Patent Grant
12048813
The present invention relates to the field of ventilation therapy for persons suffering from respiratory and breathing disorders, such as respiratory insufficiency and sleep apnea. More specifically, the present invention relates to providing open airway ventilation with methods and devices that use non-sealing non-invasive nasal ventilation patient interfaces.
There is a need for a minimally obtrusive nasal mask and ventilation system that delivers mechanical ventilatory support or positive airway pressure, and which unencumbers the patient. There are a range of clinical syndromes that require ventilation therapy that would benefit from such a mask and system, such as respiratory insufficiency, airway or sleeping disorders, congestive heart failure, neuromuscular disease, and a range of situations that would be benefited, such as chronic, acute, emergency, mass casualty and pandemic situations.
Oxygen therapy is available with devices that do not encumber the patient. However, oxygen therapy is used for far less severe forms of clinical syndromes compared to ventilation therapy. For example, some nasal mask oxygen therapy systems have been developed for the purpose of delivering mixtures of air and oxygen by entraining air into the mask, however these are not considered ventilation therapy or respiratory support, because they do not mechanically help in the work of breathing. Recently, a variant of oxygen therapy has been employed, known as high flow oxygen therapy (HFOT). In this case, the oxygen flow rate is increased beyond standard long term oxygen therapy (LTOT), for example, above 15 LPM. Because of the high flow rate, the oxygen must be humidified to prevent drying out the patient's airway. It has been reported that HFOT can slightly reduce the patient's absolute pleural pressure during spontaneous breathing, thus have a slight effect on work of breathing. These systems are inefficient in that they consume a significant quantity of oxygen, rendering them non-mobile systems and encumbering the patient.
Respiratory support and ventilation therapies exist that provide mechanical ventilation (MV) to the patient, and mechanically contribute to the work of breathing. MV therapies connect to the patient by intubating the patient with a cuffed or uncuffed tracheal tube, or a sealing face or nasal mask or sealing nasal cannula. While helpful in supporting the work of breathing, the patient interfaces used for MV are obtrusive and/or invasive to the user, and MV does not facilitate mobility or activities of daily living, therefore encumbers that patient and is a drawback to many potential users. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) exists which ventilates a patient with a face or nasal mask rather than requiring intubation, which can be an advantage in many situations. However, the patient cannot use their upper airway because the interface makes an external seal against the nose and/or mouth, and in addition the system is not mobile, the combination of which does not enable activities of daily living.
For treating obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the gold standard ventilation therapy is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP), which is a variant to NIV in that the patient partially exhales through exhaust ports in the mask and back into large gas delivery tubing, rather than through an exhalation circuit as in MV. Continuous positive pressure applied by the ventilator to the patient by a nasal or face mask that seals against the nose or face prevents upper airway obstruction. While effective, this therapy has poor patient compliance because the patient interface is obtrusive to the patient and the patient unnaturally breathes through both a mask and gas delivery circuit.
In summary, existing therapies and prior art have the following disadvantages: they do not offer respiratory support or airway support in a manner that unencumbers the patient and (1) is non-invasive, and un-obtrusive such that it allows for mobility and activities of daily living, (2) allows the sensation of breathing from the ambient surroundings normally, and (3) is provided in an easily portable system or a system that can be easily borne or worn by the patient.
The invention provides ventilation to a patient using non-invasive open-airway ventilation (NIOV), and a non-sealing nasal mask interface with a Venturi arrangement that does not completely cover or seal the opening of the patient's mouth or nose. A non-invasive open-airway non-sealing mask is preferably configured with a Venturi arrangement to create a change from negative pressure to positive pressure within the mask.
Embodiments of the present invention may include a system for providing ventilatory support, the system including: a gas source; a gas delivery circuit; a nasal interface that allows the patient to breathe ambient air through the nasal interface; a gas flow path through the nasal interface, wherein the gas flow path comprises a distal end gas flow path opening; a nozzle associated with a proximal end of the nasal interface at a distance from the distal end gas flow path opening; and an entrainment port associated with the nasal interface, wherein at least a portion of the entrainment port is between the nozzle and the distal end gas flow opening, wherein the nozzle is in fluid communication with the gas delivery circuit and the gas source, wherein the nozzle delivers gas into the nasal interface to create a negative pressure area in the gas flow path at the entrainment port, wherein the nasal interface and the nozzle create a positive pressure area between the entrainment port and the distal end gas flow path, and wherein a combination of gas from the gas source and air entrained through the entrainment port provide ventilatory support.
Embodiments of the present invention may include a method of increasing airway pressure, the method including: providing a nasal interface that allows the patient to breathe ambient air through the nasal interface, wherein the nasal interface comprises a gas flow path, wherein the gas flow path comprises a distal end gas flow path opening and a proximal end gas flow path opening; providing a nozzle associated with a proximal end of the nasal interface at a distance from a nose; providing an entrainment port associated with the nasal interface substantially between the nozzle and a distal end of the nasal interface, wherein at least a portion of the entrainment port is between the nozzle and the distal end gas flow opening; and adapting the nozzle to be in fluid communication with a gas delivery circuit and a gas source, wherein the nozzle is capable of delivering gas into the nasal interface to create a negative pressure area in the gas flow path at the entrainment port, wherein the nasal interface and the nozzle create a positive pressure area between the entrainment port and the distal end of the nasal interface, and wherein a combination of gas from the gas source and air entrained through the entrainment port increases airway pressure.
The systems and methods of the present invention may further include that the nasal interface includes a sound reducing feature. The sound reducing feature may be angling the nozzle at an approximately 1-30 degree angle from a manifold gas flow path centerline axis. The sound reducing feature may be an off-centered nozzle positioned off of the manifold gas flow path centerline by 5-25%. The sound reducing feature may include a secondary gas flow exit that is separate from the entrainment port. The sound generated by the nasal interface may be <50 db at 1 meter. The gas flow path may include a first section that is a substantially lateral-to-midline section and a second section distal to the first section that is a substantially inferior-to-superior section, and a curve between the two sections, with the positive pressure area substantially generated proximal to the curve. A pressure sensing port may terminate in positive pressure region in the gas flow path. The gas flow path may include a left gas flow path and a separate right gas flow path. The left gas flow path and the right gas flow path may be pneumatically interconnected with an interconnecting channel. A manifold may be included, wherein the manifold is curved with a lateral-posterior-inferior curve on each side of the midline to position the manifold where most comfortable to the user. A manifold may be included, wherein the manifold includes at least one flex joint, and the at least one flex joint is located at a midline of the manifold. The manifold may be made of a flexible material. A manifold may be included, and wherein the manifold is made of a malleable material to be shaped to a face of a user. A manifold may be included, and a space adjustment at a center of the manifold. One or more nasal cushions may be attachable to the distal end gas flow opening, the one or more nasal cushions comprising a snap ring on pillows comprising a hard material, and a mating ring surrounding the distal end gas flow openings. One or more nasal cushions attachable to the distal end gas flow opening, the one or more nasal cushions including a rotatable connection to the nasal interface. A cross-sectional area of the gas flow path that may not decrease from the entrainment port to the distal end gas flow opening. A cross-sectional area of the gas flow path may be uniform from the entrainment port to the distal end gas flow opening. A cross-sectional area of the gas flow path may increase from the entrainment port to the distal end gas flow opening. Delivery of gas from the gas source may be synchronized with an inspiratory phase. A time of delivery of gas from the gas source may be modulated with respiratory rate to deliver a set volume at a different time and pressure amplitude based on a patient's spontaneous respiratory rate. The gas from the gas delivery source may be controlled by a wear-able ventilator. Ventilatory support may include reducing the work of breathing to treat respiratory insufficiency. Ventilatory support may include elevating airway pressure to treat sleep apnea. The nozzle and gas delivery tubing may be attached to only one side of the nasal interface. The gas flow path may not include abrupt angles. The abrupt angles may be substantially 90 degrees. A patient may receive approximately 20-200% entrained air relative to gas from the gas source in the combination of gas from the gas source and the air entrained through the entrainment port. The nozzle may include a tip, wherein at least a portion of the entrainment port is between the tip of the nozzle and the distal end gas flow opening. The tip of the nozzle may be located at a midpoint of the entrainment port. The tip of the nozzle may be approximately 5-60 mm from a centerline. The entrainment port may be completely distal to the nozzle. The entrainment port may have an average cross sectional area of approximately 0.035-0.095 square inches. The negative pressure area may be within the gas flow path. The negative pressure area may extend from the entrainment port to a location proximal to the distal end of the nasal interface. The negative pressure may be less than ambient. The negative pressure may be approximately −5 to −40 cmH2O. The positive pressure area may be within the gas flow path. The positive pressure area may extend within the gas flow path from a location distal to the entrainment port the distal end of the nasal interface. The positive pressure may be greater than ambient. The positive pressure may be approximately 0.01 to 0.50 psi. The combination of gas from the gas source and the air entrained through the entrainment port may increase upper airway pressure by approximately 2-35 cwp. The combination of gas from the gas source and the air entrained through the entrainment port may exit the nasal interface as laminar flow. The nasal interface may have throat length of approximately −0.75-2.0 inches. The gas delivery circuit may have an inner diameter of less than approximately 4 mm. At least one sensor may measure phases of breathing. A ventilator may be provided, wherein the ventilator comprises a control unit, and wherein the control unit adjusts an output of the ventilator to match a patient's ventilation needs based on information from the at least one sensor.
Embodiments of the present invention may include a system for increasing airway pressure, the system including: a gas source; a gas delivery circuit; a nasal interface that allows the patient to breathe ambient air through the nasal interface; a gas flow path through the nasal interface, wherein the gas flow path comprises a distal end gas flow path opening; a nozzle associated with a proximal end of the nasal interface at a distance from the distal end gas flow path opening; and wherein the nozzle is in fluid communication with the gas delivery circuit and the gas source, wherein the nozzle delivers gas into the nasal interface to create a negative pressure area in the gas flow path near the proximal end of the nasal interface, wherein the nasal interface and the nozzle create a positive pressure area within the gas flow path distal to the negative pressure area, and wherein a combination of gas from the gas source and air entrained in the gas flow path increases airway pressure.
The systems and methods of the present invention may further include an entrainment port associated with the nasal interface, wherein at least a portion of the entrainment port is between the nozzle and the distal end gas flow opening. The negative pressure area may extend from the entrainment port to a location proximal to the distal end of the nasal interface. A negative pressure may be less than ambient. The negative pressure may be approximately −10 to −50 cmH2O. The positive pressure may be greater than ambient. The positive pressure may be approximately 2-30 cmH2O.
Embodiments of the present invention may include a method of delivering a therapeutic level of gas to a patient wherein the amount of gas increases the pressure in the oropharyngeal airway to a pressure level able to reduce obstructive sleep apnea airway obstructions, the method including: attaching a nasal interface to a patient wherein the interface does not impede the patient from breathing ambient air directly through the interface; placing a jet nozzle in the nasal interface at the proximal end of the interface lateral to the nose, and placing an entrainment port in the nasal interface between the jet nozzle and the distal end of the nasal interface; attaching a ventilator to a gas delivery circuit and the gas delivery circuit to the jet nozzle and delivering gas from the ventilator to the nasal interface; delivering the gas from the nozzle into the nasal interface with a velocity that creates a negative pressure inside the interface at the location of the aperture, at a distance from the interface distal end; and the interface to create a positive pressure between the negative pressure area in the nasal interface and the interface distal end, wherein substantially all of the patient's exhaled gas flows through the ambient air entrainment aperture and virtually none flows through the gas delivery circuit, and wherein the therapeutic level of gas requires (a) gas from the ventilator and (b) ambient air entrained through the aperture by the velocity in the nasal interface created by the ventilation gas delivery.
