Patent Application
20070023677
Mass spectrometers work by ionizing molecules and then sorting and identifying the molecules based on their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios. Two key components in this process include the ion source, which generates ions, and the mass analyzer, which sorts the ions.
Several different types of ion sources are available for mass spectrometers. Each ion source has particular advantages and is suitable for use with different classes of compounds. Different types of mass analyzers are also used. Each has advantages and disadvantages depending upon the type of information needed.
Much of the advancement in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) over the last ten years has been in the development of new ion sources and techniques that ionize analyte molecules and separate the resulting ions from the mobile phase. Earlier LC/MS systems performed at sub-atmospheric pressures or under partial vacuum, whereas API occurs at atmospheric pressure. In addition, historically in these older systems all components were generally under vacuum, whereas API occurs external to the vacuum and the ions are then transported into the vacuum.
Electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) are two very different ionization processes with a common element of forming ions at atmospheric pressure. It is highly desirable to provide an ion source that can effectively and efficiently produce both ESI and APCI ions using a single ionization chamber and nebulizer. This type of design presents a number of challenges. For instance, one significant challenge includes the ability to simultaneously generate the required electric fields to produce ESI and APCI ions and provide sufficient drying without physically contacting the charged ESI aerosol. A second important challenge is the ability of a device to effectively ionize and characterize particular organic or biological molecules that are of interest to the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry. These and other problems provided by the art have been overcome by the present invention.
The invention provides a method for detecting an analyte using a multimode ionization source. The method comprises applying the analyte to an electrospray ionization source to produce a charged aerosol, drying the charged aerosol with an infrared emitter adjacent to the electrospray ionization source, ionizing the dried aerosol using an atmospheric pressure ionization source downstream from the electrospray ionization source and detecting ions from the charged aerosol. The method has broad application for producing and detecting ions. For instance, the method may be applied to detecting a natural product, steroid or other organic molecules. The method may be employed with an ion source or mass spectrometry system.
Before describing the invention in detail, it must be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a conduit” includes more than one “conduit”. Reference to an “electrospray ionization source” or an “atmospheric pressure ionization source” includes more than one “electrospray ionization source” or “atmospheric pressure ionization source”. In describing and claiming the present invention, the following terminology will be used in accordance with the definitions set out below.
The term “adjacent” means near, next to or adjoining. Something adjacent may also be in contact with another component, surround (i.e. be concentric with) the other component, be spaced from the other component or contain a portion of the other component. For instance, a “drying device” that is adjacent to a nebulizer may be spaced next to the nebulizer, may contact the nebulizer, may surround or be surrounded by the nebulizer or a portion of the nebulizer, may contain the nebulizer or be contained by the nebulizer, may adjoin the nebulizer or may be near the nebulizer.
The term “analyte” refers to any organic based molecule, natural product, steroid, or their derivative that is capable of being ionized.
The term “conduit” refers to any sleeve, capillary, transport device, dispenser, nozzle, hose, pipe, plate, pipette, port, orifice, orifice in a wall, connector, tube, coupling, container, housing, structure or apparatus that may be used to receive or transport ions or gas.
The term “complex analyte” refers to a mixture of solvent and sample molecules. Solvents include typical solvents known in the art to be used and employed with mass spectrometry. Sample molecules include and are not limited to natural products, organic molecules and their derivatives. For instance, sample molecules may include and not be limited to: taxols, steroids, reserpines, porgesterones, estrogens, hormones, peptide, proteins, nucleic acids, nucleotides, sulfa drugs, sulfonamides, cancer drugs, paclitaxel, tolazmide, uracil, procainamide, phenylbutazones, morins, lidocaines, caffeine drugs, iodipamide, labetalol, gemfibrizol, cortisones, acetazolamides, aminobenzoates, indoles, hydroflumethiazides, azides, sulfamethoxazoles, various diones, and other similar type molecules that may be difficult to conduct mass spectrometry on.
The term “corona needle” refers to any conduit, needle, object, or device that may be used to create a corona discharge.
