85:5738-5742 (1988); Weiland, I. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 87:2720-2724 (1990)).
cDNA was therefore prepared from mRNA of human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells that had been incubated in 100 nM dexamethasone for 10 days, as well as from mRNA of untreated HTM cells. The cDNA library was constructed in lambda ZapII using strain XL-1 (Stratagene, San Diego). Approximately 30-50 .mu.g of mRNA were obtained from 5.times.10.sup.7 dexamethasone treated cells as described by Nguyen, T. D. et al. (In: "Schriftenreihe de Adademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz," 331-343 (1993), herein incorporated by reference).
Two independent screenings of 20,000 phages each were conducted using a differential screening approach. Phages were separately probed with labeled cDNA made from mRNA of untreated cells and of dexamethasone-treated cells for 1 day and 10 days. Clones that exhibited an inducible response (i.e. increased labeling when probed with the dexamethasone treated cDNA relative to control cDNA) were desired candidates for further analysis.
Several cDNA clones were obtained that corresponded to mRNA produced in higher amounts in dexamethasone-treated cells. One cDNA clone, corresponding to mRNA that was present in the dexamethasone-treated cells, but absent from the untreated cells, was designated "clone II.2" or "TIGR" (T. D. Nguyen et al., Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 32:789 (1991)). A second clone encoded alpha-1 antichymotrypsin.
The level of these changes was quantitated by both dot-blot and PCR methodology. In the dot-blot analysis, the DNA of the clones are serially diluted and applied to membranes which are then hybridized to labeled total cDNA of control, 1 day or 10 day dexamethasone-treated HTM cells. The dot-blot analysis revealed that the TIGR mRNA was the major induced species, comprising 3-4% of the total cellular mRNA at day 10. An insignificant level of TIGR mRNA was detected in the control. The time course of dexamethasone treatment for days 2, 4, 7 and 10 revealed that TIGR was progressively induced (T. D. Nguyen et al., Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 32:789 (1991)). Cycloheximide studies showed that the induction required protein sysnthesis. Southern analysis and in-situ hybridization show multiple copy numbers of the gene. For PCR amplification analysis, the serial dilution PCR method (Chelly, J. D. et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 187:691-698 (1990); Murphy, L. D. et al., Biochem. 29:10350-10356 (1990); Singer-Sam, J. O. et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 18:1255-1259 (1990)) was modified to maintain the exponential range of the amplification throughout the quantitation procedure to meaure and confirm the major and progressive induction of TIGR mRNA over a 10 day dexamethasone induction period. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed an induction level of about 20 fold compared to the level found in cells that had been treated with dexamethasone for only 1 day.
Northern analysis showed clone TIGR to be approximately 2.5 kb, and to encode a protein of unique sequence. The induction of the mRNA required protein synthesis and insulin-like growth factor reduced the induction effect by 50%. The TIGR mRNA induction was not observed in dexamethasone treated fibroblasts, keratinocytes, or ciliary epithelial cells. The pattern of induction in HTM cells was distinguishable from other steroid induced proteins such as metallothionine, alpha.sub.1 -acid glycoprotein, and TAT which were maximally induced by one day dexamethasone treatment. In addition to dexamethasone, the TIGR mRNA was induced in HTM cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide, TPA, or glucose for 3-24 hours. Dexamethasone treatment produced substantial loss in the mRNAs for glucocorticoid receptors and heat shock proteins (e.g., hsp 90 mRNA levels fell approximately 20 fold after 10 days of dexamethasone treatment).
EXAMPLE 2
Expression of TIGR
An ability to express substantial amounts of TIGR would facilitate the use of this protein for functional assays, and the development of anti-TIGR antibodies. To achieve such enhanced expression, the PVL1393 baculovirus transfer vector of Invitrogen Corp. was employed. A 2 Kb Eco-R1 fragment of the TIGR cDNA was inserted into the Eco R1 cloning site of PVL1393. (2 Kb Eco-R1/PVL 1393 was deposited on Jul. 15, 1997 with the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va. and accorded ATCC No. 209142). PCR and sequencing analysis showed that the insert had been ligated in the correct orientation into the vector's polyhedrin promoter. Cotransfection of this construct and wild type baculovirus DNA into Sf9 insect cells produced high titers of recombinant protein. The Sf9 insect cell line can be obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. US, as deposit accession number ATCC CRL 1711. Methods of using such vectors and cells are described by Summers M. D. et al. (In: A Manual of Methods for Baculovirus Vectors and Insect Cell Culture Procedures, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 1555 (1987)), and Summers, M. D. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,050).