The systems and methods of the present invention may also include monitoring the breathing pressure of the patient using an open airway pressure sensing port positioned between the entrainment aperture and the patient's nose, in the zone of positive pressure in the interface distal to the entrainment zone in the interface. A sound reduction feature may be provided in the nasal interface, selected from the group of (i) aligning the nozzle off axis with the axis of the gas flow path between the nozzle and the nose, (ii) off-centering the nozzle with the centerline axis of the gas flow path between the nozzle and the nose, (iii) including a secondary port in addition to the aperture in the interface for the escape-age of gas, (iv) a combination of the above. The ventilator may be provided with an OFF-ON mode including a first power-on/gas-delivery-OFF state, and a second power-on/gas-delivery-ON state, the OFF state preceding the ON state and providing zero gas delivery, and the ON state providing the therapeutic gas delivery, and providing a delay between the gas delivery OFF and ON state, wherein the gas delivery OFF state is activated initially after the ventilator is powered on and the interface is connected to the patient, and where during the gas delivery OFF state the patient breathes ambient air freely through the interface, and wherein after a delay, the gas delivery ON state is activated, wherein the activation is selected from the group of: (i) a predetermined time, (ii) a reduction in breath rate, (iii) a reduction in breathing pressure signal, (iv) a reduction in breathing pressure level, (v) a combination of the above. A speech detection filtering algorithm may be provided that prevents inadvertent delivery of gas to the patient in response to speech. Multiple amplitudes of gas may be delivered to the patient, wherein the different amplitudes are synchronized with the spontaneous breathing pattern of the patient, wherein a first amplitude is the therapeutic level of gas delivered in synchrony with the inspiratory phase, and a second amplitude is delivered in synchrony with the expiratory phase, where the transition from the expiratory phase amplitude to the inspiratory phase amplitude begins in expiratory phase before inspiratory phase begins. Greater than ⅓rd of the gas delivered to the patient may come from the ventilator, and greater than ⅕th of the gas delivered to the patient may come from ambient air entrained through the entrainment aperture. The gas delivery pressure output from the ventilator may be greater than 10 psi, wherein the flow rate output from the ventilator may be less than 25 lpm, wherein the gas delivery circuit gas delivery channel internal diameter may be less than 3 mm, and wherein the gas velocity exiting the nozzle may be greater than 100 meters/second. Humidified gas may be delivered to the patient with a delivery circuit in parallel with the ventilator gas delivery circuit and wherein the humidified gas is added to the interface at the negative pressure entrainment zone. A separate left and right breathing sensor may be used to measure, monitor, process and track left nostril and right nostril breathing pressures separately. The gas may be laminar when entering the nose by delivering the gas so that it exits the nozzle into the interface at high velocity of greater than 100 m/s, and enters the patient's nose with the entrained air at low velocity of less than 50 m/sec.
Embodiments of the present invention may include a ventilator for treating sleep apnea, the ventilator including: a gas delivery output, when enabled to deliver the therapeutic level, comprises an output pressure of >15 psi, and output flow rate of <25 lpm; a gas delivery output port of less than 3 mm internal diameter that is connectable to a gas delivery circuit; an input for an airway pressure sensing signal that is not in series with the ventilator gas flow line; a control system including: an input for the airway pressure sensing signal; speech filtering mode configured to prevent speech sounds from being classified as a breath; and an algorithm to deliver a required amount of flow to generate a desired amount of airway pressure proximal to the patient's airway based on the airway pressure sensing signal.
The systems and methods of the present invention may also include that the ventilator includes a cycling mode, the cycling mode comprising delivering multiple amplitudes of gas to the patient, wherein the different amplitudes are synchronized with the spontaneous breathing pattern of the patient, wherein a first amplitude is the therapeutic level of gas delivered in synchrony with the inspiratory phase, and a second amplitude is delivered in synchrony with the expiratory phase, where the transition from the expiratory phase amplitude to the inspiratory phase amplitude begins in expiratory phase before inspiratory phase begins. The ventilator may further include an OFF-ON algorithm comprising a power-on and gas flow off state and a power-on and gas flow on state, and comprising a delay between the gas flow OFF and ON state, wherein the gas flow OFF state is activated initially after the ventilator is powered on and a interface is connected to the patient, and where during the gas delivery OFF the control system receives breathing pressure signals from the patient while the patient breathes ambient air freely through the interface, and wherein after a delay, the gas flow ON state is activated, wherein the activation is selected from the group of: (i) a predetermined time, (ii) a reduction in breath rate, (iii) a reduction in breathing pressure signal, (iv) a reduction in breathing pressure level, (v) a combination of the above. The ventilator control system may be adapted to receive multiple breathing pressure inputs, corresponding to a dedicated input for the left and right nostril, and further wherein the control system comprises an algorithm adapted to adjust the gas output parameters based on comparing the two signals.
Embodiments of the present invention may include a nasal interface for treating sleep apnea comprising a tubular body with a distal end and proximal end and a gas flow path extending from the distal end to the proximal end, wherein the tubular body includes: a distal end configured to impinge with the nostril airway; a tubular body configured to curve laterally from the nostril distal end to the proximal end; an ambient air entrainment aperture in the tubular body between the proximal end and the distal end adapted to permit spontaneous breathing of ambient air directly through the aperture without impeding the user's breathing; a jet nozzle port positioned proximal to the aperture at the proximal end of the tubular body, and adapted to direct gas into the gas flow path and entrain air in from the entrainment aperture; and a pressure sensing port, wherein gas is delivered to the patient airway from a combination of the nozzle and air entrained through the aperture, and wherein substantially all the gas exiting the patient exits out of the aperture.
The systems and methods of the present invention may also include that the gas flow path includes a length between the nozzle and distal end allowing the velocity profile exiting the jet to merge with the walls of the gas flow path, and develop a positive pressure at a location proximal to the distal end and outside the nose. The minimum cross section of the gas flow path may be greater than or equal to the cross sectional area of the entrainment aperture. The entrainment aperture may be positioned in the tubular body at the anterior side of the tubular body, to entrain airflow into the aperture from in front of the face, and to direct exhaled gas flowing out of the aperture away from the face. The tubular body may include a sound reducing feature selected from the group of: a secondary port near the distal end, a nozzle position that is off-centered from the centerline axis of the tubular body, a nozzle angle that directs gas into the wall of the tubular body. The tubular body may include an internal volume of less than 0.40 cubic inches. The tubular body may include a gas flow resistance of less than 4 cmH2O pressure at 60 lpm gas flow. The pressure sensing port may be positioned in the positive pressure area of the tubular body. A left and a right tubular body may be provided, wherein each tubular body includes a pressure sensing port. An entrainment pressure sensing port may be located near the entrainment aperture, and a pressure sensing port may be located near the distal end.
Embodiments of the present invention may include a method of delivering a therapeutic level of gas to a patient wherein a delivered amount of gas increases pressure in an oropharyngeal airway to a pressure level able to reduce an obstructive sleep apnea airway obstruction, the method including: providing a nasal interface that does not impede the patient from breathing ambient air directly through the nasal interface, wherein the nasal interface includes: a jet nozzle in the nasal interface at a proximal end of the nasal interface substantially lateral to a nose; and an entrainment port in the nasal interface substantially between the jet nozzle and a distal end of the nasal interface; a ventilator and a gas delivery circuit, wherein the ventilator is in fluid communication with the jet nozzle via the gas delivery circuit; and delivering gas from the jet nozzle into the nasal interface with a velocity that creates a negative pressure area inside the nasal interface at the location of the entrainment port, at a distance from the distal end of the nasal interface, wherein the nasal interface is adapted to create a positive pressure area between the negative pressure area and the distal end of the nasal interface, and wherein substantially all exhaled gas flows through the entrainment port and virtually none of the exhaled gas flows through the gas delivery circuit. Delivery of gas may be synchronized with breathing of a patient.
Additional features, advantages, and embodiments of the invention are set forth or apparent from consideration of the following detailed description, drawings and claims. Moreover, it is to be understood that both the foregoing summary of the invention and the following detailed description are exemplary and intended to provide further explanation without limiting the scope of the invention as claimed.
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention and together with the detailed description serve to explain the principles of the invention.
A similar system to
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the remaining figures. Respiratory support or airway support is provided in a manner and way that the patient is unencumbered. The non-invasive, non-sealing and unobtrusive systems and methods may allow for mobility and activities of daily life. The systems and methods allow for the sensation of breathing from ambient surroundings normally. The systems and methods provide an easily portable system that can be readily borne or worn by the patient, and gas delivery tubing that does not encumber the patient.
Systems and methods may include a gas delivery source, a gas delivery circuit, and a nasal interface that allow breathing ambient air through the nasal interface. A gas flow path through the nasal interface may have a distal gas flow path opening. A nozzle may be associated with a proximal end of the nasal interface a distance from the distal end gas flow path opening. In certain embodiments, at least a portion of an entrainment port may be between the nozzle and the distal end gas flow opening. The nozzle may deliver gas into the nasal interface to create a negative pressure area in the gas flow path at the entrainment port. The nasal interface and the nozzle may create a positive pressure area between the entrainment port and the distal end of the nasal interface. Gas from the gas delivery source and air entrained through the entrainment port may increase airway pressure.
The present invention may include a non-sealing nasal mask patient interface, connected to the ventilator with small bore gas delivery tubing. The nasal mask may be uniquely non-sealing, so that the patient can inhale and exhale ambient air directly through the mask while receiving ventilatory support, in which there is negligible dead space volume in the mask. The mask may include a unique Venturi system that makes it possible for the ventilator to deliver relatively small amounts of gas to achieve relatively high levels of ventilatory support or airway pressure. The Venturi mask is described in more detail in
Various embodiments of the nasal interface 303 are described in detail in the following disclosure. The nasal interface 303 may be minimally obtrusive compared to standard masks, so that the patient can feel and act normally while receiving the therapy. For example, the patient can talk, swallow, eat or drink, and feel like they are breathing normally, with the nasal interface and therapy. The gas delivery tubing required may be very small compared to standard ventilator tubing, which more readily allows the patient to move around with the system, and to conceal the equipment and tubing needed for the therapy. The efficiency of the Venturi system in achieving therapeutic levels of lung or airway pressure while using low levels of gas volume, allows the gas supply to be relatively small, further enabling mobility of the patient, and or miniaturization of the ventilation equipment.
While
A ventilator module 401 may include or is in communication with several other functional accessories. The ventilator and the patient's internal anatomy from
An oxygen source 407 and/or a compressed air source 409 can be included, typically external to the ventilator module 401. In certain embodiments, however, the oxygen source 407 and/or the compressed air source 409 can be internal to the ventilator module 401 if the therapy is being used for stationary use, for example, in the home. A blender 411 can be included to control the fractional delivered O2 in a gas delivery circuit 413. A pulse oximeter 415 can be used to titrate settings of the ventilator module 401 to meet the physiological needs of the patient, for example setting the correct oxygen blender setting or ventilator volume output. In addition to compressed supplies of oxygen and air gas, the ventilator module 401 can include internal or external air and oxygen generating systems 417, such as a compressor, pump or blower to create pressurized air, an oxygen generator and/or pump to create pressurized oxygen gas, and/or a compressed gas accumulator. The oxygen source can also be liquid oxygen, or a liquid oxygen generating system. An internal or external humidifier 405 can be included for extended uses of the therapy, or if using in dry climates.
As the therapy is frequently used to help ADL's, and to promote activity, a pedometer 419 and/or actigraphy sensor 421 can be included internal to or external to a ventilator module 401. Optional sensors may include a CO2 sensor 425, and/or an external breathing sensor unit 437. A CO2 sensing line 439 and/or an airway pressure sensing line 441 may be present. One or more other external sensors may be included. For example, other external sensors may include an external respiration sensor or respiration effort sensor 427, such as a respiratory muscle effort sensor, a chest impedance sensor 435, or other types of sensors, such as a tracheal or other microphone or vibration sensor 443 or acoustical or ultrasonic sensor. The one or more external sensors may be used either as a redundant sensor to a nasal airflow or nasal pressure sensor 429, or to complement the information obtained from the nasal airflow or nasal pressure sensor 429, or in place of the nasal airflow or nasal pressure sensor 429. An oral airflow breathing sensor may also be used, for example, nasal airflow or nasal pressure sensor 429 may alternatively be an oral airflow sensor.
A drug delivery module 431 can be incorporated internally or externally to a ventilator module 401. Because of the challenges with current aerosolized drug delivery inhalers, the drug delivery module 431 can be used to propel and deposit medication particles deep in the respiratory system without a carrier propellant. Because the patient's using the therapy often may also require prescription medication, this may be a convenient and efficient way to administer the medication.
When the therapy is being used for respiratory support, the user may have two options: (1) wearing or toting the ventilator module 401 so that the user can be ambulatory or enjoy the activities of daily living, or (2) stationary use, in the event the patient plans on being stationary or does not have the ability to ambulate. For the later, the delivery circuit can optionally be provided in a 25-100 foot length, such that the gas source and ventilator module 401 can be stationary in the patient's home, while the patient can move around their home while wearing the interface and receiving the therapy. Or, the gas source can be stationary, and connected to the ventilator module 401 with a 25-100 foot hose, so that the patient can wear or tote the ventilator and be mobile within the range of the hose.
