Near infrared optical interference filters with improved transmission

Abstract

An interference filter includes a layers stack comprising a plurality of layers of at least: layers of amorphous hydrogenated silicon with added nitrogen (a-Si:H,N) and layers of one or more dielectric materials, such as SiO2, SiOx, SiOxNy, a dielectric material with a higher refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive, or so forth. The interference filter is designed to have a passband center wavelength in the range 750-1000 nm inclusive. Layers of a dielectric material with a higher refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive provide a smaller angle shift compared with a similar interference filter using SiO2 as the low index layers.

Description

FIELD OF USE

The following disclosure relates to the optical arts, optical filter arts, and related arts.

BACKGROUND

A known transmission interference filter employs a stack of alternating silicon and silicon dioxide (SiO₂) layers. Such devices are known for use in the short wave and mid wave infrared down to about 1100 nm, as both silicon and SiO₂ are transparent in this range. The lower wavelength threshold (corresponding to the upper photon energy threshold) is controlled by the onset of absorption by the silicon, which in its crystalline form has a bandgap of about 1.12 eV. A key advantage of silicon in these devices is its high refractive index. The spectral profile of an optical interference filter is, among other things, dependent on the angle of illumination. As the angles increase the filters shift to shorter wavelength. This angular shift is dependent on the materials used and the distribution of those materials. Higher refractive index results in less angle shift. For narrow band filters the amount of angle shift limits the useful bandwidth of the filter when used in optical systems. In systems with large angular acceptance angles a filter constructed such as to yield low angular shift can have a narrower passband and hence greater noise rejection than one constructed of materials with lower refractive index.

To extend device operation into the near infrared, it is further known to hydrogenate the silicon, so as to employ alternating layers of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and SiO₂. By hydrogenating the silicon, the material loss and refractive index are reduced. By this approach, very high performance interference filters operating in the 800-1000 nm range are achievable.

Some improvements are disclosed herein.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The disclosure relates to an interference filter comprising a stack of a plurality of layers of at least one layer of amorphous hydrogenated silicon and at least one layer of one or more dielectric materials having a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the amorphous hydrogenated silicon wherein the layers of one or more dielectric materials include layers of a dielectric material having a refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive.

In some embodiments, the interference filter includes a stack of a plurality of layers of at least layers of amorphous hydrogenated silicon with optimally added nitrogen (a Si:H,N) and layers of one or more dielectric materials, such as SiO2, SiOx, SiOxNy, a dielectric material with a higher refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive. The interference filter is designed to have a passband center wavelength in the range 750 to 1000 nm inclusive. Layers of a dielectric material with a higher refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive provide a smaller angle shift compared with a similar interference filter using SiO2 as the low index layers.

These and other non-limiting characteristics of the disclosure are more particularly disclosed below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following is a brief description of the drawings, which are presented for purposes of illustrating the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein and not for purposes of limiting the same. A preferred embodiment of the invention shall now be described with reference to the accompanying Figures wherein:

FIG. 1 diagrammatically shows a sputter deposition system for fabricating near infrared optical interference filters with improved transmission and/or reduced angular shift as disclosed herein.

FIG. 2 diagrammatically shows the impact of hydrogenation on the optical properties (transmission and refractive index) of amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H).

FIG. 3 diagrammatically shows the impact of nitrogen additive on the optical properties (transmission and refractive index) of a-Si:H of fixed hydrogenation level.

FIG. 4 diagrammatically shows an interference filter suitably manufactured using the sputter deposition system of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A more complete understanding of the processes and apparatuses disclosed herein can be obtained by reference to the accompanying drawings. These figures are merely schematic representations based on convenience and the ease of demonstrating the existing art and/or the present development, and are, therefore, not intended to indicate relative size and dimensions of the assemblies or components thereof.

The present disclosure may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of desired embodiments and the examples included therein. In the following specification and the claims which follow, reference will be made to a number of terms which shall be defined to have the following meanings.

The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

Numerical values in the specification and claims of this application should be understood to include numerical values which are the same when reduced to the same number of significant figures and numerical values which differ from the stated value by less than the experimental error of conventional measurement technique of the type described in the present application to determine the value.

All ranges disclosed herein are inclusive of the recited endpoint and independently combinable (for example, the range of “from 800-1100 nm” is inclusive of the endpoints, 800 nm and 1100 nm, and all the intermediate values).