The term “molecular longitudinal axis” means the theoretical axis or line that can be drawn through the region having the greatest concentration of ions in the direction of the spray. The above term has been adopted because of the relationship of the molecular longitudinal axis to the axis of the conduit. In certain cases a longitudinal axis of an ion source or electrospray nebulizer may be offset from the longitudinal axis of the conduit (the theoretical axes are orthogonal but not aligned in 3 dimensional space). The use of the term “molecular longitudinal axis” has been adopted to include those embodiments within the broad scope of the invention. To be orthogonal means to be aligned perpendicular to or at approximately a 90 degree angle. For instance, the “molecular longitudinal axis” may be orthogonal to the axis of a conduit. The term substantially orthogonal means 90 degrees±20 degrees. The invention, however, is not limited to those relationships and may comprise a variety of acute and obtuse angles defined between the “molecular longitudinal axis” and longitudinal axis of the conduit.
The term “nebulizer” refers to any device known in the art that produces small droplets or an aerosol from a liquid.
The term “first electrode” refers to an electrode of any design or shape that may be employed adjacent to a nebulizer or electrospray ionization source for directing or limiting the plume or spray produced from an ESI source, or for increasing the field around the nebulizer to aid charged droplet formation.
The term “second electrode” refers to an electrode of any design or shape that may be employed to direct ions from a first electrode toward a conduit. The term “drying device” refers to any heater, nozzle, hose, conduit, ion guide, concentric structure, infrared (IR) lamp, u-wave lamp, heated surface, turbo spray device, or heated gas conduit that may dry or partially dry an ionized vapor. Drying the ionized vapor is important in maintaining or improving the sensitivity of the instrument.
The term “ion source” or “source” refers to any source that produces analyte ions.
The term “ionization region” refers to an area between any ionization source and a conduit.
The term “electrospray ionization source” refers to a nebulizer and associated parts for producing electrospray ions. The nebulizer may or may not be at ground potential. The term should also be broadly construed to comprise an apparatus or device such as a tube with an electrode that can discharge charged particles that are similar or identical to those ions produced using electrospray ionization techniques well known in the art.
The term “atmospheric pressure ionization source” refers to the common term known in the art for producing ions. The term has further reference to ion sources that produce ions at ambient pressure. Some typical ionization sources may include, but not be limited to electrospray, APPI and APCI ion sources.
The term “detector” refers to any device, apparatus, machine, component, or system that can detect an ion. Detectors may or may not include hardware and software. In a mass spectrometer the common detector includes and/or is coupled to a mass analyzer.
The term “sequential” or “sequential alignment” refers to the use of ion sources in a consecutive arrangement. Ion sources follow one after the other. This may or may not be in a linear arrangement.
The invention is described with reference to the figures. The figures are not to scale, and in particular, certain dimensions may be exaggerated for clarity of presentation.
Referring to
The first ion source 3 may comprise an atmospheric pressure ion source and the second ion source 4 may also comprise one or more atmospheric pressure ion sources. It is important to the invention that the first ion source 3 be an electrospray ion source or similar type device in order to provide charged droplets and ions in an aerosol form. In addition, the electrospray technique has the advantage of providing multiply charged species that can be later detected and deconvoluted to characterize large molecules such as proteins. The first ion source 3 may be located in a number of positions, orientations or locations within the multimode ion source 2. The figures show the first ion source 3 in an orthogonal arrangement to a conduit 37 (shown as a capillary). To be orthogonal means that the first ion source 3 has a “molecular longitudinal axis” 7 that is perpendicular to the conduit longitudinal axis 9 of the conduit 37 (See
The first ion source 3 (shown as an electrospray ion source in
The nebulizer 8 comprises a nebulizer conduit 19, a nebulizer cap 17 having a nebulizer inlet 42 and a nebulizer tip 20. The nebulizer conduit 19 has a longitudinal bore 28 that runs from the nebulizer cap 17 to the nebulizer tip 20 (figure shows the conduit in a split design in which the nebulizer conduit 19 is separated into two pieces with bores aligned). The longitudinal bore 28 is designed for transporting a sample 21 to the nebulizer tip 20 for the formation of the charged aerosol that is discharged into an ionization region 15. The nebulizer 8 has an orifice 24 for formation of the charged aerosol that is discharged to the ionization region 15. A drying device 23 provides a sweep gas to the charged aerosol produced and discharged from the nebulizer tip 20. The sweep gas may be heated and applied directly or indirectly to the ionization region 15. A sweep gas conduit 25 may be used to provide the sweep gas directly to the ionization region 15. The sweep gas conduit 25 may be attached or integrated with source housing 10 (as shown in
It should be noted that it is important to establish an electric field at the nebulizer tip 20 to charge the ESI liquid. The nebulizer tip 20 must be small enough to generate the high field strength. The nebulizer tip 20 will typically be 100 to 300 microns in diameter. In the case that the second ion source 4 is an APCI ion source, the voltage at the corona needle 14 will be between 500 to 6000 V with 4000 V being typical. This field is not critical for APPI, because a photon source usually does not affect the electric field at the nebulizer tip 20. If the second ion source 4 of the multimode ion source 2 is an APCI source, the field at the nebulizer needs to be isolated from the voltage applied to the corona needle 14 in order not to interfere with the initial ESI process. In the above mentioned embodiment (shown in
In one embodiment where the second ion source 4 is an APCI ion source, an optional first electrode 30 and a second electrode 33 are employed adjacent to the first ion source 3 (See
Since the electric fields are produced by potential differences, the choice of absolute potentials on electrodes is substantially arbitrary as long as appropriate potential differences are maintained. As an example, a possible set of potentials could be: the nebulizer tip 20 (+4 kV); the first electrode 30 (+3 kV); the second electrode 33 (+4 kV); the corona needle 14 (+7 kV); the conduit 37 (ground). Choices of potentials, though arbitrary, are usually dictated by convenience and by practical aspects of instrument design.