The ventilator module 401 may include one or more processors 445 and one or more memories 447 to analyze information and output therapies.
Ventilation gas 449 may exit at a speed that entrains ambient air 451, such that the combination of ventilation gas 449, entrained ambient air 451 and spontaneously inhaled air, if the patient is spontaneously breathing, is delivered 453 to the patient's airways, such as the nasal cavity 455, oropharyngeal airway 457, trachea 459, lung 461 and others, under power to create a clinically efficacious effect on the lung and airways. Patient may exhale 463 through the nose or mouth. Various airways are also included, such as nostril airway 473, nasal airway 475, oral airway 481, upper airway 477, and lower airway 479.
When using the invention, the patient breathes normally through their upper airway and through their nose, while receiving mechanical support through the interface. During exhalation, the exhaled gas preferably does not enter the gas delivery circuit but rather exits the nose or mouth directly to ambient air, or through, across or around the nasal interface 400 to ambient air. The patient can keep their mouth closed during use for example during inspiration, to help direct the mechanical support to the lower airways and past the oral cavity 465, base of the tongue 467, palate 469 and esophagus 471, or can use a mouth guard or chin band, if necessary. The patient may exhale through their mouth when using the therapy.
The gas flow path 601 may terminate at a distal end at a distal end gas opening 603 on a superior or superior-posterior side of the manifold 517 just lateral to a midline 503 of the manifold 517 on both sides of the midline 503. Each side of the manifold 517 may include a separate or interconnected gas flow path 601. The gas flow path 601 may direct ventilation gas into the user's nasal airway. The distal end gas flow openings 603 may include and/or be in fluid communication with a nasal cushion 515, which may engage with and/or impinge on the nostrils. The gas flow path 601 may proximally terminate at or near a proximal end of the gas flow path 601 at entrainment apertures 505 on an inferior, anterior, or inferior-anterior side of the manifold 517. The gas flow path 601 may distally terminate at or near the distal end gas flow openings 603.
The gas exiting the gas delivery jet nozzles 611 within the gas flow path 601 may create a negative pressure area at and/or near the entrainment apertures 505. The negative pressure may draw ambient air into the gas flow path 601 through the entrainment apertures 505. Preferably, at least a portion of the entrainment apertures 505 are located between the gas delivery jet nozzles 611 and the distal end gas flow openings 603. This unique Venturi configuration may allow a negative pressure region to form in the gas flow path 601 just inside the entrainment apertures 505 while forming a positive pressure region between the entrainment apertures 505 and the distal end gas openings 603. When gas is emitting from the gas delivery jet nozzles 611, this gas creates a cone-shaped flow or velocity profile. Typically, as explained in more detail subsequently, the area within this cone is positive pressure and the area outside of this cone is negative pressure. Typically, when the cone intersects with the internal walls of the gas flow path 601, the entire area distal to that intersecting point is under positive pressure.
Typically, the nasal interface 501 permits the user to breathe ambient air freely in and out of the manifold 517, through the entrainment apertures 505. Alternatively, the user may breathe ambient air at least partially in and out of separate spontaneous breathing ports, which may be separate from the entrainment apertures 505 and positioned elsewhere along the gas flow path 601 of the manifold 517, which will be described in more detail subsequently. The entrainment apertures 505 may be single apertures or multiple apertures and the spontaneous breathing ports, if present and separate from the entrainment apertures, may be single ports or multiple ports. In certain embodiments, the spontaneous breathing ports can be roughly or substantially in-line with the distal end gas flow openings 603. Alternatively, the spontaneous breathing ports can be located on a superior, inferior, or anterior surface of the manifold 517, or a combination of these surfaces. In general, the spontaneous breathing ports are preferably placed so that exhaled gas from the patient is directed in a natural velocity and or direction, so it does not irritate the users.
The entrainment apertures 505 are preferably located near tips 613 of the gas delivery jet nozzles 611, but can be placed in other locations on the manifold 517 as well. In certain embodiments, the tips 613 of the gas delivery jet nozzles 611 can be completely proximal to the entrainment aperture 505. In other embodiments, the tips 613 may be approximately flush with a proximal end 615 of the entrainment aperture 505, between a distal end 617 and the proximal end 615 of the entrainment aperture 505, or approximately flush with the distal end 617 of the entrainment aperture 505.
The entrainment apertures 505 can be positioned near the lateral proximal ends 509 of the manifold 517, and can be on the superior, anterior, inferior surfaces of the manifold 517 or combinations thereof. The entrainment apertures 505 can be variably adjusting. For example, the entrainment apertures 505 can be adjusted between fully open and fully closed. The adjustment can control the level of ventilatory support to the desired level that the overall system is intended to provide for the prevailing situation. The adjustment can be manual, but is preferably automatic with the use of valves, for example a valve that is controlled by a pressure signal delivered from the ventilator though a small bore conduit to the valve. Alternatively, the position of the gas delivery jet nozzles 611 relative to the entrainment apertures 505 can be adjusted by a slide mechanism, either manually or automatically. The level of support can range from partial support to full ventilator support.
As shown in
In contrast, typical jet pump systems position a nozzle distal and/or concentric to an entrainment port. The proximal positioning of the gas delivery jet nozzle 611 in the present invention preferably allows flow inside the manifold 517 to develop into positive pressure laminar flow in the shortest possible length or distance, which preferably minimizes obtrusiveness, which is a significant advantage. It is a significant advantage to develop laminar positive pressure flow within the manifold 517 prior to the gas entering the patient. Turbulent flow entering the nose is uncomfortable to the patient. Typical jet pumps are not concerned with generating positive pressure laminar flow within the jet pump area, rather the aim of a jet pump is to maximize the pressure exiting the jet pump area. Turbulent flow, if entering the patient, would include vortices and velocities that would create shearing effects that would increase noise and boundary effects that would irritate the nasal tissue. The laminar flow generated by the present invention may smooth out the flow profile, such that vortices and velocity profiles are more uniform, reducing the noise and irritation to a level acceptable for the application. For example, turbulent flow may include localized velocity currents that are greater than 300 lpm, whereas the laminar flow of the invention may produce a maximum localized velocity current of less than 200 lpm, based on nominal conditions.
In certain embodiments of the present invention, the gas flow path cross sectional area may not reduce between the entrainment aperture 505 and the distal end of the gas flow path 601, whereas typical jet pump systems include a reduction in cross section, which increases pressure output but decreases flow rate throughput, which would be undesirable in a medical ventilation application. The substantially uniform or optionally increasing cross sectional area between the proximal and distal ends of the gas flow path 601, may maximize the flow rate capable of being delivered by the system into the patient, and also reduces the inhalation and exhalation resistance through the manifold 517. In alternative embodiments, the gas delivery jet nozzles 611 can be positioned in the manifold 517 near the base of nasal cushions 515, inside the nasal cushions 515, or in the manifold 517 at any distance proximal to the nasal cushions 515.
It may be desirable to measure pressure being delivered to the patient, which can be done by sensing the pressure in the manifold 517 in a positive pressure zone using a pressure sensing lumen 621 terminating at a sensing port 619 in the positive pressure zone, shown in
The pressure inside the manifold 517 may be measured to detect the breathing of the patient, determine the phases of breathing, patient status, and time the delivery of the ventilation gas as appropriate, as well as for monitoring of the patient and ventilation pressure for alarm and control system purposes.
One or more other respiration sensors may be located inside the manifold 517 or on a surface of the manifold 517, as depicted in
The mask may be configured to curve from the nose laterally and posteriorly away from the nose, which positions the components of the mask lateral to the nose, which makes the mask as unobtrusive as possible. The mask therefore does not hinder speaking or eating, and is away from the line of sight. The manifold 517 may be typically shaped in a compound arcuate shape to match the contours of the face under and to the side of the nose. The manifold 517 may typically curve bilaterally and posteriorly. The manifold 517 can also curve superiorly or inferiorly as it is curving laterally and posteriorly. The mask can be a bilateral assembly meaning gas delivery tubing 507 is attached to both the left and right side, or it can be unilateral meaning that the gas delivery tubing 507 is attached to only one side. The later configuration may be useful for side sleeping or to reduce the obtrusiveness on one side of the face.
Overall cross sectional geometry of the manifold 517 can be generally round or semi-round, or can be D-shaped, oval or variable, to optimize performance and ergonomics. The cross-sectional area can be variable, variably increasing from proximal to distal, and/or constant. Flatter cross sectional geometries that do not protrude far from the user's skin may be configured ergonomically. The internal structure of the manifold 517 may be devoid of corners and abrupt bends and angles to facilitate efficient gas flow fluid dynamics and sound generation. An abrupt bend or angle may be a bend or angle other than approximately 90 degrees, preferably approximately 120-150 degrees.
The manifold 517 may be made of a semi-rigid material, either a thermoplastic or elastomeric material, typically of 30-60 Shore A hardness in applications in which the manifold 517 is desired to be flexible, and 60-90 Shore A hardness in applications in which the manifold 517 is desired to be rigid or semi-rigid. The manifold 517 can also be constructed of both semi-rigid or rigid and flexible materials, for example a rigid construction for the gas flow path 601 and/or sensing lumen 621 portions. A soft flexible material may be found at one or more flex points, as described below in regards to
The manifold 517 can also be constructed to be malleable or moldable by the user for the user to make minor adjustments to allow the nasal interface 501 to fit ideally to that individual. The overall nasal interface 501 can be disassemble-able, so the user can take the assembly apart for cleaning, or to assemble correct sizes of the different parts together to customize the fit. The manifold 517 and nasal cushions 515, if included, may typically be translucent, but also can be transparent or opaque. The gas flow path 601 geometry can be round in cross section or can be non-round, such as D-shaped, oval, or elliptical, in order to optimize both flow dynamics, sound and ergonomics. The gas flow path 601 in the manifold 517 may be dimensioned such that the patient can breathe freely through the gas flow path 601 without feeling restricted. Typically, the gas flow path 601 and Venturi are configured so that positive pressure is developed in the gas flow path 601 before the gas flow path 601 curves superiorly toward the distal end gas flow opening 603. The gas flow path 601 may be curved and devoid of abrupt angles and corners to channel the gas with as little resistance and disturbance as possible and so that the gas being delivered by the gas delivery jet nozzles 611 flows in an organized flow profile with minimal turbulence.
An inner diameter of the tip 613 of the gas delivery jet nozzle 611 can be between approximately 0.010″ to approximately 0.080″ in diameter or effective diameter, and may be preferably approximately 0.020″ to approximately 0.060″ in diameter or effective diameter. Other dimensions are possible depending on certain uses. The position of the gas delivery jet nozzles 611 within the manifold 517 and relative to the entrainment apertures 505 can be adjustable such that the adjustment can change the level of ventilatory support provided. Typically, the gas delivery jet nozzles 611 are positioned bilaterally; however, a single gas delivery jet nozzle is also contemplated.
The supplemental ventilation gas from the ventilator may be delivered to the manifold 517 from the ventilator via gas delivery tubing 507, which may be coupled to the lateral proximal ends 509 of the manifold 517. The gas delivery tubing 507 may include both a ventilator gas delivery channel and a pressure sensing conduit, as well as other channels such as a CO2 sampling channel or a humidification delivery channel, as depicted in
Nasal cushions 515 may be coupled with and extend superiorly from the distal end gas flow openings 603. The nasal cushions 515 may impinge on the rim of the nostril, seal on the rim of the nostril, seal inside the nostril, impinge on the tissue underneath the nose, or various combinations of the above. The nasal cushions 515 may typically be soft and compliant to allow for comfortable contact with the nostril and, if a seal is intended, compress against the nostril in a comfortable manner. The nasal cushions 515 may typically include convolutions in the shape to allow the extension to flex in multiple planes, and to compresses along a centerline axis, to conform to the user's nose. The nasal cushions 515 can seal against the nostril rim or other part of the nostril so that there is not inadvertent leakage between the nasal cushions 515 and nose and so that the majority of the breathing gas flows through the nasal cushions 515. However, this seal does not need to be leak free, and in some embodiments the may be a desired gas flow between the nasal cushions 515 and the nostril. The nasal cushions 515 can be permanently affixed to the nasal interface 501 or can be removably attached. The nasal cushions 515 may be available in different sizes so that the user can select a size that matches their anatomy.