As used herein, approximating language, such as “about” and “substantially,” may be applied to modify any quantitative representation that may vary without resulting in a change in the basic function to which it is related. The modifier “about” should also be considered as disclosing the range defined by the absolute values of the two endpoints. For example, the expression “from about 2 to about 4” also discloses the range “from 2 to 4.” The term “about” may refer to plus or minus 10% of the indicated number.

The disclosure relates to near infrared optical interference filters with improved transmission.

As previously noted, an interference filter comprising a stack of layer units with hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H) layers is used for operation in the near infrared (800-1250 nm), because the hydrogenation of the silicon decreases the absorption losses (both from intrinsic silicon and disorder induced) sufficiently to provide acceptable filter transmission characteristics in the passband. With brief reference to FIG. 2, it is recognized herein that this approach for the near-infrared has a substantial disadvantage. As seen in diagrammatic FIG. 2, for a fixed wavelength in the infrared (e.g. in the range 800-1100 nm), increasing hydrogenation of the a-Si:H (that is to say, increasing the hydrogen content of the a-Si:H) does decrease the loss—however it also decreases the refractive index of the a-Si:H as diagrammatically depicted in FIG. 2.

The performance of narrow band interference filters for high numerical aperture optical systems is a compromise between obtaining high transmission with the low angle shift in the near infrared region where the material characteristics are changing rapidly. High transmission corresponds to low extinction coefficient (obtainable with high amounts of hydrogen) while small angle shift is achieved by high refractive index (obtainable with small amounts of hydrogen).

With brief reference to FIG. 3, the disclosed improvement pertains to adding a controlled amount of nitrogen to the a-Si:H layers of Si-based interference filters for use in the near-infrared (800-1100 nm). Said another way, this improvement entails substituting a-Si:H,N for a-Si:H. As diagrammatically shown in FIG. 3, for a fixed wavelength in the infrared (e.g. in the range 800-1100 nm), and for a given (fixed) level of hydrogenation, adding nitrogen increases the transmission with a reduced concomitant reduction in refractive index. The impact of adding nitrogen on the refractive index is much less than the impact of hydrogenation, especially for nitrogen fractions in the range of 10% nitrogen or lower. Accordingly, this modification enables fabrication of near-infrared interference filters operating in the range 800-1100 nm with improved control of the angular shift, peak transmission and filter bandwidth.

On the other hand, for a given passband width, substituting a-Si:H,N for a-Si:H can provide improved transmission in the passband. In this approach, substituting a-Si:H,N for a-Si:H enables fabrication of near-infrared interference filters with improved transmission in the passband as compared with equivalent a-Si:H-based device having the same refractive index step (and hence the same spectral passband width). Indeed, the inventors have found that in this design paradigm the practical operational range of such filters can be extended down to 750 nm.

The skilled artisan will recognize that the spectral range encompassed by the disclosed a-Si:H,N based interference filters encompasses passbands of technological importance, such as the 850 nm optical data communications window.

In some interference filters applications operating in this range, another consideration is the angle shift of the passband. Conceptually, the angular shift results from the light ray path length through a layer increasing with increasing angular deviation away from normal incidence. This increase in path length corresponds to a change in the phase retardation, which affects constructive/destructive interference so as to introduce the angle shift. If the normal incidence path length through a layer is d_L, then the path length though the layer at an angle θ_L in the material (measured off the normal, i.e. θ_L=0 for normal incidence) is d′_L=d_L/cos(θ_L). As θ_L is related to the angle-of-incidence θ of light impinging upon the interference filter according to Snell's law, and assuming the ambient is air (n=1), this leads to θ_L=arcsin(θ/n_L) where n_L is the refractive index of the layer. Using the identity cos(u)=√{square root over (1−(sin(u))²)} enables this to be written as

$d_L^{\prime }=d_L/\sqrt{1-{\left(\frac{\theta }{n_L}\right)}^2}.$ It is thus seen that the angular shift effect is made worse by a small refractive index n_L of the layer.

