Patent Application
20220174920
Antibody-based therapeutics offer significant promise in the treatment of several diseases. A variety of formats, including monoclonal, murine, chimeric, humanized, human, full-length, Fab, pegylated, radiolabeled, drug-conjugated, multi-specific, etc. are being developed (see e.g., Reichert, J. M., 2012, mAbs 4:3, 413-415; Nixon, A. E. et al., 2014, mAbs 6:1, 73-85; incorporated herein by reference). Of the more than 40 therapeutic antibody agents that have received marketing approval in the United States or Europe, all have been generated with technologies that rely on assembly of traditional antibody genes from human and/or non-human (e.g., mouse) sources by in vitro (e.g., phage display) or in vivo (e.g., genetically engineered animals) systems. Still, development of particularly effective antibody agents that bind intractable targets remains a challenge.
Disclosed herein is the recognition that it is desirable to engineer non-human animals to permit improved in vivo systems for identifying and developing new antibody-based therapeutics and, in some embodiments, antibody agents (e.g., monoclonal antibodies and/or fragments thereof), which can be used for the treatment of a variety of diseases characterized by intractable disease targets. Further, disclosed herein is the recognition that non-human animals having an engineered heavy chain diversity (DH) cluster/region within an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (e.g., a heterologous immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region), in particular, an engineered DH cluster (or DH region) containing nucleotide coding sequences not naturally present within an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region, and/or otherwise expressing, containing, or producing antibodies containing complementary determining regions (CDRs) that are characterized by diversity that directs binding to particular antigens are desirable, for example, for use in identifying and developing antibody-based therapeutics, which may target e.g., membrane-spanning or cytoplasmic polypeptides. In some embodiments, non-human animals disclosed herein are in vivo systems for development of antibodies and/or antibody-based therapeutics for administration to humans.
In some embodiments, a non-human animal is provided, whose genome, e.g., germline genome, comprises an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered DH region, wherein the engineered DH region includes one or more nucleotide sequences that each encode a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest, or portion thereof.
In another aspect, non-human animals whose genome, e.g., germline genome, are modified to comprise an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered DH region, wherein the engineered DH region includes one or more nucleotide sequences that each encode a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest, or portion thereof, may be further modified to express a single rearranged light chain, e.g., a common light chain (ULC).
A single rearranged light chain variable gene sequence operably linked to a light chain constant region, also referred to as common or universal light chain (ULC), may be encoded by a light chain locus comprising a single rearranged VL:JL gene sequence. In some embodiments, the light chain locus comprises a single rearranged VL:JL gene sequence in which the VL sequence is a Vκ gene sequence. In some aspects, the Vκ sequence is selected from Vκ1-39 or Vκ3-20. In some aspects, the JL sequence is a Jκ gene sequence, e.g., a Jκ1 sequence, a Jκ2 sequence, a Jκ3 sequence, a Jκ4 sequence, or a Jκ5 sequence, etc. In some embodiments, the light chain locus comprises a single rearranged Vκ k sequence selected from the group consisting of Vκ1-39Jκ5 and Vκ3-20Jκ1. In one embodiment, the light chain locus comprises a single rearranged Vκ k sequence of Vκ1-39Jκ5. In another embodiment, the light chain locus comprises a single rearranged Vκ k sequence of Vκ3-20Jκ1. In some embodiments, the single rearranged variable gene sequence is operably linked to a non-human light chain constant region gene, e.g., endogenous non-human light constant region gene. In another embodiment, the single rearranged variable gene sequence is operably linked to a human light chain constant region gene. In some aspects, the single rearranged variable gene sequence is a human V:J sequence inserted to the endogenous immunoglobulin light chain locus such that the resulting non-human animal does not comprise functional unrearranged V and/or J gene segments in one or more light chain loci.
In some embodiments, an isolated non-human cell or tissue is provided, whose genome comprises an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered DH region, wherein the engineered DH region includes one or more nucleotide sequences that each encode a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest, or portion thereof, and optionally, a common or universal light chain. In some embodiments, a cell is from a lymphoid or myeloid lineage. In some embodiments, a cell is a lymphocyte. In some embodiments, a cell is selected from a B cell, dendritic cell, macrophage, monocyte, and a T cell. In some embodiments, a tissue is selected from adipose, bladder, brain, breast, bone marrow, eye, heart, intestine, kidney, liver, lung, lymph node, muscle, pancreas, plasma, serum, skin, spleen, stomach, thymus, testis, ovum, and a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, an immortalized cell made from an isolated non-human cell as described herein is provided.
In some embodiments, a non-human embryonic stem (ES) cell is provided, whose genome comprises an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered DH region, wherein the engineered DH region includes one or more nucleotide sequences that each encode a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest, or portion thereof, and optionally, a common light chain. In some embodiments, a non-human embryonic stem cell is a rodent embryonic stem cell. In some certain embodiments, a rodent embryonic stem cell is a mouse embryonic stem cell and is from a 129 strain, C57BL strain, or a mixture thereof. In some certain embodiments, a rodent embryonic stem cell is a mouse embryonic stem cell and is a mixture of 129 and C57BL strains.
In some embodiments, a non-human germ cell is provided, whose genome comprises an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered DH region, wherein the engineered DH region includes one or more nucleotide sequences that each encode a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest, or portion thereof, and optionally, a common light chain. In some embodiments, a non-human germ cell is a rodent germ cell. In some certain embodiments, a rodent germ cell is a mouse germ cell and is from a 129 strain, C57BL strain, or a mixture thereof. In some certain embodiments, a rodent germ cell is a mouse germ cell and is a mixture of 129 and C57BL strains.
In some embodiments, use of a non-human embryonic stem cell or germ cell as described herein to make a non-human animal is provided. In some certain embodiments, a non-human embryonic stem cell or germ cell is a mouse embryonic stem cell or germ cell and is used to make a mouse comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered DH region, and optionally a common light chain, as described herein. In some certain embodiments, a non-human embryonic stem cell or germ cell is a rat embryonic stem cell or germ cell and is used to make a rat comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered DH region, and optionally a common light chain as described herein.
In some embodiments, a non-human embryo comprising, made from, obtained from, or generated from a non-human embryonic stem cell as described herein is provided. In some certain embodiments, a non-human embryo is a rodent embryo; in some embodiments, a mouse embryo; in some embodiments, a rat embryo.
In some embodiments, use of a non-human embryo described herein to make a non-human animal is provided. In some certain embodiments, a non-human embryo is a mouse embryo and is used to make a mouse comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered DH region, and optionally a common light chain locus, as described herein. In some certain embodiments, a non-human embryo is a rat embryo and is used to make a rat comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered DH region and optionally a common light chain locus, as described herein.
In some embodiments, a kit is provided, comprising an isolated non-human cell or tissue as described herein, an immortalized cell as described herein, a non-human embryonic stem cell as described herein, a non-human embryo as described herein, or a non-human animal as described herein.
In some embodiments, a kit as described herein is provided, for use in the manufacture and/or development of a drug (e.g., an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof) for therapy or diagnosis.
In some embodiments, a kit as described herein is provided, for use in the manufacture and/or development of a drug (e.g., an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof) for the treatment, prevention or amelioration of a disease, disorder or condition.
In some embodiments, a transgene, nucleic acid construct, DNA construct, or targeting vector as described herein is provided. In some certain embodiments, a transgene, nucleic acid construct, DNA construct, or targeting vector comprises an engineered DH region as described herein. In some certain embodiments, a transgene, nucleic acid construct, DNA construct, or targeting vector comprises a DNA fragment that includes one or more nucleotide coding sequences described herein. In some certain embodiments, a transgene, nucleic acid construct, DNA construct, or targeting vector comprises an engineered DH region that comprises one or more nucleotide coding sequences selected from Table 3 or Table 4, which one or more nucleotide coding sequences are each flanked by a recombination signal sequence selected from
In some embodiments, use of a transgene, nucleic acid construct, DNA construct, or targeting vector as described herein to make a non-human embryonic stem cell, non-human cell, non-human embryo and/or non-human animal is provided.
In some embodiments, a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest is a chemokine receptor. In some embodiments, a chemokine receptor is selected from the group consisting of a CC-chemokine receptor (or β-chemokine receptor), CXC-chemokine receptor, CX3C-chemokine receptor and a XC-chemokine receptor. In some embodiments, a chemokine receptor is an atypical chemokine receptor (ACKR). In some embodiments, an ACKR is selected from the group consisting of ACKR1, ACKR2, ACKR3 and ACKR4. In some certain embodiments, an ACKR is ACKR2 or D6 chemokine decoy receptor.
In some embodiments, a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest is a toxin. In some embodiments, a toxin is a toxin that is found in the venom of a tarantula, spider, scorpion or sea anemone.
In some embodiments, a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest is a conotoxin or a tarantula toxin. In some embodiments, a conotoxin is selected from the group consisting of α-conotoxin, δ-conotoxin, κ-conotoxin, μ-conotoxin, ω-conotoxin and combinations thereof. In some certain embodiments, a conotoxin is μ-conotoxin. In some certain embodiments, a tarantula toxin is ProTxI, ProTxII, Huwentoxin-IV (HWTX-IV), or combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, an engineered DH region includes 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or more nucleotide sequences that each encode an extracellular portion of a D6 chemokine decoy receptor, or that each encode a portion of a conotoxin (e.g., μ-conotoxin), or that each encode a portion of a tarantula toxin (e.g., ProTxI, ProTxII, etc.), or combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, an engineered DH region includes 25 nucleotide sequences that each encode an extracellular portion of a D6 chemokine decoy receptor or includes 26 nucleotide sequences that each encode a portion of a conotoxin (e.g., μ-conotoxin) and/or a tarantula toxin (e.g., ProTxI, ProTxII, etc.).
In some embodiments, an extracellular portion of a D6 chemokine decoy receptor is selected from the group consisting of an N-terminal region, an extracellular loop, and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, a portion of a conotoxin as described herein includes a sequence that comprises one or more disulfide bonds. In some embodiments, a portion of a conotoxin as described herein includes a sequence that lacks one or more disulfide bonds as compared to a conotoxin sequence that appears in nature (e.g., a reference or parental conotoxin sequence). In some embodiments, a portion of a conotoxin as described herein includes a sequence that exhibits a number and/or pattern of disulfide bonds that is the same or different as compared to a conotoxin sequence that appears in nature (e.g., a reference or parental conotoxin sequence).
In some embodiments, a portion of a tarantula toxin as described herein includes a sequence that comprises a cysteine knot motif that appears in a tarantula toxin sequence found in nature. In some embodiments, a portion of a tarantula toxin as described herein includes a sequence that is or comprises a cysteine knot peptide(s). In some embodiments, a portion of a tarantula toxin as described herein includes a sequence that lacks one or more disulfide bonds as compared to a tarantula toxin sequence that appears in nature (e.g., a reference or parental tarantula toxin sequence). In some embodiments, a portion of a tarantula toxin as described herein includes a sequence exhibits a number and/or pattern of disulfide bonds that is the same or different as compared to a tarantula toxin sequence that appears in nature (e.g., a reference or parental tarantula toxin sequence).
In some embodiments, an engineered DH region includes 25 or 26 nucleotide sequences that is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or at least 98% identical to a nucleotide sequence that appears in Table 3 or Table 4 and/or encodes an amino acid sequence that appears in Table 3 or Table 4. In some embodiments, an engineered DH region includes 25 or 26 nucleotide sequences that each encode an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical or identical to an amino acid sequence that appears in Table 3 or Table 4, or that has the same function as an amino acid sequence that appears in Table 3 or 4.
In some embodiments, one or more nucleotide sequences comprise one or more nucleotide substitutions that increase somatic hypermutation of the one or more nucleotide sequences.
In some embodiments, an engineered DH region further includes a first and a second recombination signal sequence flanking each of the one or more nucleotide sequences. In some certain embodiments, a first recombination signal sequence comprises a sequence that is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or at least 98% identical to a first recombination signal sequence that appears in
In some embodiments, the genome of a provided non-human animal lacks one or more wild-type endogenous DH gene segments. In some certain embodiments, the genome of a provided non-human animal lacks all or substantially all wild-type endogenous DH gene segments. In some embodiments, the genome of a provided non-human animal lacks one or more wild-type endogenous recombination signal sequences.
In some embodiments, an engineered DH region comprises one or more wild-type human DH gene segments. In some certain embodiments, an engineered DH region comprises a human DH6-25 gene segment. In some certain embodiments, an engineered DH region lacks a human DH6-25 gene segment.
In some embodiments, an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region is operably linked to an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region.
In some embodiments, an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region is an endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region.
In some embodiments, an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region is an unrearranged human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region, e.g., comprising at least one human (h) unrearranged VH gene segment and/or at least one human (h) unrearranged JH gene segment flanking an engineered (e) DH region. In some embodiments, an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region comprises a plurality of human (h) unrearranged VH gene segment and/or a plurality of one human (h) unrearranged JH gene segment flanking an engineered (e) DH region. In some embodiments, the unrearranged human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region is operably linked to an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region, e.g., a non-human immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region, e.g., at an endogenous non-human heavy chain locus.
In some embodiments, a human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region comprises a rearranged human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region, wherein the rearranged human immunoglobulin heavy chain comprises at least one human (h) unrearranged VH gene segment and/or at least one human (h) unrearranged JH gene segment recombined with an engineered (e) DH region to form a rearranged (h)VH/(e)DH/(h)JH gene sequence, that may be operably linked to the heavy chain constant region. In some embodiments, such recombination occurs in a B cell during B cell development.
Accordingly, a non-human animal described herein may comprise
(i) a germ cell comprising an unrearranged human heavy chain variable region comprising
(a) at least one or a plurality of human (h) unrearranged VH gene segment,
(b) at least one or a plurality of human (h) unrearranged JH gene segment, and
(c) an engineered (e) DH region flanked by (a) and (b), wherein (a), (b), and (c) recombine to form a rearranged human heavy chain variable region hVH/eDH/hJH sequence; and
(ii) a somatic cell, e.g., a B cell, comprising the rearranged human hVH/eDH/hJH gene sequence, wherein the rearranged hVH/eDH/hJH gene sequence comprises a CDR3 encoding sequence comprising one or more nucleotide sequences that encode a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest, or portion thereof, or somatically hypermutated variant thereof. In some embodiments, the human unrearranged or rearranged human heavy chain variable region is operably linked to a heavy chain constant region, which may be a non-human heavy chain constant region, e.g., at a non-human endogenous heavy chain locus. In some embodiments, an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region is a human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region. In some embodiments, the B cell further expresses the rearranged hVH/eDH/hJH gene sequence operably linked to a heavy chain constant region as an immunoglobulin heavy chain-like polypeptide comprising a CDR3 comprising a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest, portion thereof, or somatically hypermutated variant thereof.
In some embodiments, a non-human animal as described herein further comprises a humanized light chain locus. In some embodiments, a non-human animal as disclosed herein comprises
(i) in a germ cell:
(a) an immunoglobulin heavy chain locus comprising an unrearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region and an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region, wherein the unrearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region comprises at least one unrearranged VH gene segment (which may be a human unrearranged VH gene segment, e.g., an hVH) an engineered DH region (which may include a human DH gene segment and/or engineered DH gene segments, e.g., hDH), and at least one unrearranged, optionally human, JH gene segments, wherein the VH gene segment(s), engineered DH region, and JH gene segment(s) are operably linked such that they can recombine, e.g., in a B cell during B cell development, to form a rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain hVH/eDH/hJH variable region gene sequence in operable linkage with an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region, and
(b) an immunoglobulin light chain locus comprising human VL and/or JL gene segments, and which may encode a (human) common light chain; and
(ii) in a somatic cell, e.g., a B cell,
(a) the rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain hVH/eDH/hJH variable region gene sequence in operable linkage with an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region, wherein the engineered DH region comprises a sequence encoding a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest or portion thereof, and wherein rearranged hVH/eDH/hJH gene sequence comprises a CDR3 encoding sequence comprising one or more nucleotide sequences that encode a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest, or portion thereof, or somatically hypermutated variant thereof, and
(b) the humanized and/or common immunoglobulin light chain locus or a somatically hypermutated variant thereof. In some embodiments, the human unrearranged or rearranged human heavy chain variable region is operably linked to a heavy chain constant region, which may be a non-human heavy chain constant region, e.g., at a non-human endogenous heavy chain locus. In some embodiments, an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region is a human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region. In some embodiments, the B cell further expresses the rearranged hVH/eDH/hJH gene sequence operably linked to a heavy chain constant region as an immunoglobulin heavy chain-like polypeptide comprising a CDR3 comprising a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest, portion thereof, or somatically hypermutated variant thereof and the human(ized) and/or common light chain as a tetrameric immunoglobulin-like antigen binding protein, wherein the tetramer comprises a dimer of the immunoglobulin heavy chain-like polypeptide, each covalently bound to the human(ized) and/or common light chain.
In some embodiments, a method of making a non-human animal whose genome contains an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered DH region is provided, the method comprising (a) inserting a DNA fragment into a non-human embryonic stem cell, said DNA fragment comprising one or more nucleotide sequences that each encode a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest, or portion thereof; (b) obtaining the non-human embryonic stem cell generated in (a); and (c) creating a non-human using the embryonic stem cell of (b).
In one embodiment, the method of making a non-human animal as disclosed herein comprises (a) obtaining a first non-human animal whose genome contains an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered DH region as disclosed herein, and (b) breeding the first non-human animal of (a) with a second non-human animal, which in one aspect may be a different strain as the first non-human animal, wherein the second non-human animal expresses a universal light chain, and wherein the breeding results in offspring that produce, e.g., comprise, a genetically engineered heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence of a non-immunoglobulin protein (or portion thereof), e.g., in a CDR3, and a genetically engineered rearranged light chain (single rearranged light chain; ULC).
In some embodiments, a DNA fragment includes 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or more nucleotide sequences that each encode an extracellular portion of a D6 chemokine decoy receptor or that each encode a portion of a conotoxin (e.g., μ-conotoxin), a tarantula toxin, or combinations thereof. In some certain embodiments, a DNA fragment includes 25 nucleotide sequences that each encode an extracellular portion of a D6 chemokine decoy receptor or includes 26 nucleotide sequences that each encode a portion of a conotoxin (e.g., μ-conotoxin) and/or a tarantula toxin (e.g., ProTxI, ProTxII, etc.). In some certain embodiments, a DNA fragment further comprises first and second recombination signal sequences flanking each of the 25 or 26 nucleotide sequences.
