Patent Grant
7385187
1. Field of the Invention
The invention generally relates to the area of mass spectroscopic analysis, and in particular to a multi reflecting time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MR-TOF MS) and a method of use.
2. State of the Art
Mass spectrometry is a well recognized tool of analytical chemistry, used for identification and quantitative analysis of various compounds and mixtures. The sensitivity and resolution of such analysis is an important concern for practical use. It has been well recognized that resolution of TOF MS is proportional to the length of the flight path. However, it is recognized it is difficult to increase the flight path while keeping the instrument to a reasonable size. A proposed solution is multi-reflecting time-of-flight mass spectrometers (M-TOF MS). The use of MR-TOF MS became possible after the introduction of an electrostatic ion mirror with time-of-flight focusing properties. U.S. Pat. No. 4,072,862, Soviet Patent No. SU198034 and Sov. J. Tech. Phys. 41 (1971) 1498 disclose an ion mirror to improve the focusing of ion energy in time-of-flight instruments. The use of the ion mirror automatically causes a single folding of ion flight path.
H. Wollnik realized a potential of ion mirrors for implementing a multi-reflecting MR-TOF MS. United Kingdom Patent No. GB2080021 suggests a way of reducing the full length of an instrument by folding the ion path between multiple gridless mirrors. Two rows of such mirrors may be aligned in the same plane or located on two opposite parallel circles (
Another type, cyclic MR-TOF MS was described in papers by H. Wollnik, Nucl. Instr. Meth., A258 (1987) 289, and Sakurai et al, Nucl. Instr. Meth., A427 (1999) 182. Ions are kept in closed orbits using electrostatic or magnetic deflectors. The scheme employed multiple repetitive cycles, which shrank mass range, similarly to the coaxial reflecting scheme.
A folded path MR-TOF MS using two-dimensional gridless mirrors was disclosed in Soviet Union Patent SU1725289. The MR-TOF MS comprised two identical mirrors, built of bars, were parallel and symmetric with respect to the median plane between the mirrors and also to the plane of the folded ion path (
Nazarenko's prototype of a ‘folded path’ MR-TOF MS with planar gridless mirrors, having spatial and time-of-flight focusing properties did not provide ion focusing in the shift direction, thus limiting the number of reflection cycles. Besides, the ion mirrors used in the prototype did not provide time-of-flight focusing with respect to spatial ion spread across the plane of the folded ion path, so that a use of diverging or wide beams would in fact ruin the time-of-flight resolution and would make an extension of flight path pointless. In other words, the scheme failed to deliver an acceptable analyzer and thus the ability of working with real ion sources. Lastly, the Nazarenko prototype has no implication on the type of ion source, nor on efficient ways of coupling between MR-TOF MS and various ion sources,
The type of ion source, its spatial and timing characteristics of ion beam, as well as geometrical constrains are the important considerations in the design of MR-TOF MS. Compatibility with single reflecting TOF MS does not automatically mean that a source is well suited for MR-TOF MS. For example, pulsed ion sources, like secondary ion SIMS or matrix-assisted desorption/ionization MALDI, are very compatible with TOF MS and such instruments are characterized by high resolution and moderate ion losses caused by spatial ion divergence. Switching to MR-TOF MS introduces new problems. On one hand, a pulsed nature of such sources suits well an extension of flight time in MR-TOF MS since frequency of ionizing pulses is adjustable. On the other hand, instability of MALDI ions is a limiting factor on flight time extension.
Gaseous ion sources, like electrospray (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) atmospheric pressure photo-ionization (APPI), electron impact (EI), chemical ionization (CI), photo-ionization (CI) or inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) are known to produce stable ions, but they generate intrinsically continuous ion beams, or quasi-continuous ion beams, as in case of recently introduced gas filled MALDI ion source described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,331,702, and 6,504,150. TOF MS has been successfully coupled with continuous, and later to quasi-continuous ion sources, after introduction of an orthogonal ion acceleration scheme (o-TOF MS) (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,070,240, WO9103071, Soviet patent SU1681340), efficiently converting continuous ion beams into ion pulsed packets. Gaseous ion sources in combination with a collisional-cooling ion guide (U.S. Pat. No. 4,963,736) produce cold ion beams with low velocity spread along the axis of TOF MS, which help to achieve high TOF resolution in excess of 10,000. However, using MR-TOF MS would reduce the duty cycle of orthogonal acceleration and thus drop sensitivity.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,107,625 suggests that a further increase of resolution of o-TOF MS is mostly limited by a so-called ‘turn-around time’ and increasing of flight path improves resolution. The '625 patent suggests a coupling of external ESI source to a ‘coaxial reflecting’ MR-TOF MS via an orthogonal accelerator, combined with an ion mirror and multiple deflectors, such as shown in
ESI with orthogonal injection has been also coupled to an MR-TOF MS with a folded ion path (see EP 1 237 044 A2 and J. Hoyes et al. in extended abstract ASMS 2000 ‘A high resolution Orthogonal TOF with selectable drift length’ www.asms.org). The invention allows converting an existing commercial o-TOF into a dual reflecting instrument by introducing an additional short reflector between orthogonal source and detector. Energy of continuous ion beam controls number of ion reflections. The ‘folded path’ MR-TOF MS retains full mass range and considerably improves resolution, but it also reduces duty cycle and geometrical efficiency of ion sampling into the orthogonal accelerator in addition to ion losses and scattering occurring at every pass through meshes in both ion mirrors.
The two above examples demonstrate that a conventional orthogonal acceleration becomes inefficient in MR-TOF MS, particularly at extended flight times. There have been multiple attempts of improving pulsed ion sampling from continuous ion beams, mostly employing ion storage in radio-frequency (RF) traps, like 3-D ion trap (IT) in the paper of B. M. Chien et al. ‘The design and performance of an ion trap storage-reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer’ International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes 131 (1994) 149-119, linear ion trap (LIT) in U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,878, U.S. Pat. No. 5,847,386 (FIGS. 29-31), U.S. Pat. No. 6,111,250 (FIGS. 29-31), U.S. Pat. No. 6,545,268 and WO9930350 or dual LIT (GB2378312) and ring ion trap in paper of A. Luca et al., ‘On the combination of a linear field free trap with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer’, Rev. Sci. Instrum. V.72, #7 (2001), p 2900-2908. Since all of those solutions compromise temporal and/or spatial spread of ejected ion packets, the orthogonal injection is still the method of choice for singly reflecting TOF MS. Some trapping features are used in an intermediate scheme in U.S. Pat. No. 6,020,586, combining both an ion trapping step and an orthogonal acceleration. Slow ion packets are periodically ejected out of storing ion guide into a synchronized orthogonal accelerator. Compared to conventional o-TOF MS the scheme improves sensitivity, while moderately sacrificing resolution and mass range. The scheme has been coupled to coaxial MR-TOF MS in already described reference by M. Park. However, such instrument does not provide full mass range. It is still desirable to improve conversion of continuous ion beam into ion pulses fully suitable for TOF MS and particularly to multi-reflecting TOF MS.
Multiple reflecting TOF is also employed in tandem mass spectrometer in a co-pending application of one of the author (WO2004008481). A slow MR-TOF MS is used for slow separation of parent ions at a millisecond time scale and a short orthogonal TOF is used for fast mass analysis of fragments at a microsecond time scale. Fast collisional cell is used in-between to fragment ions without smearing time-of-flight separation in the MR-TOF MS. The scheme delivers a novel quality: it allows parallel or ‘multi-dimensional’ MS-MS analysis, where fragment spectra are simultaneously acquired for multiple parents without mixing them. The scheme has a drawback that parent ions spread in the shift direction which strongly limits acceptance of analyzer and requires smaller divergence of ion beam coming out of the ion source. A higher acceptance of MR-TOF MS is desirable.