In conventional interference filter design, it is typically desired to maximize the refractive index contrast between the high index layers and the low index layers. In silicon-based interference filters, the high refractive index layers are a-Si:H (which could be replaced by a-Si:H,N as disclosed herein) while silicon dioxide (SiO₂ having n˜1.4-1.5) serves as the low refractive index layers. However, it is disclosed herein to obtain reduced angular shift in interference filters operating in the 750-1000 nm range by substituting a higher refractive index material for SiO₂ in some or all low index layers of the interference filter. In some contemplated embodiments, the substitute layer is a dielectric layer that has a refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive. Some suitable Si-compatible materials providing these values include silicon nitride (Si₃N₄ having n−2.0-2.2), silicon oxynitride (SiO_xN_y with y large enough to provide a refractive index of 1.9 or higher), tantalum pentoxide (Ta₂O₅ having n˜2.1-2.2), niobium pentoxide (Nb₂O₅ having n˜2.3-2.4), or titanium dioxide (TiO₂ having n˜2.6). In illustrative embodiments shown herein, silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) is used. The high index a-Si:H or a-Si:H,N layer should have hydrogen (and optionally nitrogen) content sufficient to provide the desired refractive index contrast with the low index layers.

Moreover, to obtain a desired low angle shift for a design-specification angle it may be sufficient to replace only some SiO₂ layers of the stack with the higher index dielectric material (e.g. Si₃N₄). Optical design software (e.g. a ray tracing simulator) can be used to optimize layer placement and thicknesses for materials with known refractive index in order to achieve desired center band, bandwidth, and angle shift design basis characteristics.

With reference now to FIG. 1, a suitable manufacturing system is described. The illustrative system employs sputter deposition—however, other deposition methods are contemplated, such as vacuum evaporation, electron-beam evaporation, or so forth. In general, either a.c. or d.c. sputtering may be used. The illustrative sputter deposition system includes a process chamber 10 containing a sputter target holder 12 and a substrate carousel 14. For the illustrative deposition, a silicon target 16 (e.g. silicon wafer 16) is mounted in the sputter target holder 12. One or more substrates 20 are loaded into the substrate carousel 14. The substrate(s) 20 are suitably of a material, such as glass, silica, or alumina, that is transparent in the wavelength range of interest (e.g. 800-1000 nm, or 750-1000 nm).

In sputter deposition, energetic particles are directed toward the target 16 (in this case a silicon target 16), which particles have sufficient energy to remove (i.e. “sputter”) material off the target, which then transfers (ballistically and/or under the influence of a magnetic or electric field) to the surface of the substrate(s) 20 so as to coat the substrates 20 with the sputtered material. The illustrative sputter deposition system employs argon (Ar) gas from an illustrative Ar gas bottle 22 or from another argon source as the energetic particles. An ionizing electric field generated by applying a negative bias (−V) to the target 16 in order to ionize argon atoms which then bombard the negatively biased target 16 under influence of the electric field generated by the −V voltage bias in order to produce the sputtering. The substrate(s) 20, on the other hand, are biased more positively as compared with the target 16, e.g. the substrate(s) 20 are grounded in the illustrative sputter system of FIG. 1. In this illustrative configuration, the target 16 is the cathode, and the chamber 10 (and/or the substrate(s) 20, e.g. in some embodiments the substrate carousel 14 may be grounded) is the anode, of an electric circuit. While argon is the sputtering gas in the illustrative embodiment, other inert gases that can be ionized could be alternatively used, such as xenon.