In some embodiments, a method of making a non-human animal whose genome contains an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered DH region is provided, the method comprising modifying the genome of a non-human animal so that it comprises an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered DH region, which engineered DH region comprises one or more nucleotide sequences that each encode a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest, or portion thereof, thereby making said non-human animal.
In some embodiments, the genome of the non-human animal is modified to include κ, 10, 15, 20, 25 or more nucleotide sequences that each encode an extracellular portion of a D6 chemokine decoy receptor or that each encode a portion of a conotoxin (e.g., μ-conotoxin), a tarantula toxin, or combinations thereof. In some certain embodiments, the genome of the non-human animal is modified to include 25 nucleotide sequences that each encode an extracellular portion of a D6 chemokine decoy receptor or is modified to include 26 nucleotide sequences that each encode a portion of a conotoxin (e.g., μ-conotoxin) and/or a tarantula toxin (e.g., ProTxI, ProTxII, etc.). In some certain embodiments, the genome of the non-human animal is modified to further include first and second recombination signal sequences flanking each of the 25 or 26 nucleotide sequences.
In some embodiments, a method of producing an antibody in a non-human animal is provided, the method comprising the steps of (a) immunizing a non-human animal with an antigen, which non-human animal has a genome comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered DH region, wherein the engineered DH region includes one or more nucleotide sequences that each encode a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest, or portion thereof; (b) maintaining the non-human animal under conditions sufficient that the non-human animal produces an immune response to the antigen; and (c) recovering an antibody from the non-human animal, or a non-human animal cell, that binds the antigen. In some certain embodiments, a non-human cell is a B cell. In some certain embodiments, a non-human cell is a hybridoma.
In some embodiments, a non-human animal is provided whose germ cell genome comprises (a) a human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that comprises one or more unrearranged human VH gene segments, an engineered DH region, and one or more unrearranged human JH gene segments, which engineered DH region includes (i) one or more nucleotide sequences that each encode an extracellular portion of an atypical chemokine receptor (ACKR); and (ii) first and second recombination signal sequences flanking each of the one or more nucleotide sequences of (i) so that the one or more unrearranged human VH gene segments, an engineered DH region, and one or more unrearranged human JH gene segments recombine, e.g., in a B cell, such that the non-human animal comprises a B cell genome comprising a human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that comprises a rearranged hVH/eDH/hJH gene sequence; wherein the human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region is operably linked to one or more endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region genes so that the non-human animal is characterized in that when it is immunized with an antigen, the rearranged hVH/eDH/hJH gene sequence operably linked to an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region gene encodes an antibody comprising a human heavy chain variable domains encoded by one of the human VH gene segments (or portion thereof), an engineered DH region (or portion thereof), and one of the human JH gene segments (or portion thereof) operably linked to non-human animal heavy chain constant domains encoded by the one or more endogenous immunoglobulin constant region genes, and wherein the antibody shows specific binding to the antigen. In some embodiments, the germ cell and, e.g., B cell, of the non-human animal further comprises an immunoglobulin light chain locus encoding a common light chain such that the antibody further comprises the common light chain.
In some embodiments, a non-human animal is provided whose germ cell genome comprises a human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that comprises one or more unrearranged human (h) VH gene segments, an engineered (e) DH region, and one or more (h) human JH gene segments, which engineered DH region includes (i) one or more nucleotide sequences that each encode a portion of a toxin (e.g., a μ-conotoxin, tarantula toxin, or combinations thereof); and (ii) first and second recombination signal sequences flanking each of the one or more nucleotide sequences of (i) so that the one or more unrearranged human VH gene segments, engineered DH region, and one or more unrearranged human JH gene segments recombine, e.g., in a B cell, such that the non-human animal comprises a B cell genome comprising a human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that comprises a rearranged hVH/eDH/hJH gene sequence; wherein the human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region is operably linked to one or more endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region genes so that the non-human animal is characterized in that when it is immunized with an antigen, the rearranged hVH/eDH/hJH gene sequence operably linked to an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region gene encodes an antibody comprising a human heavy chain variable domain encoded by one of the human VH gene segments (or portion thereof), the engineered DH region (or portion thereof), and one of the human JH gene segments (or portion thereof) operably linked to one or more heavy chain constant domains encoded by the one or more endogenous immunoglobulin constant region genes, and wherein the antibodies show specific binding to the antigen. In some embodiments, the germ cell and, e.g., B cell, of the non-human animal further comprises an immunoglobulin light chain locus encoding a common light chain such that the antibody further comprises the common light chain.
In some embodiments, a provided non-human animal further comprises an insertion of one or more human VL gene segments and one or more human JL gene segments into an endogenous light chain locus. In some embodiments, human VL and JL segments are Vκ and Jκ gene segments and are inserted into an endogenous κ light chain locus. In some embodiments, human Vκ and Jκ gene segments are operably linked to a rodent Cκ gene (e.g. a mouse or a rat Cκ gene). In some embodiments, human VL and JL segments are Vλ and Jλ gene segments and are inserted into an endogenous λ light chain locus. In some embodiments, human Vλ and Jλ gene segments are operably linked to a rodent Cλ gene (e.g., a mouse or a rat Cλ gene). In some embodiments, a single rearranged human light chain variable region gene sequence is operably linked to an endogenous non-human light chain constant region gene. In some embodiments, a single rearranged human Vκ/Jκ gene sequence is operably linked to an endogenous Cκ gene (e.g., a mouse or rate Cκ gene). In some embodiments, a single rearranged Vλ/Jλ, gene sequence is operably linked to an endogenous Cλ gene.
In some embodiments, a provided non-human animal is homozygous, heterozygous or hemizygous for an engineered DH region as described herein. In some embodiments, a provided non-human animal is transgenic for an engineered DH region as described herein.
Disclosed herein are also cells, e.g., B cells, or hybridomas derived therefrom by fusion with a myeloma cell, each comprising a rearranged (h)VH/eDH/(h)JH sequence, which may be operably linked to a human or non-human heavy chain constant region comprising one or more heavy chain constant region genes. Such cell, e.g., B cell, may be isolated from a non-human animal, e.g., rodent (e.g., rat, mouse, etc.) as described herein.
Also described herein are nucleotide sequences comprising a rearranged variable (h)VH/eDH/(h)JH sequence, which may be operably linked to a human or non-human heavy chain constant region comprising one or more heavy chain constant region genes. Such nucleotide sequences may be isolated from a non-human animal, e.g., rodent (e.g., rat, mouse, etc.) or non-human cell as described herein.
In some embodiments, use of a non-human animal as described herein in the manufacture and/or development of a drug or vaccine for use in medicine, such as use as a medicament, is provided.
In some embodiments, use of a non-human animal as described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease, disorder or condition is provided.
In some embodiments, use of a non-human animal as described herein in the manufacture and/or development of an antibody that binds a chemokine or voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channel is provided.
In some embodiments, use of a non-human animal as described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or detection of a disease characterized by chemokine or voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channel expression or function is provided (e.g., aberrant expression or function).
In some embodiments, a non-human animal as described herein is provided for use in the manufacture and/or development of a drug for therapy or diagnosis.
In some embodiments, a non-human animal as described herein is provided for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment, prevention or amelioration of a disease, disorder or condition.
In some embodiments, a non-human animal as described herein is provided for use in the manufacture and/or development of an antibody that binds a chemokine or voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channel is provided.
In some embodiments, a disease, disorder or condition is an inflammatory disease, disorder or condition. In some embodiments, a disease, disorder or condition is characterized by chemokine expression or function (e.g., aberrant chemokine expression or function).
In some embodiments, a disease, disorder or condition is a pain disease, disorder or condition. In some embodiments, a disease, disorder or condition is characterized by ion channel expression or function (e.g., aberrant NaV channel expression or function).
In many embodiments, a non-human animal provided herein is a rodent; in some embodiments, a mouse; in some embodiments, a rat.
As used in this application, the terms “about” and “approximately” are used as equivalents. Any numerals used in this application with or without about/approximately are meant to cover any normal fluctuations appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the relevant art.
Other features, objects, and advantages of the non-human animals, cells, nucleic acids and compositions disclosed herein are apparent in the detailed description of certain embodiments that follows. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description, while indicating certain embodiments, is given by way of illustration only, not limitation.
The Drawing included herein, which is composed of the following Figures, is for illustration purposes only and not for limitation.
Those skilled in the art, reading the present disclosure, will be aware of various modifications that may be equivalent to such described embodiments, or otherwise within the scope of the instant disclosure. In general, terminology used herein is in accordance with its understood meaning in the art, unless clearly indicated otherwise. Explicit definitions of certain terms are provided herein and below; meanings of these and other terms in particular instances throughout this specification will be clear to those skilled in the art from context. Additional definitions for the following terms and other terms are set forth throughout the specification. References cited within this specification, or relevant portions thereof, are incorporated herein by reference.
Administration: refers to the administration of a composition to a subject or system (e.g., to a cell, organ, tissue, organism, or relevant component or set of components thereof). Those of ordinary skill will appreciate that route of administration may vary depending, for example, on the subject or system to which the composition is being administered, the nature of the composition, the purpose of the administration, etc. For example, in certain embodiments, administration to an animal subject (e.g., to a human or a rodent) may be bronchial (including by bronchial instillation), buccal, enteral, interdermal, intra-arterial, intradermal, intragastric, intramedullary, intramuscular, intranasal, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intravenous, intraventricular, mucosal, nasal, oral, rectal, subcutaneous, sublingual, topical, tracheal (including by intratracheal instillation), transdermal, vaginal and/or vitreal. In some embodiments, administration may involve intermittent dosing. In some embodiments, administration may involve continuous dosing (e.g., perfusion) for at least a selected period of time.
The term “antibody” includes typical immunoglobulin molecules comprising four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains (each of which may comprise an amino acid sequence encoded by an engineered DH cluster) and two light (L) chains (each of which may be a common light chain) inter-connected by disulfide bonds. The term also includes an immunoglobulin that is reactive to an antigen or fragment thereof. Suitable antibodies include, but are not limited to, human antibodies, primatized antibodies, chimeric antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, monospecific antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, polyspecific antibodies, nonspecific antibodies, bispecific antibodies, multispecific antibodies, humanized antibodies, synthetic antibodies, recombinant antibodies, hybrid antibodies, mutated antibodies, grafted conjugated antibodies (i.e., antibodies conjugated or fused to other proteins, radiolabels, cytotoxins), and in vitro-generated antibodies. A skilled artisan will readily recognize common antibody isotypes, e.g., antibodies having a heavy chain constant region selected from the group consisting of IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE, and any subclass thereof (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4).
Approximately: As applied to one or more values of interest, refers to a value that is similar to a stated reference value. In certain embodiments, the term “approximately” or “about” refers to a range of values that fall within 25%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less in either direction (greater than or less than) of the stated reference value unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from the context (except where such number would exceed 100% of a possible value).
Biologically active: refers to a characteristic of any agent that has activity in a biological system, in vitro or in vivo (e.g., in an organism). For instance, an agent that, when present in an organism, has a biological effect within that organism is considered to be biologically active. In particular embodiments, where a protein or polypeptide is biologically active, a portion of that protein or polypeptide that shares at least one biological activity of the protein or polypeptide is typically referred to as a “biologically active” portion.
Comparable: refers to two or more agents, entities, situations, sets of conditions, etc. that may not be identical to one another but that are sufficiently similar to permit comparison there between so that conclusions may reasonably be drawn based on differences or similarities observed. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand, in context, what degree of identity is required in any given circumstance for two or more such agents, entities, situations, sets of conditions, etc. to be considered comparable.
The phrase “complementarity determining region,” or the term “CDR,” includes an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence of an organism's immunoglobulin genes that normally (i.e., in a wild-type animal) appears between two framework regions in a variable region of a light or a heavy chain of an immunoglobulin molecule (e.g., an antibody or a T cell receptor). A CDR can be encoded by, for example, a germline sequence or a rearranged or unrearranged sequence, and, for example, by a naive or a mature B cell or a T cell. A CDR can be somatically mutated (e.g., vary from a sequence encoded in an animal's germline), humanized, and/or modified with amino acid substitutions, additions, or deletions. In some circumstances (e.g., for a CDR3), CDRs can be encoded by two or more sequences (e.g., germline sequences) that are not contiguous (e.g., in an unrearranged nucleic acid sequence) but are contiguous in a B cell nucleic acid sequence, e.g., as the result of splicing or connecting the sequences (e.g., V-D-J recombination to form a heavy chain CDR3).
Conservative: in reference to a conservative amino acid substitution, refers to substitution of an amino acid residue by another amino acid residue having a side chain R group with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity). In general, a conservative amino acid substitution will not substantially change the functional properties of interest of a protein, for example, the ability of a receptor to bind to a ligand. Examples of groups of amino acids that have side chains with similar chemical properties include: aliphatic side chains such as glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine; aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains such as serine and threonine; amide-containing side chains such as asparagine and glutamine; aromatic side chains such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; basic side chains such as lysine, arginine, and histidine; acidic side chains such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid; and sulfur-containing side chains such as cysteine and methionine. Conservative amino acids substitution groups include, for example, valine/leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine/tyrosine, lysine/arginine, alanine/valine, glutamate/aspartate, and asparagine/glutamine. In some embodiments, a conservative amino acid substitution can be a substitution of any native residue in a protein with alanine, as used in, for example, alanine scanning mutagenesis. In some embodiments, a conservative substitution is made that has a positive value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix disclosed in Gonnet, G. H. et al., 1992, Science 256:1443-1445, hereby incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, a substitution is a moderately conservative substitution wherein the substitution has a nonnegative value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix.
Control: refers to the art-understood meaning of a “control” being a standard against which results are compared. Typically, controls are used to augment integrity in experiments by isolating variables in order to make a conclusion about such variables. In some embodiments, a control is a reaction or assay that is performed simultaneously with a test reaction or assay to provide a comparator. A “control” may refer to a “control animal.” A “control animal” may have a modification as described herein, a modification that is different as described herein, or no modification (i.e., a wild-type animal). In one experiment, a “test” (i.e., a variable being tested) is applied. In a second experiment, the “control,” the variable being tested is not applied. In some embodiments, a control is a historical control (i.e., of a test or assay performed previously, or an amount or result that is previously known). In some embodiments, a control is or comprises a printed or otherwise saved record. A control may be a positive control or a negative control.
Disruption: refers to the result of a homologous recombination event with a DNA molecule (e.g., with an endogenous homologous sequence such as a gene or gene locus). In some embodiments, a disruption may achieve or represent an insertion, deletion, substitution, replacement, missense mutation, or a frame-shift of a DNA sequence(s), or any combination thereof. Insertions may include the insertion of entire genes, fragments of genes, e.g., exons, which may be of an origin other than the endogenous sequence (e.g., a heterologous sequence), or coding sequences derived or isolated from a particular gene of interest. In some embodiments, a disruption may increase expression and/or activity of a gene or gene product (e.g., of a protein encoded by a gene). In some embodiments, a disruption may decrease expression and/or activity of a gene or gene product. In some embodiments, a disruption may alter sequence of a gene or an encoded gene product (e.g., an encoded protein). In some embodiments, a disruption may truncate or fragment a gene or an encoded gene product (e.g., an encoded protein). In some embodiments, a disruption may extend a gene or an encoded gene product. In some such embodiments, a disruption may achieve assembly of a fusion protein. In some embodiments, a disruption may affect level, but not activity, of a gene or gene product. In some embodiments, a disruption may affect activity, but not level, of a gene or gene product. In some embodiments, a disruption may have no significant effect on level of a gene or gene product. In some embodiments, a disruption may have no significant effect on activity of a gene or gene product. In some embodiments, a disruption may have no significant effect on either level or activity of a gene or gene product.
Determining, measuring, evaluating, assessing, assaying and analyzing: Are used interchangeably to refer to any form of measurement, and include determining if an element is present or not. These terms include both quantitative and/or qualitative determinations. Assaying may be relative or absolute. “Assaying for the presence of” can be determining the amount of something present and/or determining whether or not it is present or absent.
Endogenous locus or endogenous gene: refers to a genetic locus found in a parent or reference organism prior to introduction of an alteration, disruption, deletion, insertion, modification, substitution or replacement as described herein. In some embodiments, the endogenous locus comprises a sequence, in whole or in part, found in nature. In some embodiments, the endogenous locus is a wild-type locus. In some embodiments, a reference organism is a wild-type organism. In some embodiments, a reference organism is an engineered organism. In some embodiments, a reference organism is a laboratory-bred organism (whether wild-type or engineered).
Endogenous promoter: refers to a promoter that is naturally associated, e.g., in a wild-type organism, with an endogenous gene.
Engineered: refers, in general, to the aspect of having been manipulated by the hand of man. For example, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide may be considered to be “engineered” when two or more sequences that are not linked together in that order in nature are manipulated by the hand of man to be directly linked to one another in the engineered polynucleotide. In some particular such embodiments, an engineered polynucleotide may comprise a regulatory sequence that is found in nature in operative association with a first coding sequence but not in operative association with a second coding sequence, is linked by the hand of man so that it is operatively associated with the second coding sequence. Alternatively, or additionally, in some embodiments, first and second nucleic acid sequences that each encodes polypeptide elements or domains that in nature are not linked to one another may be linked to one another in a single engineered polynucleotide. Comparably, in some embodiments, a cell or organism may be considered to be “engineered” if it has been manipulated so that its genetic information is altered (e.g., new genetic material not previously present has been introduced, or previously present genetic material has been altered or removed). As is common practice and is understood by those in the art, progeny of an engineered polynucleotide or cell are typically still referred to as “engineered” even though the actual manipulation was performed on a prior entity. Furthermore, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, a variety of methodologies are available through which “engineering” as described herein may be achieved. For example, in some embodiments, “engineering” may involve selection or design (e.g., of nucleic acid sequences, polypeptide sequences, cells, tissues, and/or organisms) through use of computer systems programmed to perform analysis or comparison, or otherwise to analyze, recommend, and/or select sequences, alterations, etc.). Alternatively, or additionally, in some embodiments, “engineering” may involve use of in vitro chemical synthesis methodologies and/or recombinant nucleic acid technologies such as, for example, for example, nucleic acid amplification (e.g., via the polymerase chain reaction) hybridization, mutation, transformation, transfection, etc., and/or any of a variety of controlled mating methodologies. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, a variety of established such techniques (e.g., for recombinant DNA, oligonucleotide synthesis, and tissue culture and transformation (e.g., electroporation, lipofection, etc.) are well known in the art and described in various general and more specific references that are cited and/or discussed throughout the present specification. See e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989).