Use of APPI for the second ion source 4 is a different situation from use of APCI since it does not require electric fields to assist in the ionization process.
The electric field between the nebulizer tip 20 and the conduit 37 serves both to create the electrospray and to move the ions to the conduit 37, as in a standard electrospray ion source. A positive potential of, for example, one or more kV can be applied to the nebulizer tip 20 with the conduit 37 maintained near or at ground potential, or a negative potential of, for example, one or more kV can be applied to the conduit 37 with the nebulizer tip 20 held near or at ground potential (polarities are reversed for negative ions). In either case, the ultraviolet (UV) lamp 32 has very little influence on the electric field if it is at sufficient distance from the conduit 37 and the nebulizer tip 20. Alternatively, the lamp can be masked by another electrode or casing at a suitable potential of value between that of the conduit 37 and that of the nebulizer tip 20.
The drying device 23 is positioned adjacent to the nebulizer 8 and is designed for drying the charged aerosol that is produced by the first ion source 3. The drying device 23 for drying the charged aerosol is selected from the group consisting of an infrared (IR) lamp or emitter, a heated surface, a turbo spray device, a microwave lamp and a heated gas conduit. It should be noted that the drying of the ESI aerosol is a critical step. If the aerosol does not under go sufficient drying to liberate the nonionized analyte, the APCI or APPI process will not be effective. The drying must be done in such a manner as to avoid losing the ions created by electrospray. Ions can be lost by discharging to a surface or by allowing the ions to drift out of the useful ion sampling volume. The drying solution must deal with both issues. A practical means to dry and confine a charged aerosol and ions is to use hot inert gas. Electric fields are only marginally effective at atmospheric pressure for ion control. An inert gas will not dissipate the charge and it can be a source of heat. The gas can also be delivered such that is has a force vector that can keep ions and charged drops in a confined space. This can be accomplished by the use of gas flowing parallel and concentric to the aerosol or by flowing gas perpendicular to the aerosol. The drying device 23 may provide a sweep gas to the aerosol produced from the nebulizer tip 20. In one embodiment, the drying device 23 may comprise a gas source or other device to provide heated gas. Gas sources are well known in the art and are described elsewhere. The drying device 23 may be a separate component or may be integrated with the source housing 10. The drying device 23 may provide a number of gases by means of the sweep gas conduit 25. For instance, gases such as nitrogen, argon, xenon, carbon dioxide, air, helium, etc. may be used with the present invention. The gas need not be inert and should be capable of carrying a sufficient amount of energy or heat. Other gases well known in the art that contain these characteristic properties may also be used with the present invention. In other embodiments, the sweep gas and drying gas may have different or separate points of introduction. For instance, the sweep gas may be introduced by using the same conduits (as shown in
The second ion source 4 may comprise an APCI or APPI ion source.
The transport system 6 (shown generally in
The detector 11 is located downstream from the second ion source 4 (detector 11 is only shown in
Having described the invention and components in some detail, a description of exemplary operation of the above-described embodiments is in order. A method of producing ions using the multimode ionization source 2 comprises producing a charged aerosol by a first atmospheric pressure ionization source such as an electrospray ionization source; drying the charged aerosol produced by the first atmospheric pressure ionization source; ionizing the charged aerosol using a second atmospheric pressure ionization source; and detecting the ions produced from the multimode ionization source. Referring to
The inner chamber 50 comprises an enclosure for an infrared emitter 55 and may be of any convenient shape, size and material suitable for sufficiently drying the aerosol it receives and confining the heat generated by the infrared emitter 55 within its enclosed space. Suitable materials may include stainless steel, molybdenum, titanium, silicon carbide or other high-temperature metals.