To deposit silicon dioxide, an oxygen (O₂) bottle 24 or other oxygen source is provided. To deposit amorphous hydrogenated silicon with nitrogen additive (a-Si:H,N), a hydrogen (H₂) bottle 26 or other hydrogen source (for example, ammonia, NH₄, or silane, SiH₄) and a nitrogen (N₂) bottle 30 or other nitrogen source are provided. A (diagrammatically indicated) gas inlet manifold 32 is provided in order to admit a desired gas mixture into the process chamber 10 during the sputter deposition process. Flow regulators 34 are adjustable to set the flow of Ar, O₂, H₂, and N₂, respectively. The process chamber 10 is also connected with a suitable exhaust 36 (e.g. with scrubbers or the like) to discharge gas from the chamber 10. It is contemplated to substitute other gas sources for the illustrative O₂, H₂, and N₂ bottles. Other suitable nitrogen gas sources include ammonia (NH₄) or hydrazine (N₂H₄). When using a gas source such as ammonia or hydrazine which includes both nitrogen and hydrogen, calibrations should be performed to account for the relative incorporation of nitrogen and hydrogen into the a-Si:H,N layer. Process parameters such as substrate temperature, target bias (−V), process chamber pressure, total flow rate, and so forth may impact relative incorporate of nitrogen versus hydrogen. Two valves VA, VB are provided to switch between depositing SiO₂ and a-Si:H,N. The valve VA controls admission of oxygen from the oxygen source 24 into the gas inlet manifold 32, while the valve VB controls admission of the hydrogen/nitrogen mixture from the hydrogen and nitrogen sources 26, 30. To enable rapid switching between SiO₂ deposition and a-Si:H,N deposition, the valves VA, VB are automated valves whose actuators are controlled by an electronic sputtering controller 40 in accordance with a filter recipe 42. For example, the sputtering controller 40 may comprise digital-to-analog (D/A) converters, a high voltage source, and a microprocessor or microcontroller programmed to operate the D/A converters generate electrical actuation signals to open or close respective valves VA, VB in accordance with the filter recipe 42 and to operate the voltage source to apply the voltage −V to the target/cathode 16. A lower right-hand inset table 50 shown in FIG. 1 summarizes the settings for valves VA, VB to deposit SiO₂ and a-Si:H,N, respectively. To deposit SiO₂ the valve VA is open to admit oxygen to the gas inlet manifold 32 while the valve VB is closed to turn off the hydrogen and nitrogen sources. The resulting process gas is an argon/oxygen mixture. To deposit a-Si:H,N the valve VA is closed to block the oxygen and the valve VB is opened to admit process gas comprising an argon/hydrogen/nitrogen mixture to the gas inlet manifold 32. Note that the argon source 22 is connected to the gas inlet manifold 32 independently from the valves VA, VB. Separate manually operable shut-off valves (not shown) are typically provided for each gas source 22, 24, 26, 30 to enable manual shut-off of each gas source independently from the automatic valves VA, VB.

If it is further desired to substitute a higher refractive index material for some of the low index layers, additional gas sources may be provided along with suitable valving. In the illustrative system of FIG. 1, an additional nitrogen (N₂) bottle 25 or other nitrogen source are provided, controlled by a valve VC, in order to deposit silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) layers. As further indicated in the table 50, deposition of Si₃N₄ is obtained when valve VC is open and both valves VA and VB are closed. As with deposition of SiO₂, the silicon component of the silicon nitride is supplied by the silicon-based sputtering target 20. The desired stoichiometry is set by the flow regulator on the nitrogen bottle 25 using suitable calibration runs. Although not shown in FIG. 1, it will be appreciated that a similar setup could be used to deposit SiO_xN_y with refractive index of 1.9 or higher, by opening both valves VA, VC with valve VB closed. To substitute a dielectric layer that does not contain silicon (e.g. Ta₂O₅, Nb₂O₅, or TiO₂), the target holder 12 may have multiple target slots which are loaded with a silicon target and also another slot loaded with a suitable target containing, e.g., tantalum, niobium, or titanium, for use in depositing the non-silicon containing dielectric layers. Alternatively, the tantalum, niobium, titanium, et cetera may be provided by a gas source or other source.

An illustrative interference filter fabrication process suitably performed using the fabrication system of FIG. 1 is described next. Initially, all gas sources 22, 24, 26, 30 are manually closed off, the process chamber 10 is brought to atmospheric pressure and opened, the target 16 is loaded onto the target holder 12, and the substrate(s) 20 are loaded onto the substrate carousel 14. The process chamber 10 is then closed and drawn down to a target vacuum level. As further setup, the flow regulators 34 are manually set to the desired flow rates. (Alternatively, it is contemplated for the flow regulators to be under automatic control of the sputtering controller 40, in which case the regulators are suitably set in accordance with values provided in the filter recipe).

Sputter deposition is initiated by flowing the appropriate process gas via the gas inlet manifold 32 and applying the cathode bias −V to the target 16 in order to ionize Ar atoms which are driven by the electric field to sputter silicon off the silicon target 16. The particular startup sequence depends upon the particular sputter deposition system and other design considerations: for example, in one approach the process gas flow is first initiated and then the cathode bias −V is applied to initiate sputter deposition; alternatively, the bias can be applied under an inert gas flow and sputter deposition initiated by admitting the appropriate process gas.