Gene: refers to a DNA sequence in a chromosome that codes for a product (e.g., an RNA product and/or a polypeptide product). In some embodiments, a gene includes coding sequence (i.e., sequence that encodes a particular product). In some embodiments, a gene includes non-coding sequence. In some particular embodiments, a gene may include both coding (e.g., exonic) and non-coding (e.g., intronic) sequence. In some embodiments, a gene may include one or more regulatory sequences (e.g., promoters, enhancers, etc.) and/or intron sequences that, for example, may control or impact one or more aspects of gene expression (e.g., cell-type-specific expression, inducible expression, etc.). For the purpose of clarity we note that, as used in the present application, the term “gene” generally refers to a portion of a nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide; the term may optionally encompass regulatory sequences, as will be clear from context to those of ordinary skill in the art. This definition is not intended to exclude application of the term “gene” to non-protein-coding expression units but rather to clarify that, in most cases, the term as used in this document refers to a polypeptide-coding nucleic acid.
The phrase “gene segment,” or “segment” includes reference to a V (light or heavy) or D or J (light or heavy) immunoglobulin gene segment, which includes unrearranged sequences at immunoglobulin loci (in e.g., humans and mice) that can participate in a rearrangement (mediated by, e.g., endogenous recombinases) to form a rearranged V/J (light) or V/D/J (heavy) sequence. Unless indicated otherwise, the V, D, and J segments comprise recombination signal sequences (RSS) that allow for V/J recombination or V/D/J recombination according to the 12/23 rule. Unless indicated otherwise, the segments further comprise sequences with which they are associated in nature or functional equivalents thereof (e.g., for V segments, promoter(s) and leader(s)).
The term “germline” in reference to an immunoglobulin nucleic acid sequence includes a nucleic acid sequence that can be passed to progeny, e.g., the germline genome that may be found in a germ cell.
The phrase “heavy chain,” or “immunoglobulin heavy chain” includes an immunoglobulin heavy chain sequence, including immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region sequence, from any organism. Heavy chain variable domains include three heavy chain complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and four FR regions, unless otherwise specified. Fragments of heavy chains include CDRs, CDRs and FRs, and combinations thereof. A typical heavy chain has, following the variable domain (from N-terminal to C-terminal), a CH1 domain, a hinge, a CH2 domain, a CH3 domain, and a CH4 domain (in the context of IgM or IgE). A functional fragment of a heavy chain includes a fragment that is capable of specifically recognizing an epitope (e.g., recognizing the epitope with a KD in the micromolar, nanomolar, or picomolar range), that is capable of expressing and secreting from a cell, and that comprises at least one CDR. A heavy chain variable domain is encoded by a variable region gene sequence, which generally comprises VH, DH, and JH segments derived from a repertoire of VH, DH, and JH segments present in the germline. Sequences, locations and nomenclature for V, D, and J heavy chain segments for various organisms can be viewed at the website of the International Immunogenetics Information System (IMGT) found at www.imgt.org.
The phrase “light chain” includes an immunoglobulin light chain sequence from any organism, and unless otherwise specified includes human kappa and lambda light chains and a VpreB, as well as surrogate light chains. Light chain variable domains typically include three light chain complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and four framework (FR) regions, unless otherwise specified. Generally, a full-length light chain includes, from amino terminus to carboxyl terminus, a variable domain that includes FR1-CDR1-FR2-CDR2-FR3-CDR3-FR4, and a light chain constant region. A light chain variable domain is encoded by a light chain variable region gene sequence, which generally comprises VL and JL gene segments, derived from a repertoire of VL and JL gene segments present in the germline. Sequences, locations and nomenclature for V and J light chain segments for various organisms can be viewed at the website of the International Immunogenetics Information System (IMGT) found at www.imgt.org. Light chains include those, e.g., that do not selectively bind either a first or a second epitope selectively bound by the epitope-binding protein in which they appear. Light chains also include those that bind and recognize, or assist the heavy chain with binding and recognizing, one or more epitopes selectively bound by the epitope-binding protein in which they appear. The phrase light chain includes a “common light chain,” also referred to as a “universal light chain” (ULC).
Common or universal light chains (ULCs) include those derived from an immunoglobulin light chain locus comprising a single rearranged immunoglobulin light chain variable region encoding sequence operably linked with a light chain constant region, wherein expression of the immunoglobulin light chain locus produces only a light chain derived from the single rearranged immunoglobulin light chain variable region operably linked to the light chain constant region regardless of the inclusion of other nucleic acid sequences, e.g., other light chain gene segments, in the immunoglobulin light chain locus. Universal light chains include human Vκ1-39Jκ gene (e.g., Vκ1-39Jκ5 gene) or a human Vκ3-20Jκ gene (e.g., Vκ3-20Jκ1 gene), and include somatically mutated (e.g., affinity matured) versions of the same.
Heterologous: refers to an agent or entity from a different source. For example, when used in reference to a polypeptide, gene, or gene product present in a particular cell or organism, the term clarifies that the relevant polypeptide or fragment thereof, gene or fragment thereof, or gene product or fragment thereof: 1) was engineered by the hand of man; 2) was introduced into the cell or organism (or a precursor thereof) through the hand of man (e.g., via genetic engineering); and/or 3) is not naturally produced by or present in the relevant cell or organism (e.g., the relevant cell type or organism type). As used herein, the term “heterologous” also includes a polypeptide or fragment thereof, gene or fragment thereof, or gene product or fragment thereof that is normally present in a particular native cell or organism, but has been modified, for example, by mutation or placement under the control of non-naturally associated and, in some embodiments, non-endogenous regulatory elements (e.g., a promoter).
Host cell: refers to a cell into which a heterologous (e.g., exogenous) nucleic acid or protein has been introduced. Persons of skill upon reading this disclosure will understand that such terms refer not only to the particular subject cell, but also is used to refer to the progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term “host cell” as used herein. In some embodiments, a host cell is or comprises a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. In general, a host cell is any cell that is suitable for receiving and/or producing a heterologous nucleic acid or protein, regardless of the Kingdom of life to which the cell is designated. Exemplary cells include those of prokaryotes and eukaryotes (single-cell or multiple-cell), bacterial cells (e.g., strains of Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Streptomyces spp., etc.), mycobacteria cells, fungal cells, yeast cells (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Pichia pastoris, Pichia methanolica, etc.), plant cells, insect cells (e.g., SF-9, SF-21, baculovirus-infected insect cells, Trichoplusia ni, etc.), non-human animal cells, human cells, or cell fusions such as, for example, hybridomas or quadromas. In some embodiments, the cell is a human, monkey, ape, hamster, rat, or mouse cell. In some embodiments, the cell is eukaryotic and is selected from the following cells: CHO (e.g., CHO Kl, DXB-11 CHO, Veggie-CHO), COS (e.g., COS-7), retinal cell, Vero, CV1, kidney (e.g., HEK293, 293 EBNA, MSR 293, MDCK, HaK, BHK), HeLa, HepG2, WI38, MRC 5, Colo205, HB 8065, HL-60, (e.g., BHK21), Jurkat, Daudi, A431 (epidermal), CV-1, U937, 3T3, L cell, C127 cell, SP2/0, NS-0, MMT 060562, Sertoli cell, BRL 3A cell, HT1080 cell, myeloma cell, tumor cell, and a cell line derived from an aforementioned cell. In some embodiments, the cell comprises one or more viral genes, e.g., a retinal cell that expresses a viral gene (e.g., a PER.C6® cell). In some embodiments, a host cell is or comprises an isolated cell. In some embodiments, a host cell is part of a tissue. In some embodiments, a host cell is part of an organism.
Identity: used in connection with a comparison of sequences, refers to identity as determined by a number of different algorithms known in the art that can be used to measure nucleotide and/or amino acid sequence identity. In some embodiments, identities as described herein are determined using a ClustalW v. 1.83 (slow) alignment employing an open gap penalty of 10.0, an extend gap penalty of 0.1, and using a Gonnet similarity matrix (MACVECTOR™ 10.0.2, MacVector Inc., 2008).
In vitro: refers to events that occur in an artificial environment, e.g., in a test tube or reaction vessel, in cell culture, etc., rather than within a multi-cellular organism.
In vivo: refers to events that occur within a multi-cellular organism, such as a human and a non-human animal. In the context of cell-based systems, the term may be used to refer to events that occur within a living cell (as opposed to, for example, in vitro systems).
Isolated: refers to a substance and/or entity that has been (1) separated from at least some of the components with which it was associated when initially produced (whether in nature and/or in an experimental setting), and/or (2) designed, produced, prepared, and/or manufactured by the hand of man. Isolated substances and/or entities may be separated from about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or more than about 99% of the other components with which they were initially associated. In some embodiments, isolated agents are about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or more than about 99% pure. As used herein, a substance is “pure” if it is substantially free of other components. In some embodiments, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, a substance may still be considered “isolated” or even “pure”, after having been combined with certain other components such as, for example, one or more carriers or excipients (e.g., buffer, solvent, water, etc.); in such embodiments, percent isolation or purity of the substance is calculated without including such carriers or excipients. To give but one example, in some embodiments, a biological polymer such as a polypeptide or polynucleotide that occurs in nature is considered to be “isolated” when: a) by virtue of its origin or source of derivation is not associated with some or all of the components that accompany it in its native state in nature; b) it is substantially free of other polypeptides or nucleic acids of the same species from the species that produces it in nature; or c) is expressed by or is otherwise in association with components from a cell or other expression system that is not of the species that produces it in nature. Thus, for instance, in some embodiments, a polypeptide that is chemically synthesized or is synthesized in a cellular system different from that which produces it in nature is considered to be an “isolated” polypeptide. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, a polypeptide that has been subjected to one or more purification techniques may be considered to be an “isolated” polypeptide to the extent that it has been separated from other components: a) with which it is associated in nature; and/or b) with which it was associated when initially produced.
Non-human animal: refers to any vertebrate organism that is not a human. In some embodiments, a non-human animal is a cyclostome, a bony fish, a cartilaginous fish (e.g., a shark or a ray), an amphibian, a reptile, a mammal, and a bird. In some embodiments, a non-human mammal is a primate, a goat, a sheep, a pig, a dog, a cow, or a rodent. In some embodiments, a non-human animal is a rodent such as a rat or a mouse.
Nucleic acid: in its broadest sense, refers to any compound and/or substance that is or can be incorporated into an oligonucleotide chain. In some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” is a compound and/or substance that is or can be incorporated into an oligonucleotide chain via a phosphodiester linkage. As will be clear from context, in some embodiments, “nucleic acid” refers to individual nucleic acid residues (e.g., nucleotides and/or nucleosides); in some embodiments, “nucleic acid” refers to an oligonucleotide chain comprising individual nucleic acid residues. In some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” is or comprises RNA; in some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” is or comprises DNA. In some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” is, comprises, or consists of one or more natural nucleic acid residues. In some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” is, comprises, or consists of one or more nucleic acid analogs. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid analog differs from a “nucleic acid” in that it does not utilize a phosphodiester backbone. For example, in some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” is, comprises, or consists of one or more “peptide nucleic acids”, which are known in the art and have peptide bonds instead of phosphodiester bonds in the backbone. Alternatively, or additionally, in some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” has one or more phosphorothioate and/or 5′-N-phosphoramidite linkages rather than phosphodiester bonds. In some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” is, comprises, or consists of one or more natural nucleosides (e.g., adenosine, thymidine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, deoxyadenosine, deoxythymidine, deoxyguanosine, and deoxycytidine). In some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” is, comprises, or consists of one or more nucleoside analogs (e.g., 2-aminoadenosine, 2-thiothymidine, inosine, pyrrolo-pyrimidine, 3-methyl adenosine, 5-methylcytidine, C-5 propynyl-cytidine, C-5 propynyl-uridine, 2-aminoadenosine, C5-bromouridine, C5-fluorouridine, C5-iodouridine, C5-propynyl-uridine, C5-propynyl-cytidine, C5-methylcytidine, 2-aminoadenosine, 7-deazaadenosine, 7-deazaguanosine, 8-oxoadenosine, 8-oxoguanosine, O(6)-methylguanine, 2-thiocytidine, methylated bases, intercalated bases, and combinations thereof). In some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” comprises one or more modified sugars (e.g., 2′-fluororibose, ribose, 2′-deoxyribose, arabinose, and hexose) as compared with those in natural nucleic acids. In some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” has a nucleotide sequence that encodes a functional gene product such as an RNA or protein. In some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” has a nucleotide sequence that encodes polypeptide fragment (e.g., a peptide). In some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” includes one or more introns. In some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” includes one or more exons. In some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” includes one or more coding sequences. In some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” is prepared by one or more of isolation from a natural source, enzymatic synthesis by polymerization based on a complementary template (in vivo or in vitro), reproduction in a recombinant cell or system, and chemical synthesis. In some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” is at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 20, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000 or more residues long. In some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” is single stranded; in some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” is double stranded. In some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” has a nucleotide sequence comprising at least one element that encodes, or is the complement of a sequence that encodes, a polypeptide or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” has enzymatic activity.
Operably linked: refers to a juxtaposition wherein the components described are in a relationship permitting them to function in their intended manner. A control sequence “operably linked” to a coding sequence is ligated in such a way that expression of the coding sequence is achieved under conditions compatible with the control sequences. “Operably linked” sequences include both expression control sequences that are contiguous with the gene of interest and expression control sequences that act in trans or at a distance to control the gene of interest. The term “expression control sequence”, as used herein, refers to polynucleotide sequences, which are necessary to affect the expression and processing of coding sequences to which they are ligated. “Expression control sequences” include: appropriate transcription initiation, termination, promoter and enhancer sequences; efficient RNA processing signals such as splicing and polyadenylation signals; sequences that stabilize cytoplasmic mRNA; sequences that enhance translation efficiency (i.e., Kozak consensus sequence); sequences that enhance protein stability; and when desired, sequences that enhance protein secretion. The nature of such control sequences differs depending upon the host organism. For example, in prokaryotes, such control sequences generally include promoter, ribosomal binding site and transcription termination sequence, while in eukaryotes typically, such control sequences include promoters and transcription termination sequence. The term “control sequences” is intended to include components whose presence is essential for expression and processing, and can also include additional components whose presence is advantageous, for example, leader sequences and fusion partner sequences.
Physiological conditions: includes its art-understood meaning referencing conditions under which cells or organisms live and/or reproduce. In some embodiments, the term refers to conditions of the external or internal milieu that may occur in nature for an organism or cell system. In some embodiments, physiological conditions are those conditions present within the body of a human or non-human animal, especially those conditions present at and/or within a surgical site. Physiological conditions typically include, e.g., a temperature range of 20−40° C., atmospheric pressure of 1, pH of 6-8, glucose concentration of 1-20 mM, oxygen concentration at atmospheric levels, and gravity as it is encountered on earth. In some embodiments, conditions in a laboratory are manipulated and/or maintained at physiological conditions. In some embodiments, physiological conditions are encountered in an organism (e.g., non-human animal).
Polypeptide: refers to any polymeric chain of amino acids. In some embodiments, a polypeptide has an amino acid sequence that occurs in nature. In some embodiments, a polypeptide has an amino acid sequence that does not occur in nature. In some embodiments, a polypeptide has an amino acid sequence that contains portions that occur in nature separately from one another (i.e., from two or more different organisms, for example, human and non-human portions). In some embodiments, a polypeptide has an amino acid sequence that is engineered in that it is designed and/or produced through action of the hand of man. In some embodiments, a polypeptide may comprise or consist of a plurality of fragments, each of which is found in the same parent polypeptide in a different spatial arrangement relative to one another than is found in the polypeptide of interest (e.g., fragments that are directly linked in the parent may be spatially separated in the polypeptide of interest or vice versa, and/or fragments may be present in a different order in the polypeptide of interest than in the parent), so that the polypeptide of interest is a derivative of its parent polypeptide.
Recombinant: refers to polypeptides that are designed, engineered, prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means, such as polypeptides expressed using a recombinant expression vector transfected into a host cell, polypeptides isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human polypeptide library (Hoogenboom H. R., 1997 TIB Tech. 15:62-70; Hoogenboom H., and Chames P., 2000, Immunology Today 21:371-378; Azzazy H., and Highsmith W. E., 2002, Clin. Biochem. 35:425-445; Gavilondo J. V., and Larrick J. W., 2002, BioTechniques 29:128-145), antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic for human immunoglobulin genes (see e.g., Taylor, L. D., et al., 1992, Nucl. Acids Res. 20:6287-6295; Little M. et al., 2000, Immunology Today 21:364-370; Kellermann S. A. and Green L. L., 2002, Current Opinion in Biotechnology 13:593-597; Murphy, A. J., et al., 2014, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 111(14):5153-5158) or polypeptides prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involves splicing selected sequence elements to one another. In some embodiments, one or more of such selected sequence elements is found in nature. In some embodiments, one or more of such selected sequence elements is designed in silico. In some embodiments, one or more such selected sequence elements result from mutagenesis (e.g., in vivo or in vitro) of a known sequence element, e.g., from a natural or synthetic source. For example, in some embodiments, a recombinant polypeptide comprises sequences found in the genome (or polypeptide) of a source organism of interest (e.g., human, mouse, etc.). In some embodiments, a recombinant polypeptide comprises sequences that occur in nature separately from one another (i.e., from two or more different organisms, for example, human and non-human portions) in two different organisms (e.g., a human and a non-human organism). In some embodiments, a recombinant polypeptide has an amino acid sequence that resulted from mutagenesis (e.g., in vitro or in vivo, for example in a non-human animal), so that the amino acid sequences of the recombinant polypeptides are sequences that, while originating from and related to polypeptide sequences, may not naturally exist within the genome of a non-human animal in vivo.
Reference: is intended to describe a standard or control agent, animal, cohort, individual, population, sample, sequence or value against which an agent, animal, cohort, individual, population, sample, sequence or value of interest is compared. In some embodiments, a reference agent, animal, cohort, individual, population, sample, sequence or value is tested and/or determined substantially simultaneously with the testing or determination of the agent, animal, cohort, individual, population, sample, sequence or value of interest. In some embodiments, a reference agent, animal, cohort, individual, population, sample, sequence or value is a historical reference, optionally embodied in a tangible medium. In some embodiments, a reference may refer to a control. As used herein, a “reference” may refer to a “reference animal”. A “reference animal” may have a modification as described herein, a modification that is different as described herein or no modification (i.e., a wild-type animal). Typically, as would be understood by those skilled in the art, a reference agent, animal, cohort, individual, population, sample, sequence or value is determined or characterized under conditions comparable to those utilized to determine or characterize the agent, animal (e.g., a mammal), cohort, individual, population, sample, sequence or value of interest.