As shown in
The gas delivery jet nozzle 907 directional alignment may be aligned with the average centerline arc of the internal gas flow path 903 geometry of the manifold 901 in applications in which pressure generation is more important than minimizing sound. In alternate embodiments as shown, when minimizing sound generation is more important however, the gas delivery jet nozzles 907 can be angled away from a centerline and can be off-center which reduces sound generation but reduces pressure output generation. In the mobile ventilation application, a balance in the sound and pressure generated by the device is achieved by placing the gas delivery jet nozzle 907 at an approximately 10-30 degree angle to centerline, and approximately 5-25% off center, which can result in a sound of approximately 40-60 dbs and a maximum pressure output of approximately 12-35 cmH2O.
The gas delivery jet nozzle 907 at a proximal end 921 of the manifold 901 may also slightly protrude into the manifold gas flow path 903 to reduce sound generation, but not distal to the entrainment aperture 913 as shown. The manifold 517 may also include a nasal cushion connection element 923 at the distal end gas flow openings 919 of the gas flow opening 603 to which soft cushions may be attached, which impinge with or engage with the nares.
In certain embodiments, rotatable joints 1631 between the gas delivery tubing 1605 and the manifold 1603 may include detent settings. These detent setting joints can be used to adjust the angle of the manifold 1603 to adjust the angle of gas delivery nozzles to be in alignment with the patient's nostril airway. Alternatively, the gas delivery tubing 1605 can be connectable to the manifold 1603 in different rotational orientations to likewise align the gas delivery nozzles with the patient's nostril airway.
The Venturi configuration of
Dimension “A” is distance from a tip 2617 of the gas delivery jet nozzle 2603 to a distal end 2609 of the entrainment aperture 2607. Dimension “B” is a length of throat area of device. A+B should be kept to a minimum length while still (1) producing the entrainment desired, (2) producing the positive pressure desired, and (3) minimizing the overall size for user acceptance. Optimizing size, sound and output pressure and flow require an ideal dimension for A+B. Moving the gas delivery jet nozzle 2603 to the distal end 2609 of the entrainment aperture 2607, may set dimension A negative, which may require a commensurate increase in B, which is undesirable. Increasing A may move the gas delivery jet nozzle 2603 distally, and cause an increase in noise, which is undesirable. Positioning the tip 2617 of the gas delivery jet nozzle 2603 in the middle of the entrainment aperture 2607 may optimize pressure and flow performance while minimizing size and noise.
An angled gas delivery jet nozzle 2807 may further reduce sound generation. An exhaled gas exhaust path 2811 or return path divides delivered flow and exhaust flow to reduce sound generation caused by shearing. An entrainment aperture 2813 is positioned distal to or in part distal to the gas delivery jet nozzle 2807. One or more gas sampling ports 2815 may be located in the nasal interface 2801, such as for ETCO2 or FIO2 sampling. Nasal cushions 2817 may be located at gas flow path distal ends 2821. The gas flow path distal ends 2821 may or may not be connected by a channel 2819. Positive pressure which is created inside of a gas delivery cone of flow 2823 is created in the substantially constant cross-sectional area throat section 2825, before the gas flow path begins to curve 2827 superiorly toward the gas flow path distal ends 2821.
Humidification can be added to the gas delivery circuit, either by active heated humidification or by aerosolizing liquid particles into the gas delivery system, typically into the nasal interface 2801 or by adding a heat moisture exchanger (HME) to the manifold gas exit path or combinations of the above. To prevent rainout from occurring in the nasal interface 2801, the nasal interface 2801 may have a drainage line (not shown) to scavenge any moisture that is collecting. A humidification/aerosol injection port 2809 is preferably located in a negative pressure zone so that the aerosol can enter the nasal interface 2801. If the humidification/aerosol injection port 2809 was in a positive pressure zone, the pressure would prevent the humidified gas or aerosol from entering the nasal interface 2801. Alternately, a heat moisture exchanger (HME) (not shown) may be coupled with exhaled gas exhaust path 2811 or entrainment aperture 2813.
The dimensions of key functional features may be selected and varied to optimize the primary critical performance attributes such as sound, entrained flow, and output pressure. Functional features may include, but are not limited to: throat length and diameter, input pressure to the gas delivery nozzle, input flow rate to the gas delivery nozzle, nozzle exit diameter, nozzle end internal diameter radius, gas exit velocity from the gas delivery nozzle, breathing resistance of the mask, entrainment aperture size, gas delivery jet nozzle distance to the entrainment aperture, gas delivery nozzle distance to the throat entrance, exhaust flow path cross sectional area, gas delivery nozzle, and gas delivery nozzle concentricity.
Because the dimensions of functional features may compete with one another in a way that can oppositely affect performance attributes, these variables preferably must be balanced to create a successful device. If throat diameter is decreased, pressure and flow can increase, however, breathing resistance may increase, which is undesirable. If the gas delivery jet nozzle is moved further away from the throat, pressure and entrainment may increase, however, noise may also increase, which is undesirable. If the entrainment aperture cross sectional area is increased, entrainment can increase, however, a bigger overall device may be needed to accommodate the larger entrainment aperture. The entrainment aperture is dimensioned such that it is about 0-50% and preferably about 10-20% more than the minimum cross sectional area of the throat section to ensure that the entrainment aperture does not restrict breathing resistance, and to optimize entrainment while limiting the overall size of the device. If the entrainment aperture location is at the proximal end of the device, approximately a 2-5× entrainment factor can be achieved (3 to 5 times more entrained flow than delivered flow). If the entrainment aperture is on a side of the device, approximately a 1-3× entrainment factor can be achieved. The side configuration may be selected to optimize the balance between output and the intended application in which it is desired to direct exhaled flow in a natural direction away from the face. If the gas delivery jet nozzle diameter is reduced, the exit velocity can increase and the entrainment can increase, however, this can reduce the output pressure, so a balance is selected. The overall length is selected so that fully developed positive pressure flow is achieved before the flow path turns to the nasal cushions section of the nasal interface, for optimal flow and pressure performance.
Embodiments of the present invention may achieve up to 35 cmH2O lung pressure (output pressure) and up to 150 LPM total flow (delivered flow plus entrained flow), and a sound level of approximately 30-60 db, with the following configuration variables. The tables list exemplary values only and are not to be construed as limiting the disclosure.
20-200%
50-100%
Notes:
* Pediatric and neonatal: Pressure and volume values are 25-75% less (Ped) and 50-90% less (Neo).
(1) Square, Rounded, Descending, Ascending, Sinusoidal, Oscillating.
Diameters listed are effective diameters (average cross sectional dimension).
In the graph shown, the area inside the curve below the pressure axis is the inspiratory WOB, and the area defined by the area inside the curve above the pressure axis is the expiratory WOB. The arrows show the progression of a single breath over time, starting from RV to VT then returning from VT to RV. RV1 and VT1 are the residual volume and tidal volume without the therapy. Line 3201 represents spontaneous breathing without non-invasive open nasal ventilation. Line 3203 represents spontaneous breathing with non-invasive open nasal ventilation, with inspiratory augmentation and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) therapy. RV2 and VT2 are the residual volume and tidal volume with the therapy. As can be seen, RV increases with the therapy because in this example, expiratory flow is provided as part of the therapy, which may increase residual volume. Importantly, VT is increased with the therapy and is increased more that the RV is increased, indicating that more volume is entering and leaving the lung as a result of the therapy. The increase in tidal volume is considered clinically efficacious, however is technically challenging to achieve in an open ventilation, non-invasive and minimally obtrusive system. As is shown in the graph, the patient's inspiratory WOB with the invention ON may be about 25% less than the patient's inspiratory WOB with the invention OFF. Also, inspiratory lung pressure increases (is less negative) and tidal volume increases, and optionally exhaled pressure increases if the therapy is provided during exhalation. While residual volume increases in the example shown because the ventilator is providing gas in this example during the expiratory phase, the ventilation parameters can be titrated to not effect residual volume, and because of the ability of the patient to exercise their lung muscles when receiving the therapy, the patient's lung mechanics may remodel in the case of COPD, actually causing a reduction of residual volume to a more normal value. In the graph shown, the waveform with therapy assumes an early inspiratory trigger time for the ventilator inspiratory phase therapy output, and that the volume output is delivered within the patient's inspiratory time. Optionally, however, different delivery waveforms and delivery synchronizations can be performed, which may adjust the WOB curve. For example, the ventilator inspiratory phase therapy can be delivered late in the person's inspiratory cycle, with delivery completing at the end of inspiration, and delivered with a square or ascending waveform profile. In this case the WOB curve with therapy will be tilted upward to the right of the curve, such that inspiration ends and transitions to exhalation at a point above the lung pressure zero axis.
The lung pressure resulting from the therapy may be governed by a combination of factors: the gas delivery circuit pressure, the jet pump design and configuration, the patient's lung compliance and airway resistance, the patient's breathing effort, the timing of the ventilator output relative to the patient's inspiratory phase, and the ventilator output waveform. Typically, however, a gas delivery circuit pressure of 30 psi delivering 100 ml with a square waveform, and delivered for 500 msec starting at the beginning of the patient's inspiratory phase, may increase lung pressure by 5-15 cmH2O. And, typically a gas delivery circuit pressure of 30 psi delivering 250 ml with a trapezoidal waveform, and delivered for 700 msec during the majority of the patient's inspiratory phase, may increase lung pressure by 10-25 cmH2O. The gas delivered by the ventilator can be oxygen, air, oxygen-air mixtures, or therapeutic gases such as helium. In a main mechanism of action of the invention, the patient's lung pressure and lung volume is increased, which allows the patient to exert them self without being limited by fatigue and dyspnea. In another main mechanism of action of the invention, the patient reduces their breathing effort in response to the pressure and volume support provided by the therapy, thus resulting in no change in total lung volume from the therapy, but resulting in a reduced work of breathing. In another main embodiment of the invention, a combination of the above two mechanisms of action can occur.
A patient may be ventilated with non-invasive open ventilation (NIOV) using a ventilation gas delivery circuit 3803, an airway pressure sensing line 3804, and non-sealing nasal interface 3805. The nasal interface 3805 preferably does not seal against the patient's nose such as is typical with other ventilation interfaces, and rather leaves the nose open for the user to breathe normally and freely from the ambient surroundings. Ventilation gas 3807 delivered from a ventilator 3809 may travel through the ventilation gas delivery circuit 3803 and out one or more gas exit ports 3811 in the nasal interface 3805. The ventilation gas 3807 may exit at a speed that entrains ambient air 3813, such that the combination of ventilation gas 3807, entrained ambient air 3813 and spontaneously inhaled air 3815, if the patient is spontaneously breathing, is delivered to the patient's airways, such as the nasal cavity 3817, oropharyngeal airway 3819, trachea 3821, lung 3823 and others, under power to create a clinically efficacious effect on the lung and airways. Patient may exhale 3816 through the nose or mouth.
The nasal interface 3805 geometry and dimensions may optimize the physics and fluid dynamics of the system to maximize performance, and user acceptable and tolerability. The performance of the system may create an increase in lung volume, or increase in lung pressure, or reduction in the work-of-breathing of the user, or increase in airway pressure.
The NIOV ventilation system may also include the ventilator 3809 in fluid communication with a gas supply or gas generating system 3825. The ventilator 3809 and/or gas supply or gas generating system 3825 may be separate or in a single ventilation system 3827. Ventilation gas 3807 can be oxygen as in the case of respiratory insufficiency applications, air in the case of sleep apnea or neuromuscular applications, combinations thereof, or any other clinically beneficial gas. The ventilator 3809 may have a control unit or system. The ventilator 3809 may be powered on and may have a delay of a predetermined time prior to supplying ventilation gas 3807. After a predetermined time, the ventilator 3809 may deliver gas as needed, such as in synchrony with a breathing pattern.
A spontaneous breathing respiration sensor 3829 may also be used to detect, determine and measure the spontaneous breathing pattern and phases of the patient, as well as apnea or hypopnea events, via communication with the ventilation system 3827, and also determine and measure other patient parameters such as respiratory rate or activity level. Using this information, the ventilator 3809 may then synchronize and titrate the therapy to the needs of the patient and to match the gas delivery with the patient's breathing for maximal comfort and therapeutic titration.