PCR verification of these recombinants showed positive signal for the expressed gene. SDS gel analysis of the SF9 transfected cellular proteins showed that the new product had a molecular weight of about 55 KDa and amounted to 90-95% of the total protein produced. These values correlated well with the size of the HTM cell protein induced by dexamethasone (DEX) (Polansky, J. R. et al., Prog Clin Biol Res 312:113-138, 1989) and the calculated MW from the cDNA sequence isolated. G-150 (Pharmacia) column purification and Edman degradation sequencing of the protein confirmed the open reading frame of the TIGR cDNA.
Studies of the recombinant protein thus suggested (1) that the 55 kD protein existed both in cells and in the medium, (2) that it underwent oligomerization, (3) phosphorylation, (4) glycosylation, (5) that it was susceptable to metalloprotease, (6) that it exhibited high affinity binding to extracellular matrix and human trabecular meshwork cells, (7) that it exhibited progressive inductions with time in both cell and organ cultures, and (8) that it exhibited high expression in the HTM of glaucomatous patients as compared to normal patients. Significantly, the induction correlated with topical glucocorticoid effects on intra-ocular pressure in patients, and differed from other known glucocorticoid induction patterns which exhibit close to maximal induction at only one day of dexamethasone treatment.
EXAMPLE 3
Structural Characteristics of TIGR
Clone TIGR was sequenced, and found to comprise a 2.0 kb cDNA molecule (SEQ ID NO:2). The full-length transcript was nearly 2.5 kb as determined by Northern analysis. The cDNA included two ATG start sites which produced two 55 kD proteins in both HTM and Sf9 cells. The larger protein was 497 amino acids, and is defined by the TIGR open reading frame (SEQ ID NO:1). The larger protein is due to the unprocessed form of TIGR; the smaller protein reflects the proteolytic cleavage of the TIGR signal peptide. The amino terminal sequence of these proteins has been verified by amino acid sequencing analysis. The post-translational modification of these proteins also produced a highly glycosylated TIGR form og about 66 kD.
Structural analysis of the clone demonstrated it encoded a novel extracellular protein of about 55 kD with an N-glycosylation site at SEQ ID NO:1 residues 57-60 and O-glycosylation sites at SEQ ID NO:1 residues 221-222; 222-223; 270-272; 305-306; 397-401; 453-457; 457-459, heparin sulfate binding (SEQ ID NO:1 residues 110-113 and 146-150) and initiation domains (SEQ ID NO:1 residues 223-224, 231-232 and 324-325 ), 7 consensus leucine zipper units, forming two stretches, one located at SEQ ID NO:1, residues 85-92 and 92-99, and five located at SEQ ID NO:1, residues 121-128; 128-135; 135-142; 142-149; and 149-156), and a potential GIP (guanidyl inositol phosphate) linkage. The 55 kD recombinant protein forms dimer or heteromer in the HTM medium as demonstrated by crosslinking studies, and it could self-aggregate. The recombinant protein had a specific ability to bind trabecular meshwork cells (4.3.times.10.sup.-9 M and 2.3.times.10.sup.-8 M) as shown by Skatchard analysis. In contrast, the protein showed non-saturable and low affinity binding ability for fibroblasts. The recombinant protein was shown to be a substrate for the 72 kD metalloprotease.
The anti-TIGR antibodies recognize a 66 kD protein in DEX-treated HTM medium. This protein was shown to be a highly glycosylated form of the 55 kD TIGR protein. This conclusion was supported by the observation that expression conducted in the presence of tunicamycin shifted production from 66 kD to 55 kD. The 66 kD glycosylated form of TIGR appears to be a hyaluronate binding protein, since it was found to be capable of binding to hyaluronic acid beads. Such binding proteins are defined by their ability to bind to such beads and to be eluted from the beads in the presence of 4 M guanidine after 0.15 and 1.5 M NaCl washes.
While the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth and as follows in the scope of the appended claims.