Summarizing the above, the MR-TOF MS of the prior art do not have spatial and time of-flight focusing to provide a certain retaining of ion beam along a substantially extended flight path. Most of references describe MR-TOF analyzer without considering their compatibility with ion sources as well as their utility in tandem mass spectrometers. In fact, a limited acceptance of the known MR-TOF analyzers seriously limits such coupling and is expected to cause ion losses at substantially elongated flight paths. Some references are made to actual coupling of MR-TOF MS to continuous ion sources, demonstrating strong improvement of resolution. However, resolution is gained at the expense of losing sensitivity and, in the case of coaxial reflections, of shrinking mass range. Therefore, there is a need for TOF mass spectrometer working with intrinsically continuous or quasi-continuous ion sources, and superior to o-TOF by a set of major analytical characteristics, namely—sensitivity, mass range and resolution. There is also a need for better schemes of coupling TOF MS into tandem mass spectrometers.
The inventors have realized that acceptance and resolution of MR-TOF MS with two-dimensional planar mirrors could be substantially increased by:
The inventors further realized that an improved acceptance of the MR-TOF MS of the invention allows its efficient coupling to continuous ion sources via an ion storage device. Continuously arriving ions could be stored and pulse ejected out of a storing device, such as ion guide, IT, LIT or a ring ion trap thus saving ions between rare pulses of MR-TOF MS, sparse compared to o-TOF MS.
The MR-TOF MS of the invention provides an advantageous combination of ion optics features, compared to prior art, since:
The invention introduces a completely novel to MR-TOF MS feature—multiple lenses, optimally positioned in the middle of drift space, preferably with a period corresponding to ion shift per integer number of turns. Periodic lenses allow focusing of the beam and, thus, insure a stable confinement of ions along an extended folded ion path. The set of lenses brings the novel quality to MR-TOF: beam spatial and angular spreads stay limited even after an extremely large number of reflections (actually achieved if using reflections in the shift direction as well). Even more, using ion optics simulation the inventors found out that ion motion in the novel MR-TOF efficiently withstands various external distortions, like inaccuracy of geometry, stray electric and magnetic fields of pumps and gauges, as well as space charge of the ion beam itself. The MR-TOF returns ions into vicinity of main trajectory in spite of those distortions, similar to trapping in the potential grove. The feature of periodic lenses allows compact packaging of MR-TOF MS with an extended flight path, combined with a confident full transmission of ion beam.
The lens tuning allows periodic, repeatable focusing in a shift direction, achieved when focal length F matches an integer number of half reflections or quarters of full ion turns (P/4), F=N*P/4. The most tight focusing occurs when F=P/4. Such tight focusing is advantageous for minimizing shift per turn and making instrument compact. It is important that even under the condition of such tight focusing lenses remain weak because of a relatively long ion path per turn, and therefore they introduce only minor incorrigible time-of-flight aberrations with respect to the ion spatial spread in the plane of the folded ion path. Planar lenses, substantially elongated across the plain of ion path, provide an advantage of fairly independent tuning of spatial focusing by ion mirrors and by periodic lenses, since they focus in different directions. Besides, such lenses may also incorporate steering by using asymmetric voltages on side plates.
The invention allows further increase of the flight path length by employing reflections in a shift direction. Such reflections can be achieved, for example, by deflection plates, located on the sides of shift path in the middle of drift space between the mirrors. Deflection plates could operate constantly or in a pulsed mode to allow ion gating. A single reflection does not affect mass range, while a further increase of the flight path by multiple reflections in shift direction is achieved at the expense of mass range. The deflection plates could be also used to bypass the analyzer and to steer ions into a receiver.
Novel focusing properties of the mirrors of the invention are provided by choosing a proper distance between the mirrors and adjustment of electrode potentials. Such adjustment results in the 3rd-order time-of-flight focusing on ion energy, 2nd-order time-of-flight focusing with respect to the spatial ion spread across the plane of the folded ion path and spatial focusing across the said plane. The inventors realized that elimination of high-order time-of-flight aberrations is stable with respect to assembly defects as well as to moderate variations of the drift lengths and electrode potentials. Therefore, a high resolving power could be obtained by tuning of novel MR-TOF MS while adjusting only one electrode potential, in fact, varying one parameter—a linear dependence of the ion flight time on the ion energy.
The previously described focusing properties are realized, for example, in planar 4-electrode mirrors, composed of thick square frames, substantially elongated in a shift direction. The desired field structure also could be made using thin plates with slots, bars, cylinders, or curved electrodes. The edges of two-dimensional mirrors could be efficiently terminated using printed circuit boards to shorten the total physical length of the MR-TOF MS. Having more electrodes is very likely to further improve mirror parameters, but complicates the system.
In a preferred mode the ion source and the ion detector are located in the drift space between the mirrors. In such configuration the folded ion path remains far from mirror edges and the mirrors can be operated in a static mode to achieve better stability and mass accuracy of the MR-TOF MS. However, the invention is well compatible with a pulsed ion admission from external source or ion release through ion mirrors in order to couple the MR-TOF MS with external ion sources or ion receivers and to avoid beam passage through fringing fields of mirror edges.
The invention is applicable to various ion sources, including pulsed ion sources, like MAIDI or SIMS, quasi- continuous ion sources, like MALDI with collisional cooling, as well as intrinsically continuous ion sources like ESI, EI, CI, PI, ICP or a fragmenting cell of a tandem mass spectrometer. All continuous or quasi-continuous ion sources preferably operate with an ion guide.
As mentioned earlier, having a much wider acceptance, the MR-TOF MS of the invention can be used in conjunction with an ion storing device, avoiding ion losses between infrequent accelerating pulses. Such ion storing can occur in gas filled radio frequency (RF) storing devices of various kinds, including ion guides, RF channels, ring electrode traps, wire guides, IT or LIT, incorporated either into an ion source itself or into an accelerator of the MR-TOF MS. The invention employs either:
Some compromises in parameters of ion packets are acceptable because of substantial extension of flight path and wide acceptance of the novel MR-TOF MS.
The preferred embodiment of the invention employs the latter- more complex, but advantageous scheme of dual ion storage. Ion guides are preferred choice for both storage devices. It is preferable using an additional set of pulsed electrodes, whose field well penetrates into ion storage area of the second ion guide and allows fast ion ejection in axial direction with a small turn around time, while providing fairly uniform accelerating field and a moderate ion divergence. Compared to orthogonal acceleration scheme the invention provides an almost complete utilization of continuous ion beam. Some increase of the turn around time is compensated by an extension of the flight path.
The invention suggests several novel ion storing devices, such as a hybrid ion trap, composed of ion guide and a 3-D ion trap with an open ring electrode. Simulations of the segmented analog have shown feasibility of such trap for preparation of ions for MR-TOF analysis. Another novel device comprises a linear ion trap with auxiliary electrodes. Both ion trapping and axial ejection could be achieved by pulsing voltages on separate set of electrodes, and not having any RF signals on them.
The invention is expected to provide more intense ion pulses and as a result dynamic range and life time of the ion detector become an important issue. Multiple solutions are known in the art, including ion suppression either at ion storage, or mass separation or detection stages. The known strategies include automatic adjustment of ion intensity or mass filtering of unwanted beam components. Dynamic range is enhanced by using a secondary electron multiplier (SEM) and analog to digital converters (ADC) for data acquisition. A specific of the invention is in longer pulse duration, allowing lower bandwidth and somewhat easier solutions of the above problems.
The scheme is expected to provide a complete utilization of continuous or quasi-continuous ion beam as well as an improved resolution, in the range of R˜100,000. The MR-TOF MS could be used either as a stand-alone instrument, or as a part of LC-MS or MS-MS tandem, first of all expected as a second analyzer of fragment ions, combined with any know mass separator of parent ions and a with any known kind of fragmenting cell.