Immunoglobulins participate in a cellular mechanism, termed somatic hypermutation, which produces affinity-matured antibody variants characterized by high affinity to their target. Although somatic hypermutation largely occurs within the CDRs of antibody variable regions, mutations are preferentially targeted to certain sequence motifs that are referred to as hot spots, e.g., RGYW activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) hotspots (see, e.g., Li, Z. et al., 2004, Genes Dev. 18:1-11; Teng, G. and F. N. Papavasiliou, 2007, Annu. Rev. Genet. 41:107-20; hereby incorporated by reference). The non-immunoglobulin peptides of interest, or portion thereof, disclosed herein useful for the generation of an engineered DH region may comprise one or more natural and/or artificial hotspots. The phrase “somatically mutated” includes reference to a nucleic acid sequence from a B cell that has undergone class-switching, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of an immunoglobulin variable region (e.g., nucleotide sequence encoding a heavy chain variable domain or including a heavy chain CDR or FR sequence) in the class-switched B cell is not identical to the nucleic acid sequence in the B cell prior to class-switching, such as, for example, a difference in a CDR or framework nucleic acid sequence between a B cell that has not undergone class-switching and a B cell that has undergone class-switching. “Somatically mutated” includes reference to nucleic acid sequences from affinity-matured B cells that are not identical to corresponding immunoglobulin variable region sequences in B cells that are not affinity-matured (i.e., sequences in the genome of germline cells). The phrase “somatically mutated” also includes reference to an immunoglobulin variable region nucleic acid sequence from a B cell after exposure of the B cell to an epitope of interest, wherein the nucleic acid sequence differs from the corresponding nucleic acid sequence prior to exposure of the B cell to the epitope of interest. The phrase “somatically mutated” refers to sequences from binding proteins that have been generated in an animal, e.g., a mouse having human immunoglobulin variable region nucleic acid sequences, in response to an immunogen challenge, and that result from the selection processes inherently operative in such an animal.
Substantially: refers to the qualitative condition of exhibiting total or near-total extent or degree of a characteristic or property of interest. One of ordinary skill in the biological arts will understand that biological and chemical phenomena rarely, if ever, go to completion and/or proceed to completeness or achieve or avoid an absolute result. The term “substantially” is therefore used herein to capture the potential lack of completeness inherent in many biological and chemical phenomena.
Substantial homology: refers to a comparison between amino acid or nucleic acid sequences. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, two sequences are generally considered to be “substantially homologous” if they contain homologous residues in corresponding positions. Homologous residues may be identical residues. Alternatively, homologous residues may be non-identical residues with appropriately similar structural and/or functional characteristics. For example, as is well known by those of ordinary skill in the art, certain amino acids are typically classified as “hydrophobic” or “hydrophilic” amino acids, and/or as having “polar” or “non-polar” side chains. Substitution of one amino acid for another of the same type may often be considered a “homologous” substitution. Typical amino acid categorizations are summarized below.
As is well known in this art, amino acid or nucleic acid sequences may be compared using any of a variety of algorithms, including those available in commercial computer programs such as BLASTN for nucleotide sequences and BLASTP, gapped BLAST, and PSI-BLAST for amino acid sequences. Exemplary such programs are described in Altschul, S. F. et al., 1990, J. Mol. Biol., 215(3): 403-410; Altschul, S. F. et al., 1997, Methods in Enzymology; Altschul, S. F. et al., 1997, Nucleic Acids Res., 25:3389-3402; Baxevanis, A. D., and B. F. F. Ouellette (eds.) Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins, Wiley, 1998; and Misener et al. (eds.) Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 132), Humana Press, 1998. In addition to identifying homologous sequences, the programs mentioned above typically provide an indication of the degree of homology. In some embodiments, two sequences are considered to be substantially homologous if at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more of their corresponding residues are homologous over a relevant stretch of residues. In some embodiments, the relevant stretch is a complete sequence. In some embodiments, the relevant stretch is at least 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or more residues. In some embodiments, the relevant stretch includes contiguous residues along a complete sequence. In some embodiments, the relevant stretch includes discontinuous residues along a complete sequence, for example, noncontiguous residues brought together by the folded conformation of a polypeptide or a portion thereof. In some embodiments, the relevant stretch is at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, or more residues.
Substantial identity: refers to a comparison between amino acid or nucleic acid sequences. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, two sequences are generally considered to be “substantially identical” if they contain identical residues in corresponding positions. As is well known in this art, amino acid or nucleic acid sequences may be compared using any of a variety of algorithms, including those available in commercial computer programs such as BLASTN for nucleotide sequences and BLASTP, gapped BLAST, and PSI-BLAST for amino acid sequences. Exemplary such programs are described in Altschul, S. F. et al., 1990, J. Mol. Biol., 215(3): 403-410; Altschul, S. F. et al., 1997, Methods in Enzymology; Altschul, S. F. et al., 1997, Nucleic Acids Res., 25:3389-3402; Baxevanis, A. D., and B. F. F. Ouellette (eds.) Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins, Wiley, 1998; and Misener et al. (eds.) Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 132), Humana Press, 1998. In addition to identifying identical sequences, the programs mentioned above typically provide an indication of the degree of identity. In some embodiments, two sequences are considered to be substantially identical if at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more of their corresponding residues are identical over a relevant stretch of residues. In some embodiments, the relevant stretch is a complete sequence. In some embodiments, the relevant stretch is at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, or more residues.
Transformation: refers to any process by which exogenous DNA is introduced into a host cell. Transformation may occur under natural or artificial conditions using various methods well known in the art. Transformation may rely on any known method for the insertion of foreign nucleic acid sequences into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell. In some embodiments, a particular transformation methodology is selected based on the host cell being transformed and may include, but is not limited to, viral infection, electroporation, mating, lipofection. In some embodiments, a “transformed” cell is stably transformed in that the inserted DNA is capable of replication either as an autonomously replicating plasmid or as part of the host chromosome. In some embodiments, a transformed cell transiently expresses introduced nucleic acid for limited periods of time.
Targeting vector or targeting construct: refers to a polynucleotide molecule that comprises a targeting region. A targeting region comprises a sequence that is identical or substantially identical to a sequence in a target cell, tissue or animal and provides for integration of the targeting construct into a position within the genome of the cell, tissue or animal via homologous recombination. Targeting regions that target using site-specific recombinase recognition sites (e.g., loxP or Frt sites) are also included. In some embodiments, a targeting construct as described herein further comprises a nucleic acid sequence or gene of particular interest, a selectable marker, control and or regulatory sequences, and other nucleic acid sequences that allow for recombination mediated through exogenous addition of proteins that aid in or facilitate recombination involving such sequences. In some embodiments, a targeting construct further comprises a gene of interest in whole or in part, wherein the gene of interest is a heterologous gene that encodes a polypeptide, in whole or in part, that has a similar function as a protein encoded by an endogenous sequence. In some embodiments, a targeting construct further comprises a humanized gene of interest, in whole or in part, wherein the humanized gene of interest encodes a polypeptide, in whole or in part, that has a similar function as a polypeptide encoded by an endogenous sequence. In some embodiments, a targeting construct (or targeting vector) may comprise a nucleic acid sequence manipulated by the hand of man. For example, in some embodiments, a targeting construct (or targeting vector) may be constructed to contain an engineered or recombinant polynucleotide that contains two or more sequences that are not linked together in that order in nature yet manipulated by the hand of man to be directly linked to one another in the engineered or recombinant polynucleotide.
Transgene or transgene construct: refers to a nucleic acid sequence (encoding e.g., a polypeptide of interest, in whole or in part) that has been introduced into a cell by the hand of man such as by the methods described herein. A transgene could be partly or entirely heterologous, i.e., foreign, to the transgenic animal or cell into which it is introduced. A transgene can include one or more transcriptional regulatory sequences and any other nucleic acid, such as introns or promoters, which may be necessary for expression of a selected nucleic acid sequence.
Transgenic animal, transgenic non-human animal or Tg+: may be used interchangeably and refer to any non-naturally occurring non-human animal in which one or more of the cells of the non-human animal contain heterologous nucleic acid and/or gene encoding a polypeptide of interest, in whole or in part. In some embodiments, a heterologous nucleic acid and/or gene is introduced into the cell, directly or indirectly by introduction into a precursor cell, by way of deliberate genetic manipulation, such as by microinjection or by infection with a recombinant virus. The term genetic manipulation does not include classic breeding techniques, but rather is directed to introduction of recombinant DNA molecule(s). This molecule may be integrated within a chromosome, or it may be extrachromosomally replicating DNA. The term “Tg+” includes animals that are heterozygous or homozygous for a heterologous nucleic acid and/or gene, and/or animals that have single or multi-copies of a heterologous nucleic acid and/or gene.
Variant: refers to an entity that shows significant structural identity with a reference entity, but differs structurally from the reference entity in the presence or level of one or more chemical moieties as compared with the reference entity. In many embodiments, a “variant” also differs functionally from its reference entity. In general, whether a particular entity is properly considered to be a “variant” of a reference entity is based on its degree of structural identity with the reference entity. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, any biological or chemical reference entity has certain characteristic structural elements. A “variant”, by definition, is a distinct chemical entity that shares one or more such characteristic structural elements. To give but a few examples, a small molecule may have a characteristic core structural element (e.g., a macrocycle core) and/or one or more characteristic pendent moieties so that a variant of the small molecule is one that shares the core structural element and the characteristic pendent moieties but differs in other pendent moieties and/or in types of bonds present (single vs. double, E vs. Z, etc.) within the core, a polypeptide may have a characteristic sequence element comprised of a plurality of amino acids having designated positions relative to one another in linear or three-dimensional space and/or contributing to a particular biological function, a nucleic acid may have a characteristic sequence element comprised of a plurality of nucleotide residues having designated positions relative to on another in linear or three-dimensional space. For example, a “variant polypeptide” may differ from a reference polypeptide as a result of one or more differences in amino acid sequence and/or one or more differences in chemical moieties (e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, etc.) covalently attached to the polypeptide backbone. In some embodiments, a “variant polypeptide” shows an overall sequence identity with a reference polypeptide that is at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, or 99%. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, a “variant polypeptide” does not share at least one characteristic sequence element with a reference polypeptide. In some embodiments, the reference polypeptide has one or more biological activities. In some embodiments, a “variant polypeptide” shares one or more of the biological activities of the reference polypeptide. In some embodiments, a “variant polypeptide” lacks one or more of the biological activities of the reference polypeptide. In some embodiments, a “variant polypeptide” shows a reduced level of one or more biological activities as compared with the reference polypeptide. In many embodiments, a polypeptide of interest is considered to be a “variant” of a parent or reference polypeptide if the polypeptide of interest has an amino acid sequence that is identical to that of the parent but for a small number of sequence alterations at particular positions. Typically, fewer than 20%, 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, or 2% of the residues in the variant are substituted as compared with the parent. In some embodiments, a “variant” has 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 substituted residue(s) as compared with a parent. Often, a “variant” has a very small number (e.g., fewer than 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1) number of substituted functional residues (i.e., residues that participate in a particular biological activity). Furthermore, a “variant” typically has not more than 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 additions or deletions, and often has no additions or deletions, as compared with the parent. Moreover, any additions or deletions are typically fewer than about 25, about 20, about 19, about 18, about 17, about 16, about 15, about 14, about 13, about 10, about 9, about 8, about 7, about 6, and commonly are fewer than about 5, about 4, about 3, or about 2 residues. In some embodiments, the parent or reference polypeptide is one found in nature. As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, a plurality of variants of a particular polypeptide of interest may commonly be found in nature, particularly when the polypeptide of interest is an infectious agent polypeptide.
Vector: refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it is associated. In some embodiment, vectors are capable of extra-chromosomal replication and/or expression of nucleic acids to which they are linked in a host cell such as a eukaryotic and/or prokaryotic cell. Vectors capable of directing the expression of operably linked genes are referred to herein as “expression vectors.”
Wild-type: includes its art-understood meaning that refers to an entity having a structure and/or activity as found in nature in a “normal” (as contrasted with mutant, diseased, altered, etc.) state or context. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that wild-type genes and polypeptides often exist in multiple different forms (e.g., alleles).
Disclosed herein are, among other things, transgenic non-human animals having heterologous genetic material encoding one or more portions (functional fragments, binding portions, etc.) of a polypeptide of interest, which heterologous genetic material is inserted into the diversity cluster (i.e., DH region) of an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region so that the heterologous genetic material is operably linked with heavy chain variable (VH) and joining (JH) segments. It is contemplated that such non-human animals demonstrate a capacity to generate antibodies to intractable disease targets. It is also contemplated that such non-human animals demonstrate an antibody population characterized by heavy chain variable regions having an increase in CDR3 diversity as compared to an antibody population having immunoglobulin heavy chain variable CDR3 diversity generated from traditional immunoglobulin DH gene segments (or immunoglobulin DH gene segments that appear in nature). Therefore, the non-human animals described herein may be useful for the development of antibody-based therapeutics that bind particular antigens, in particular, antigens associated with low and/or poor immunogenicity. In particular, disclosed herein is the introduction of exemplary nucleotide coding sequences that each encode a portion of a polypeptide of interest (e.g., an extracellular portion of an atypical chemokine receptor, a portion of a conotoxin, or a portion of a tarantula toxin) into the DH region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region resulting in expression of antibodies having heavy chain variable regions and, in particular, CDR3 regions, generated from V(D)J recombination involving an inserted nucleotide coding sequence. In some embodiments, inserted nucleotide coding sequences of a polypeptide of interest (e.g., an atypical chemokine receptor (ACKR), conotoxin, tarantula toxin, or combinations thereof) replace all or substantially all traditional DH segments (i.e., wild-type DH segments) within an immunoglobulin heavy chain diversity cluster (i.e., DH region) as described herein. In some embodiments, inserted nucleotide coding sequences of a polypeptide of interest (e.g., an atypical chemokine receptor (ACKR), conotoxin, tarantula toxin, or combinations thereof) partially replace one or more traditional DH segments within an immunoglobulin heavy chain diversity cluster (i.e., DH region) as described herein. In some embodiments, nucleotide coding sequences of a polypeptide of interest (e.g., an atypical chemokine receptor (ACKR), conotoxin, tarantula toxin, or combinations thereof) are inserted into one or more traditional DH segments within an immunoglobulin heavy chain diversity cluster (i.e., DH region) as described herein, so that said nucleotide coding sequences are flanked by sequences that are normally or naturally found in or associated with the one or more traditional DH segments. In some embodiments, one or more traditional DH segments remain intact within an immunoglobulin heavy chain diversity cluster as described herein. In some embodiments, one or more traditional DH segments are deleted, removed or otherwise rendered non-functional from an immunoglobulin heavy chain diversity cluster as described herein. In some certain embodiments, an immunoglobulin heavy chain diversity cluster as described herein lacks all or substantially all traditional DH segments. In some certain embodiments, an immunoglobulin heavy chain diversity cluster as described herein comprises synthetic DH segments made or generated using nucleotide coding sequences described herein. Such transgenic non-human animals provide an in vivo system for identifying and developing antibodies and/or antibody-based therapeutics that bind disease targets beyond the targeting capabilities of established drug discovery technologies. Further, such transgenic non-human animals provide a useful animal model system for the development of antibodies and/or antibody-based therapeutics centered on or designed for disrupting protein-protein interactions that are central to various diseases and/or disease pathologies that affect humans.
In some embodiments, non-human animals described herein comprise an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region containing an engineered diversity cluster (i.e., an engineered DH region) characterized by the presence of one or more nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to a portion(s) of a polypeptide of interest such as, for example, an extracellular domain of an ACKR (e.g., a D6 chemokine decoy receptor), a toxin (e.g., an ion channel blocker such as, for example, a conotoxin, spider toxin, tarantula toxin, sea anemone toxin, or scorpion toxin), a G-protein-coupled receptor, long heavy chain CDRs of selected antibodies (e.g., neutralizing antibodies that bind viruses including, for example, HIV, HCV, HPV, influenza, etc.), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (e.g., exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, albiglutide, dulaglutide, taspoglutide, etc.), heavy chain diversity (DH) gene segments from a non-human species (e.g., bird, chicken, cow, rabbit, swine, etc.), etc. In such embodiments, antibodies containing CDR3s generated from recombination involving such nucleotide coding sequences can be characterized as having increased diversity to direct binding to particular antigens (e.g., membrane-spanning polypeptides). In some embodiments, antibodies produced by non-human animals described herein have an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region sequence that contains a CDR3 region corresponding to a peptide encoded by the one or more nucleotide coding sequences. In some embodiments, non-human animals described herein comprise heavy chain variable (VH) and joining (JH) gene segments operably linked with the one or more nucleotide coding sequences so that V(D)J recombination occurs between said VH, JH and one or more nucleotide coding sequences to create a heavy chain variable region that binds an antigen of interest. In some embodiments, non-human animals described herein comprise a plurality of VH and JH gene segments operably linked to 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or more (e.g., a plurality) nucleotide coding sequences at an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region in the genome of the non-human animal. In many embodiments, VH and JH segments are human VH and human JH gene segments. In some embodiments, non-human animals described herein further comprise a human or humanized immunoglobulin light chain locus (e.g., κ and/or λ) such that the non-human animals produce antibodies comprising human variable regions (i.e., heavy and light) and non-human constant regions. In some certain embodiments, said human or humanized immunoglobulin light chain locus comprises human VL and JL gene segments operably linked to a rodent light chain constant region (e.g., a rodent Cκ or Cλ). In some embodiments, non-human animals described herein further comprise an immunoglobulin light chain locus as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2011-0195454 A1, 2012-0021409 A1, 2012-0192300 A1, 2013-0045492 A1, 2013-0185821 A1, 2013-0198880 A1, 2013-0302836 A1, 2015-0059009 A1; International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 2011/097603, WO 2012/148873, WO 2013/134263, WO 2013/184761, WO 2014/160179, WO 2014/160202; all of which are hereby incorporated by reference).
Various aspects of the compositions and methods are described in detail in the following sections. The use of sections is not meant to limit any embodiment. Each section can apply to any embodiment specifically described. In this application, the use of “or” means “and/or” unless stated otherwise.
V(D)J Recombination
A series of recombination events, involving several genetic components, serves to assemble immunoglobulins from ordered arrangement of gene segments (e.g., V, D and J). This assembly of gene segments is known to be imprecise and, therefore, immunoglobulin diversity is achieved both by combination of different gene segments and formation of unique junctions through imprecise joining. Further diversity is generated through a process known as somatic hypermutation in which the variable region sequence of immunoglobulins is altered to increase affinity and specificity for antigen. The immunoglobulin is a Y-shaped polypeptide composed of two identical heavy and two identical light chains, each of which have two structural components: one variable domain and one constant domain. It is the variable domains of heavy and light chains that are formed by the assembly of gene segments, while constant domains are fused to variable domains through RNA splicing. Although the mechanism of assembling (or joining) gene segments is similar for heavy and light chains, only one joining event is required for light chains (i.e., V to J) while two are required for heavy chains (i.e., D to J and V to DJ).