An additional sensor 3831 may be used to detect breathing effort. The invention may be used to support the respiration of the patient, including supporting the work of breathing by increasing pressure and volume in the lung, and can be used for maintaining airway patency of the upper airways such as the oropharyngeal airway 3819. When using the invention, the patient breathes normally through their upper airway and through their nose, while receiving mechanical support through the interface. During exhalation, the exhaled gas preferably does not enter the gas delivery circuit but rather exits the nose or mouth directly to ambient air, or through, across or around the nasal interface 3805 to ambient air. The patient can keep their mouth closed during use for example during inspiration, to help direct the mechanical support to the lower airways and around the oral cavity 3833, base of the tongue 3835, palate 3837 and esophagus 3839, or can use a mouth guard or chin band, if necessary. The gas delivery can be delivered cyclically in synchrony with the patient's breath phases, or continuously, or combinations thereof as will be described in subsequent sections. The patient can use the therapy while stationary, while being transported, while mobile and active, or while resting or sleeping. The therapy has homecare, hospital, subacute care, emergency, military, pandemic and transport applications.
At the beginning of the sleep session during the awake state, the ventilator gas flow output is off, however the ventilator monitoring functions are on, such as airway pressure monitoring. The patient can freely breathe through the spontaneous breathing apertures in the nasal mask during this stage. Before, when or after the patient enters S1, when the airway may still be open, the ventilator gas output switches to an on state and delivers flow and pressure constantly or intermittently at levels below the therapeutic level to acclimate the patient to the sensation of the therapy. As some time before or after the airway begins to obstruct, such as when reduced expiratory airflow is detected typically in S2, the ventilator gas flow output switches to a cyclical output and ramps to a therapeutic output which is capable of preventing or reversing airway obstruction, and is synchronized with the inspiratory effort of the patient.
Ideally, airway obstructions will thus be prevented for the remainder of the sleep session, however, if an apnea is detected the ventilator output can increase, for example un-synchronized continuous flow can increase, until airflow is detected once again. In addition, the cyclical output can decrease until reduced expiratory airflow is detected, in order to titrate the therapy to lowest possible levels. In addition, delivering non-therapeutic levels of gas earlier in the session also serves to provide information to the system regarding the fit and function of the nasal interface. For example, the breathing pressure signal can be used to ascertain if the interface is attached and aligned properly. If the interface is attached correctly, the system will detect that and proceed normally, but if the interface is not attached or aligned correctly, the system will detect this with signal processing, and can alert the user to make adjustments before the patient enters a deep stage of sleep. Alternatively, the system can provide therapeutic levels of therapy soon after the nasal interface is attached, and determine if the interface is connected properly, and if not, instruct the patient to make the necessary adjustments. Once properly fitted, as determined by the signal processing of the system, the ventilation gas output is turned off until needed, as described in the foregoing.
Although the foregoing description is directed to the preferred embodiments of the invention, it is noted that other variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Moreover, features described in connection with one embodiment of the invention may be used in conjunction with other embodiments, even if not explicitly stated above.
This application is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 16/376,161 filed Apr. 5, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 14/795,539 filed Jul. 9, 2015 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,265,486 on Apr. 23, 2019, which is a divisional of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 12/876,098 filed Sep. 3, 2010 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,132,250 on Sep. 15, 2015. This application also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/239,728, filed Sep. 3, 2009, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/225,760, filed Oct. 28, 2009, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/294,363, filed Jan. 12, 2010, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/306,370, filed Feb. 19, 2010; the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. This application also claims priority to U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 12/753,846, filed Apr. 2, 2010, PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2010/029871, filed Apr. 2, 2010, U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 12/753,851, filed Apr. 2, 2010, PCT/US2010/029873, filed Apr. 2, 2010, U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 12/753,853, filed Apr. 2, 2010, U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 12/753,854, filed Apr. 2, 2010, PCT Application No. PCT/US2010/029874, filed Apr. 2, 2010, U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 12/753,856, filed Apr. 2, 2010, and PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2010/029875, filed Apr. 2, 2010; the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. This application incorporates by reference U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 12/876,099, filed Sep. 3, 2010, entitled “METHODS, SYSTEMS AND DEVICES FOR NON-INVASIVE VENTILATION INCLUDING A NON-SEALING VENTILATION INTERFACE WITH A FREE SPACE NOZZLE FEATURE”, and PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2010/47920, filed Sep. 3, 2010, entitled “METHODS, SYSTEMS AND DEVICES FOR NON-INVASIVE VENTILATION INCLUDING A NON-SEALING VENTILATION INTERFACE WITH A FREE SPACE NOZZLE FEATURE.”
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 428592 | Chapman | May 1890 | A |
| 697181 | Smith | Apr 1902 | A |
| 718785 | McNary | Jan 1903 | A |
| 853439 | Clark | May 1907 | A |
| 859156 | Warnken | Jul 1907 | A |
| 909002 | Lambert | Jan 1909 | A |
| 1125542 | Humphries | Jan 1915 | A |
| 1129619 | Zapf | Feb 1915 | A |
| 1331297 | Walker | Feb 1920 | A |
| 2178800 | Lombard | Nov 1939 | A |
| 2259817 | Hawkins | Oct 1941 | A |
| 2448803 | Hunter | Sep 1948 | A |
| 2499650 | Kaslow | Mar 1950 | A |
| 2552595 | Seeler | May 1951 | A |
| 2663297 | Turnberg | Dec 1953 | A |
| 2693800 | Caldwell | Nov 1954 | A |
| 2735432 | Hudson | Feb 1956 | A |
| 2792000 | Richardson | May 1957 | A |
| 2843122 | Hudson | Jul 1958 | A |
| 2859748 | Hudson | Nov 1958 | A |
| 2931358 | Sheridan | Apr 1960 | A |
| 2947938 | Bennett | Aug 1960 | A |
| 3172407 | Von Pechmann | Mar 1965 | A |
| 3267935 | Andreasen et al. | Aug 1966 | A |
| 3319627 | Windsor | May 1967 | A |
| 3357424 | Schreiber | Dec 1967 | A |
| 3357427 | Wittke et al. | Dec 1967 | A |
| 3357428 | Carlson | Dec 1967 | A |
| 3437274 | Apri | Apr 1969 | A |
| 3460533 | Pla | Aug 1969 | A |
| 3493703 | Finan | Feb 1970 | A |
| 3513844 | Smith | May 1970 | A |
| 3610247 | Jackson | Oct 1971 | A |
| 3625206 | Charnley | Dec 1971 | A |
| 3625207 | Agnew | Dec 1971 | A |
| 3631438 | Lewin | Dec 1971 | A |
| 3643660 | Hudson et al. | Feb 1972 | A |
| 3657740 | Cialone | Apr 1972 | A |
| 3682171 | Dali et al. | Aug 1972 | A |
| 3721233 | Montgomery et al. | Mar 1973 | A |
| 3726275 | Jackson et al. | Apr 1973 | A |
| 3727606 | Sielaff | Apr 1973 | A |
| 3733008 | Churchill et al. | May 1973 | A |
| 3741208 | Jonsson et al. | Jun 1973 | A |
| 3754552 | King | Aug 1973 | A |
| 3794026 | Jacobs | Feb 1974 | A |
| 3794072 | Diedrich et al. | Feb 1974 | A |
| 3802431 | Farr | Apr 1974 | A |
| 3831596 | Cavallo | Aug 1974 | A |
| 3850171 | Ball et al. | Nov 1974 | A |
| 3881480 | Lafourcade | May 1975 | A |
| 3896800 | Cibulka | Jul 1975 | A |
| 3903881 | Weigl | Sep 1975 | A |
| 3905362 | Eyrick et al. | Sep 1975 | A |
| 3949749 | Stewart | Apr 1976 | A |
| 3951143 | Kitrilakis et al. | Apr 1976 | A |
| 3961627 | Ernst et al. | Jun 1976 | A |
| 3972327 | Ernst et al. | Aug 1976 | A |
| 3977432 | Vidal | Aug 1976 | A |
| 3985131 | Buck et al. | Oct 1976 | A |
| 3991790 | Russell | Nov 1976 | A |
| 4003377 | Dahl | Jan 1977 | A |
| 4036253 | Fegan et al. | Jul 1977 | A |
| 4054133 | Myers | Oct 1977 | A |
| 4067328 | Manley | Jan 1978 | A |
| 4106505 | Salter et al. | Aug 1978 | A |
| 4146885 | Lawson, Jr. | Mar 1979 | A |
| 4206754 | Cox et al. | Jun 1980 | A |
| 4211086 | Jan et al. | Jul 1980 | A |
| 4216769 | Grimes | Aug 1980 | A |
| 4231363 | Grimes | Nov 1980 | A |
| 4231365 | Scarberry | Nov 1980 | A |
| 4256101 | Ellestad | Mar 1981 | A |
| 4261355 | Glazener | Apr 1981 | A |
| 4263908 | Mizerak | Apr 1981 | A |
| 4265237 | Schwanbom et al. | May 1981 | A |
| 4266540 | Panzik et al. | May 1981 | A |
| 4273124 | Zimmerman | Jun 1981 | A |
| 4274162 | Joy et al. | Jun 1981 | A |
| 4278082 | Blackmer | Jul 1981 | A |
| 4282869 | Zidulka | Aug 1981 | A |
| 4306567 | Krasner | Dec 1981 | A |
| 4323064 | Hoenig et al. | Apr 1982 | A |
| 4354488 | Bartos | Oct 1982 | A |
| 4365636 | Barker | Dec 1982 | A |
| 4367735 | Dali | Jan 1983 | A |
| 4377162 | Staver | Mar 1983 | A |
| 4393869 | Boyarsky et al. | Jul 1983 | A |
| 4406283 | Bir | Sep 1983 | A |
| 4411267 | Heyman | Oct 1983 | A |
| 4413514 | Bowman | Nov 1983 | A |
| 4421113 | Gedeon et al. | Dec 1983 | A |
| 4422456 | Tiep | Dec 1983 | A |
| 4449523 | Szachowicz et al. | May 1984 | A |
| 4454880 | Muto et al. | Jun 1984 | A |
| 4462398 | Durkan et al. | Jul 1984 | A |
| 4469097 | Kelman | Sep 1984 | A |
| 4481944 | Bunnell | Nov 1984 | A |
| 4488548 | Agdanowski | Dec 1984 | A |
| 4495946 | Lemer | Jan 1985 | A |
| 4506667 | Ansite | Mar 1985 | A |
| 4520812 | Freitag et al. | Jun 1985 | A |
| 4527557 | DeVries et al. | Jul 1985 | A |
| 4535766 | Baum | Aug 1985 | A |
| 4537188 | Phuc | Aug 1985 | A |
| 4539984 | Kiszel et al. | Sep 1985 | A |
| 4548590 | Green | Oct 1985 | A |
| 4559940 | McGinnis | Dec 1985 | A |
| 4571741 | Guillaumot | Feb 1986 | A |
| 4584996 | Blum | Apr 1986 | A |
| 4590951 | O'Connor | May 1986 | A |
| 4592349 | Bird | Jun 1986 | A |
| 4621632 | Bartels et al. | Nov 1986 | A |
| 4630606 | Weerda et al. | Dec 1986 | A |
| 4630614 | Atlas | Dec 1986 | A |
| 4644947 | Whitwam et al. | Feb 1987 | A |
| 4648395 | Sato et al. | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4648398 | Agdanowski et al. | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4658832 | Brugnoli | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4660555 | Payton | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4682591 | Jones | Jul 1987 | A |
| 4684398 | Dunbar et al. | Aug 1987 | A |
| 4686974 | Sato et al. | Aug 1987 | A |
| 4686975 | Naimon et al. | Aug 1987 | A |
| 4688961 | Shioda et al. | Aug 1987 | A |
| 4705034 | Perkins | Nov 1987 | A |
| 4744356 | Greenwood | May 1988 | A |
| 4747403 | Gluck et al. | May 1988 | A |
| 4753233 | Grimes | Jun 1988 | A |
| 4773411 | Downs | Sep 1988 | A |
| 4776333 | Miyamae | Oct 1988 | A |
| 4782832 | Trimble et al. | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4784130 | Kenyon et al. | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4803981 | Vickery | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4807616 | Adahan | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4807617 | Nesti | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4808160 | Timmons et al. | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4813431 | Brown | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4817897 | Kreusel | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4818320 | Weichselbaum | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4823788 | Smith et al. | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4825859 | Lambert | May 1989 | A |
| 4827922 | Champain et al. | May 1989 | A |
| 4832014 | Perkins | May 1989 | A |
| 4838255 | Lambert | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4841953 | Dodrill | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4848333 | Waite | Jul 1989 | A |
| 4850350 | Jackson | Jul 1989 | A |
| 4865586 | Hedberg | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4869718 | Brader | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4886055 | Hoppough | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4899740 | Napolitano | Feb 1990 | A |
| 4905688 | Vicenzi et al. | Mar 1990 | A |
| 4915103 | Visveshwara et al. | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4915105 | Lee | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4919128 | Kopala et al. | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4919132 | Miser | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4938212 | Snook et al. | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4944310 | Sullivan | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4957107 | Sipin | Sep 1990 | A |
| 4971049 | Rotariu et al. | Nov 1990 | A |
| 4982735 | Yagata et al. | Jan 1991 | A |
| 4986269 | Hakkinen | Jan 1991 | A |
| 4989599 | Carter | Feb 1991 | A |
| 4990157 | Roberts et al. | Feb 1991 | A |
| 5000175 | Pue | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5002050 | McGinnis | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5018519 | Brown | May 1991 | A |
| 5022394 | Chmielinski | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5024219 | Dietz | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5025805 | Nutter | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5038771 | Dietz | Aug 1991 | A |
| 5042478 | Kopala et al. | Aug 1991 | A |
| 5046491 | Derrick | Sep 1991 | A |
| 5046492 | Stackhouse et al. | Sep 1991 | A |
| 5048515 | Sanso | Sep 1991 | A |
| 5048516 | Soderberg | Sep 1991 | A |
| 5052400 | Dietz | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5054484 | Hebeler | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5058580 | Hazard | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5074299 | Dietz | Dec 1991 | A |
| 5076267 | Pasternack | Dec 1991 | A |
| 5090408 | Spofford et al. | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5097827 | Izumi | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5099836 | Rowland et al. | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5099837 | Russel, Sr. et al. | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5101820 | Christopher | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5103815 | Siegel et al. | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5105807 | Kahn et al. | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5107830 | Younes | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5107831 | Halpern et al. | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5113857 | Dickerman et al. | May 1992 | A |
| 5117818 | Palfy | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5117819 | Servidio et al. | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5127400 | DeVries et al. | Jul 1992 | A |
| 5134995 | Gruenke et al. | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5134996 | Bell | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5140045 | Askanazi et al. | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5148802 | Sanders et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5161525 | Kimm et al. | Nov 1992 | A |
| 5165397 | Arp | Nov 1992 | A |
| 5181509 | Spofford et al. | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5184610 | Marten et al. | Feb 1993 | A |
| 5186167 | Kolobow | Feb 1993 | A |
| 5193533 | Body et al. | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5199424 | Sullivan et al. | Apr 1993 | A |
| 5211170 | Press | May 1993 | A |
| 5217008 | Lindholm | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5233978 | Callaway | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5233979 | Strickland | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5239994 | Atkins | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5239995 | Estes et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5243972 | Huang | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5255675 | Kolobow | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5258027 | Berghaus | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5269296 | Landis | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5271388 | Whitwam et al. | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5271391 | Graves | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5275159 | Griebel | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5287852 | Arkinstall | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5303698 | Tobia et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5303700 | Weismann et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5318019 | Celaya | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5331995 | Westfall et al. | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5335656 | Bowe et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5339809 | Beck, Jr. et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5349946 | McComb | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5368017 | Sorenson et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5370112 | Perkins | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5373842 | Olsson et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5375593 | Press | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5388575 | Taube | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5394870 | Johansson | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5398676 | Press et al. | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5398682 | Lynn | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5400778 | Jonson et al. | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5419314 | Christopher | May 1995 | A |