The MR-TOF MS of the invention could be also used as a first, separating mass spectrometer in a tandem mass spectrometer arrangement. The advantage of using MR-TOF becomes apparent in a co-pending patent by one of the authors. The co-pending invention suggests using slow TOF1 for ion separation, combined with a fast TOF2 for fragment analysis. The arrangement allows parallel analysis of multiple precursors per single pulse out of ion source. Current invention allows particularly long separation in MR-TOF MS, as well as separation at low and medium energy of ion beam, tight focusing of the beam and precise control of ion beam location, useful while directing the beam into a fragmenting cell.
An enhanced transmission and enhanced resolution of MR-TOF could be also used in both stages of mass spectrometric analysis. In this case a prolonged flight time in the second shoulder requires selection of a single precursor by a timed ion selector, thus loosing opportunity of parallel MS-MS analysis, but instead providing for high specificity, resolution and mass accuracy of MS-MS analysis. Multi-stage MSn analysis could be accomplished in an instrument with a single MR-TOF analyzer. For example, the same analyzer could be used both for parent separation, daughter separation and grand-daughter ion analysis if the collisional cell reverts direction of ion flow and timed ion selector is used between MR-TOF and fragmentation cell. Ions are passed between MR TOF analyzer and collisional cell back and forth.
Both modes of parallel MS-MS analysis and of high resolution MS-MS analysis could be accomplished in a single versatile instrument by adjusting flight path and acceleration voltage, preferably on both MR-TOF. Reducing voltage in a first analyzer and reducing flight path (by pulse deflecting ion beam and using fewer reflections) in the second analyzer would provide such versatility.
Ceriainly, the utility of MR-TOF MS of the invention spreads onto a much wider variety of devices and methods. As an example, MR-TOF MS could be combined with any up-front sample separation in various types of chromatography, or mass spectrometric separation in any type of external mass spectrometer or ion mobility spectrometer. A variety of gas filled storage devices and gas filled fragmentation cells employed in various embodiments could be as well converted into gaseous ion reactors. Such reactors could be useful for example for employing ion-molecular reactions in ICP method to enhancing isotopic sensitivity, could be using ion-ion reactions between multiply charged ions and ions of the opposite polarity, either for charge reduction or selective fragmentation, so as such reactors could be used for electron capture dissociation of multiply charge ions.
For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the following drawings in which:
FIG; 8 shows a schematic of a second ion storage device and of the ion accelerator;
The present invention relates generally to the area of mass-spectroscopic analysis, and more particularly is concerned with the apparatus, including a multi reflecting time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MR TOF MS). More specifically, the invention improves resolution and sensitivity of planar and gridless MR-TOF MS by employing a novel arrangement and control of mirror electrodes in combination with a periodic set of lenses in a drift space. Because of improved spatial and time focusing, the MR-TOF MS of the invention has a wider acceptance and confident confinement of ion beam along an extended folded ion path. As a result, the MR-TOF MS of the invention can be efficiently coupled to continuous ion sources via an ion storage device, thus saving on duty cycle of ion sampling. The MR-TOF MS of the invention is suggested for use in tandem mass spectrometers, either as a first slow separator in tandems with two-dimensional parallel MS-MS analysis or as a tandem employing MR-TOF MS at both stages of analysis.
Note that the prototype provides no ion focusing in the shift direction, thus essentially limiting the number of reflection cycles. It also does not provide time-of-flight focusing with respect to spatial ion spread in Y direction. Therefore, the MR-TOF MS of the prototype fails delivering wide acceptance of analyzer and thus an ability of working with real ion sources. Finally, the prototype has no implication on the type of ion source, and on efficient ways of coupling of MR-TOF MS to various ion sources.
The above elements are arranged to provide a folded ion path 19 between the ion source 12 and the ion receiver 16, the said ion path being combined of multiple reflections between the ion mirrors 15 and of an ion drift in the shift Y direction. The shift is arranged by slight tilting, mechanically or electronically, of the incoming ion packets with respect to the X-axis. The lenses 17 are positioned along the Y-axis with a period corresponding to ion shift per integer number of ion reflections. The preferred embodiment strongly enhances acceptance of the MR-TOF MS by providing novel ion optics properties—periodic focusing by lenses 17 in the shift Y direction, complementing a periodic spatial focusing in the orthogonal Z direction, provided by planar gridless ion mirrors. Those ion optics properties as well as improved time-of-flight focusing by specially designed ion mirrors of the invention are discussed below in more details.
Incorporation of periodic lenses is a completely novel feature in MR-TOF MS, which provides stable retention of the ions along the main jigsaw folded ion path. The lens tuning allows periodic, repeatable focusing in a shift direction, achieved when focal length F matches an integer number of half reflections or quarters of full ion turns (P/4), F=N*P/4. The tightest focusing occurs when F=P/4. Such tight focusing is advantageous for minimizing shift per turn and making instrument compact. It is important that even under the condition of such tight focusing lenses remain weak because of a relatively long ion path per turn, and therefore they introduce only minor incorrigible time-of-flight aberrations with respect to the ion spatial spread in the plane of the folded ion path. Preferably lenses are lenses, i.e. substantially elongated across the plain of ion path, to provide an advantage of fairly independent tuning of spatial focusing by ion mirrors and lenses across the plane of the folded ion path and in this plane, respectively. Such lenses may also incorporate steering by using asymmetric voltages on the side plates.
The set of periodic lenses brings the novel quality to MR TOF: the ion beam remains confined even after an extremely large number of reflections (actually achieved if using reflections in the shift direction). Even more, using ion optics simulation the inventors found out that ion motion in the novel MR-TOF efficiently withstands external distortions, like inaccuracies of geometry, stray electric and magnetic fields of surfaces, pumps and gauges, as well as space charge of the ion beam. The MR-TOF returns ions into vicinity of main trajectory in spite of those distortions. This effect is equivalent to trapping in the potential well. The feature of periodic lenses allows compact packaging of MR-TOF MS with an extended flight path, combined with confident full transmission of ion beam.
Novel focusing properties of the mirrors in the invention are provided by choosing a proper distance between the mirrors and adjustment of electrode potentials. The inventors have found such parameters by ion optics simulations with a built-in calculation of derivatives and also with a built-in automatic optimization block. Working with such a proprietary program, the inventors have formulated some general trends of optimization algorithms and several key requirements to the ion optics of ion mirrors. For example, for symmetric MR-TOF MS with two identical mirrors, each mirror should comprise at least 4 electrodes in order to have 5 independently tuned parameters:
If both conditions (b) and (c) are satisfied, then the symmetry of the mirror arrangement automatically leads to elimination of all time-of-flight aberrations up to the second order on the initial coordinate and angular spread across the plane of the folded ion path after each full turn, i.e. after an even number of reflections.
The inventors realized that elimination of high-order time-of-flight aberrations is stable with respect to assembly defects as well as to moderate variations of the drift lengths and electrode potentials. Therefore, a high resolving power could be obtained by tuning of novel MR-TOF MS while adjusting only one electrode potential, in fact, varying one parameter—a linear dependence of the ion flight time on the ion energy.
The elongated two-dimensional structure of ion mirror could be formed using electrodes of various shapes. The view 26 of
To preserve a two-dimensional field structure, a special treatment of a boundary problem is required. To avoid distortions of the field structure the mirrors are either made much longer than the total shift of the folded ion path, or employ special devices, like for example a fine-structured printed circuit boards (PCB) 30 with a shape of electrodes repeating a shape of equipotential lines of the mirror field. In our ion optics simulations we found that a simple adjustment of width of the lens edge allows noticeable reduction of fringing field penetration. Similar results could be obtained by introducing an additional edge electrode, for example as a rib of the lens electrode 15L.
In operation, in a particular regime, when the entrance steering 32 is disabled and the exit steering 33 is constantly on, the MR-TOF MS retains a non-repeating folded ion path and thus retains full mass range of mass spectrometric analysis, while doubling the flight path. The entrance steering can be used to by-pass analyzer all along. Such feature appears useful in a co-pending patent, where the MR-TOF MS is used as an ion separator of a tandem MS and the bypass feature would allow toggling between tandem and MS-only regimes.