__________________________________________________________________________# SEQUENCE LISTING - - - - <160> NUMBER OF SEQ ID NOS: 3 - - <210> SEQ ID NO 1 <211> LENGTH: 504 <212> TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM: Homo sapiens - - <400> SEQUENCE: 1 - - Met Arg Phe Phe Cys Ala Arg Cys Cys Ser Ph - #e Gly Pro Glu Met Pro 1 5 - # 10 - # 15 - - Ala Val Gln Leu Leu Leu Leu Ala Cys Leu Va - #l Trp Asp Val Gly Ala 20 - # 25 - # 30 - - Arg Thr Ala Gln Leu Arg Lys Ala Asn Asp Gl - #n Ser Gly Arg Cys Gln 35 - # 40 - # 45 - - Tyr Thr Phe Ser Val Ala Ser Pro Asn Glu Se - #r Ser Cys Pro Glu Gln 50 - # 55 - # 60 - - Ser Gln Ala Met Ser Val Ile His Asn Leu Gl - #n Arg Asp Ser Ser Thr 65 - # 70 - # 75 - # 80 - - Gln Arg Leu Asp Leu Glu Ala Thr Lys Ala Ar - #g Leu Ser Ser Leu Glu 85 - # 90 - # 95 - - Ser Leu Leu His Gln Leu Thr Leu Asp Gln Al - #a Ala Arg Pro Gln Glu 100 - # 105 - # 110 - - Thr Gln Glu Gly Leu Gln Arg Glu Leu Gly Th - #r Leu Arg Arg Glu Arg 115 - # 120 - # 125 - - Asp Gln Leu Glu Thr Gln Thr Arg Glu Leu Gl - #u Thr Ala Tyr Ser Asn 130 - # 135 - # 140 - - Leu Leu Arg Asp Lys Ser Val Leu Glu Glu Gl - #u Lys Lys Arg Leu Arg 145 1 - #50 1 - #55 1 -#60 - - Gln Glu Asn Glu Asn Leu Ala Arg Arg Leu Gl - #u Ser Ser Ser GlnGlu 165 - # 170 - # 175 - - Val Ala Arg Leu Arg Arg Gly Gln Cys Pro Gl - #n Thr Arg Asp Thr Ala 180 - # 185 - # 190 - - Arg Ala Val Pro Pro Gly Ser Arg Glu Val Se - #r Thr Trp Asn Leu Asp 195 - # 200 - # 205 - - Thr Leu Ala Phe Gln Glu Leu Lys Ser Glu Le - #u Thr Glu Val Pro Ala 210 - # 215 - # 220 - - Ser Arg Ile Leu Lys Glu Ser Pro Ser Gly Ty - #r Leu Arg Ser Gly Glu 225 2 - #30 2 - #35 2 -#40 - - Gly Asp Thr Gly Cys Gly Glu Leu Val Trp Va - #l Gly Glu Pro LeuThr 245 - # 250 - # 255 - - Leu Arg Thr Ala Glu Thr Ile Thr Gly Lys Ty - #r Gly Val Trp Met Arg 260 - # 265 - # 270 - - Asp Pro Lys Pro Thr Tyr Pro Tyr Thr Gln Gl - #u Thr Thr Trp Arg Ile 275 - # 280 - # 285 - - Asp Thr Val Gly Thr Asp Val Arg Gln Val Ph - #e Glu Tyr Asp Leu Ile 290 - # 295 - # 300 - - Ser Gln Phe Met Gln Gly Tyr Pro Ser Lys Va - #l His Ile Leu Pro Arg 305 3 - #10 3 - #15 3 -#20 - - Pro Leu Glu Ser Thr Gly Ala Val Val Tyr Se - #r Gly Ser Leu TyrPhe 325 - # 330 - # 335 - - Gln Gly Ala Glu Ser Arg Thr Val Ile Arg Ty - #r Glu Leu Asn Thr Glu 340 - # 345 - # 350 - - Thr Val Lys Ala Glu Lys Glu Ile Pro Gly Al - #a Gly Tyr His Gly Gln 355 - # 360 - # 365 - - Phe Pro Tyr Ser Trp Gly Gly Tyr Thr Asp Il - #e Asp Leu Ala Val Asp 370 - # 375 - # 380 - - Glu Ala Gly Leu Trp Val Ile Tyr Ser Thr As - #p Glu Ala Lys Gly Ala 385 3 - #90 3 - #95 4 -#00 - - Ile Val Leu Ser Lys Leu Asn Pro Glu Asn Le - #u Glu Leu Glu GlnThr 405 - # 410 - # 415 - - Trp Glu Thr Asn Ile Arg Lys Gln Ser Val Al - #a Asn Ala Phe Ile Ile 420 - # 425 - # 430 - - Cys Gly Thr Leu Tyr Thr Val Ser Ser Tyr Th - #r Ser Ala Asp Ala Thr 435 - # 440 - # 445 - - Val Asn Phe Ala Tyr Asp Thr Gly Thr Gly Il - #e Ser Lys Thr Leu Thr 450 - # 455 - # 460 - - Ile Pro Phe Lys Asn Arg Tyr Lys Tyr Ser Se - #r Met Ile Asp Tyr Asn 465 4 - #70 4 - #75 4 -#80 - - Pro Leu Glu Lys Lys Leu Phe Ala Trp Asp As - #n Leu Asn Met ValThr 485 - # 490 - # 495 - - Tyr Asp Ile Lys Leu Ser Lys Met 500 - - - - <210> SEQ ID NO 2 <211> LENGTH: 1999 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Homo sapiens - - <400> SEQUENCE: 2 - - agagctttcc agaggaagcc tcaccaagcc tctgcaatga ggttcttctg tg -#cacgttgc 60 - - tgcagctttg ggcctgagat gccagctgtc cagctgctgc ttctggcctg cc -#tggtgtgg 120 - - gatgtggggg ccaggacagc tcagctcagg aaggccaatg accagagtgg cc -#gatgccag 180 - - tataccttca gtgtggccag tcccaatgaa tccagctgcc cagagcagag cc -#aggccatg 240 - - tcagtcatcc ataacttaca gagagacagc agcacccaac gcttagacct gg -#aggccacc 300 - - aaagctcgac tcagctccct ggagagcctc ctccaccaat tgaccttgga cc -#aggctgcc 360 - - aggccccagg agacccagga ggggctgcag agggagctgg gcaccctgag gc -#gggagcgg 420 - - gaccagctgg aaacccaaac cagagagttg gagactgcct acagcaacct cc -#tccgagac 480 - - aagtcagttc tggaggaaga gaagaagcga ctaaggcaag aaaatgagaa tc -#tggccagg 540 - - aggttggaaa gcagcagcca ggaggtagca aggctgagaa ggggccagtg tc -#cccagacc 600 - - cgagacactg ctcgggctgt gccaccaggc tccagagaag tttctacgtg ga -#atttggac 660 - - actttggcct tccaggaact gaagtccgag ctaactgaag ttcctgcttc cc -#gaattttg 720 - - aaggagagcc catctggcta tctcaggagt ggagagggag acaccggatg tg -#gagaacta 780 - - gtttgggtag gagagcctct cacgctgaga acagcagaaa caattactgg ca -#agtatggt 840 - - gtgtggatgc gagaccccaa gcccacctac ccctacaccc aggagaccac gt -#ggagaatc 900 - - gacacagttg gcacggatgt ccgccaggtt tttgagtatg acctcatcag cc -#agtttatg 960 - - cagggctacc cttctaaggt tcacatactg cctaggccac tggaaagcac gg -#gtgctgtg 1020 - - gtgtactcgg ggagcctcta tttccagggc gctgagtcca gaactgtcat aa -#gatatgag 1080 - - ctgaataccg agacagtgaa ggctgagaag gaaatccctg gagctggcta cc -#acggacag 1140 - - ttcccgtatt cttggggtgg ctacacggac attgacttgg ctgtggatga ag -#caggcctc 1200 - - tgggtcattt acagcaccga tgaggccaaa ggtgccattg tcctctccaa ac -#tgaaccca 1260 - - gagaatctgg aactcgaaca aacctgggag acaaacatcc gtaagcagtc ag -#tcgccaat 1320 - - gccttcatca tctgtggcac cttgtacacc gtcagcagct acacctcagc ag -#atgctacc 1380 - - gtcaactttg cttatgacac aggcacaggt atcagcaaga ccctgaccat cc -#cattcaag 1440 - - aaccgctata agtacagcag catgattgac tacaaccccc tggagaagaa gc -#tctttgcc 1500 - - tgggacaact tgaacatggt cacttatgac atcaagctct ccaagatgtg aa -#aagcctcc 1560 - - aagctgtaca ggcaatggca gaaggagatg ctcagggctc ctggggggag ca -#ggctgaag 1620 - - ggagagccag ccagccaggg cccaggcagc tttgactgct ttccaagttt tc -#attaatcc 1680 - - agaaggatga acatggtcac catctaacta ttcaggaatt gtagtctgag gg -#cgtagaca 1740 - - atttcatata ataaatatcc tttatcttct gtcagcattt atgggatgtt ta -#atgacata 1800 - - gttcaagttt tcttgtgatt tggggcaaaa gctgtaaggc ataatagttt ct -#tcctgaaa 1860 - - accattgctc ttgcatgtta catggttacc acaagccaca ataaaaagca ta -#acttctaa 1920 - - aggaagcaga atagctcctc tggccagcat cgaatataag taagatgcat tt -#actacagt 1980 - - tggcttctaa tgcttcaga - # - # 199 - #9 - - - - <210> SEQ ID NO 3 <211> LENGTH: 1512 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Homo sapiens - - <400> SEQUENCE: 3 - - atgaggttct