The inner chamber 50 includes an opening 56 for providing exposure of the aerosol to the second atmospheric ionization source. In
The inner chamber 50 also includes an exit 58 leading to the exhaust port 12 and an interface 59 with the conduit 37. The interface 59 to the conduit opening may be an orifice, or the inner chamber may be sealingly coupled to the conduit 37 as shown. As the aerosol is heated and the analyte ions are desolvated from solvent molecules, the ions are attracted toward the conduit 37 via electrical fields while the solvent molecules are urged by the sweep of the aerosol toward the exhaust port 12. In the illustrated embodiment, the optional first electrode 30 and second electrode 33 are not shown, but they may be included and positioned in an area above the infrared emitter to aid in guiding the analyte ions through the inner chamber toward the conduit. In addition, the inner chamber may be grounded, or it may be maintained at a positive or negative voltage for electric field shaping purposes depending upon the polarity of the analyte ions.
The infrared emitter 55 is coupled to the inner chamber 50 and may comprise one or more infrared lamps that generate infrared radiation when electrically excited. The infrared lamps may be of various configurations and may also be positioned within the inner chamber 50 in various ways to maximize the amount of heat applied to the aerosol. For example, the infrared emitter may be configured using “flat” lamps placed on opposite sides or ends of the inner chamber 50 and extending longitudinally along its length to achieve an even distribution of radiation through the longitudinal length of the chamber (while
It is useful for the infrared emitter 55 to emit peak radiation intensity in a wavelength range that matches the absoprtion band of the solvent used in the aerosol. For many solvents, this absorption band lies between 2 and 6 microns. To emit infrared radiation at such wavelengths, the lamps may be operated at temperatures at or near 900 degrees Celsius. For example, the radiation absorption band of water (approx. 2.6 to 3.9 microns) has a peak in the range of 2.7 microns, so that when water is the solvent, it is advantageous to irradiate at or near that wavelength to maximize heating efficiency. Other solvents, such as alcohols and other organic solvents, may have absorption peaks at longer wavelengths, and thus it is more efficient, when using such solvents, to tune the peak infrared emission to longer wavelengths. It is to be understood, however, that a portion of the radiation emitted by the infrared emitter 55 normally lies outside of this “peak” band and encompasses both shorter and longer wavelengths.
The intensity of the infrared emission from the lamps is also controlled in a closed-loop manner to maintain the temperature within the inner chamber in a suitable range for desolvating the solvent molecules from the analyte ions. When the solvent is water, the temperature within the inner chamber is typically maintained in a range of about 120 to 160 degrees Celsius.
The inner surface of the inner chamber, which is exposed to radiation emitted by the lamps, may be reflective with respect to infrared radiation, by forming the inner chamber from a reflective material, such as polished stainless steel, or by providing a reflective coating on the inner surface. The reflective surface improves heating efficiency since radiation that would otherwise be absorbed by the surface of the inner chamber is reflected back within the chamber, where such radiation may contribute to heating and drying of the aerosol.
In the embodiment depicted, the corona needle 14 is oriented orthogonally with respect to the molecular axis of the aerosol and opposite from the conduit orifice 38, however, as noted above, this orientation may be other than orthogonal. As shown in cross-section, the shield 65 forms a cylinder that extends into the ionization region for about the length of the corona needle 14, and has an end surface 67 with an orifice 68. The corona needle tip 16 terminates just inside the corona needle shield 65 before the orifice 68. The diameter of the orifice 67 is dimensioned so that the electric field at the corona tip 16 is considerably more strongly influenced by the difference in voltage between the corona needle 14 and the shield 65 than by the voltage difference between the corona needle and the conduit 37, allowing the corona needle to be isolated from the external electric fields. This has the benefit that corona discharge current is relatively independent of the voltage applied at the conduit 37. Moreover, the shield 65 physically isolates the corona needle from the “wind” caused by the downstream flow or of the ionized aerosol from the ESI source, which might otherwise cause instability in the corona discharge, producing inconsistent results.