The assembly of gene segments for heavy and light chain variable regions is guided by conserved noncoding DNA sequences that flank each gene segment, termed recombination signal sequences (RSSs), which ensure DNA rearrangements at precise locations relative to V, D and J coding sequences (see, e.g., Ramsden, D. A. et al., 1994, Nuc. Acids Res. 22(10):1785-96). Each RSS consists of a conserved block of seven nucleotides (heptamer) that is contiguous with a coding sequence (e.g., a V segment) followed by a conserved spacer (either 12 or 23 bp) and a second conserved block of nine nucleotides (nonamer). Although considerable sequence divergence among individuals is tolerated, the length of these sequences typically does not vary. Recombination between immunoglobulin gene segments follows a rule commonly referred to as the 12/23 rule, in which gene segments flanked by an RSS with a 12 bp spacer are typically joined to a gene segment flanked by a 23 bp spacer (see, e.g., Hiom, K. and M. Gellert, 1998, Mol. Cell. 1(7):1011-9). The sequence of an RSS has been reported to influence the efficiency and/or the frequency of recombination with a particular gene segment (see, e.g., Ramsden, D. A and G. E. Wu, 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:10721-5; Boubnov, N. V. et al., 1995, Nuc. Acids Res. 23:1060-7; Ezekiel, U. R. et al., 1995, Immunity 2:381-9; Sadofsky, M. et al., 1995, Genes Dev. 9:2193-9; Cuomo, C. A. et al., 1996, Mol. Cell Biol. 16:5683-90; Ramsden, D. A. et al., 1996, EMBO J 15:3197-3206). Indeed, many reports point to a highly biased and variable usage of gene segments, in particular, DH segments, among individuals.
In some embodiments, non-human animals described herein comprise one or more RSSs flanking coding sequences that is or are optimized for recombination to a V and/or a J gene segment. In various embodiments, coding sequences are inserted into an immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in the place of (or within) traditional DH gene segments (or DH gene segments that appear in nature). Optimization of RSSs may be achieved using standard techniques known in the art such as, for example, site-directed mutagenesis of known RSS sequences or in silico generation of synthetic RSS sequences followed by de novo synthesis. To give but one example, an RSS that is associated with low or poor recombination efficiency and/or frequency may be optimized by comparison to an RSS that is associated with a high or optimal recombination efficiency and/or frequency. Recombination efficiency and/or frequency may be determined, in some embodiments, by usage frequencies of gene segments in a population of antibody sequences (e.g., from an individual or group of individuals; see e.g., Arnaout, R. et al., 2011, PLoS One 6(8):e22365; Glanville, J. et al., 2011, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108(50):20066-71). Thus, non-human animals described herein may, in some embodiments, comprise one or more optimized RSSs flanking coding sequences (or gene segments) so that recombination of coding sequences (or gene segments) occurs at equal or about equal frequencies. Exemplary optimized RSSs are set forth in
Assembly of gene segments to form heavy and light chain variable regions results in the formation of antigen-binding regions (or sites) of immunoglobulins. Such antigen-binding regions are characterized, in part, by the presence of hypervariable regions, which are commonly referred to as complementary determining regions (CDRs). There are three CDRs for both heavy and light chains (i.e., for a total of six CDRs) with both CDR1 and CDR2 being entirely encoded by the V gene segment. CDR3, however, is encoded by the sequence resulting from the joining of the V and J segments for light chains, and the V, D and J segments for heavy chains. Thus, the additional gene segment employed during recombination to form a heavy chain variable region coding sequence significantly increases the diversity of the antigen-binding sites of heavy chains.
Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors
Immune and inflammatory responses are complex biological processes involving several types of immune cells and molecular components. Migration of leukocytes has been reported as an important factor in the initiation, maintenance and resolution of immune and inflammatory responses, some of which is achieved through the action of chemokines and their receptors. Indeed, several chemokines and corresponding receptors have been reported. Chemokine receptors have a structure characterized by a seven-transmembrane domain that couples to a G-protein for signal transduction in the intracellular compartment and are divided into multiple different families corresponding to the subsets of chemokines they bind: CC-chemokine receptors (β-chemokine receptors), CXC-chemokine receptors, CX3C-chemokine receptors and XC-chemokine receptors. In addition to these traditional chemokine receptors, other chemokine receptors (termed atypical chemokine receptors or ACKRs) that share a similar structure yet lacking the ability to initiate signaling in response to ligand binding have been reported (see, e.g., Bonecchi, R. et al., 2010, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 341:15-36; Nibbs, R. J. B. and G. J. Graham, 2013, Nature Rev. 13:815-29).
Among ACKRs, ACKR2 (also known as CCBP2 and D6 chemokine decoy receptor) is a seven-transmembrane protein receptor similar to other G protein-coupled receptors and encoded by the CCBP2 gene (Nibbs, R. J. B. et al., 1997, J. Biol. Chem. 272(51):32078-83). In contrast to other chemokine receptors, ACKR2 contains a DKYLEIV motif in the second intracellular loop in place of the canonical DRYLAIV motif and is incapable of signaling through Gαi proteins. ACKR2 is expressed on lymphatic endothelial cells of skin, gut and lung, as well as on B cells and dendritic cells. ACKR is a promiscuous receptor for many pro-inflammatory β-chemokines (CC chemokines), but does not bind constitutive CCL chemokines. ACKR2 has been suggested to be a scavenger receptor that internalizes CC chemokines and targets them for lysosomal degradation thereby limiting inflammatory responses via clearance of CC chemokines (Jamieson, T. et al., 2005, Nature Immunol. 6(4):403-11; Bonecchi, R. et al., supra; Hansell, C. A. H. et al., 2011, Immunol. Cell Biol. 89(2):197-206; Nibbs, R. J. B. and G. J. Graham, supra).
Peptide Toxins
Toxins are naturally occurring substances found in plants and animals that can be poisonous to humans. For example, cone snails produce neurotoxic peptides, called conotoxins, in their venom that modulate the activity of various receptors in humans. In particular, several conotoxins have been shown to modulate ion channels (e.g., NaV channels). Typically, conotoxins are peptides 10 to 30 amino acids in length that include one or more disulfide bonds, and are characterized based on the target upon which they act: α-conotoxins (acetylcholine receptors), δ-conotoxins (voltage-gated sodium channels), κ-conotoxins (potassium channels), μ-conotoxins (voltage-gated sodium channels) and ω-conotoxins (voltage-gated calcium channels). Conotoxins are known to be highly polymorphic among species of snails and, as a result, the genes that encode them are not conserved (see, for example, Terlau, H. and B. M. Olivera, 2004, Physiol. Rev. 84(1):41-68; Biggs, J. S. et al., 2010, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 56(1):1-12; Olivera, B. M. et al., 2012, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1267(1):61-70; Wong, E. S. and K. Belov, 2012, Gene 496(1):1-7).
Among conotoxins, μ-conotoxins have been reported to have two types of cysteine patterns and act on voltage-gated sodium channels in muscle tissue (Cruz, L. J. et al., 1985, J. Biol. Chem. 260(16):9280-8; Zeikus, R. D. et al., 1985, J. Biol. Chem. 260(16):9280-8; McIntosh, J. M. and R. M. Jones, 2001, Toxicon. 39(10):1447-51; Nielsen, K. J. et al., 2002, J. Biol. Chem. 277(30):27247-55; Floresca, C. Z., 2003, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 190(2):95-101; Priest, B. T. et al., 2007, Toxicon. 49(2):194-201; Schmalhofer, W. A. et al., 2008, Mol. Pharmacol. 74(5):1476-84; Ekberg, J. et al., 2008, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 40(11):2363-8). Indeed, μ-conotoxins have been the subject of investigation for their potential pharmacological use (see, e.g., Olivera, B. M. and R. W. Teichert, 2007, Mol. Interv. 7(5):251-60; Stevens, M. et al., 2012, J. Biol. Chem. 287(37):31382-92). Although, several studies have been conducted to elucidate the mechanism of action of various μ-conotoxins, much remains unknown.
Other examples of toxins include the venom of sea anemones, scorpions, spiders and tarantulas, which have been reported to act on ion channels by inhibiting activation and blocking neuronal transmission. Indeed, several scorpion toxins have been identified and their structures solved (see, e.g., Rochat, H. and J. Gregoire, 1983, Toxicon. 21(1):153-62; Zhou, X. H. et al., 1989, Biochem. J. 257(2):509-17; Granier, C. et al., 1990, FEBS Lett. 261(2):423-6). Further, neurotoxin-based libraries have been developed for potassium channels using toxins from scorpion venom (see, e.g., Takacs, Z. et al., 2009, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106(52):22211-6). To give yet another example, peptides from tarantula venom have been reported to specifically act on voltage-gated sodium channels such as NaV1.5 and NaV1.7 (see, e.g., Priest, B. T. et al., 2007, Toxicon. 49(2):194-201; Xiao, Y. et al., 2010, Mol. Pharmacol. 78(6):1124-34). Described herein is the finding that a particularly useful set of nucleotide coding sequences for construction an engineered DH region is or comprises nucleotide coding sequences from tarantula toxin and μ-conotoxin sequences (see, e.g., Table 4). Disclosed herein is the use of toxin coding sequences that act on voltage-gated sodium channels (e.g., NaV1.7) for construction of an engineered DH region. The methods described herein can be employed to utilize any set of coding sequences derived from any desired toxin peptide(s), or combination of toxin peptides (or toxin peptide sequence fragments) from multiple (i.e., two, three, four, five, etc.) toxin peptides as desired.
Provided In Vivo Systems
Described herein is recognition that particular antigens are associated with low and/or poor immunogenicity and, therefore, are poor targets for antibody-based therapeutics. Indeed, many disease targets (e.g., membrane-spanning proteins) have been characterized as intractable or undruggable. Thus, disclosed herein is the creation of an in vivo system for the development of antibodies and antibody-based therapeutics that overcome deficiencies associated with established drug discovery technologies. The present disclosure specifically demonstrates the construction of a transgenic rodent whose genome comprises an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered DH region, which engineered DH region includes one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences that each encode a portion (e.g., an extracellular portion, binding portion, functional fragment, etc.) of a heterologous polypeptide or peptide of interest. The methods described herein can be adapted to employ a set of heterologous nucleotide coding sequences that each encode a portion of any polypeptide or peptide of interest (e.g., a membrane-spanning protein, a toxin, a G-protein-coupled receptor, etc.) for creating an engineered DH region. The engineered DH region, once integrated into an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (i.e., placed in operable linkage with V and J gene segments and/or one or more constant regions), provides for recombination of gene segments (i.e., V and J) with the one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences to generate antibodies characterized by heavy chains having added diversity (i.e., CDR3 diversity) to direct binding to particular antigens.
Described herein is the recognition that particularly useful heterologous polypeptides of interest from which to design a set of nucleotide coding sequences (or combinations of nucleotide coding sequences) for constructing an engineered DH region as described herein include chemokine receptors, conotoxins, tarantula toxins and/or combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, chemokine receptors include CC-chemokine receptors, CXC-chemokine receptors, CX3C-chemokine receptors, XC-chemokine receptors and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, CC-chemokine receptors (also known as β-chemokine receptors) include CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CCR8, CCR9, CCR10 and CCR11.
In some embodiments, CXC-chemokine receptors include CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, CXCR6 and CXCR7.
In some embodiments, CX3C-chemokine receptors include CX3CR1.
In some embodiments, XC-chemokine receptors include XCR1.
In some embodiments, conotoxins include α-conotoxins, δ-conotoxins, κ-conotoxins, μ-conotoxins, ω-conotoxins and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, conotoxins are or comprise μ-conotoxins.
In some embodiments, tarantula toxins include ProTxI, ProTxII, Huwentoxin-IV (HWTX-IV), and combinations thereof.
Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, we note that data provided herein demonstrate that, in some embodiments, rodents whose genome comprises an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable locus that includes an engineered DH region characterized by the inclusion of one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences derived from an extracellular portion of a heterologous atypical chemokine receptor (e.g., ACKR2, also known as D6 chemokine decoy receptor) effectively generate an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region locus that produces antibodies characterized by CDR3s having added diversity to bind ligands of a heterologous atypical chemokine receptor (e.g., a heterologous D6 chemokine decoy receptor). We also note that data provided herein demonstrate that, in some embodiments, rodents whose genome comprises an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable locus that includes an engineered DH region characterized by the inclusion of one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences derived from a portion of one or more toxins (e.g., μ-conotoxin and/or ProTxII) effectively generate an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region locus that produces antibodies characterized by CDR3s having added diversity to bind a heterologous voltage-gated sodium channel (e.g., a heterologous NaV channel).
In particular, the present disclosure specifically demonstrates, among other things, exemplary nucleotide coding sequences from a human atypical chemokine receptor (ACKR) such as, for example, ACKR2 (i.e., D6 chemokine decoy receptor) that are particularly useful for integration into a DH region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain locus for the generation of antibodies characterized by CDR3s having diversity resulting from recombination of the nucleotide coding sequences with VH and JH segments, and that block several inflammatory cytokines (e.g., CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL11, CCL12, CCL13, CCL14, CCL17, CCL22 and CCL3L1). The present disclosure also demonstrates exemplary nucleotide coding sequences from a conotoxin (e.g., μ-conotoxin) and a tarantula toxin (e.g., ProTxII) that are particularly useful for integration into a DH region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain locus for the generation of antibodies characterized by CDR3s having diversity resulting from recombination of the nucleotide coding sequences with VH and JH segments, and that block and/or inhibit the activation and/or function of a voltage-gated sodium channel(s) (e.g., NaV1.7). Thus, the present disclosure, in at least some embodiments, embraces the development of an in vivo system for generating antibodies and/or antibody-based therapeutics to intractable disease targets.
Exemplary human ACKRs (along with their associated ligands) are set forth in Table 1 (see, e.g., Nibbs, R. J. B. and G. J. Graham, 2013, Nature Reviews 13:815-29). Exemplary toxins (along with their associated targets) are set forth in Table 2 (see, e.g., Terlau, H. and B. M. Olivera, 2004, Physiol. Rev. 84(1):41-68).
ACKR2 (D6 Chemokine Decoy Receptor) Coding Sequences
Exemplary nucleotide coding sequences (DNA and amino acid (AA)) of a human ACKR2 (D6 chemokine decoy receptor) for construction of an engineered DH region as described herein are set forth in Table 3. The set of human ACKR2 nucleotide coding sequences set forth in Table 3 are characterized by four extracellular domains, four extracellular domains with Cys to Ser substitutions to remove disulfide bonds, four Cys crossovers (Nterm-EC3, EC3-Nterm, EC1-EC2, EC2-EC1), four Cys crossovers with Cys to Ser substitutions to remove disulfide bonds, two loop fusions (with Cys retained; Nterm+EC3, EC1+EC2), and seven partial domains.
Exemplary DNA fragments containing human ACKR2 (D6 chemokine decoy receptor) nucleotide coding sequences for construction of an engineered DH region are provided below.
Toxin Coding Sequences
Exemplary nucleotide coding sequences (DNA and amino acid (AA)) of toxins (e.g., μ-conotoxin and tarantula toxin ProTxII) for construction of an engineered DH region as described herein are set forth in Table 4.
Exemplary DNA fragments containing toxin nucleotide coding sequences for construction of an engineered DH region are provided below.
DNA Constructs
Typically, a polynucleotide molecule containing one or more nucleotide coding sequences that each encodes a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest, or portion thereof (e.g., an extracellular portion of an ACKR2 polypeptide or a portion of a toxin peptide) is inserted into a vector, preferably a DNA vector, in order to replicate the polynucleotide molecule in a suitable host cell.
Due to their size, one or more nucleotide coding sequences can be cloned directly from cDNA sources available from commercial suppliers or designed in silico based on published sequences available from GenBank. Alternatively, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries can provide heterologous nucleotide coding sequences from genes of interest (e.g., a heterologous ACKR2 gene or a toxin encoding sequence). BAC libraries contain an average insert size of 100-150 kb and are capable of harboring inserts as large as 300 kb (Shizuya, et al., 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 89:8794-8797; Swiatek, et al., 1993, Genes and Development 7:2071-2084; Kim, et al., 1996, Genomics 34 213-218; herein incorporated by reference). For example, human and mouse genomic BAC libraries have been constructed and are commercially available (e.g., Invitrogen, Carlsbad Calif.). Genomic BAC libraries can also serve as a source of heterologous coding sequences as well as transcriptional control regions.
Alternatively, heterologous nucleotide coding sequences may be isolated, cloned and/or transferred from yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). An entire heterologous gene or locus can be cloned and contained within one or a few YACs. If multiple YACs are employed and contain regions of overlapping homology, they can be recombined within yeast host strains to produce a single construct representing the entire locus. YAC arms can be additionally modified with mammalian selection cassettes by retrofitting to assist in introducing the constructs into embryonic stems cells or embryos by methods known in the art and/or described herein.