The steering could be used to pass ion packets along a repetitive, cyclic folded ion path, wherein an increase of flight path is accompanied by a proportional shrinking of mass range, a compromise to be made upon requirements of a particular application. In this case the steering device 32 can be used also as an ion gate for choosing a desired part of the analyzed mass spectrum
Geometrical constrains of the entire analyzer and a fringing field of mirror edges may become important while using reflections in the drift direction. An optional way around the problem is in passing the ion beam through ion mirrors, more specifically, through the slit in the mirror cap electrode 15C. The mirror 15 then can be extended by adding separate electrodes, e.g. as shown by dashed line, and should be turned on and off in a pulsed mode.
A particular example 41 of steering device is shown also on the
Introduction of ion deflection causes compromises in time-of-flight resolution; hence they are generally used for ion manipulation, extension of flight time, rather than for improving resolution of the MR-TOF MS.
For example, with a typical energy spread of 5% and the phase space of the beam of 10π mm mrad in both directions normal to the beam path, an ion optical simulations of the MR TOF MS of the invention with L=25 mm predict the achievable mass resolving power (FWHM) of 100,000 without using deflectors in the mode with the maximal focal length of the lenses, equal to the length of the full beam turn (two reflections). With the tightest focusing induced by lenses and additional use of deflectors, this resolving power is expected to drop down to 30,000. Note however that because of the extended flight time this value can be achieved for much more relaxed values of the ion turn around time as compared to the conventional TOF MS with the same resolving power.
Now that we have completed a description of the MR-TOF MS of the invention it is of particular importance to note, that the novel MR-TOF analyzer has a much higher tolerance to spatial and temporal spreads of ion beam. The novel analyzer provides a stable ion beam confinement, which allows an extension of flight time without causing geometrical ion losses. An extended flight time, in turn, enhances TOF resolution and reduces the effect of ion turn around time, appearing in the pulsed ion source. Finally, the MR-TOF MS of the invention also provides a high order time-of-flight focusing with respect to the spatial spread of initial ion beam, i.e. much wider beams can be accepted without loosing time-of-flight resolution. On the other hand, an extension of flight time reduces efficiency of ion sampling out of continuous ion beams. Though the invention may be used with a pulsed ion sources like secondary ionization mass spectrometry ion source (SIMS) or matrix assisted laser desorption (MALDI), a long-term stability of excited ions may become an obstacle. Stability of those ions may be improved by gas dampening from a pulsed gas supply. Even with a pulsed acceleration of such ions the duration of ion pulse becomes to large to consider those sources as pulsed. The contradiction is resolved with the introduction of another key feature of the invention—incorporation of ion storing and pulse ejection into a continuous or quasi-continuous ion sources, like electrospray (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), electron impact (EI), chemical ionization (CI), photo ionization (PI), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), a gas filled MALDI, as well as ion gaseous reaction cells or a collisional cell of any tandem mass-spectrometer.
The invention strongly improves efficiency of ion sampling into an MR-TOF MS by adding an ion storing step for accumulation of continuous ion beam and pulsed ion ejection at a reduced frequency, corresponding to an extended flight time of the MR-TOF MS. Such ion storing occurs in gas filled radio frequency (RF) storage devices of various kinds, including ion guides, RF channels, IT or LIT, wire or ring electrode traps, incorporated either into an ion source itself or into an accelerator of the MR-TOF MS. The storage devices of the art are gas filled for ion dampening at gas pressure sufficient for hundreds of ion collisions with gas molecules. Those devices employ radio frequency (RF) field for ion radial confinement and axial static or moving wave electric fields for controlling axial ion motion. The storing step avoids ion losses between rare pulses of any MR-TOF MS.
In reference to
In operation, the continuous ion source 61, preferably gaseous ion source, generates a continuous ion beam, which is preferably transported within an ion guide 71. Preferably, the ion guide 71 stores continuous ion beam and ejects ion packets periodically with a period corresponding to that of the MR-TOF analyzer 31. Such ejected ion packets are passed into the accelerator 91, either directly or via an optional, second storage device 81. The accelerator, continuous or pulsed, inject fast ion packets into the MR-TOF analyzer, axially or orthogonal. Both, the ion guide 71 and the second storage device 81 could be any RF confining and gas filled device as illustrated by the following list: 3-D ion trap, quadrupole, multipole or wire ion guide, RF channel, ring electrode trap, ion funnel or a linear ion trap.
The major function of an additional storing device 81 is to prepare an ion cloud at different conditions compared to the rest of ions, stored in the first storing ion guide 71. Such conditions may differ by gas pressure, space charge or mass composition of ion beam or by configuration of ejecting electrodes. As it will be shown in the following description, the dual storage scheme is more flexible, allows full utilization of ion beam and a number of automatic adjustments. Most important, it generates ion beam with a smaller phase space and improves beam acceptance by analyzer. The advantages of using an additional storage device will become apparent in the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the MR-TOF MS of the invention, which employs the dual storage scheme.
The invention may employ an unusual arrangement of ion storing, where supplementary electrodes 73 organize axial DC distribution in the ion guide 71. The electrodes 73 surround the RF rods 72, such that their electrostatic field efficiently penetrates between the rods. The axial DC distribution is adjusted and varied in time to provide spatiaily distributed ion storage, a controlled ion sampling and a moderate duration of ion ejection process. Note, that manipulations by voltages on the supplementary electrodes 73 do not require any manipulation by RF potentials on RF rods 72. In fact, it is advantageous to keep RF voltage applied to the rods 72 in a steady state, thus providing a better focused pulsed ion packets. Since ions are ejected along the axis, where the RF field is negligible, the RF field has very little affect on axial ion velocity. Applying separate RF and pulse signals to different sets of electrodes provides an obvious convenience and ease of making electronics supplies.
The storing ion guide 71 can be coupled directly to the accelerator 91, preferably orthogonal. Since the ion guide is filled with gas it is preferable to provide a soft ion ejection by small modulation of potentials on electrodes 73 and 74. Such slow (few to few tenths of electron Volts) and fairly long (several microseconds) ion packets are well compatible with synchronized orthogonal acceleration. The scheme is not shown since it is fairly common in the prior art (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 6,020,586). The packet 76 passes via an additional differential pumping stage to accommodate the gas filled ion guide to the analyzer at deep vacuum. The additional stage comprises a lens, forming a nearly parallel ion beam. The ion packet enters an orthogonal accelerator 91, synchronously injecting ions into the analyzer. It is preferable using a gridless accelerator made of flat plates with slits elongated along direction of slow ion beam. An obviously attractive scheme of orienting slits along the shift direction of MR-TOF in fact is inferior to the orthogonal arrangement, wherein the source and slits are oriented and elongated orthogonal to the plane of the folded ion path. Apparently ion focusing by ion mirrors has a higher (second) order time of-flight focusing with respect to spatial spread compared to periodic lens having first order focusing if used with a proper compensation by tuning ion mirrors.
The orthogonal accelerator could be either positioned in the drift space of the MR-TOF analyzer of the invention, or combined with one of the mirrors (or a pulsed portion of one ion mirror) of the planar MR-TOF analyzer of the invention and operated in a pulse manner. Similarly to the prior art, the storage ion guide provides an advantage of saving duty cycle of the orthogonal acceleration at the expense of ion mass range.