To generate the electric fields required to produce a corona discharge at typical voltage differences employed (e.g., approximately 3000 to 4000 V between the corona needle and the shield), the diameter of the orifice 68 of the shield may be about 5 millimeters so that there is a 2.5 millimeter radial gap between the tip and the end surface 67. The shield 65 can be operated at ground or floated as needed to maintain a stable corona discharge. However, these design parameters may be adjusted in accordance with voltages applied, the ambient gas employed, and other factors as would be readily understood by those of skill in the art.
It is also noted that while a drying device is not shown in
In this case both crystal violet ions (372.2, 358.2) and vitamin D3 ions (397.3, 379.3) are observed, demonstrating the effectiveness of using simultaneous operation of the two different ionization modes in ionizing different chemical species.
Sample Preparation:
Compounds for high throughput work and steroid analysis were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.) in the highest purity available. Samples were dissolved in methanol or DMSO and dilute with methanol to a concentration of 100 ng/μL. Compounds for the environmental analysis were obtained as standards from AccuStandard (New Haven, Conn.) and diluted in 80:20 water/methanol with 1% acetic acid to the desired concentration.
Instrument and Work:
Agilent technologies 1100 LC/MSD quadrupole system with a binary pump, isocratic pump, well plate autosampler, thermostatted column compartment with 10-port valve, and diode array detector, controlled via Agilent ChemStation running version B.01 software.
High Throughput Analysis:
LC conditions: Columns: two 4.6×15 mm Zorbax SB-C18 RR-HT, 1.8 μ 40° C.; Binary pump mobile phase: A=0.2% acetic acid/water, B=0.2% acetic acid/methanol. 1.5 mL/min; Binary pump gradient: 15% B at 0.01 min., 100% B at 1.00 min, 15% B at 1.01 min., stop run at 1.50 min; Isocratic pump mobile phase: 0.2% acetic acid in 15% methanol/85% water; 1.5 mL/min.; Injection volume: 0.1-1.0 μL:DAD: 250 nm, bandwidth 10 nm, reference off.
MSD conditions: Sources include a dedicated APCI, ESI or multimode source. Operating mode: positive, negative or positive/negative switching; Scan mode: 100-1100 m/z; APCI corona current: 4 μA positive or negative: Drying gas: 5 L/min. 350° C.; Vaporizer temperature: 200° C. (multimode) 350° C. (APCI); Capillary Voltage: +/−1500 V; Fragmentor: 120 V EM gain: 0.1-3.0 depending on sample amount.
Simultaneous ESI+APCI Operation:
Simultaneous ESI+APCI operations were conducted. Each component was determined to ionize primarily in one mode only (positive ESI, negative ESI, positive APCI, negative APCI). ESI and APCI ions were produced simultaneously by mixed mode operation. 2.1×30 mm Zorbax SB-C18, 3.5 μ, 65:35 MeOH/water with 0.2% acetic acid, 0.4 mL/min. alternating positive and negative SIM mode. The results showed the ability to run four components with one injection. See
Sensitivity Tests:
Sensitivity tests were also conducted using Reserpine as shown in FIGS. 14A-C. Reserpine injections: 2.1×30 mm SB-C18, 3.5 μ, 75:25 MeOH water with 5 mM ammonium formate, 0.4 mL/min.; positive mode SIM @609.3 m/z. The sensitivity of the multimode source was typically determined to be in the picogram range (See FIGS. 14A-C). The sensitivity was determined to be generally equivalent to a dedicated ESI or APCI source in single ionization mode, and within a factor of 5× in mixed mode. See
Thermally Labile Compound-Taxol:
Tests were also conducted on thermally labile compounds such as Taxol. Tests were conducted using positive mode with scanning from 100-1000 m/z. With Taxol only [M+H]+ ions formed with insignificant thermal decomposition with vaporizer temperature set to 150° C. Higher temperatures were shown to yield more thermal fragmentation. See
IR Heating Boosts APCI Response:
IR heating tests were conducted with APCI response. Replicate injections were performed using 100 ng diphenhydramine positive APCI mode; 2.1×30 mm Zorbax SB-C18; 3.5μ, 50:50 water; ACN, 0.4 mL/min.; SIM@ 167.1, 256.2 m/z. It was determined that spray for APCI needs more drying than for ESI for optimum performance. The IR emitters provide additional drying capacity to completely vaporize the HPLC effluent and analyte, yielding optimum response in APCI. See
Environmental Analysis:
Environmental analysis studies were also conducted using various dedicated sources. Compounds included 5 ng per component, positive/negative mixed mode analysis; 2.1×150 mm Zorbax XDB-C18, 3.5μ, 0.3 mL/min., water: MeOH gradient (3-90% MeOH) with 1 mM ammonium acetate; scan mode 130-330 m/z; sample dissolved in 80:20 water:MeOH containing 1% acetic acid, single injection of 5 uL. Tests were conducted on a variety of herbicide and pesticide classes. The results showed responses for all the components tested including: bipyridilium, herbicides, carbamates, phenylurea herbicides, triazines, phenols, chlorophenoxy acid herbicides. See