As described above, exemplary DNA and amino acid sequences for use in constructing an engineered DH region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain locus are provided in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. Other heterologous nucleotide coding sequences can also be found in the GenBank database or other sequence databases known in the art. For example, the mRNA and amino acid sequences of human ACKR2 can be found at GenBank accession numbers NM_001296.4 and NP_001287.2, respectively, and are hereby incorporated by reference. Also, for example, DNA and amino acid sequences of an α-conotoxin can be found at GenBank accession numbers JX177132.1 and AFR68318.1, respectively; of a δ-conotoxin at GenBank accession numbers KR013220.1 and AKD43185.1, respectively; of a κ-conotoxin at GenBank accession numbers DQ311073.1 and ABD33865.1, respectively; of a μ-conotoxin at GenBank accession numbers AY207469.1 and AA048588.1, respectively; and/or of an co-conotoxin at GenBank accession numbers M84612.1 and AAA81590.1, respectively; all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Further, for example, sequences of a toxin from the tarantula Grammostola spatulata can be found at GenBank accession numbers 1TYK_A and 1LUP_A, of SGTX-I can be found at GenBank accession number 1LA4_A, of Huwentoxin-IV (HWTX-IV) can be found at GenBank accession number P83303.2, of Protoxin-I (ProTxI) at GenBank accession number 2M9L_A, of Protoxin-2 (ProTxII) at GenBank accession number P83476.1; all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
DNA constructs containing one or more nucleotide coding sequences as described herein, in some embodiments, comprise human ACKR2 DNA sequences encoding an extracellular portion of a human ACKR2 polypeptide operably linked to recombination signal sequences (RSSs, i.e., flanked by a 5′ RSS and 3′ RSS) for recombination with immunoglobulin gene segments (e.g., VH and JH) in a transgenic non-human animal. In some embodiments, DNA constructs containing one or more nucleotide coding sequences as described herein comprise toxin DNA sequences encoding a portion of a μ-conotoxin and/or tarantula toxin peptide operably linked to recombination signal sequences (RSSs, i.e., flanked by a 5′ RSS and 3′ RSS) for recombination with immunoglobulin gene segments (e.g., VH and JH) in a transgenic non-human animal. Recombination signal sequences may be identical or substantially identical with recombination signal sequences found in nature (e.g., genomic) or may be engineered by the hand of man (e.g., optimized). In some embodiments, RSSs are genomic in origin, and include a sequence or sequences that are found in an immunoglobulin heavy chain locus found in nature (e.g., a human or rodent immunoglobulin heavy chain locus). For example, a DNA construct can include recombination signal sequences located in the 5′-flanking and/or 3′-flanking regions of a nucleotide coding sequence encoding a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest, or portion thereof (e.g., an extracellular portion of heterologous ACKR2 polypeptide or a portion of a toxin peptide), operably linked to the nucleotide coding sequence in a manner capable of recombining the nucleotide coding sequence with a VH and/or JH gene segment. In some embodiments, recombination signal sequences comprise a sequence naturally associated with a traditional DH gene segment (i.e., an RSS found in nature). In some embodiments, recombination signal sequences comprise a sequence that is not naturally associated with a traditional DH gene segment. In some embodiments, recombination signal sequences comprise a sequence that is optimized for recombination with VH and JH gene segments. In some embodiments, recombination signal sequences operably linked to one or more nucleotide coding sequences each encoding a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest, or portion thereof (e.g., an extracellular portion of an ACKR2 polypeptide or a portion of a toxin peptide) provide for recombination at a level similar to, more or less than that level of recombination in the animal from which the sequence is obtained. If additional flanking sequences are useful in optimizing recombination of the one or more nucleotide coding sequences, such sequences can be cloned using existing sequences as probes. Additional sequences necessary for maximizing recombination and/or expression of a heavy chain variable region containing a nucleotide coding sequence of non-immunoglobulin polypeptide (e.g., an ACKR2 or toxin) can be obtained from genomic sequences or other sources depending on the desired outcome.
In various embodiments, one or more nucleotide coding sequences as described herein are each flanked 5′ and/or 3′ by optimized RSSs. Exemplary optimized RSSs that may be used are provided in
In various embodiments, one or more nucleotide coding sequences as described herein are each flanked 5′ by an optimized RSS having a sequence at least 50% (e.g., 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) identical to a 5′ RSS that appears in
In various embodiments, one or more nucleotide coding sequences as described herein are each flanked 5′ by an optimized RSS having a sequence that is substantially identical or identical to a 5′ RSS that appears in
In various embodiments, one or more nucleotide coding sequences are each flanked 3′ by an optimized RSS having a sequence at least 50% (e.g., 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) identical to a 3′ RSS that appears in
In various embodiments, one or more nucleotide coding sequences as described herein are each flanked 3′ by an optimized RSS having a sequence that is substantially identical or identical to a 5′RSS that appears in
In various embodiments, one or more nucleotide coding sequences as described herein are each flanked 5′ and 3′ by optimized RSSs each 5′ and 3′ RSS having a sequence at least 50% (e.g., 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) identical to 5′ and 3′ RSSs that appear in
In various embodiments, one or more nucleotide coding sequences as described herein are each flanked 5′ and 3′ by optimized RSSs each 5′ and 3′ RSS having a sequence that is substantially identical or identical to 5′ and 3′ RSSs that appear in
In various embodiments, one or more nucleotide coding sequences as described herein are each flanked by 5′ and 3′ RSSs that are selected from
DNA constructs can be prepared using methods known in the art. For example, a DNA construct can be prepared as part of a larger plasmid. Such preparation allows the cloning and selection of the correct constructions in an efficient manner as is known in the art. DNA fragments containing one or more nucleotide coding sequences as described herein can be located between convenient restriction sites on the plasmid so that they can be easily isolated from the remaining plasmid sequences for incorporation into the desired animal.
Various methods employed in preparation of plasmids and transformation of host organisms are known in the art. For other suitable expression systems for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as general recombinant procedures, see Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., ed. by Sambrook, J. et al., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: 1989.
Production of Non-Human Animals Having an Engineered DA Region
Non-human animals are provided that express antibodies characterized by heavy chain CDR3 diversity to direct binding to particular antigens resulting from integration of one or more nucleotide coding sequences, which one or more nucleotide coding sequences that each encode a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest, or portion thereof (e.g., an extracellular portion of an atypical chemokine receptor such as, e.g., ACKR2, or a portion of a toxin peptide), into an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region in the genome of the non-human animal. Suitable examples described herein include rodents, in particular, mice.
One or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences, in some embodiments, comprise genetic material from a heterologous species (e.g., humans, spiders, scorpions, snails, tarantulas, sea anemones, etc.), wherein the heterologous nucleotide coding sequences each encode a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest, or portion thereof (e.g., an extracellular portion of an ACKR polypeptide or a portion of a toxin peptide) that comprises the encoded portion of the genetic material from the heterologous species. In some embodiments, heterologous nucleotide coding sequences described herein comprise nucleotide coding sequences of a heterologous species that encodes a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest, or portion thereof (e.g., an extracellular portion of a heterologous ACKR polypeptide or a portion of a toxin peptide), which portion of a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest appears in an immunoglobulin heavy chain, in particular, a heavy chain CDR3, that is expressed by a B cell of a non-human animal as described herein. Non-human animals, embryos, cells and targeting constructs for making non-human animals, non-human embryos, and cells containing said heterologous nucleotide coding sequences are also provided.
In various embodiments, one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences are inserted into a DH region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region within the genome of a non-human animal. In some embodiments, a DH region (or portion thereof) of an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region is not deleted (i.e., intact). In some embodiments, a DH region (or portion thereof) of an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region is altered, disrupted, deleted or replaced with one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences (e.g., one or more heterologous ACKR2 or one or more heterologous toxin nucleotide coding sequences). In some embodiments, all or substantially all of a DH region is replaced with one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences; in some certain embodiments, one or more traditional DH gene segments are not deleted or replaced in a DH region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region. In some embodiments, a DH region as described herein is a synthetic DH region, which synthetic DH region comprises one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences as described herein. In some embodiments, a DH region is a human DH region. In some embodiments, a DH region is a murine DH region. In some embodiments, an engineered DH region (or portion thereof) as described herein is inserted into an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region so that said engineered DH region (or portion thereof) is operably linked with one or more VH gene segments and/or one or more JH gene segments. In some embodiments, one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences is inserted into one of the two copies of an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region, giving rise to a non-human animal that is heterozygous with respect to the one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences (i.e., an engineered DH region). In some embodiments, a non-human animal is provided that is homozygous for one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences (i.e., an engineered DH region). In some embodiments, a non-human animal is provided that is heterozygous for one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences (i.e., an engineered DH region).
In some embodiments, a non-human animal described herein contains a human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes a DH region that contains one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences within its genome (e.g., randomly integrated). Thus, such non-human animals can be described as having a human immunoglobulin heavy chain transgene containing an engineered DH region. An engineered DH region can be detected using a variety of methods including, for example, PCR, Western blot, Southern blot, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), or a gain or loss of allele assay. In some embodiments, a non-human animal described herein is heterozygous with respect to an engineered DH region as described herein. In some embodiments, a non-human animal described herein is homozygous with respect to an engineered DH region as described herein. In some embodiments, a non-human animal described herein is hemizygous with respect to an engineered DH region as described herein. In some embodiments, a non-human animal described herein contains one or more copies of an engineered DH region as described herein.
In some embodiments, one or more heterologous ACKR nucleotide coding sequences disclosed herein are heterologous ACKR2 nucleotide coding sequences. In some embodiments, one or more heterologous ACKR2 nucleotide coding sequences are human.
In some embodiments, one or more heterologous toxin nucleotide coding sequences described herein are heterologous μ-conotoxin nucleotide coding sequences, heterologous tarantula toxin nucleotide coding sequences and/or combinations thereof.
In various embodiments, one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences described herein includes one or more nucleotide coding sequences that each have a sequence at least 50% (e.g., 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) identical to one or more nucleotide coding sequences that appear in Table 3 or Table 4.
In various embodiments, one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences described herein includes one or more nucleotide coding sequences that each have a sequence that is substantially identical or identical to one or more nucleotide coding sequences that appear in Table 3 or Table 4.
In various embodiments, one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences described herein are selected from Table 3 and/or Table 4.
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences that each have a sequence that is at least 50% (e.g., 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) identical to one or more nucleotide coding sequences that appear in Table 3 or Table 4.
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences that each have a sequence that is substantially identical or identical to one or more nucleotide coding sequences that appear in Table 3 or Table 4.
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 heterologous ACKR2 nucleotide coding sequences that each have a sequence that is identical to 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 ACKR2 nucleotide coding sequences that appear in Table 3.
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 26 heterologous toxin nucleotide coding sequences that each have a sequence that is identical to 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 26 toxin nucleotide coding sequences that appear in Table 4.
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences that are each flanked by a 5′ recombination signal sequence (5′ RSS) and a 3′ recombination signal sequence (3′ RSS), which 5′ RSS and 3′ RSS each have a sequence that is at least 50% (e.g., 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) identical to a 5′ RSS and a 3′ RSS that appear in
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences that are each flanked by a 5′ recombination signal sequence (5′ RSS) and a 3′ recombination signal sequence (3′ RSS), which 5′ RSS and 3′ RSS each have a sequence that is substantially identical or identical to a 5′ RSS and a 3′ RSS that appear in
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises one or more heterologous nucleotide coding sequences that are each flanked by a 5′ recombination signal sequence (5′ RSS) and a 3′ recombination signal sequence (3′ RSS), which 5′ RSS and 3′ RSS are selected from
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises one or more DNA fragments that each have a sequence that is at least 50% (e.g., 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) identical to a DNA fragment selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:131, SEQ ID NO:132, SEQ ID NO:133, SEQ ID NO:134, and combinations thereof.
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises one or more DNA fragments that each have a sequence that is substantially identical or identical to a DNA fragment selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:131, SEQ ID NO:132, SEQ ID NO:133, SEQ ID NO:134, and combinations thereof.
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises any one of SEQ ID NO:131, SEQ ID NO:132, SEQ ID NO:133 and SEQ ID NO:134.
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises SEQ ID NO:131, SEQ ID NO:132, SEQ ID NO:133 and SEQ ID NO:134. In some certain embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises, from 5′ to 3′, SEQ ID NO:131, SEQ ID NO:132, SEQ ID NO:133 and SEQ ID NO:134.
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises one or more DNA fragments that each have a sequence that is at least 50% (e.g., 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) identical to a DNA fragment selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:232, SEQ ID NO:233, SEQ ID NO:234, SEQ ID NO:235, and combinations thereof.
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises one or more DNA fragments that each have a sequence that is substantially identical or identical to a DNA fragment selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:232, SEQ ID NO:233, SEQ ID NO:234, SEQ ID NO:235, and combinations thereof.
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises any one of SEQ ID NO:232, SEQ ID NO:233, SEQ ID NO:234 and SEQ ID NO:235.
In various embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises SEQ ID NO:232, SEQ ID NO:233, SEQ ID NO:234 and SEQ ID NO:235. In some certain embodiments, an engineered DH region described herein comprises, from 5′ to 3′, SEQ ID NO:232, SEQ ID NO:233, SEQ ID NO:234 and SEQ ID NO:235.
In various embodiments, an antibody produced by a non-human animal described herein comprises a heavy chain variable region that includes a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence that is or comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 50% (e.g., 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) identical to an amino acid sequence that appears in Table 3 or Table 4.
In various embodiments, an antibody produced by a non-human animal described herein comprises a heavy chain variable region that includes a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence that is or comprises an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical or identical to an amino acid sequence that appears in Table 3 or Table 4.
In various embodiments, an antibody produced by a non-human animal described herein comprises a heavy chain variable region that includes a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence that is a variant (i.e., somatically mutated variant thereof) of an amino acid sequence that is or comprises an amino acid sequence that appears in Table 3 or Table 4.
Compositions and methods for making non-human animals whose genome comprises an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered DH region, wherein the engineered DH region includes one or more nucleotide coding sequences that each encode a portion of a polypeptide of interest, including nucleotide coding sequences of specific polymorphic forms of a polypeptide of interest, allelic variants of a polypeptide of interest (e.g., single amino acid differences) or alternatively spliced isoforms of a polypeptide of interest, are provided, including compositions and methods for making non-human animals that express antibodies comprising a heavy chain variable region that includes a CDR3 having an amino acid sequence encoded by such nucleotide coding sequences from an immunoglobulin heavy chain locus that contains human VH and JH gene segments operably linked to one or more non-human heavy chain constant region genes. In some embodiments, compositions and methods for making non-human animals that express such antibodies under the control of an endogenous enhancer(s) and/or an endogenous regulatory sequence(s) are also provided. In some embodiments, compositions and methods for making non-human animals that express such antibodies under the control of a heterologous enhancer(s) and/or a heterologous regulatory sequence(s) are also provided. Methods include inserting one or more nucleotide coding sequences that each encode a portion of a polypeptide of interest, or one or more DNA fragments that each contain a plurality of nucleotide coding sequences that each encode a portion of a polypeptide of interest, in the genome of a non-human animal so that an antibody is expressed which includes said portion of a polypeptide of interest.
In some embodiments, methods include inserting about 10,050 bp of DNA that includes six nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to extracellular portions of a heterologous ACKR2 polypeptide, about 9,768 bp of DNA that includes seven nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to extracellular portions of a heterologous ACKR2 polypeptide, about 9,788 bp of DNA that includes six nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to extracellular portions of a heterologous ACKR2 polypeptide, and/or about 11,906 bp of DNA that includes six nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to extracellular portions of a heterologous ACKR2 polypeptide. Together, such DNA includes 25 coding sequences corresponding to extracellular portions of a heterologous ACKR2 polypeptide. In some embodiments, methods include inserting DNA that further comprises recombination signal sequences that flank each of the nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to extracellular portions of a heterologous ACKR2 polypeptide. Genetic material that includes the nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to extracellular portions of a heterologous ACKR2 polypeptide and flanking recombination signal sequences described above may be inserted into the genome of a non-human animal, thereby creating a non-human animal having an engineered DH region that contains nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to extracellular portions of a heterologous ACKR2 polypeptide and the necessary recombination signal sequences to allow for recombination with adjacent VH and JH gene segments.
In some embodiments, methods include inserting about 9,812 bp of DNA that includes six nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to portions of one or more toxins (e.g., a μ-conotoxin and/or a tarantula toxin), about 9,512 bp of DNA that includes seven nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to portions of one or more toxins (e.g., a μ-conotoxin and/or a tarantula toxin), about 9,691 bp of DNA that includes six nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to portions of one or more toxins (e.g., a μ-conotoxin and/or a tarantula toxin), and/or about 11,896 bp of DNA that includes seven nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to portions of one or more toxins (e.g., a μ-conotoxin and/or a tarantula toxin). Together, such DNA includes 26 coding sequences corresponding to portions of one or more toxin peptide(s). In some embodiments, methods include inserting DNA that further comprises recombination signal sequences that flank each of the nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to portions of one or more toxin peptide(s). Genetic material that includes the nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to portions of one or more toxin peptide(s) and flanking recombination signal sequences described above may be inserted into the genome of a non-human animal, thereby creating a non-human animal having an engineered DH region that contains nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to portions one or more toxin peptide(s) and the necessary recombination signal sequences to allow for recombination with adjacent VH and JH gene segments.
Where appropriate, nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to portions of a heterologous polypeptide of interest may be modified to include codons that are optimized for expression in the non-human animal (e.g., see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,670,356 and 5,874,304). Codon optimized sequences are synthetic sequences, and preferably encode the identical polypeptide (or a biologically active fragment of a full-length polypeptide which has substantially the same activity as the full-length polypeptide) encoded by the non-codon optimized parent polynucleotide. In some embodiments, nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to portions of a heterologous polypeptide of interest may include an altered sequence to optimize codon usage for a particular cell type (e.g., a rodent cell). For example, the codons of the nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to portions of a heterologous polypeptide of interest to be inserted into the genome of a non-human animal (e.g., a rodent) may be optimized for expression in a cell of the non-human animal. Such a sequence may be described as a codon-optimized sequence.
Insertion of nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to portions of a heterologous polypeptide of interest into a DH region so that said nucleotide coding sequences are operably linked to VH and JH gene segments (e.g., a plurality of VH and JH gene segments) employs a relatively minimal modification of the genome and results in expression of antibodies comprising heavy chains characterized by CDR3s having amino acid sequences corresponding to portions of a heterologous polypeptide of interest in the non-human animal.
Methods for generating transgenic non-human animals, including knockouts and knock-ins, are well known in the art (see, e.g., Gene Targeting: A Practical Approach, Joyner, ed., Oxford University Press, Inc. (2000)). For example, generation of transgenic rodents may optionally involve disruption of the genetic loci of one or more endogenous rodent genes (or gene segments) and introduction of one or more heterologous genes (or gene segments or nucleotide coding sequences) into the rodent genome, in some embodiments, at the same location as an endogenous rodent gene (or gene segments). In some embodiments, nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to portions of a heterologous polypeptide of interest are introduced into a DH region of a randomly inserted immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in the genome of a rodent. In some embodiments, nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to portions of a heterologous polypeptide of interest are introduced into a DH region of an endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in the genome of a rodent; in some certain embodiments, an endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain locus is altered, modified, or engineered to contain human gene segments (e.g., V and/or J) operably linked to one or more constant region genes (e.g., human or murine).
A schematic illustration (not to scale) of an exemplary strategy for construction of a targeting vector for integration into rodent embryonic stem (ES) cells to create a rodent whose genome comprises an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered diversity cluster (i.e., DH region), which diversity cluster includes one or more nucleotide coding sequences that each encode a portion of a heterologous ACKR2 polypeptide (e.g., an extracellular portion of a D6 chemokine decoy receptor) is provided in
The targeting vector is introduced into rodent (e.g., mouse) embryonic stem cells so that the sequence contained in the targeting vector (i.e., an engineered DH region) results in the capacity of a non-human cell or non-human animal (e.g., a mouse) that expresses antibodies that contain CDR3s having amino acids encoded by the inserted nucleotide coding sequences.