In operation, ions are formed in an ion source and preferably come via an intermediate ion guide 71 either as continuous ion source or as a slow ion packet. The second storage device 81 is held at relatively low gas pressure, say 0.1-1 mTorr, still sufficient for ion corisional dampening during 1 ms storage time. Rod extensions 103 are supplied with the same RF signal as rods 102, but kept at a slightly lower DC (10-50V lower compared to rods 102). Ions are periodically stored and pulse ejected out of the second storage device 81 by varying potential on the exit aperture 104. At ion storage stage, the aperture 104 is kept at a retarding potential thus forming a local DC well in the vicinity of exit aperture 103, while still confining ions in radial direction by RF field of rod extensions. The sharpness of DC well is adjusted such that ion cloud sizes about 0.5 to 1 mm. At ion ejection stage, the aperture 104 is drawn to a strongly negative potential (for positive ions), extracting ions along the axis and out of the second storage device 81. Note that RF field stays on. Since ions are confined near the axis, they experience very little effect of RF field during axial ejection. The DC accelerating electrodes 105 may serve as an energy corrector and a lens for simultaneous spatial focusing of ion packets 107. An exit aperture 106 may be used to reduce gas load on MR TOF MS pumping system. Our estimates suggest that unless ion cloud would create space charge potential above 0.5V, parameters of ion packets 107 are well suitable for MR-TOF MS. At 0.2 eV energy spread, ion cloud diameter 0.5 mm, acceleration potential of 5 kV and 500 V/mm extraction field the ion beam parameters are: divergence is below 1 degree, energy spread is below 5% and turn around time of 1 kDa ions is below 8 ns.
In operation, ions are formed in an ion source and preferably come via an intermediate ion guide 71 either continuously or as a slow ion packet. The ion trap 108 is held at a relatively low gas pressure, say 0.1-1 mTorr, still sufficient for ion collisional dampening during 1 ms storage time. Ions are periodically stored and pulse ejected out of the ion trap 108 as a slow ion packet (1-10 us) by modulating potentials of DC electrodes 113 and of exit aperture 114. The multipole 115 of the ion guide 109 is supplied with RF signal to continue radial ion confinement of axially propagating ion packet. With some predetermined delay to ion injection pulse a second extraction pulse is applied to multipole rods 115 as well as optional pulse may be applied to the supplementary electrodes 116. Potentials on multipole 115 are zeroed at a predetermined phase of RF signal (say, at zero volts) and then (after a short 10-300 ns ‘switch’ delay) switched to some predetermined pulsed potentials to provide ion bunching and ion extraction in-between multipole rods or through a slot 117 in one of the rods. Ions then undergo acceleration in the DC stage 91 and enter the MR-TOF MS 31. The delay between first pulse ejecting ions out of the ion trap 108 and the second extraction pulses in the ion guide 109 is adjusted, such that to maximize mass range of orthogonally extracted ions.
It should be noted that the storage 103 and accelerator 104 could be confined in a single unit, with gas extending for the entire length of rods 112 and 115, whereas aperture 114 and electrodes 113 could be omitted altogether and electrodes 112 and 115 could be optionally combined into a single set of electrodes.
In operation, a continuous radio frequency (RF) field spans across the ion guide and the 3-D trap. In a simplest mode, pair of electrodes 122 is connected to ring electrode 127 and form one pole, which is supplied with RF voltage, while pair of electrodes 123 is connected to cap electrodes 126 and 129, forming another pole. The same RF field may be achieved if RF voltage is supplied symmetrically between the above two poles. In a preferred mode, similar structure of RF field is preserved. However, corresponding electrodes may be supplied with signal of the same frequency and phase, while having different amplitude of RF voltage and separately controlled DC potentials. Ions are supplied (continuously or pulsed) through the ion guide between pairs of electrodes 122 and 123 and enter into the 3-D trap via an opening 125.
Distribution of RF and DC potentials form a mass dependent axial barrier between linear quadrupole 122-123 and quadrupole trap 126-129 with amplitude in the range of several volts, and inverse proportion to ion mass-to-charge ratio m/z. In general case, the barrier causes ion sharing between the guide and the 3-D trap. By raising DC offset on electrodes 122-123 and with assistance of gas collisions, majority of ions could be concentrated in the middle of 3-D trap. In a preferred mode the said DC offset is slowly ramped up such that the barrier disappears for ions above some m/z*. Ions of m/z* pass over the barrier with a minimum amplitude of secular oscillations in the trap. Slow DC ramping allows soft transfer of all ions into the trap. At the same time, ions coming from the ion source could be stored in the intermediate storing ion guide 71 to improve duty cycle. After ions are dampened in 3-D trap (1-5 ms), RF field could be switched off and after a short and optimized delay (10-300 ns), a high voltage pulse is supplied to at least some of 3-D trap electrodes 126, 127 and 129, such that to eject ion packet via the aperture 130 in the cap electrode 129. In one preferred mode, the RF voltage is replaced by a square wave signal and the ion ejection pulse is synchronized to a specific phase of the square wave signal, such that potential distribution stays constant during the ion ejection phase.
In operation, the segmented trap 131 provides the same field structure in the vicinity of axis. It is a quadrupolar 2-D field near the axis of the channel 135 and a 3-D quadrupolar field near the center of circular hole 138. Trapping field is formed by either RF voltage or square wave signal applied to plates. RF field provides ion sharing between segmented ion guide and segmented 3-D ion trap. Periodically RF signal is switched off at some fixed phase of RF signal (preferably 0V) and after a predetermined delay (10-300 ns) a high voltage pulse is applied to electrodes to provide for ion ejection within nearly homogeneous electric field. Ion packet is extracted via an aperture 140, also serving to reduce gas load onto pumping system of MRTOF. Preferably an RF signal is applied only to central plates 135 and 137, a DC ramp is applied to plates 133 and 134 (or including 132) and high voltage pulses are applied to plates 136 and 140. Such arrangement allows separating RF, DC signals and high voltage pulses.
Other embodiments of ion storage 91 may include a linear ion trap formed by coaxial apertures (see e.g. A. Luca, S. Schlemmer, I. Cermak, D. Gerlich, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 72 (2001), 2900-2908), segmented trap with orthogonal ejection (similar to that in U.S. Pat. No. 6,670,606B1), segmented ring ion trap (Q. Ji, M. Davenport, C. Enke, J. Holland, J. American Soc. Mass Spectrom, 7, 1996, 1009-1017), wire traps, traps, formed by meshes surrounded by electrodes with RF signal, helical wire traps, etc.
In operation, the ESI ion source 61 generates the continuous ion beam 66, which is stored in the storing ion guide 71 at an intermediate gas pressure (from 0.01 to 0.1 mbar). The intermediate storing ion guide 71 periodically ejects slow ion packets into the second storing ion guide 81, which operates at a lower gas pressure (preferably from 10-4 to 10-3 mbar). A gas confining cap 82 allows having a higher gas pressure in the upstream area of the second ion guide 81, thus improving ion dampening and ion trapping at a smaller gas pressure near the exit of the guide. This helps reducing gas load onto a pump 95 and, thus, helps keeping low gas pressure in the chamber 97 of MR-TOF analyzer 31 and accelerator 91, MR-TOF normally requires a lower gas pressure (below 10-7 mbar) because of the extended flight path, compared to conventional TOF MS.
The slow ion packet contains a fixed portion of all ions accumulated in the first ion guide 71. As a guiding example, approximately 10% of stored ions are sampled through the aperture 74 in about every 1 ms. Such balance between coming and leaving ions allows refreshing of the ion content in every 10 ms. The amount of ions, stored in the first ion guide 71, depends on intensity of ESI in beam. At a typical ion flow of 3.108 ions a second the first ion guide 71 would contain about 3.106 ions, known to build up a noticeable space charge field. With only 10% of ions being sampled into the second storage the amount of ions in the second storage is about 3.105. Such ion cloud, being stored in 1 mm3 volume would create about 30 meV potential of space charge, being close to thermal energy (gas kinetic energy of 25 meV) and moderately affecting ion initial parameters. The dual storage scheme provides several advantages. First, pulsed injection into the second storing quadrupole ensures a complete ion dampening at low gas pressure. Second, the amplitude of RF signal in the first quadrupole may be adjusted to operate as a low mass filter. By removing most of solvent ions and chemical background ions the space charge is further reduced. Third, by using selective excitation of secular ion motion one can also achieve a selective removal of the most intense ion species, building up space charge and saturating the detector. Besides, by adjusting the duration of ion injection one can control intensity of ion beam. It helps improving dynamic range of data acquisition and in avoiding saturation of the detector.