During sputtering, valves VA and VB (and optionally VC) are opened and closed in accord with the filter recipe 42 and the valve settings of table 50 in order to alternate between depositing SiO₂ (and/or optionally Si₃N₄) and a-Si:H,N layers. The layer thicknesses are controlled based on deposition time and a priori knowledge of deposition rates obtained from calibration depositions. Layer compositions are determined based on the process gas mixture controlled by the settings of the flow regulators 34 which are set based on calibration depositions (such calibration deposition should also include process parameters such as substrate temperature, target bias (−V), chamber pressure, and total flow rate in the calibration test matrix, as such parameters may also impact layer composition). After deposition of the stack of interference filter layers is completed, process gas flow and the bias voltage −V are removed (again, the particular shutdown sequence depends upon the particular deposition system and so forth), the process chamber 10 is brought up to atmospheric pressure, opened, and the coated substrates 20 are unloaded.

With reference to FIG. 4, a diagrammatic representation of a thusly fabricated interference filter 100 is shown. The filter includes the substrate 102 (e.g. the glass, silica, or alumina substrate initially loaded onto the substrate carousel 14) and alternating layers of a-Si:H,N 104 and SiO₂ 106 and/or Si₃N₄ 108. In the illustrative interference filter 100 the layer immediately adjacent the substrate 102 is an a-Si:H,N layer 104, but in other embodiments a dielectric layer may be immediately adjacent the substrate. In the illustrative interference filter 100 the topmost layer is an a-Si:H,N layer 104, but in other embodiments a dielectric layer may be the topmost layer. The illustrative stack includes an instance of immediately adjacent SiO₂/Si₃N₄ layers, which may be included if in accord with the design. The illustrative interference filter 100 includes layer stacks 110, 112 on opposite sides of the substrate 102—to manufacture such a device, the sputtering chamber may need to be opened and the substrates “flipped over” on the substrate carousel 14. (Alternatively, the substrate carousel 14 may be configured to enable such a maneuver to be performed robotically without breaking open the chamber). Such a filter with two filter sides 110, 112 may, for example, be a passband filter in which the stack on one side is a high-pass filter and the stack on the other side is a low-pass filter—a passband is then defined by a wavelength range that is both above the high pass filter cut-off and below the low-pass filter cutoff.

A known application of this kind of filter is in applications using silicon detectors. These wavelengths are particularly useful in active devices, in which a light source as well as a detector are present. In this spectral region, LEDs and lasers are readily available which are inexpensive, plentiful and efficient. Some major applications include, but are not limited to, infrared gesture controls of human-machine (e.g. computer) interaction, infrared night vision for automobiles, LIDAR, infrared night vision for security cameras and proximity CMOS sensors used in mobile phone and elsewhere. In these applications the useful wavelength is between 700 and 1100 nm. In this range the a-Si:H,N is a high index material suitable for optical applications. The typical index in this range is 3.3˜3.5, whereas by comparison TiO₂ has refractive index of only about 2.3˜2.4. In some suitable embodiments, the a-Si:H,N layers includes between 2% and 8% hydrogen and between 3%˜7% nitrogen with the balance being Si. In general, more hydrogen and nitrogen contents provide shorter wavelength operation. In general, nitrogen concentrations as high as 6% to 12% are contemplated.

In the illustrative embodiments, the a-Si:H,N layers 104 alternate with SiO₂ layers 106. SiO₂ has advantageous properties for this purpose, including good chemical compatibility with a-Si:H,N and a low refractive index (n˜1.5) which provides a large refractive index step at the interface with a-Si:H,N. However, it is contemplated to substitute another dielectric layer for the SiO₂ layer. For example, the dielectric may not have exact SiO₂ stoichiometry, e.g. the SiO₂ may be replaced by SiO_x where x is not precisely two (also referred to herein as “silicon suboxide”).

As another example, a silicon oxynitride (SiO_xN_y) layer is contemplated as the dielectric layer in place of SiO₂. In general, when adding nitrogen to go from SiO_x to SiO_xN_y the refractive index of increases with nitrogen content: for example, stoichiometric silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) has a refractive index of about 2.0. However, a small amount of nitrogen (that is, SiO_xN_y where x˜2 and x>>y) is contemplated to improve interface quality between the a-Si:H,N layer 104 and the adjacent dielectric layer. These compounds offer index tailoring that permit the construction of novel material combinations and continuously varying refractive index profiles.