As described herein, a transgenic rodent is generated where an engineered DH region has been introduced into an endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain locus of the rodent genome (e.g., an endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain locus engineered to contain human variable region gene segments). Immunoglobulins are expressed on murine cells, which immunoglobulins have CDR3s containing amino acids encoded by the nucleotide coding sequences from the engineered DH region. The immunoglobulins further comprise murine constant regions and, therefore, provide for the necessary effector functions for various immune cells in the rodent's immune system. When an endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain locus of the rodent genome is not targeted by the targeting vector, the engineered DH region is preferably inserted into an immunoglobulin heavy chain locus at a location other than that of the endogenous murine immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (e.g., randomly inserted). In such cases, the endogenous murine immunoglobulin heavy chain locus may be deleted or otherwise rendered non-functional (e.g., by targeted deletion, insertion, inversion, etc.) so that antibodies produced by the non-human animal utilize gene segments and sequences from the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus containing the inserted engineered DH region.
In some embodiments, the genome of a non-human animal described herein further comprises one or more human immunoglobulin heavy and/or light chain genes (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,502,018; 8,642,835; 8,697,940; 8,791,323; and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0096287 A1; herein incorporated by reference). Alternatively, an engineered DH region can be introduced into an embryonic stem cell of a different modified strain such as, e.g., a VELOCIMMUNE® strain (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,502,018 or 8,642,835; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, an engineered DH region can be introduced into an embryonic stem cell of a modified strain as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,697,940 and 8,642,835; herein incorporated by reference.
In some embodiments, the genome of a non-human animal described herein further comprises (e.g., via cross-breeding or multiple targeting strategies) one or more human immunoglobulin light chain genes or loci (e.g., transgenic, endogenous, etc.) as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2011-0195454 A1, 2012-0021409 A1, 2012-0192300 A1, 2013-0045492 A1, 2013-0185821 A1, 2013-0198880 A1, 2013-0302836 A1, 2015-0059009 A1; International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 2011/097603, WO 2012/148873, WO 2013/134263, WO 2013/184761, WO 2014/160179, WO 2014/160202; all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The genetic engineering of a single rearranged light chain, e.g., a light chain comprising a rearranged light chain variable region has been described. For example, generation of a universal light chain mouse (ULC) comprising a single rearranged variable gene sequence VL:JL and generation of antigen-specific antibodies in those mice is described in, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/022,759, 13/093,156, 13/412,936, 13/488,628, 13/798,310, and 13/948,818 (Publication Nos. 2011/0195454, 2012/0021409, 2012/0192300, 2013/0045492, US20130185821, and US20130302836 respectively), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The engineered common light chain mouse described in U.S. Application Publication Nos. 2011/0195454, 2012/0021409, 2012/0192300 and 2013/0045492 comprised nucleic acid sequence encoding a limited repertoire of light chain options, e.g., common or universal light chain “ULC” that comprised no more than two VL gene segments or a single rearranged human immunoglobulin light chain variable region sequence. To achieve such limited repertoire, a mouse was engineered to render nonfunctional or substantially nonfunctional its ability to make, or rearrange, a native mouse light chain variable domain. In one aspect, this was achieved, e.g., by deleting the mouse's light chain variable region gene segments. As previously described, the endogenous mouse locus can then be modified by exogenous suitable light chain variable region gene segments of choice, preferably human light chain variable region gene segments, operably linked to the endogenous mouse light chain constant domain, in a manner such that the exogenous variable region gene segments can combine with the endogenous mouse light chain constant region gene and form a rearranged reverse chimeric light chain gene (human variable, mouse constant). In various embodiments, the light chain variable region is capable of being somatically mutated. In various embodiments, to maximize ability of the light chain variable region to acquire somatic mutations, the appropriate enhancer(s) is retained in the mouse. In one aspect, in modifying a mouse κ light chain locus to replace endogenous mouse κ light chain gene segments with human κ light chain gene segments, the mouse κ intronic enhancer and mouse κ 3′ enhancer are functionally maintained, or undisrupted.
Thus, provided was a genetically engineered mouse that expresses a limited repertoire of reverse chimeric (human variable, mouse constant) light chains associated with a diversity of reverse chimeric (human variable, mouse constant) heavy chains comprising amino acids encoded by a genetically engineered DH region (or portion thereof) as described herein. In various embodiments, the endogenous mouse κ light chain gene segments are deleted and replaced with a single (or two) rearranged human light chain region, operably linked to the endogenous mouse C κ gene. In embodiments for maximizing somatic hypermutation of the rearranged human light chain region, the mouse κ intronic enhancer and the mouse κ 3′ enhancer are maintained. In various embodiments, the mouse also comprises a nonfunctional κ light chain locus, or a deletion thereof or a deletion that renders the locus unable to make a κ light chain.
Thus, in one embodiment, provided herein is a non-human animal (e.g., a rodent, e.g., a mouse or a rat) that comprises in its genome, e.g., in its germline, a limited repertoire of preferably human light chain variable regions, or a single rearranged human light chain variable region, from a limited repertoire of preferably human light chain variable gene segments, wherein the non-human animal also comprises in its genome, e.g., in its germline, an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered DH region, wherein the engineered DH region includes one or more nucleotide sequences that each encode a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide of interest, or portion thereof.
Genetically engineered animals are provided that express a limited repertoire of human light chain variable domains, or a single human light chain variable domain, from a limited repertoire of human light chain variable region gene sequences. In one embodiment, the single rearranged V/J human light chain sequence is selected from Vκ1-39Jκ and Vκ3-20Jκ, e.g., Vκ1-39Jκ5 and Vκ3-20Jκ1. In some embodiments, a non-human animal as disclosed herein comprises a modified light chain locus comprising a replacement all endogenous functional VL and all endogenous functional JL gene segments with the single rearranged V/J light chain sequence, wherein the single rearranged V/J light chain sequence is operably linked to an endogenous light chain constant region gene. In some embodiments, the modified light chain locus is in the germline genome of the non-human animal. In one embodiment, the non-human animal comprises in its germline genome a single rearranged light chain variable gene sequence operably linked to a light chain constant region gene sequence, wherein the single rearranged light chain variable region gene sequence comprises human germline VL and human germline JL gene segments, e.g., human germline Vκ1-39 and human germline Vκ5 or human germline Vκ3-20 and Jκ1. In some embodiments, a non-human animal as disclosed herein comprises a B cell, e.g., a B cell that has not undergone class switching, comprising in its genome a single rearranged V/J light chain sequence operably linked to an endogenous light chain constant region gene, wherein the single rearranged V/J light chain does not comprise somatic mutations compared to a single rearranged V/J light chain sequence operably linked to an endogenous light chain constant region gene found in the germline genome of the non-human animal. In other embodiments, a non-human animal as disclosed herein comprises a B cell, e.g., a B cell that has undergone class switching, comprising in its genome a single rearranged V/J light chain sequence operably linked to an endogenous light chain constant region gene, wherein the single rearranged V/J light chain comprises somatic mutations compared to a single rearranged V/J light chain sequence operably linked to an endogenous light chain constant region gene found in the germline genome of the non-human animal.
Accordingly, a genetically modified non-human animal is provided, along with methods and compositions for making the animal, wherein the genetic modification comprises an engineered DH region and a single rearranged light chain locus, and wherein the animal further expresses a genetically engineered single rearranged light chain, e.g., an engineered common light chain (ULC), which may associate with a heavy chain containing amino acids encoded by the engineered DH region in tissues or cells of the non-human animal.
A transgenic founder non-human animal can be identified based upon the presence of an engineered DH region in its genome and/or expression of antibodies containing amino acids encoded by the nucleotide coding sequences in tissues or cells of the non-human animal. A transgenic founder non-human animal can then be used to breed additional non-human animals carrying the engineered DH region thereby creating a series of non-human animals each carrying one or more copies of an engineered DH region. Moreover, transgenic non-human animals carrying an engineered DH region can further be bred to other transgenic non-human animals carrying other transgenes (e.g., human immunoglobulin genes) as desired.
Transgenic non-human animals may also be produced to contain selected systems that allow for regulated or directed expression of the transgene. Exemplary systems include the Cre/loxP recombinase system of bacteriophage P1 (see, e.g., Lakso, M. et al., 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6232-6236) and the FLP/Frt recombinase system of S. cerevisiae (O'Gorman, S. et al, 1991, Science 251:1351-1355). Such animals can be provided through the construction of “double” transgenic animals, e.g., by mating two transgenic animals, one containing a transgene comprising a selected modification (e.g., an engineered DH region) and the other containing a transgene encoding a recombinase (e.g., a Cre recombinase).
The non-human animals described herein may be prepared as described above, or using methods known in the art, to comprise additional human or humanized genes, oftentimes depending on the intended use of the non-human animal. Genetic material of such additional human or humanized genes may be introduced through the further alteration of the genome of cells (e.g., embryonic stem cells) having the genetic modifications as described above or through breeding techniques known in the art with other genetically modified strains as desired. In some embodiments, non-human animals described herein are prepared to further comprise transgenic human immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes (see e.g., Murphy, A. J. et al., (2014) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111(14):5153-5158; U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,502,018; 8,642,835; 8,697,940; 8,791,323; and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0096287 A1; herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, non-human animals described herein are prepared to further comprise one or more human immunoglobulin light chain genes or loci (e.g., transgenic, endogenous, etc.) as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2011-0195454 A1, 2012-0021409 A1, 2012-0192300 A1, 2013-0045492 A1, 2013-0185821 A1, 2013-0198880 A1, 2013-0302836 A1, 2015-0059009 A1; International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 2011/097603, WO 2012/148873, WO 2013/134263, WO 2013/184761, WO 2014/160179, WO 2014/160202; all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
In some embodiments, non-human animals described herein may be prepared by introducing a targeting vector, as described herein, into a cell from a modified strain. To give but one example, a targeting vector, as described above, may be introduced into a VELOCIMMUNE® mouse. VELOCIMMUNE® mice express antibodies that have fully human variable regions and mouse constant regions. In some embodiments, non-human animals described herein are prepared to further comprise human immunoglobulin genes (variable and/or constant region genes). In some embodiments, non-human animals described herein comprise an engineered DH region, as described herein, and genetic material from a heterologous species (e.g., humans), wherein the genetic material encodes, in whole or in part, one or more human heavy and/or light chain variable regions.
For example, as described herein, non-human animals comprising an engineered DH region may further comprise (e.g., via cross-breeding or multiple gene targeting strategies) one or more modifications as described in Murphy, A. J. et al., (2014) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111(14):5153-5158; U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,502,018; 8,642,835; 8,697,940; 8,791,323; U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2011-0195454 A1, 2012-0021409 A1, 2012-0192300 A1, 2013-0045492 A1, 2013-0096287 A1, 2013-0185821 A1, 2013-0198880 A1, 2013-0302836 A1, 2015-0059009 A1; International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 2011/097603, WO 2012/148873, WO 2013/134263, WO 2013/184761, WO 2014/160179 or WO 2014/160202; all of these applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In some embodiments, a rodent comprising an engineered DH region as described herein is crossed to a rodent comprising a humanized immunoglobulin heavy and/or light chain variable region locus (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,502,018 or 8,642,835; incorporated herein by reference). In some embodiments, a rodent comprising an engineered DH region as described herein is crossed to a rodent comprising a humanized immunoglobulin light chain genes or loci as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2011-0195454 A1, 2012-0021409 A1, 2012-0192300 A1, 2013-0045492 A1, 2013-0185821 A1, 2013-0198880 A1, 2013-0302836 A1, 2015-0059009 A1; International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 2011/097603, WO 2012/148873, WO 2013/134263, WO 2013/184761, WO 2014/160179, WO 2014/160202; all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Although embodiments employing an engineered DH region in a mouse (i.e., a mouse with an engineered DH region operably linked with human VH and JH gene segments, all of which are operably linked with one or more murine heavy chain constant region genes) are extensively discussed herein, other non-human animals that comprise an engineered DH region are also provided. In some embodiments, such non-human animals comprise an engineered DH region operably linked to endogenous VH and JH gene segments. In some embodiments, such non-human animals comprise an engineered DH region operably linked to humanized VH and JH gene segments. Such non-human animals include any of those which can be genetically modified to express antibodies having CDR3s that include amino acids encoded by nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to a portion of a polypeptide of interest as disclosed herein, including, e.g., mammals, e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit, pig, bovine (e.g., cow, bull, buffalo), deer, sheep, goat, chicken, cat, dog, ferret, primate (e.g., marmoset, rhesus monkey), etc. For example, for those non-human animals for which suitable genetically modifiable ES cells are not readily available, other methods are employed to make a non-human animal comprising the genetic modification. Such methods include, e.g., modifying a non-ES cell genome (e.g., a fibroblast or an induced pluripotent cell) and employing somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to transfer the genetically modified genome to a suitable cell, e.g., an enucleated oocyte, and gestating the modified cell (e.g., the modified oocyte) in a non-human animal under suitable conditions to form an embryo.
Methods for modifying a non-human animal genome (e.g., a pig, cow, rodent, chicken, etc.) include, e.g., employing a zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), a transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) or a Cas protein (i.e., a CRISPR/Cas system) to modify a genome to include an engineered DH region as described herein. Guidance for methods for modifying the germline genome of a non-human animal can be found in, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2015-0376628 A1, US 2016-0145646 A1 and US 2016-0177339 A1; incorporated herein by reference.
In some embodiments, a non-human animal described herein is a mammal. In some embodiments, a non-human animal described herein is a small mammal, e.g., of the superfamily Dipodoidea or Muroidea. In some embodiments, a genetically modified animal described herein is a rodent. In some embodiments, a rodent described herein is selected from a mouse, a rat, and a hamster. In some embodiments, a rodent described herein is selected from the superfamily Muroidea. In some embodiments, a genetically modified animal described herein is from a family selected from Calomyscidae (e.g., mouse-like hamsters), Cricetidae (e.g., hamster, New World rats and mice, voles), Muridae (true mice and rats, gerbils, spiny mice, crested rats), Nesomyidae (climbing mice, rock mice, with-tailed rats, Malagasy rats and mice), Platacanthomyidae (e.g., spiny dormice), and Spalacidae (e.g., mole rates, bamboo rats, and zokors). In some certain embodiments, a genetically modified rodent described herein is selected from a true mouse or rat (family Muridae), a gerbil, a spiny mouse, and a crested rat. In some certain embodiments, a genetically modified mouse described herein is from a member of the family Muridae. In some embodiment, a non-human animal described herein is a rodent. In some certain embodiments, a rodent described herein is selected from a mouse and a rat. In some embodiments, a non-human animal described herein is a mouse.
In some embodiments, a non-human animal described herein is a rodent that is a mouse of a C57BL strain selected from C57BL/A, C57BL/An, C57BL/GrFa, C57BL/KaLwN, C57BL/6, C57BL/6J, C57BL/6ByJ, C57BL/6NJ, C57BL/10, C57BL/10ScSn, C57BL/10Cr, and C57BL/Ola. In some certain embodiments, a mouse described herein is a 129 strain selected from the group consisting of a strain that is 129P1, 129P2, 129P3, 129X1, 129S1 (e.g., 129S1/SV, 129S1/SvIm), 129S2, 129S4, 129S5, 129S9/SvEvH, 129/SvJae, 129S6 (129/SvEvTac), 129S7, 129S8, 129T1, 129T2 (see, e.g., Festing et al., 1999, Mammalian Genome 10:836; Auerbach, W. et al., 2000, Biotechniques 29(5):1024-1028, 1030, 1032). In some certain embodiments, a genetically modified mouse described herein is a mix of an aforementioned 129 strain and an aforementioned C57BL/6 strain. In some certain embodiments, a mouse described herein is a mix of aforementioned 129 strains, or a mix of aforementioned BL/6 strains. In some certain embodiments, a 129 strain of the mix as described herein is a 129S6 (129/SvEvTac) strain. In some embodiments, a mouse described herein is a BALB strain, e.g., BALB/c strain. In some embodiments, a mouse described herein is a mix of a BALB strain and another aforementioned strain.
In some embodiments, a non-human animal described herein is a rat. In some certain embodiments, a rat described herein is selected from a Wistar rat, an LEA strain, a Sprague Dawley strain, a Fischer strain, F344, F6, and Dark Agouti. In some certain embodiments, a rat strain as described herein is a mix of two or more strains selected from the group consisting of Wistar, LEA, Sprague Dawley, Fischer, F344, F6, and Dark Agouti.
Methods Employing Non-Human Animals Having an Engineered Diversity Cluster
Several in vitro and in vivo technologies have been developed for the production of antibody-based therapeutics. In particular, in vivo technologies have featured the production of transgenic animals (i.e., rodents) containing human immunoglobulin genes either randomly incorporated into the genome of the animal (e.g., see U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,825) or precisely placed at an endogenous immunoglobulin locus in operable linkage with endogenous immunoglobulin constant regions of the animal (e.g., see U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,502,018; 8,642,835; 8,697,940; and 8,791,323). Both approaches have been productive in producing promising antibody therapeutic candidates for use in humans. Further, both approaches have the advantage over in vitro approaches in that antibody candidates are chosen from antibody repertoires generated in vivo, which includes selection for affinity and specificity for antigen within the internal milieu of the host's immune system. In this way, antibodies bind to naturally presented antigen (within relevant biological epitopes and surfaces) rather than artificial environments or in silico predictions that can accompany in vitro technologies. Despite the robust antibody repertoires produced from in vivo technologies, antibodies to complex (e.g., membrane-spanning polypeptides) or cytoplasmic antigens remains difficult. Further, generating antibodies to polypeptides that share a high degree of sequence identity between species (e.g., human and mouse) remains a challenge due to immune tolerance.