The first ion guide 71 ejects slow ion packets by a very gentle pulsed axial field, generated with assistance of pulse potentials on the exit aperture 74 and optionally on the additional electrodes 73. The use of the set 73 of additional electrodes allows an accurate control of energy and amount of ejected ions within the packet. The ejected ion packet is almost completely trapped in the second storing ion guide 81, using a pulsed trapping scheme. In more details, a potential on exit aperture 88 forms a repelling DC barrier, while RF field of electrodes 83 confines ions in radial direction. Ion packet gets reflected from the far end 88, however, by the time ions will return to the entrance (74) of the second guide 81, they will see a repelling potential of electrode 74, which was raised after the completion of ion ejection from the first ion guide 71. Ion kinetic dampening is accelerated because of a higher gas pressure in the beginning of the ion guide 83. The local increase of gas pressure is formed by gas confining cap 82 and by a gas jet, emerging from the aperture 74.
Trapped ions get confined in the DC potential well, formed with the aid of additional electrodes 84. Such electrodes surround RF rods 83 of the second ion guide 81, such that to make an effective and symmetric penetration of potentials of the additional electrodes. Referring to the electrostatic field on the axis of the ion guide 81, a set of additional electrodes 84 forms an axial distribution of DC field while generating a moderate octapole DC field in the radial direction. It is important to keep such octapole DC field small enough to avoid ion instability during a long term storage. As a numeric example, an RF potential of 1.5 kV and 3 Mhz frequency is applied to 5 mm quadrupole rods positioned on 10 mm diameter between centers, Each additional electrode is formed as a plate having central hole of 5 mm and 7 mm holes for rods. About 20% of potential of such plate penetrates to the center of quadrupole assembly. Three plates are located 3 mm apart from each other and 5 mm away from the exit aperture. By applying 10V drop to the central plate we form a DC well of c.a. 2V deep. Ions with energy of 100 meV are confined into cloud of c.a. 1 mm long and fraction of mm in diameter. The arrangement has very little effect on ion stability and allows storing of ions within at least one decade of mass to charge ratio.
After collisional dampening and confinement in the ion guide 81 the ion packet get axially ejected (in the X direction) into the DC accelerator 92 and then into the MR-TOF analyzer 31. After emptying of second storage the pulsed potentials are returned to their trapping state to prepare for the next cycle of ion storage. The pulsed ejection is made with the aid of high voltage electric pulses, applied to the set 84 of additional electrodes and to the exit aperture 88, while keeping RF potentials unchanged. Low gas pressure in the second storing quadrupole 81 helps avoiding gas discharges while applying high voltage pulses. Since all the ions are stored in the small volume, such pulses do not spill any other ions and pulse amplitude could be fairly high—enough to noticeably reduce ion turn around time. Thus, the ability of compressing ion packet into a small cloud and the ability of applying high voltage accelerating pulses are, in fact, another two important reasons for dual storage arrangement. Such ion packet parameters could not be achieved in case of fast ejecting directly out of the first ion guide 71.
Application of fairly large ejecting pulses causes a substantial reduction of ion turn around time and thus allows using an ion guide directly as a pulsed ion source for MR-TOF MS. In our ion optics simulations, made for the above geometrical example, we found that by applying high voltage pulses to the additional electrodes the turn around time could be reduced to few nanoseconds. For example, by applying 5 kV pulse to the middle additional electrode (out of three) and −1 kV pulse to exit aperture, an axial field reaches c.a. 200 V/mm. Assuming 200 meV initial energy spread and 1 mm size of stored ion cloud, the turn around time of 1000 amu ions is 10 ns only and the energy spread of ejected ion packets is below 200 eV. By applying a c.a. 4 kV DC post—acceleration in the DC accelerator 92 the ion beam has less than 5% energy spread, is well focused and has a phase space below 10π*mm*mrad, which is well compatible with the wide acceptance and high order time-of-flight focusing of the MR-TOF analyzer of the invention.
In ion optics simulations by inventors the resolution of the MR-TOF MS appears to be mostly limited by turn around time. As a numerical example, ions of 1000 amu, accelerated to 4 keV energy and Velocity 3×104 m/s have 10 ns turn around time, while having 1 ms flight time in 0.25 m wide analyzer with 50 reflections (25 reflections while shifting in one direction and 25 reflections on the way back). Such analyzer provides a folded path with the effective flight path of 30 m. If 10 ns turn around time is indeed the only limiting factor, then resolution reaches R=50,000. Further extension of flight time is expected to improve resolution even more. A longer accumulation would cause some deterioration of the turn around time. However, the increase of space charge field and of the turn around time is expected to be slower than the increase of flight time.
Increasing storage time stresses the dynamic range of the detector. With an increased time-of-flight in MR-TOF and more efficient ion utilization, ions from up to 1 ms accumulation arrive to detector in short packets of 10-20 ns duration. To avoid saturation of detector and therefore loss of analytical parameters (such as mass accuracy, mass resolution, dynamic range, etc.), one may enhance dynamic range of detector by using a secondary electron multiplier (SEM) combined with analog-to-digital converter (ADC), rather than micro-channel plate detector (MCP) combined with time-to-digital converter (TDC). As one of embodiments, a hybrid detector could be employed, wherein a single micro-channel or micro-sphere plate is followed by a scintillator and photomultiplier. It is also proposed to use any combination of the following measures:
a) using SEM with two collectors sampling electrons at different stages of amplification or
b) using an arrangement with dual SEM combined with a rapid steering device and/or
c) using dual amplifiers connected to a pair of acquisition channels and/or
d) alternating between two different storage time in the intermediate or second storing trap, such that intensity of ion pulses varies between shots.
Note that MR-TOF is expected to have longer ion pulses (10-20 ns), compared to conventional TOF (1-3 ns). Lower bandwidth requirements make it easier to implement the means mentioned above.
Higher efficiency of ion usage in MR-TOF would cause faster aging of the detector. In order to increase life time of the detector and to enhance its dynamic range it is also proposed to use a pre-scan of mass spectrum at lowered storage times. From this pre-scan, a list of exceedingly intense peaks could be deduced and stored in the memory of instrument controller. This list could be used to control a pulsed ion selector. Pulsed ion selector could be incorporated in the detector or any of the deflectors or lenses or in the drift space of MR-TOF in any of the above embodiments. This selector is used to suppress ions with mass-to-charge ratio corresponding to intense ion peaks by deflecting or scattering a substantial portion of intense packets while they fly through the selector. It is also possible to divert these peaks to another detector with a substantially lower gain. Preferred embodiments of the selector include: Bradbury-Nielsen ion gate, parallel-plate deflector, a control grid within the ion detector (e.g. a grid between dynodes or microchannel plates pulsed to stop passage of secondary electrons through it). Suppression of ion intensity may be considered in calculation of actual ion intensity. The number of ions per shot may be then suppressed at any stage of ion storage or at MR-TOF or at the detector.
In addition to stressing and aging the detector an excessive amount of ions per pulse (above 2*105) is responsible for build up of space charge in storage devices. Various strategies may include a controlled suppression of ion beam intensity or a number of ions per pulse at stages of preliminary or secondary ion storage. Such controlled suppression may include selection of mass range of interest, removal of low mass ions, mass selective removal of the most intense ion components, for example by exciting their secular motion in RF trapping device and causing selective loss of those ions.