tctgtgcacg ttgctgcagc tttgggcctg agatgccagc tg -#tccagctg 60 - - ctgcttctgg cctgcctggt gtgggatgtg ggggccagga cagctcagct ca -#ggaaggcc 120 - - aatgaccaga gtggccgatg ccagtatacc ttcagtgtgg ccagtcccaa tg -#aatccagc 180 - - tgcccagagc agagccaggc catgtcagtc atccataact tacagagaga ca -#gcagcacc 240 - - caacgcttag acctggaggc caccaaagct cgactcagct ccctggagag cc -#tcctccac 300 - - caattgacct tggaccaggc tgccaggccc caggagaccc aggaggggct gc -#agagggag 360 - - ctgggcaccc tgaggcggga gcgggaccag ctggaaaccc aaaccagaga gt -#tggagact 420 - - gcctacagca acctcctccg agacaagtca gttctggagg aagagaagaa gc -#gactaagg 480 - - caagaaaatg agaatctggc caggaggttg gaaagcagca gccaggaggt ag -#caaggctg 540 - - agaaggggcc agtgtcccca gacccgagac actgctcggg ctgtgccacc ag -#gctccaga 600 - - gaagtttcta cgtggaattt ggacactttg gccttccagg aactgaagtc cg -#agctaact 660 - - gaagttcctg cttcccgaat tttgaaggag agcccatctg gctatctcag ga -#gtggagag 720 - - ggagacaccg gatgtggaga actagtttgg gtaggagagc ctctcacgct ga -#gaacagca 780 - - gaaacaatta ctggcaagta tggtgtgtgg atgcgagacc ccaagcccac ct -#acccctac 840 - - acccaggaga ccacgtggag aatcgacaca gttggcacgg atgtccgcca gg -#tttttgag 900 - - tatgacctca tcagccagtt tatgcagggc tacccttcta aggttcacat ac -#tgcctagg 960 - - ccactggaaa gcacgggtgc tgtggtgtac tcggggagcc tctatttcca gg -#gcgctgag 1020 - - tccagaactg tcataagata tgagctgaat accgagacag tgaaggctga ga -#aggaaatc 1080 - - cctggagctg gctaccacgg acagttcccg tattcttggg gtggctacac gg -#acattgac 1140 - - ttggctgtgg atgaagcagg cctctgggtc atttacagca ccgatgaggc ca -#aaggtgcc 1200 - - attgtcctct ccaaactgaa cccagagaat ctggaactcg aacaaacctg gg -#agacaaac 1260 - - atccgtaagc agtcagtcgc caatgccttc atcatctgtg gcaccttgta ca -#ccgtcagc 1320 - - agctacacct cagcagatgc taccgtcaac tttgcttatg acacaggcac ag -#gtatcagc 1380 - - aagaccctga ccatcccatt caagaaccgc tataagtaca gcagcatgat tg -#actacaac 1440 - - cccctggaga agaagctctt tgcctgggac aacttgaaca tggtcactta tg -#acatcaag 1500 - - ctctccaaga tg - # - # - # 1512__________________________________________________________________________

Number	Name	Date
4617299	Knepper	Oct 1986
4757089	Epstein	Jul 1988
4829088	Doulakas, Jr.	May 1989
4886743	Hood	Dec 1989
5124154	Babcock et al.	Jun 1992
5130238	Malek et al.	Jul 1992
5169766	Schuster et al.	Dec 1992
5192535	Davis et al.	Mar 1993
5420120	Boltralik	May 1995
5474985	Polansky et al.	Dec 1995
5516657	Murphy et al.	May 1996
5606043	Nguyen et al.	Feb 1997
5789169	Nguyen et al.	Aug 1998
5849879	Nguyen et al.	Dec 1998
5854415	Nguyen et al.	Dec 1998
5861497	Nguyen et al.	Jan 1999
5885776	Stone et al.	Mar 1999
5916778	Stone et al.	Jun 1999
5925748	Stone et al.	Jul 1999

Number	Date	Country
2216997	Mar 1999	CAX
0 329 822 A2	Aug 1989	EPX
WO 8810315	Dec 1988	WOX
WO 8906700	Jul 1989	WOX
WO 8906964	Aug 1989	WOX
WO 9001069	Feb 1990	WOX
WO 9614411	May 1996	WOX
WO 9820131	May 1998	WOX
WO 9916898	Apr 1999	WOX

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	546568	Oct 1995
Parent	336235	Nov 1994

Methods for the diagnosis of glaucoma

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