| 5438979 | Johnson, Jr. et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5438980 | Phillips | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5443075 | Holscher | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5460174 | Chang | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5460613 | Ulrich et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5474062 | Devires et al. | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5477852 | Landis et al. | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5485850 | Dietz | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5490502 | Rapoport et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5493691 | Barrett | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5503146 | Froehlich et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5503497 | Dudley et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5507282 | Younes | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5509409 | Weatherholt | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5513628 | Coles et al. | May 1996 | A |
| 5513631 | McWilliams | May 1996 | A |
| 5513635 | Bedi | May 1996 | A |
| 5522382 | Sullivan et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5526806 | Sansoni | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5529060 | Salmon et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5533506 | Wood | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5535738 | Estes et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5537997 | Mechlenburg et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5538002 | Boussignac et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5542415 | Brody | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5546935 | Champeau | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5549106 | Gruenke et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5551419 | Froehlich et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5558086 | Smith et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5564416 | Jones | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5575282 | Knoch et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5582164 | Sanders | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5593143 | Ferrarin | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5595174 | Gwaltney | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5598837 | Sirianne et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5598840 | Iund et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5603315 | Sasso, Jr. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5605148 | Jones | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5626131 | Chua et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5632269 | Zdrojkowski | May 1997 | A |
| 5636630 | Miller et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5645053 | Remmers et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5645054 | Cotner et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5647351 | Weismann et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5669377 | Fenn | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5669380 | Garry et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5676132 | Tillotson et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5676135 | McClean | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5682878 | Ogden | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5682881 | Winthrop et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5687713 | Bahr et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5687714 | Kolobow et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5687715 | Landis et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5690097 | Howard et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5692497 | Schnitzer et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5697364 | Chua et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5704345 | Berthon-Jones | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5711296 | Kolobow | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5715812 | Deighan et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5715815 | Lorenzen et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5720278 | Lachmann et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5735268 | Chua et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5735272 | Dillon et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5740796 | Skog | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5752511 | Simmons et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5762638 | Shikani et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5819723 | Joseph | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5826579 | Remmers et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5845636 | Gruenke et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5865173 | Froehlich | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5865174 | Kloeppel | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5881723 | Wallace et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5904648 | Arndt et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5906204 | Beran et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5911756 | Debry | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5915381 | Nord | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5918597 | Jones et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5921238 | Bourdon | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5921952 | Desmond et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5927276 | Rodriguez | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5928189 | Phillips et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5931160 | Gilmore et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5931162 | Christian | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5937853 | Strom | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5937855 | Zdrojkowski et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5938118 | Cooper | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5954050 | Christopher | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5957136 | Magidson et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5964223 | Baran | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5975077 | Hofstetter et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5975081 | Hood et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5979440 | Honkonen et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5989193 | Sullivan | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6000396 | Melker et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6019101 | Cotner et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6039696 | Bell | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6050260 | Daniell et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6076519 | Johnson | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6085747 | Axe et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6091973 | Colla et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6093169 | Cardoso | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6105575 | Estes et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6109264 | Sauer | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6112746 | Kwok et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6119694 | Correa et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6120460 | Abreu | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6131571 | Lampotang et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6135970 | Kadhiresan et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6152132 | Psaros | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6152134 | Webber et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6158432 | Biondi et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6192883 | Miller | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6203502 | Hilgendorf et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6213119 | Brydon et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6213955 | Karakasoglu et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6220244 | McLaughlin | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6224560 | Gazula et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6227200 | Crump et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6247470 | Ketchedjian | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6269811 | Duff et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| D449376 | McDonald et al. | Oct 2001 | S |
| D449883 | McDonald et al. | Oct 2001 | S |
| 6298850 | Argraves | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6314957 | Boissin et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6315739 | Merilainen et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| D451598 | McDonald et al. | Dec 2001 | S |
| 6328038 | Kessler et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6328753 | Zammit | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6332463 | Farrugia et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6345619 | Finn | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6357438 | Hansen | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6357440 | Hansen et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6360741 | Truschel | Mar 2002 | B2 |
| 6367474 | Berthon-Jones et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6371114 | Schmidt et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6378520 | Davenport | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6390091 | Banner et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6394088 | Frye et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6418928 | Bordewick et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6419476 | Ouellette | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6427690 | McCombs et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6431172 | Bordewick | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6439228 | Hete et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6439229 | Du et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6439235 | Larquet et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6450164 | Banner et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6450166 | McDonald et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6457472 | Schwartz et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6467477 | Frank et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6478026 | Wood | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6494202 | Farmer | Dec 2002 | B2 |
| 6494206 | Bergamaschi et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6505623 | Hansen | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6505624 | Campbell | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6520176 | Dubois et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6520183 | Amar | Feb 2003 | B2 |
| 6530373 | Patron et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6532958 | Buan et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6532960 | Yurko | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6536436 | McGlothen | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6553992 | Berthon-Jones et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6561188 | Ellis | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6561193 | Noble | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6564797 | Mechlenburg et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6564800 | Olivares | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6568391 | Tatarek et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6571794 | Hansen | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6571796 | Banner et al. | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6571798 | Thornton | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6575159 | Frye et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6575944 | McNary et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6588422 | Berthon-Jones et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6588423 | Sinderby | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6591834 | Colla et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6591835 | Blanch | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6595207 | McDonald et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6622726 | Du | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6626175 | Jafari et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6629525 | Hill et al. | Oct 2003 | B2 |
| 6629527 | Estes et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6629529 | Arnott | Oct 2003 | B2 |
| 6631919 | West et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6634356 | O'Dea et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6644311 | Truitt et al. | Nov 2003 | B1 |
| 6644315 | Ziaee | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6648906 | Lasheras et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6651656 | Demers et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6655382 | Kolobow | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6666208 | Schumacher et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6668828 | Figley et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6668829 | Biondi et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6669712 | Cardoso | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6673250 | Kuennen et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6675796 | McDonald | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6684883 | Burns | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6691702 | Appel et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6694973 | Dunhao et al. | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6694978 | Bennarsten | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6705314 | D'Dea | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6722360 | Doshi | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6731071 | Baarman | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6742517 | Frye et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6752150 | Remmers et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6752151 | Hill | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6752152 | Gale et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6758217 | Younes | Jul 2004 | B1 |
| 6763832 | Kirsch et al. | Jul 2004 | B1 |
| 6769432 | Keifer | Aug 2004 | B1 |
| 6789539 | Martinez | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6796305 | Banner et al. | Sep 2004 | B1 |
| 6799575 | Carter | Oct 2004 | B1 |
| 6807966 | Wright | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6810876 | Berthon-Jones | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6814077 | Eistert | Nov 2004 | B1 |
| 6837238 | McDonald | Jan 2005 | B2 |
| 6840240 | Berthon-Jones et al. | Jan 2005 | B1 |
| 6844702 | Giannopoulos et al. | Jan 2005 | B2 |
| 6848446 | Noble | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6866041 | Hardy, Jr. et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6877511 | DeVries et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6880556 | Uchiyama et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6910480 | Berthon-Jones | Jun 2005 | B1 |
| 6910510 | Gale et al. | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 6913601 | St. Goar et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6920875 | Hill et al. | Jul 2005 | B1 |
| 6920878 | Sinderby et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6938620 | Payne, Jr. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6941950 | Wilson et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6960968 | Odendaal et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6971382 | Corso | Dec 2005 | B1 |
| 6997881 | Green et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7004170 | Gillstrom | Feb 2006 | B1 |
| 7007692 | Aylsworth et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7013892 | Estes et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7017575 | Yagi et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7044129 | Truschel et al. | May 2006 | B1 |
| 7047969 | Noble | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7059328 | Wood | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7077133 | Yagi et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7080646 | Wiesmann et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7100609 | Berthon-Jones et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7121277 | Strm | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7128578 | Lampotang et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7156090 | Nomori | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7156097 | Cardoso | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7162296 | Leonhardt et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7168429 | Matthews et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7195016 | Loyd et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7195018 | Goldstein | Mar 2007 | B1 |
| 7201169 | Wilkie et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7201269 | Bscher et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7225811 | Ruiz et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7237205 | Sarel | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7246620 | Conroy, Jr. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| D549323 | Kwok et al. | Aug 2007 | S |
| 7255103 | Bassin | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7255107 | Gomez | Aug 2007 | B1 |
| 7267123 | Aylsworth et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
| D557802 | Miceli, Jr. et al. | Dec 2007 | S |
| 7302950 | Berthon-Jones et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7305987 | Schller et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7320321 | Pranger et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7328703 | Tiep | Feb 2008 | B1 |
| 7353826 | Sleeper et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7373939 | DuBois et al. | May 2008 | B1 |
| 7406966 | Wondka | Aug 2008 | B2 |
| 7418965 | Fukunaga et al. | Sep 2008 | B2 |
| 7422015 | Delisle et al. | Sep 2008 | B2 |
| 7451762 | Chua et al. | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7455717 | Sprinkle | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7468040 | Hartley et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7469697 | Lee et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7472702 | Beck et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7478641 | Rousselet | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7481219 | Lewis et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7481221 | Kullik et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7487774 | Acker | Feb 2009 | B2 |
| D588258 | Judson et al. | Mar 2009 | S |
| 7500482 | Biederman | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7509957 | Duquette et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| D591419 | Chandran et al. | Apr 2009 | S |