The above-described scheme of MR-TOF MS combined with ion trap source allows 100% conversion of continuous ion beam into ion packets. Besides, achievable parameters of ion packets allow a complete transmission of ions through the novel MR-TOF MS and if turn around time is the major limiting factor then it still allows reaching a 50,000 resolution within a 1 m long instrument. Those parameters exceed resolution and sensitivity of existing o-TOF MS as well as superior to that of the existing MR-TOF MS
Stable ion confinement in the multi-reflecting analyzer and within a set of periodic lenses improves sensitivity and resolution of MR-TOF and allows a prolonged ion separation. Those properties of novel analyzer could be very useful in tandem mass spectrometer with parallel MS-MS analysis, described in a co-pending application WO2004008481 of one of the authors and incorporated here by the reference. Here we introduce a set of periodic lenses into a first multiple reflecting analyzer of TOF-TOF tandem, thus improving both sensitivity and resolution of parallel MS-MS analysis.
Referring to
The fragmentation cell 152 is a fast fragmentation cell, described in details in a co-pending patent application. Preferably the fragmentation cell comprises a short (5-30 mm) RF quadrupole 158 for radial ion confinement, as well as auxiliary DC electrodes 159 and an exit aperture 160 to form a time dependent axial electric field. The quadrupole is surrounded by an inner cell 156, filled with gas at a relatively high gas pressure (0.1-1 Torr) via port 157. To reduce gas load on MR-TOF the space around the cell 156 is pumped by turbo pump 155. To enhance ion transmission the inner cell is supplied with focusing lenses 154 on both ends.
The orthogonal TOF 161 is a conventional device, well described in the art. It comprises an orthogonal acceleration stage 163 with a pulsing electrode 162 and an in-line detector 164, a pump 165, an electrically floated field free region 166, an ion mirror 167 and a TOF ion detector 168. The orthogonal acceleration is preferably made of flat electrodes with slits oriented along the entering ion beam. The orthogonal TOF differs from most conventional instruments by a shorter ion path (0.3-0.5 m) and a higher acceleration voltage (above 5 kv) to provide for a fast fragment analysis at about 10 us time. In operation, pulsed ion source 51 periodically (say, once per 10 ms) generates bursts of parent ions, converting continuous ion flux from ion source 61 into ion pulses by storing and ejecting ions out of the second storage device 82. The mixture of parent ions having different m/z ratios represents a mixture of different analyzed species. Ions are separated in time in the first analyzer 31 with an extended multiple folded ion path, exceeding 30 m. The analyzer operates at reduced ion energy about 50 to 100 eV to extend separation time to about 10 ms. The MR-TOF of the present invention is very well suited for ion separation at reduced energies and prolonged flight times. The analyzer tolerates high relative energy spread (up to 20%) by providing a high order time-of-flight focusing with respect to ion energy. It also provides an exceptional transmission at reduced ion energies. Ions are bounced in X direction and periodically focused in Z direction by ion mirrors. Simultaneously ions are retained along the jig-saw folded trajectory because of periodic focusing in a set of periodic lenses 17, thus providing periodic focusing in X direction. The ion flight path is extended by reflections in the edge deflector 33. Initially injected ions follow path 35. After steering in the edge deflector 32, ions follow trajectory 36 and experience multiple bounces between mirrors. The trajectory 36 approaches the second edge deflector 33 from the right. The edge deflector 33 steers ions such that they follow trajectory 37. Such steering reverts the direction of ion drift along Y-axis. The trajectory 37 again passes through multiple lenses and approaches to the edge deflector 32 from the left. The static edge deflector 32 steers the beam into the fragmentation cell 152. Note, that ion edge reflection is made using constant voltages. The flight path is doubled while retaining full mass range of the analyzer.
The deflectors could be used in a pulsed mode for several purposes:
Parent ions are introduced into fragmentation cell 152 at a kinetic energy (about 50 to 100 eV) sufficiently high for ion decomposition. As described in a co-pending invention the fragmentation cell is filled with gas, preferably at an elevated gas pressure above 0.1 Torr and the cell is kept short (about 1 cm). A higher (than usual 0.005 to 0.01 Torr) gas pressure in the cell requires an additional envelope of differential pumping with additional means of ion focusing either electrostatic lenses or an RF focusing devices. Ion transfer through the cell is accelerated by axial DC field or a moving-wave axial field. As a result ions pass the cell in about 20 us time, while spreading ion packet by less than 10 us. The same field allows periodic storing and pulse ejection of ions, or at least a substantial synchronous modulation of ion velocities.
Fragment ions are then ejected out of the cell and into the second TOF analyzer 161 for mass analysis. To improve efficiency of the second analyzer, ions are periodically bunched at about every 10 us at the exit of fragmentation cell 152 and those pulses are synchronized with pulses of the orthogonal acceleration 163 in o-TOF 161. The second analyzer 161 is adjusted to have a short flight time (10 to 30 us), which is expected to be achieved at a moderate flight path (less than 1 m) and high ion energies (above 5 kV). Drastically different time scales of two analyzers (at least 2 orders of magnitude) allow parallel MS-MS analysis of all parent ions. Fragments of different parent species are formed at a different time and a so-called time-nested data acquisition system is used to record separate fragment mass spectra without mixing them together.
Note, that in general the fragmentation cell may incorporate any RF storing device described in the art or in the present invention. By using storing and periodic pulse ejection of the cell one may equally well employ any other type of TOF MS, as long as it has short separation time, around 10 us. For example, another MR-TOF MS may be used as a second TOF analyzer, particularly if acceleration voltage is raised higher (say 5 kV) and flight path is adjusted short by using shift ion reflection.
The described MS-MS instrument is expected to have an extremely high throughput of MS-MS analysis (up to hundreds MS-MS spectra a second), particularly valuable in combination with on-line separation techniques. Such tandems are expected to be applied for analysis of extremely complex mixtures, like combinatorial libraries in pharmaceutical studies or peptide mixtures in proteome studies. The instrument has a limited mass resolving power (resolution) of both stages of mass analysis. Assuming 1 ns time resolution of TOF2 data system and 10 ms separation time in TOF1, the product of two mass resolving powers R1*R2 is less than 2.5*106, e.g. still making a powerful analytical combination of R1=300-500 and R2-3000-5000, considering capabilities of parallel MS-MS analysis. Note, that R1>300 is sufficient for separating between groups of isotopes of parent ions and R2>3000 is sufficient for charge state determination of moderate mass ions (m/z<2000 a.m.u.).
Resolution of both stages may be improved by using a larger separation time in TOF1. Stable retaining of ion beam in TOF1 would allow a much longer separation without losses in TOF1. Vacuum better than 10-11 Torr has been achieved in FTMS, allowing extension of flight time to minutes. However, a possibility of further extension of TOF1 separation time much beyond 10 ms is somehow limited by space charge effects in the pulsing ion trap. Space charge limit and limited storage time would not allow much higher resolution in both stages. As an example, combination of R1=100,000 and R2=100,000 with a product R1*R2=1010 would require 40 seconds storage time, requiring to store about 1010 ions generated by ESI source at such period. An ion cloud of 1 mm diameter would have space charge potential about 10 kV, impossible to trap. There are numerous ways of reaching a compromise by limiting number of ions in the trap below 106, either by limiting and controlling an ion injection time into a pulsing trap or by using a prior mass separation or by selective filtering out of abundant ion species. Such ion preparation steps could be made either in the intermediate ion guide 71 or in the second storage device 81.
Higher resolution of both MS stages seems to be incompatible with parallel analysis, since it requires ion losses by either attenuation of the entire beam (by limiting of injection time), or by separation of desired species or by filtering out of abundant species. However, it looks more promising to combine rapid screening at low resolution with subsequent data mining using a very high resolution in both stages. First step allows determining masses of parent ions of interest, while second analysis step is used for high precision and confident analysis of those species.