Underivatized Steroid Analysis:
Tests were conducted using underivatized steroids. About 100 ng per component were used with positive/negative mixed mode; 2.1×30 mm Zorbax SB-C18, 3.5μ, 0.4 mL/min. water: MeOH gradient (10-100% MeOH) containing 0.2% acetic acid; scan mode 165-600 m/z; 1 uL injection. The results showed that all steroids and levels could be detected. In addition, testosterone and progesterone were detected with high response. See
High Throughput Compound Detection:
Tests were conducted for high throughput compound detection. A variety of compounds and functional groups were tested. The results showed that the multimode source in mixed mode was capable of detecting all compounds while the single dedicated source could not. Results were also successful using larger screen and test samples. See
High Throughput Analysis Time:
High throughput analysis time were conducted and evaluated. Sample throughput was improved by alternating column regeneration (28% improvement); overlapped injection coupled with minimized delay volume (29% improvement); mixed mode ESI+APCI operation (50% improvement). 96 samples were analyzed in ESI+APCI mode, positive/negative switching in less than three hours.
Steroids and their derivatives, both endogenous and xenobiotic have a wide variety of chemical substituents. Many steroids are administered for medical purposes (wounds, rehabilitation, anti-inflammation); some are abused (anabolic steroids in sports or as performance enhancers); and many find their way into the environment. Along the way, they may be biologically or chemically modified to make yet other steroid variants. Detecting steroids and their derivatives in a wide variety of biological, chemical, or environmental matrices using MS techniques is a challenge. This is especially problematic when the steroid does not ionize well using a traditional ion source, and chemical derivitization is often employed to functionalize the analyte for successful detection.
Tests were conducted on a variety of steroids and derivatives. A single quadrupole system and a multimode ion source were comparatively tested. The multimode source was capable of positive/negative simultaneous ESI and APCI ionization. Significant responses were obtained using a test mixture containing a variety of keto, hydroxyl, fluoride, phenolic, sulfate, and carboxylic acid functional groups. Responses are shown in the figures and were obtained in scan mode for all ten present steroids. The source parameters were altered programmatically during the run to optimize the response for the steroid currently eluting. Typical detection limits were in the mid to low picogram range in SIM mode. See
Taxol is a natural product derived from Yew tree bark. This natural product is of great interest because of its anti-cancer properties. It is an interesting ionization challenge due to its sensitivity to heat and its inability to be easily ionized. Various modes were tested using a multimode source with IR lamps. It can be seen that there is signal observed in MM-APCI mode, but there is a strong [M+H]+ signal in both MM-ESI and MM-Mixed mode with little sodium adduction or thermal fragments. FIGS. 15A-C show the comparison of the modes and the various resulting spectra.
Tests for sensitivity were also conducted on reserpine. Reserpine is routinely used as a quick benchmark for instrument sensitivity. FIGS. 14A-C show the test results for the combination source operated in MM-APCI only, MM-ESI only and MM-Mixed mode. Five injections of reserpine were made onto a column and the peak to peak signal to noise ratio was calculated for each peak and averaged. The APCI-only mode of operation gave a signal to noise of 25 at 5 picograms of reserpine. The ESI-only mode gave a signal to noise of 33 at 2 picograms of reserpine. The ESI+APCI mode of operation gave a signal to noise of 28 at 2 picograms of reserpine. The data shows that the APCI mode of operation is 2.5X less sensitive than the ESI and ESI+APCI mode of operation. The data shown here is 2X less sensitive than would be expected for a dedicated ESI source.
It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the specific embodiments thereof, that the foregoing description as well as the examples that follow are intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention. Other aspects, advantages and modifications within the scope of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains.
All patents, patent applications, and publications infra and supra mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