| 7528725 | Stewart | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7533670 | Freitag et al. | May 2009 | B1 |
| 7556038 | Kirby et al. | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7562657 | Blanch et al. | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7588033 | Wondka | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7591265 | Lee et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7612528 | Baarman et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7631642 | Freitag et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7640932 | Curti et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7640934 | Zollinger et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7658189 | Davidson et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7721733 | Hughes et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7721736 | Urias et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7724139 | Arguin | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7740013 | Ishizaki et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7743770 | Curti et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7762253 | Acker et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7787946 | Stahmann et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7814906 | Moretti | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7819120 | Taylor et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| D626646 | Lubke et al. | Nov 2010 | S |
| D627059 | Wood et al. | Nov 2010 | S |
| 7825543 | Karalis et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7832400 | Curti et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7837761 | Bliss et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7845350 | Kayyali et al. | Dec 2010 | B1 |
| 7874291 | Ging et al. | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7878980 | Ricciardelli | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7886740 | Thomas et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7891353 | Chalvignac | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7891357 | Carron et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7896958 | Sermet et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7900627 | Aylsworth et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7905231 | Chalvignac | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7913691 | Farrugia | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7918226 | Acker et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7926486 | Childers | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7926487 | Drew et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7934499 | Berthon-Jones | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7938114 | Matthews et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7942380 | Bertinetti et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7958892 | Kwok et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7975694 | Ho | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7980245 | Rice et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7987847 | Wickham et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 7987851 | Blom et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 7992557 | Nadjafizadeh et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 7997270 | Meier | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8011365 | Douglas et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8011366 | Knepper | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8015971 | Kwok | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8025052 | Matthews et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8061354 | Schneider et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8082312 | Chan et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8677999 | Allum et al. | Mar 2014 | B2 |
| 8701665 | Tehrani | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8893720 | Cohen | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8978643 | Farrugia et al. | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 9072855 | McAuley et al. | Jul 2015 | B2 |
| 9130602 | Cook et al. | Sep 2015 | B2 |
| 9132250 | Allum et al. | Sep 2015 | B2 |
| 9634730 | Cook et al. | Apr 2017 | B2 |
| 9687177 | Ramanan et al. | Jun 2017 | B2 |
| 10709864 | Kapust et al. | Jul 2020 | B2 |
| 20010035185 | Christopher | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20010035186 | Hill | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20010042548 | Boussignac | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20020014241 | Gradon et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020017300 | Hickle et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020020930 | Austin et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020043264 | Wickham | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020046751 | MacRae et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020046755 | De Voss | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020046756 | Laizzo et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020053346 | Curti et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020055685 | Levitsky et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020059935 | Wood | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020092527 | Wood | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020112730 | Dutkiewicz | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020153010 | Rozenberg et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020157673 | Kessler et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020159323 | Makabe et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020179090 | Boussignac | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20030000522 | Lynn et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030047185 | Olsen et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030079749 | Strickland et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030094178 | McAuley et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030111081 | Gupta | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030121519 | Estes et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030145853 | Muellner | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030150455 | Bliss et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030159696 | Boussignac et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030159697 | Wallace | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030168067 | Dougill et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030200970 | Stenzler | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030221687 | Kaigler | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030230308 | Linden | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20040016432 | Genger | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040025881 | Gunaratnam et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040035431 | Wright | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040040560 | Euliano et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040050387 | Younes | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040074494 | Frater | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040206352 | Conroy, Jr. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040221854 | Hete et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040226566 | Gunaratnam | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040231674 | Tanaka | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040237963 | Berthon-Jones | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040254501 | Mault | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040255943 | Morris et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050010125 | Joy et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050011524 | Thomlinson et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050016534 | Ost | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050033247 | Thompson | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050034724 | O'Dea | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050061318 | Faram | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050061322 | Freitag | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050061326 | Payne | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050066976 | Wondka | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050072430 | Djupesland | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050081849 | Warren | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050098179 | Burton et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050103341 | Deane | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050103343 | Gosweiler | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050121033 | Starr et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050121037 | Wood | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050150498 | McDonald | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050161049 | Wright | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050166924 | Thomas et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050199242 | Matula et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050205096 | Matula et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050257793 | Tatsumoto | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050274381 | Deane et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060005834 | Aylsworth et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060005842 | Rashad et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060011198 | Matarasso | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060011199 | Rashad et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060027234 | Gradon et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060048781 | Nawata | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060054169 | Han et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060070625 | Ayappa et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060096596 | Occhialini et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060107958 | Sleeper | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060124131 | Chandran | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060124134 | Wood | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060144396 | DeVries et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060149144 | Lynn et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060150972 | Mizuta et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060150973 | Chalvignac | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060150982 | Wood | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060174877 | Jagger et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060180149 | Matarasso | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060185669 | Bassovitch | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060201504 | Singhal et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060213518 | DeVries et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060225737 | Iobbi | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060237013 | Kwok | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060243278 | Hamilton et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060249155 | Gambone | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060266361 | Hernandez | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20070000494 | Banner et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070021140 | Keyes et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070042729 | Baaman et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070056590 | Wolfson | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070062529 | Choncholas et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070068528 | Bohm et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070074724 | Duquette | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070089743 | Hoffman | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070089745 | Gabriel et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070107728 | Ricciardelli et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070107732 | Dennis et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070107737 | Landis et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070113850 | Acker et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070113856 | Acker et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070125379 | Pierro | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070137653 | Wood | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070163594 | Ho et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070163600 | Hoffman | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070173705 | Teller et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070181125 | Mulier | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070193705 | Hsu | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070199568 | Diekens et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070209662 | Bowen et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070215156 | Kwok | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070232950 | West | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070240716 | Marx | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070251528 | Seitz et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070272249 | Chandran et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20080006271 | Aylsworth et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080011298 | Mazar et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080011301 | Qian | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080012569 | Hall et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080041371 | Freitag | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080041386 | Dodier et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080045815 | Derchak et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080047559 | Fiori | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080053447 | Ratajczak et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080060646 | Isaza | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080060657 | McAuley et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080066753 | Martin et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080072902 | Setzer et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080078392 | Pelletier et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080078407 | Sherman | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080110462 | Chekal et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080121230 | Cortez et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080135044 | Freitag et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080142019 | Lewis et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080161653 | Lin et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080173304 | Zaiser et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080178874 | Doshi et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080178881 | Whitcher et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080178882 | Christopher et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080190429 | Tatarek | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080190436 | Jaffe et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080196715 | Yamamori | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080196723 | Tilley | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080196728 | Ho | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080202528 | Carter et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080216834 | Easley et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080216841 | Grimes et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080245368 | Dunsmore et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080251079 | Richey | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080264417 | Manigel et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080283060 | Bassin | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080295846 | Han et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080302364 | Garde et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080308104 | Blomberg et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20090007911 | Cleary et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090020121 | Bassin | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090044808 | Guney et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090056708 | Stenzler et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090078255 | Bowman et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090078258 | Bowman et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090095300 | McMorrow | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090095303 | Sher et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090099471 | Broadley et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090101147 | Landis et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090101154 | Mutti et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090118632 | Goepp | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090120437 | Oates et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090126739 | Ng et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090133699 | Nalagatla et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090145435 | White et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090151719 | Wondka et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090151724 | Wondka et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090151729 | Judson et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090156953 | Wondka et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090165799 | Duquette | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090173347 | Berthon-Jones | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090173349 | Hernandez et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090183739 | Wondka | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090199855 | Davenport | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090205662 | Kwok et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090241947 | Bedini et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090241951 | Jafari et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090250066 | Daly | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090277452 | Lubke et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090293873 | Djupesland et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090320851 | Selvarajan et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100071697 | Jafari et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100132716 | Selvarajan et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100163043 | Hart et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100170512 | Kuypers et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100170513 | Bowditch et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100192957 | Hobson et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100224196 | Jablons | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100252037 | Wondka et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100252044 | Duquette et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100275920 | Tham et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100275921 | Schindhelm et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100282251 | Calluaud et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100282810 | Hawes | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100288279 | Seiver et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100288289 | Nasir | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100300445 | Chatbum et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100300446 | Nicolazzi et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100307487 | Dunsmore et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100307495 | Kepler et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100307499 | Eger et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100307500 | Armitstead | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100307502 | Rummery et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100313891 | Veliss et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100313898 | Richard et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100319703 | Hayman et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100326441 | Zucker et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100326446 | Behlmaier | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110000487 | Moa | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110000489 | Aksov et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110009763 | Levitsky et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110011402 | Berthon-Jones | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110023878 | Thiessen | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110023881 | Thiessen | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110034819 | Desforges et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110041850 | Vandine et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110041855 | Gunaratnam et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110067704 | Kooij et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110067709 | Doshi et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110071444 | Kassatly et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110073107 | Rodman et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110073116 | Genger et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110087123 | Choncholas et al. | Apr 2011 | A9 |
| 20110088690 | Djupesland et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110094518 | Cipollone et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110100365 | Wedler et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110114098 | McAuley et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110125052 | Davenport et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110146687 | Fukushima | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110155140 | Ho et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110162650 | Miller et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110178419 | Wood et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110180068 | Kenyon et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110240035 | Gillies | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110247625 | Boussignac | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110253147 | Gusky et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110259327 | Wondka et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110265796 | Amarasinghe et al. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20120266891 | Resca et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2010342298 | Sep 2012 | AU |
| 2927820 | Apr 2018 | CA |
| 701124 | Nov 2010 | CH |
| 101618247 | May 2012 | CN |
| 102458548 | May 2015 | CN |
| 102355919 | Jun 2015 | CN |
| 103893870 | Oct 2016 | CN |
| 106075683 | Feb 2019 | CN |
| 19626924 | Jan 1998 | DE |
| 29902267 | Sep 1999 | DE |
| 19841070 | May 2000 | DE |
| 19849571 | May 2000 | DE |
| 102006052572 | Sep 2007 | DE |
| 102008060799 | Apr 2010 | DE |
| 125424 | Nov 1984 | EP |
| 1359961 | Nov 2003 | EP |
| 1579883 | Oct 2005 | EP |
| 2020978 | Feb 2009 | EP |
| 2377462 | Oct 2011 | EP |
| 2504053 | Apr 2019 | EP |
| 2827778 | Jan 2003 | FR |
| 2174609 | Nov 1986 | GB |
| 2201098 | Aug 1988 | GB |
| 2338420 | Dec 1999 | GB |
| 2002204830 | Jul 2002 | JP |
| 2007229207 | Sep 2007 | JP |
| 2009519759 | May 2009 | JP |
| 2013517036 | May 2013 | JP |
| 2002225 | May 2010 | NL |
| 713947 | May 2017 | NZ |
| 1990006149 | Dec 1988 | WO |
| 02096342 | Dec 2002 | WO |
| 03068301 | Aug 2003 | WO |
| 03070306 | Aug 2003 | WO |
| 2004105846 | Dec 2004 | WO |
| 2005007056 | Jan 2005 | WO |
| 2005011556 | Feb 2005 | WO |
| 2006088007 | Aug 2006 | WO |
| 2008060295 | May 2008 | WO |
| 2009059353 | May 2009 | WO |
| 2009074160 | Jun 2009 | WO |
| 2009115944 | Sep 2009 | WO |
| 2009115948 | Sep 2009 | WO |
| 2009115949 | Sep 2009 | WO |
| 2009139647 | Nov 2009 | WO |
| 2009149355 | Dec 2009 | WO |
| 2009151791 | Dec 2009 | WO |
| 2010021556 | Feb 2010 | WO |
| 2010022363 | Feb 2010 | WO |
| 2010039989 | Apr 2010 | WO |
| 2010041966 | Apr 2010 | WO |
| 2010044034 | Apr 2010 | WO |
| 2010070493 | Jun 2010 | WO |
| 2010070497 | Jun 2010 | WO |
| 2010070498 | Jun 2010 | WO |
| 2010076711 | Jul 2010 | WO |
| 2010099375 | Sep 2010 | WO |
| 2010116275 | Oct 2010 | WO |
| 2011004274 | Jan 2011 | WO |
| 2011006184 | Jan 2011 | WO |
| 2011014931 | Feb 2011 | WO |
| 2011017738 | Feb 2011 | WO |
| 2011021978 | Feb 2011 | WO |
| 2011029073 | Mar 2011 | WO |
| 2011035373 | Mar 2011 | WO |
| 2011038951 | Apr 2011 | WO |
| 2011059346 | May 2011 | WO |
| 2011062510 | May 2011 | WO |
| 2011112807 | Sep 2011 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Gregoretti, et al., Transtracheal Open Ventilation in Acute Respiratory Failure Secondary to Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation, Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care. Med., 2006: 173(8), pp. 877-881. |
| Limberg et al., Changes in Supplemental Oxygen Prescription in Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Resp. Care, 2006:51(11), p. 1302. |
| Peters et al., Combined Physiological Effects of Bronchodilators and Hyperoxia on Exertional Dyspnea in Normoxic COPD, Thorax, 2006: 61, pp. 559-567. |
| Barakat et al., Effect of noninvasive ventilatory support during exercise of a program in pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD, Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis., 2007: 2(4), pp. 585-591. |
| Barreiro et al., Noninvasive ventilation, Crit Care Clin., 2007; 23(2): 201-22. |
| McGinley, A nasal cannula can be used to treat obstructive sleep apnea, ; Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med., 2007: 176(2), pp. 194-200. |
| Ferreira et al., Trigger Performance of Mid-level ICU Mechanical Ventilators During Assisted Ventilation: A Bench Study, Intensive Care Medicine, 2008,34:1669-1675. |
| MacIntyre et al., Acute exacerbations and repiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc., 2008: 5(4), pp. 530-535. |
| Borghi-Silva et al., Non-invasive ventilation improves peripheral oxygen saturation and reduces fatigability of quadriceps in patients with COPD, Respirology, 2009, 14:537-546. |
| Khnlein et al., Noninvasive ventilation in pulmonary rehabilitation of COPD patients, Respir. Med., 2009, 103:1329-1336. |
| Menadue et al., Non-invasive ventilation during arm exercise and ground walking in patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure, Respirology, 2009, 14(2): 251-259. |
| Nava et al., Non-invasive ventilation, Minerva Anestesiol., 2009: 75(1-2), pp. 31-36. |
| Extended European Search Report for EP 10814609.3, dated Sep. 4, 2015. |
| European Office Action for EP 10814609.3, dated Feb. 19, 2018. |
| Office Action for EP10 814 609.3; dated Dec. 21, 2018. |
| Indian Examination Report for Application No. 2001/CHENP/2012; mailed on Feb. 28, 2019. |
| Robert A. Malloy, Plastic Part Design for Injection Molding (1994). |
| Kacmarek et al., Current Respiratory Care (1988) (see pp. 34-35 and 235). |
| Chawla et al., Guidelines for noninvasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure, 10 Indian J. Crit. Care Med. 117 (2006). |
| Egan's Fundamentals of Respiratory Care Eighth Edition (2003) (see pp. 106-107; 109-110; 827-852; 833-848; 836-839; 841-844; 935-950; 1015-16; 1034; 1059-1080; and 1070-1073). |
| Gunnar Moa, MD et al., A new device for administration of nasal continuous positive airway pressure in the newborn, 16 Critical Care Med. 1238 (1988). |
| Sullivan et al., Reversal of Obstructive Sleep Apnea by Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Applied Through The Nares, The Lancet, 1981: 1(8225), pp. 862-865. |
| Rothfleisch et al., Facilitation of fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation in a morbidly obese patient by simultaneous use of hasal CPAP, Chest, 1994, 106(1): 287-288. |
| Bossi et al., Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in the Spontaneously Breathing Newborn by Means of Bilateral Nasal Cannulation, Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1975: 123(4), pp. 141-146. |
| Sullivan et al., Reversal of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea by Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Applied Through The Nares, The Lancet, 1981: 1(8225), pp. 862-865. |
| Sanders et al., CPAP Via Nasal Mask: A Treatment for Occlusive Sleep Apnea, Chest, 1983: 83(1), pp. 144-145. |
| Mettey, Use of CPAP Nasal Cannula for Aids of the Newborns in Tropical Countries, Medecine Tropicale, 1985: 45(1), pp. 87-90. |
| Christopher, et al., Transtracheal Oxygen Therapy for Refractory Hypoxemia, JAMA, 1986: 256(4), pp. 494-497. |
| Bach et al., Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation via Nasal Access in the Management of Respiratory Insufficiency. Chest, 1987: 92(1), pp. 168-170. |
| Nahmias et al., Treatment of the Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Using a Nasopharyngeal Tube, Chest, 1988:94 (6), pp. 1142-1147. |
| Tiep et al., Pulsed nasal and transtracheal oxygen delivery, Chest, 1990: 97, pp. 364-368. |
| Bauer et al., ADAM Nasal CPAP Circuit Adaptation: A Case Report, Sleep, 1991: 14(3), pp. 272-273. |
| AARC Clinical Practice Guideline: Oxygen Therapy in the Home or Extended Care Facility, Resp. Care, 1992: 37(8), pp. 918-922. |
| Banner et al., Site of Pressure Measurement During Spontaneous Breathing with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure: Effect on Calculating Imposed Work of Breathing, Critical Care Medicine, 1992: 20(4), pp. 528-533. |
| Gaughan et al., A Comparison in a Lung Model of Low- and High-Flow Regulators for Transtracheal Jet Ventilation, Anesthesiology, 1992: 77(1), pp. 189-199. |
| Haenel et al., Efficacy of Selective Intrabronchial Air Insufflation in Acute Lobar Colapse, Am. J. Surg., 1992: 164(5), pp. 501-505. |
| Lewis, Breathless No. More, Defeating Adult Sleep Apnea, FDA Consumer Magazine, Jun. 1992, pp. 33-37. |
| Banner et al., Imposed Work of Breathing and Methods of Triggering a Demand-Flow, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure System, Critical Care Medicine, 1993: 21(2), pp. 183-190. |
| Koska et al., Evaluation of a Fiberoptic System for Airway Pressure Monitoring, J. Clin. Monit., 1993: 10(4), pp. 247-250. |
| Menon et al., Tracheal Perforation. A Complication Associated with Transtracheal Oxygen Therapy, Chest, 1993: 104 (2), pp. 636-637. |
| Banner et al., Extubating at a Pressure Support Ventilation Level Corresponding to Zero Imposed Work of Breathing, Anesthesiology, Sep. 1994: 81(3, A), pp. A271-A271. |
| Keilty et al., Effect of inspiratory pressure support on exercise tolerance and breathlessness in patients with severe stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Thorax, 1994, 49(10): 990-994. |
| Messinger et al., Tracheal Pressure Triggering a Demand-Flow CPAP System Decreases Work of Breathing, Anesthesiology, 1994: 81(3A), p. A272. |
| Rothfleisch et al., Facilitation of fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation in a morbidly obese patient by simultaneous use of nasal CPAP, Chest, 1994, 106(1): 287-288. |
| Yaeger et al., Oxygen Therapy Using Pulse and Continuous Flow With a Transtracheal Catheter and a Nasal Cannula, Chest, 1994: 106, pp. 854-860. |
| Charlotte Regional Medical Center, Application of the Passy-Muir Tracheostomy and Ventilator, Speech-Language Pathology Department, Jan. 1995, 8 pages. |
| Messinger et al., Using Tracheal Pressure to Trigger the Ventilator and Control Airway Pressure During Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Decreases Work of Breathing, Chest, 1995: vol. 108(2), pp. 509-514. |
| Polkey et al., Inspiratory pressure support reduces slowing of inspiratory muscle relations rate during exhaustive treadmill walking in sever COPD, Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med., 1996: 154(4, 10), pp. 1146-1150. |
| Rothe et al., Near Fatal Complication of Transtracheal Oxygen Therapy with the Scoop(R) System, Pneumologie, 1996: 50(10), pp. 700-702. (English Abstract provided. |
| Tsuboi et al., Ventilatory Support During Exercise in Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis Sequelae, Chest, 1997: 112(4), pp. 1000-1007. |
| Passy-Muir Speaking Valves, Respiratory, Nov. 13, 1998, 7 pages. |
| Fink, Helium-Oxygen: An Old Therapy Creates New Interest, J. Resp. Care. Pract. now RT for Decision Makers in Respiratory Care, 1999, pp. 71-76. |
| Sinderby et al., Neural control of mechanical ventilation in respiratory failure, Nat. Med., 1999: 5(12), pp. 1433-1436. |
| MacInryre, Long-Term Oxygen Therapy: Conference Summary, Resp. Care, 2000: 45(2), pp. 237-245. |
| McCoy, Oxygen Conservation Techniques and Devices, Resp. Care, 2000: 45(1), pp. 95-104. |
| Blanch, Clinical Studies of Tracheal Gas Insufflation, Resp. Care, 2001: 45(2), pp. 158-166. |
| Christopher et al., Preliminary Observations of Transtracheal Augmented Ventilation for Chronic Severe Respiratory Disease, Resp. Care, 2001: 46(1), pp. 15-25. |
| Ciccolella et al.;, Administration of High-Flow, Vapor-phased, Humidified Nasal Cannula Air (HF-HNC) Decreases Work of Breathing (WOB) in Healthy Subjects During Exercise, AmJRCCM, Apr. 2001: 163(5), Part 2, pp. A622. (Abstract Only). |
| Daz et al., Breathing Pattern and Gas Exchange at Peak Exercise in COPD Patients With and Without Tidal Flow Limitation at Rest, European Respiratory Journal, 2001: 17, pp. 1120-1127. |
| Somfay et al., Dose-Response Effect of Oxygen on Hyperinflation and Exercise Endurance in Nonhypoxaemic COPD Patients, Eur. Resp. J., 2001: 18, pp. 77-84. |
| ATS Statement: Guidelines for the Six-Minute Walk Test, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2002: 166, pp. 111-117. |
| Boussarsar et al., Relationship between ventilatory settings and barotrauma in the acute respiratory distress syndrome, Intensive Care Med., 2002: 28(4): 406-13. |
| Clini et al., The Italian multicentre study on noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, Eur. Respir. J., 2002, 20(3): 529-538. |
| Porta et al., Mask proportional assist vs pressure support ventilation in patients in clinically stable condition with chronic venilatory failure, Chest, 2002: 122(2), pp. 479-488. |
| Wijkstra et al., Nocturnal non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2002, 3: 1-22. |
| Enright, The six-minute walk test, Resp. Care, 2003: 8, pp. 783-785. |
| Massie et al., Clinical Outcomes Related to Interface Type in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome Who Are Using Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, Chest, 2003: 123(4), pp. 1112-1118. |
| Prigent et al., Comparative Effects of Two Ventilatory Modes on Speech in Tracheostomized Patients with Neuromuscular Disease, Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med., 2003: 167(8), pp. 114-119. |
| Passy-Muir Inc., Clinical Inservice Outline, Apr. 2004, 19 pages. |
| Ram et al., Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to exacerbations of chroic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev., 2004(3):1-72. |
| Ambrosino, Weaning and Respiratory Muscle Dysfunction: The Egg Chicken Dilemma, Chest, 2005: 128(2), pp. 481-483. |
| Chang et al., Reduced Inspiratory Muscle Endurance Following Successful Weaning From Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation, Chest, 2005: 128(2), pp. 553-559. |
| Puente-Maestu et al., Dyspnea, Ventilatory Pattern, and Changes in Dynamic Hyperinflation Related to the Intensity of Constant Work Rate Exercise in COPD, Chest, 2005: 128(2), pp. 651-656. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20210353884 A1 | Nov 2021 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61306370 | Feb 2010 | US | |
| 61294363 | Jan 2010 | US | |
| 61255760 | Oct 2009 | US | |
| 61239728 | Sep 2009 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12876098 | Sep 2010 | US |
| Child | 14795539 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16376161 | Apr 2019 | US |
| Child | 17388397 | US | |
| Parent | 14795539 | Jul 2015 | US |
| Child | 16376161 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/US2010/029874 | Apr 2010 | WO |
| Child | 12876098 | US | |
| Parent | 12753856 | Apr 2010 | US |
| Child | 12876098 | US | |
| Parent | 12753851 | Apr 2010 | US |
| Child | 12876098 | US | |
| Parent | PCT/US2010/029871 | Apr 2010 | WO |
| Child | 12876098 | US | |
| Parent | 12753854 | Apr 2010 | US |
| Child | 12876098 | US | |
| Parent | 12753853 | Apr 2010 | US |
| Child | 12876098 | US | |
| Parent | PCT/US2010/029875 | Apr 2010 | WO |
| Child | 12876098 | US | |
| Parent | 12753846 | Apr 2010 | US |
| Child | 12876098 | US | |
| Parent | PCT/US2010/029873 | Apr 2010 | WO |
| Child | 12876098 | US |