In operation, ions are stored in the pulsed ion source 51 and are ejected into the first MR-TOF analyzer 31A for time-of-flight separation. Separated ions or a portion of those ions are admitted by the timed ion gate 172 into the fragmentation cell 152, where ions undergo fragmentation. Periodically fragment ions are pulsed out of the cell 152 into the second MR-TOF analyzer 31B for mass analysis. Below are described two modes of operation of the tandem—a high throughput mode of parallel MS-MS analysis and a high-resolution mode of sequential MS-MS analysis.
In the first high throughput mode, the first analyzer is operated at a reduced ion energy controlled by potential of floatable field free region 14A, adjusted to about −50 V. Separation takes about 10 ms time and all parent ions are admitted into fragmentation cell 152. The timed ion gate 172 remains off while admitting parent ions, though could be used for suppression of low mass range containing majority of solvent ions and chemical background ions. The second analyzer is adjusted to a high ion energy, controlled by potential of the field free region 14B being held at about −5 kV, i.e. ion velocities are higher by one order of magnitude compared to the first analyzer. The flight path in the second analyzer is substantially reduced by using an additional deflector 173, reverting ion drift direction. Ions experience only two reflections in ion mirrors 15B and are directed into the detector 34B. Typical flight path of fragment ions becomes approximately 0.5 m i.e. almost 2 orders of magnitude shorter compared to the first MR-TOF 31A. Time scales are different by almost 3 orders of magnitude, which allow an earlier described parallel MS-MS analysis of multiple parent ions with a time-nested data acquisition. Such analysis allows rapid allocation of parent ions having a range of desired fragments (for example, for peptides composed of amino acids it is determined by the presence of the so-called immonium ions). The information on parent ion masses could be used for accelerating of detailed MS-MS analysis in the second analysis mode with a higher resolution and higher specificity.
In the second high resolution mode, both MR-TOF analyzers are operated at an elevated energy and resolution. The energy is adjusted by applying negative high voltage potential (say −5 kV) to both field free regions 14A and 14B. At typical flight path of 30 m, flight time appears around 1 ms. As a result, the frequency of a pulsed ion source needs to be adjusted to 1 kHz. Extraction pulses in the second storage device are adjusted to provide for much higher strength of electric field, similar to those employed in a high resolution MR-TOF MS. A higher voltage (say −5 kV) pulses are applied to exit aperture 92 with corresponding positive high voltage pulses (+5 kV) being applied to auxiliary electrodes 84. Higher strength of electric field causes proportional reduction of turn around time (to 5 to 10 ns) and proportional enlargement of ion energy spread (100-200 eV), estimated in case of 0.5 mm size of ion cloud. Expected resolution of first MR-TOF analyzer is expected to be in the order of 50,000 to 100,000.
To select a single species of ions at such resolution one would need 0.3 mm spatial resolution of timed ion selector, reachable with Bradbery-Nielsen gate—a device composed of two alternated rows of wires, located in one plane. By applying a short 10-30 ns pulse between two rows a short pulse of ions is admitted through the gate, while other species are steered and would be lost at a subsequent stop. As an example, timed ion gate is located near the first lens and in the plane of intermediate time-of-flight focusing. A 1000 V pulse applied to wires steers 10 kV ions by 3 degrees (1/20), which is sufficient to miss 1 mm entrance aperture 153 of the CID cell. The resolution of parent ion selection may be further improved by using multiple edge reflections with simultaneous extension of the flight path and flight time in the first MR-TOF. The associated shrinking of mass range is no longer important, since the gate admits one m/z of parent ions anyway. In this case it is also desirable to reduce the energy spread of parent ions below 50 eV at the cost of a larger turn-around time, which may be compensated by a longer flight path, lower acceleration energy and longer flight time in the first analyzer.
Mass selected parent ions are decelerated to about 50-100 eV and are focused at the entrance aperture of the fragmentation cell 152. Injection at such energies causes fragmentation of selected parent ions. Fragments are stored in the fragmentation cell 152 by RF confinement in RF trap 157 and by arranging axial DC well, formed by DC potentials of auxiliary electrodes and of the exit aperture. By applying electric pulses to those electrodes, the fragment ions are pulse ejected into the second MR-TOF for mass analysis. Parameters of ion pulse and of the second analyzer are similar to those in the first MR-TOF. The CID cell may incorporate various elements and schemes of pulsed ion sources described earlier. Thus, mass analysis of fragments is expected at a high resolving power (resolution) about 50,000 to 100,000. The described tandem allows a complete usage of analysis time. While fragment cell 152 is emptied and fragment ions are mass separated in the second MR-TOF 31B the first analyzer 31A may be used for simultaneous selection of parent ions and injection into the fragmentation cell.
Multiple usage of MR-TOF also requires minor adjustment of deflection regimes in the MR-TOF. Let us consider an example of tandem 181 which employs the cell 182 for ion fragmentation. At a stage of parent separation, both deflectors 32 and 33 stay on at constant steering potentials. Ions follow the sequence of trajectories 35, 36, 37 and 39. Timed ion gate 172 admits ions of interest into the cell along the trajectory 39. Ions are decelerated to about 50-100 eV and undergo fragmentation. Fragments are stored by RF fields on electrodes 187 and DC trapping potential formed by entrance aperture 184, auxiliary electrodes 188 and the back electrode 189. After sufficient predetermined delay ions are collisional dampened and are pulse ejected out of the cell towards the MR-TOF. They follow the revert trajectory 39, then 37. However, at about the time of ion ejection from the cell the deflector 33 is switched into a different deflecting mode. Ions are steered at half angle, bounce from the right mirror along the trajectory 190 and revert their motion along trajectory 37 and then 39. Then either deflector 32 is turned off to pass all the ions onto the off-line detector 34 or timed ion selector 172 is used to select daughter ions of interest to pass them into fragmentation cell for further steps of MSn analysis. Similarly, if storage ion guide 73 or 83 is used for ion fragmentation, the returning of ions into the storage device could be arranged by deflector 33, deflecting ions at half angle. After straight reflection in the mirror ions would return along the same trajectory 36. This allows passing ions between fragmentation cell and MR-TOF analyzer for a desired number of cycles. Again, multiple edge deflections could be used to enhance selection of single specimen. A dual storage arrangement also allows saving on ion duty cycle by storing continuously coming ions in the first compartment, while using the second compartment for a pulse ejection of prestored ions and then for ion fragmentation in a multi-stage MS-MS analysis.
The described preferred embodiment is meant to be an explanatory example, not intended to be limiting. Further, it may be apparent to those skillful of the art that numerous changes could be made while staying within the spirit and principle of the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0314568.7 | Jun 2003 | GB | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2004/019593 | 6/18/2004 | WO | 00 | 12/20/2005 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2005/001878 | 1/6/2005 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4072862 | Mamyrin et al. | Feb 1978 | A |
| 4963736 | Douglas et al. | Oct 1990 | A |
| 5017780 | Kutscher et al. | May 1991 | A |
| 5070240 | Lee et al. | Dec 1991 | A |
| 5202563 | Cotter et al. | Apr 1993 | A |
| 5763878 | Franzen | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5847386 | Thomson et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 6020586 | Dresch et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6107625 | Park | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6111250 | Thomson et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6331702 | Krutchinsky et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6504150 | Verentchikov et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6545268 | Verentchikov et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6670606 | Verentchikov et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6674069 | Martin et al. | Jan 2004 | B1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1237044 | Sep 2002 | EP |
| 2080021 | Jul 1981 | GB |
| 2361353 | Oct 2001 | GB |
| 2378312 | Feb 2003 | GB |
| 198034 | Dec 1967 | SU |
| 1681340 | Sep 1991 | SU |
| 1725289 | Apr 1992 | SU |
| 1725289 | Apr 1992 | SU |
| WO 9103071 | Mar 1991 | WO |
| WO 9930350 | Jun 1999 | WO |
| WO 0178106 | Oct 2001 | WO |
| WO 2004008481 | Jan 2004 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20070029473 A1 | Feb 2007 | US |