Some suitable design methods for designing the constitutent layer thicknesses the given refractive indices of the constituent layers are based on the following. In general, the wavelength λ in the layer is given by λ=λ₀/n where λ₀ is the free space wavelength and n is the refractive index. Reflection from a surface of higher refractive index introduces a 180° phase shift, while no phase shift is introduced by reflection from a surface of lower refractive index. Using these principles and given the refractive indices of the constituent layers, the thicknesses of the constituent layers are chosen such that, for the design-basis passband center wavelength, the optical path lengths through each layer and reflected at its interface with the next layer constructively combine, that is, are integer multiples of the wavelength. More elaborate interference filter design techniques for choosing the constituent layer thicknesses (and refractive indices if these are also optimized parameters) are given in: H. Angus Macleod, THIN-FILM OPTICAL FILTERS, FOURTH EDITION (Series in Optics and Optoelectronics, CRC Press 2010).

While the illustrative interference filters include repeating units of two layers, it is contemplated to incorporate three or more layers into the repeating unit, such as an a-Si:H,N layer and two different dielectric layers, to achieve desired passband properties (e.g. center wavelength, FWHM, “flatness” of the passband, et cetera).

The present disclosure has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments. Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. It is intended that the present disclosure be construed as including all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.

Further non-limiting disclosure is set forth in the following one-sentence statements formulated as patent claims.

Claims

1. An optical filter comprising: a transparent substrate;an interference filter comprising a layers stack comprising a plurality of layers of at least:layers of amorphous hydrogenated silicon; andlayers of one or more dielectric materials having a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the amorphous hydrogenated silicon wherein the layers of one or more dielectric materials include layers of a dielectric material having a refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive;

2. The optical filter of claim 1, wherein the layers of a dielectric material having a refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive include one or more layers consisting of: Si3N4, SiOxNy with y large enough to provide a refractive index of 1.9 or higher, Ta2O5, Nb2O5, or TiO2.

3. The optical filter of claim 2, wherein the layers of one or more dielectric materials further include SiO2 layers.

4. The optical filter of claim 1 wherein the layers stack is configured to have the passband wavelength range of 800-1100 nm inclusive.

5. The optical filter of claim 1 wherein the layers stack is configured to have the passband wavelength range of 750-1100 nm inclusive.

6. The optical filter of claim 1, wherein the transparent substrate comprises a glass substrate.

7. The optical filter of claim 1, wherein the first layers defines a low pass filter with a low pass cutoff wavelength, the second layers stack defines a high pass filter with a high pass cutoff wavelength, and the interference filter has the passband defined between the high pass cutoff wavelength and the low pass cutoff wavelength.

8. A method comprising: fabricating an optical filter as set forth in claim 1 by operations including depositing the layers stack on the transparent substrate.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein the depositing comprises sputtering using at least a silicon-based sputtering target.

10. The optical filter of claim 1 wherein the repeating unit includes at least one layer of amorphous hydrogenated silicon and at least one layer of the dielectric material having a refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive.

11. The optical filter of claim 1 wherein the repeating units of two or more layers are configured to have the passband with properties defined by the repeating units further including FWHM full width at half maximum of the passband.

12. An optical filter comprising: an interference filter comprising a layers stack comprising a plurality of layers of at least:layers of amorphous hydrogenated silicon andlayers of one or more dielectric materials having a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the amorphous hydrogenated silicon including layers of a dielectric material having a refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive,wherein the layers stack is configured to have a passband wavelength range of 750-1100 nm inclusive.

13. The optical filter of claim 12 wherein the layers of a dielectric material having a refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive include one or more layers consisting of: Si3N4, SiOxNy with y large enough to provide a refractive index of 1.9 or higher, Ta2O5, Nb2O5, or TiO2.

14. The optical filter of claim 12 wherein the layers of one or more dielectric materials further include SiO2 layers.

15. The optical filter of claim 14 wherein the layers stack includes at least one SiO2 layer immediately adjacent a layer of a dielectric material having a refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive with no intervening layer of amorphous hydrogenated silicon.

16. An optical filter comprising: an interference filter comprising a layers stack comprising a plurality of layers of at least:layers of amorphous hydrogenated silicon andlayers of one or more dielectric materials having a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the amorphous hydrogenated silicon including layers of a dielectric material having a refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.7 inclusive,wherein the one or more dielectric materials consisting of: Si3N4, SiOxNy with y large enough to provide a refractive index of 1.9 or higher, Ta2O5, Nb2O5, or TiO2;