Thus, described herein is, among other things, the recognition that the construction of an in vivo system characterized by the production of antibodies having added diversity in CDRs, in particular, CDR3s, generated from non-traditional sequences (i.e., not traditional DH gene segments or DH gene segments that appear in nature) can be made using one or more nucleotide coding sequences (i.e., synthetic sequences) that each encode a portion of a polypeptide of interest. Such added diversity can direct binding to particular antigens (e.g., membrane-spanning polypeptides). For example, as described herein, antibodies that block one or more inflammatory cytokines (e.g., β-chemokines) can be generated by non-human animals engineered to contain an immunoglobulin heavy chain locus that contains an engineered DH region, which engineered DH region includes one or more nucleotide coding sequences that each encode an extracellular portion of a cytokine receptor (e.g., a β-chemokine receptor). Also described herein, antibodies that block or inhibition the activity and/or function of an ion channel (e.g., a NaV channel) can be generated by non-human animals engineered to contain an immunoglobulin heavy chain locus that contains an engineered DH region, which engineered DH region includes one or more nucleotide coding sequences that each encode a portion of a toxin (e.g., a μ-conotoxin and/or a tarantula toxin). Upon recombination of a VH gene segment, a nucleotide coding sequence, and a JH gene segment, a heavy chain variable coding sequence is formed that contains a CDR3 region having a sequence encoded, in part, by the nucleotide coding sequence and thereby directs binding to a particular antigen associated with the nucleotide coding sequence.
Non-human animals described herein may be employed for making a human antibody, which human antibody comprises variable domains derived from one or more variable region nucleic acid sequences encoded by genetic material of a cell of a non-human animal as described herein. For example, a non-human animal described herein is immunized with a β-chemokine (or NaV channel polypeptide, in whole or in part) under conditions and for a time sufficient that the non-human animal develops an immune response to said β-chemokine (or NaV channel polypeptide, in whole or in part). Antibodies are isolated from the non-human animal (or one or more cells, for example, one or more B cells) and characterized using various assays measuring, for example, affinity, specificity, epitope mapping, ability for blocking ligand-receptor interaction, inhibition receptor activation, etc. In various embodiments, antibodies produced by non-human animals described herein comprise one or more human variable domains that are derived from one or more human variable region nucleotide sequences isolated from the non-human animal. In some embodiments, anti-drug antibodies (e.g., anti-idiotype antibody) may be raised in non-human animals described herein.
Non-human animals described herein provide an improved in vivo system and source of biological materials (e.g., cells) for producing human antibodies that are useful for a variety of assays. In various embodiments, non-human animals described herein are used to develop therapeutics that target one or more cytokines and/or modulate cytokine activity and/or modulate cytokine interactions with other binding partners (e.g., a cytokine receptor). In various embodiments, non-human animals described herein are used to develop therapeutics that target one or more ion channels and/or modulate ion channel activity and/or modulate ion channel interactions with other binding partners. In various embodiments, non-human animals described herein are used to identify, screen and/or develop candidate therapeutics (e.g., antibodies, siRNA, etc.) that bind one or more human cytokine polypeptides or ion channels (e.g., a potassium channel, calcium channel or sodium channel). In various embodiments, non-human animals described herein are used to screen and develop candidate therapeutics (e.g., antibodies, siRNA, etc.) that block activity of one or more human β-chemokine polypeptides or that block the activity of one or more human voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels. In various embodiments, non-human animals described herein are used to determine the binding profile of antagonists and/or agonists of one or more human β-chemokine polypeptides or of one or more human NaV channels. In some embodiments, non-human animals described herein are used to determine the epitope or epitopes of one or more candidate therapeutic antibodies that bind one or more human β-chemokine polypeptides or that bind one or more human NaV channels.
In various embodiments, non-human animals described herein are used to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles of anti-β-chemokine or anti-NaV antibodies. In various embodiments, one or more non-human animals described herein and one or more control or reference non-human animals are each exposed to one or more candidate therapeutic anti-β-chemokine or anti-NaV antibodies at various doses (e.g., 0.1 mg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, 0.4 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, 5 mg/mg, 7.5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, or 50 mg/kg or more). Candidate therapeutic antibodies may be dosed via any desired route of administration including parenteral and non-parenteral routes of administration. Parenteral routes include, e.g., intravenous, intraarterial, intraportal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intraspinal, intrathecal, intracerebroventricular, intracranial, intrapleural or other routes of injection. Non-parenteral routes include, e.g., oral, nasal, transdermal, pulmonary, rectal, buccal, vaginal, ocular. Administration may also be by continuous infusion, local administration, sustained release from implants (gels, membranes or the like), and/or intravenous injection. Blood is isolated from non-human animals (humanized and control) at various time points (e.g., 0 hr, 6 hr, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, or up to 30 or more days). Various assays may be performed to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles of administered candidate therapeutic antibodies using samples obtained from non-human animals as described herein including, but not limited to, total IgG, anti-therapeutic antibody response, agglutination, etc.
In various embodiments, non-human animals described herein are used to measure the therapeutic effect of blocking or modulating β-chemokine activity (or β-chemokine signaling, or β-chemokine mediated interactions) and the effect on gene expression as a result of cellular changes or the β-chemokine receptor density of cells of non-human animals as described herein. In various embodiments, a non-human animal described herein or cells isolated therefrom are exposed to a candidate therapeutic that binds a human β-chemokine polypeptide (or a portion of a human β-chemokine polypeptide) and, after a subsequent period of time, analyzed for effects on β-chemokine-dependent processes (or interactions), for example, ligand-receptor interactions or β-chemokine signaling.
In various embodiments, non-human animals described herein are used to measure the therapeutic effect of blocking or modulating NaV channel activity (or NaV channel signaling, or NaV-mediated interactions, or NaV channel action potentials) and the effect on gene expression as a result of cellular changes or the NaV channel density of cells of non-human animals as described herein. In various embodiments, a non-human animal described herein or cells isolated therefrom are exposed to a candidate therapeutic that binds a human NaV channel (or a portion of a human NaV channel) and, after a subsequent period of time, analyzed for effects on NaV channel-dependent processes (or interactions), for example, ligand-receptor interactions or NaV channel action potentials.
In various embodiments, non-human animals described herein may be employed for making a human antibody that acts on a voltage-gated sodium channel (e.g., NaV1.7). Such a human antibody may be tested and/or developed in a non-human animal having a modification different than described herein such as, for example, a modification as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,871,996 and 8,486,647, herein incorporated by reference.
Non-human animals described herein express antibodies that bind one or more β-chemokines (or NaV channels), thus cells, cell lines, and cell cultures can be generated to serve as a source of anti-β-chemokine (or anti-NaV) antibodies for use in binding and functional assays, e.g., to assay for binding or function of a human β-chemokine (or NaV channel) antagonist or agonist, particularly where the antagonist or agonist is specific for a human β-chemokine sequence (or human NaV channel sequence) or epitope or, alternatively, specific for a human β-chemokine sequence (or human NaV channel sequence) or epitope that functions in ligand-receptor interaction (binding). In various embodiments, β-chemokine epitopes (or NaV channel epitopes) bound by candidate therapeutic antibodies or siRNAs can be determined using cells isolated from non-human animals described herein.
Cells from non-human animals described herein can be isolated and used on an ad hoc basis, or can be maintained in culture for many generations. In various embodiments, cells from a non-human animal described herein are immortalized (e.g., via use of a virus) and maintained in culture indefinitely (e.g., in serial cultures).
Non-human animals described herein provide an in vivo system for the generation of variants of an antibody that binds one or more β-chemokine polypeptides (or NaV channels). Such variants include antibodies having a desired functionality, specificity, low cross-reactivity to a common epitope shared by two or more β-chemokine polypeptides (or NaV channels). In some embodiments, non-human animals described herein are employed to generate panels of antibodies to generate a series of variant antibodies that are screened for a desired or improved functionality.
Non-human animals described herein provide an in vivo system for generating anti-β-chemokine (or anti-NaV) antibody libraries. Such libraries provide a source for heavy and light chain variable region sequences that may be grafted onto different Fc regions based on a desired effector function and/or used as a source for affinity maturation of the variable region sequence using techniques known in the art (e.g., site-directed mutagenesis, error-prone PCR, etc.).
Non-human animals described herein provide an in vivo system for the analysis and testing of a drug or vaccine. In various embodiments, a candidate drug or vaccine may be delivered to one or more non-human animals described herein, followed by monitoring of the non-human animals to determine one or more of the immune response to the drug or vaccine, the safety profile of the drug or vaccine, or the effect on a disease or condition and/or one or more symptoms of a disease or condition. Exemplary methods used to determine the safety profile include measurements of toxicity, optimal dose concentration, antibody (i.e., anti-drug) response, efficacy of the drug or vaccine, and possible risk factors. Such drugs or vaccines may be improved and/or developed in such non-human animals.
Vaccine efficacy may be determined in a number of ways. Briefly, non-human animals described herein are vaccinated using methods known in the art and then challenged with a vaccine or a vaccine is administered to already-infected non-human animals. The response of a non-human animal(s) to a vaccine may be measured by monitoring of, and/or performing one or more assays on, the non-human animal(s) (or cells isolated therefrom) to determine the efficacy of the vaccine. The response of a non-human animal(s) to the vaccine is then compared with control animals, using one or more measures known in the art and/or described herein.
Vaccine efficacy may further be determined by viral neutralization assays. Briefly, non-human animals as described herein are immunized and serum is collected on various days post-immunization. Serial dilutions of serum are pre-incubated with a virus during which time antibodies in the serum that are specific for the virus will bind to it. The virus/serum mixture is then added to permissive cells to determine infectivity by a plaque assay or microneutralization assay. If antibodies in the serum neutralize the virus, there are fewer plaques or lower relative luciferase units compared to a control group.
Non-human animals described herein provide an improved in vivo system for development and characterization of antibody-based therapeutics for use in cancer and/or inflammatory diseases. Inflammation has long been associated with cancer (reviewed in, e.g., Grivennikov, S. I. et al., 2010, Cell 140:883-99; Rakoff-Nahoum, S., 2006, Yale J. Biol. Med. 79:123-30). Indeed, a developing tumor environment is characterized, in part, by infiltration of various inflammatory mediators. Also, persistent inflammation can lead to a higher probability of developing cancer. Thus, in some embodiments, a non-human animal described herein provides for an in vivo system for the development and/or identification of anti-cancer and/or anti-inflammatory therapeutics. In various embodiments, non-human animals described herein or control non-human animals (e.g., having a genetic modification different than described herein or no genetic modification, i.e., wild-type) may be implanted with a tumor (or tumor cells), followed by administration of one or more candidate therapeutics. In some embodiments, candidate therapeutics may include a multi-specific antibody (e.g., a bi-specific antibody) or an antibody cocktail. In some embodiments, candidate therapeutics include combination therapy such as, for example, administration of two or more mono-specific antibodies dosed sequentially or simultaneously. The tumor may be allowed sufficient time to be established in one or more locations within the non-human animal prior to administration of one or more candidate therapeutics. Tumor cell proliferation, growth, survival, etc. may be measured both before and after administration with the candidate therapeutic(s). Cytotoxicity of candidate therapeutics may also be measured in the non-human animal as desired.
Non-human animals described herein provide an improved in vivo system for development and characterization of antibody-based therapeutics for use in the treatment of pain (e.g., neuropathic) or for use as an analgesic. In some embodiments, a non-human animal described herein provides for an in vivo system for the development and/or identification of anti-pain therapeutics. In various embodiments, non-human animals described herein or control non-human animals (e.g., having a genetic modification different than described herein [such as, for example, a modification as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,871,996 and 8,486,647; herein incorporated by reference], or no genetic modification, i.e., wild-type) may be subjected to a pain stimulus (e.g., incisional, chemically induced, etc.; see, e.g., Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals. Washington D.C.: National Academies Press, 2009. Print), followed by administration of one or more candidate therapeutics. In some embodiments, candidate therapeutics may include a multi-specific antibody (e.g., a bi-specific antibody) or an antibody cocktail. In some embodiments, candidate therapeutics include combination therapy such as, for example, administration of two or more mono-specific antibodies dosed sequentially or simultaneously. A sufficient period of time may be allowed to prior to administration of one or more candidate therapeutics. Various measurements and/or tests commonly associated with assessment of pain management and/or pain therapeutic efficacy may be recorded both before and after administration with the candidate therapeutic(s).
Kits
Also described herein is a pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with at least one non-human animal, non-human cell, DNA fragment, and/or targeting vector as described herein. Kits may be used in any applicable method (e.g., a research method). Optionally associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects (a) approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration, (b) directions for use, or both, or a contract that governs the transfer of materials and/or biological products (e.g., a non-human animal or non-human cell as described herein) between two or more entities.
Other features of the described embodiments will become apparent in the course of the following descriptions of exemplary embodiments, which are given for illustration and are not intended to be limiting thereof.
The following examples are provided so as to describe to those of ordinary skill in the art how to make and use methods and compositions disclosed herein and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Unless indicated otherwise, temperature is indicated in Celsius, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.
This example illustrates exemplary methods of constructing a targeting vector for insertion into the genome of a non-human animal such as a rodent (e.g., a mouse). In particular, the methods described in this example demonstrate the production of a targeting vector for insertion into the genome of rodent (e.g., a mouse) embryonic stem (ES) cells to produce a rodent whose genome comprises an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes a engineered heavy chain diversity (DH) region, which engineered DH region includes one or more nucleotide sequences that each encode a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide or portion thereof. In this example, coding sequences of the extracellular domain of an atypical chemokine receptor (ACKR), for example, D6 chemokine decoy receptor, were employed in the construction of a targeting vector for integration into an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region. As described below, the coding sequences were placed in operable linkage with heavy chain variable (VH) and heavy chain joining (JH) segments in the place of traditional DH gene segments so that, upon VDJ recombination, antibodies having VH CDR3s generated from the coding sequences are expressed.
Targeting vectors containing coding sequences from extracellular domains of D6 chemokine decoy receptor for insertion into an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region were created using VELOCIGENE® technology (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,586,251 and Valenzuela et al., 2003, Nature Biotech. 21(6):652-659; herein incorporated by reference) and molecular biology techniques known in the art. The methods described in this example can be employed to utilize any set of coding sequences derived from any desired polypeptide, or combination of coding sequences (or coding sequence fragments) as desired. An alternative and non-limiting exemplary strategy for constructing a targeting vector using coding sequences from extracellular domains of D6 chemokine decoy receptor is set forth in
Briefly, a series of four DNA fragments (D6-DH1116, D6-DH17613, D6-DH114619, and D6DH120126) each containing several D6 coding sequences were made by de novo DNA synthesis (Table 5; Blue Heron Biotech, Bothell, Wash.). Various restriction enzyme sites and/or overlap regions (˜40 bp, which included multiple restriction enzyme sites) were included at the ends of each DNA fragment to allow for subsequent cloning in tandem (see below). A single human DH segment (i.e., DH6-25) remained intact in a DH region engineered to contain nucleotide coding sequences corresponding to portions of an extracellular domain of a D6 decoy chemokine receptor. Immunoglobulin gene segments (e.g., DH segments) can, in some embodiments, be associated with suboptimal or defective recombination signal sequences (e.g., a heptamer and/or nonamer sequence) such that usage of such DH segments is substantially less than usage of DH segments associated with recombination signal sequences characterized as wild-type, normal and/or not defective. Thus, such DH segments (e.g. DH6-25, RSS sequences shown in
Immunoglobulins participate in a cellular mechanism, termed somatic hypermutation, which produces affinity-matured antibody variants characterized by high affinity to their target. Although somatic hypermutation largely occurs within the CDRs of antibody variable regions, mutations are preferentially targeted to certain sequence motifs that are referred to as hot spots, e.g., RGYW activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) hotspots (see, e.g., Li, Z. et al., 2004, Genes Dev. 18:1-11; Teng, G. and F. N. Papavasiliou, 2007, Annu. Rev. Genet. 41:107-20; hereby incorporated by reference). The nucleic acid sequence of each D6 coding sequence naturally contained such hot spot sequences, however, artificial hot spots were introduced into selected D6 coding sequences to optimize the potential for somatic hypermutation during clonal selection of B cell receptors. Artificial hot spots for SHM were introduced into D6 coding sequences in silico prior to de novo synthesis.
V(D)J recombination is guided by flanking DNA sequences, termed recombination signal sequences (RSSs), that ensure DNA rearrangements at precise locations relative to V, D and J coding sequences. Each RSS consists of a conserved block of seven nucleotides (heptamer) that is contiguous with the coding sequence followed by a nonconserved spacer (either 12 or 23 bp) and a second conserved block of nine nucleotides (nonamer). Each of the D6 coding sequences were designed with optimized RSSs to allow for better recombination frequency and equal usage. Briefly, all heptamers and nonamers in DH RSS sequences were replaced with consensus sequences (
The D6 DNA fragments were prepared for assembly together in tandem employing the restriction enzyme sites and overlap regions designed into each fragment. The D6-DH1166 fragment and a plasmid carrying a neomycin cassette were prepared for ligation by restriction digest using AgeI and EcoRI (
Alternatively, the D6 DNA fragments described above may be assembled by using molecular techniques that differ from those described above, yet known in the art. For example, because the D6 DNA fragments are arranged in tandem, various different designs (e.g., order of coding sequences) can be achieved through the use of different restriction sites/overlap regions designed into the ends of the fragments as desired. An exemplary alternative method of assembly of the D6 DNA fragments described above by sequential ligation is set forth in
A D6-DH targeting vector described above was introduced into mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells for producing modified ES cells containing an immunoglobulin heavy chain locus containing the engineered diversity cluster, e.g., engineered DH region.
This example demonstrates the production of non-human animals (e.g., rodents) whose genome comprises an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered heavy chain diversity (DO region, wherein the engineered DH region includes one or more nucleotide sequences that each encode a portion of a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide, in particular, an extracellular portion of an atypical chemokine receptor (ACKR) such as, for example, D6 chemokine decoy receptor.
Correct assembly of the D6-DH targeting vector described in Example 1 and targeted insertion of the D6 DNA fragments into the diversity cluster of BAC DNA was confirmed by sequencing and polymerase chain reaction throughout the construction of the targeting vector using primers set forth in Table 6. Targeted BAC DNA, confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, was then introduced into F1 hybrid (129S6SvEvTac/C57BL6NTac) mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells via electroporation followed by culturing in selection medium. The ES cells used for electroporation had a genome that included human VH and JH gene segments operably linked with rodent immunoglobulin heavy chain constant regions (e.g., IgM), lacked all or part of a human DH region (i.e., deleted), and contained an inserted sequence encoding one or more murine Adam6 genes (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,642,835 and 8,697,940). Drug-resistant colonies were picked 10 days after electroporation and screened by TAQMAN™ and karyotyping for correct targeting as previously described (Valenzuela et al., supra; Frendewey, D. et al., 2010, Methods Enzymol. 476:295-307) using primer/probe sets that detected proper integration of the D6 coding sequences into the diversity cluster of an immunoglobulin variable region (Table 7 [F: forward primer, P: probe, R: reverse primer] and
The drug selection cassette may optionally be removed by the subsequent addition of a recombinase (e.g., by Cre treatment) or by breeding to a Cre deleter mouse strain (see, e.g., International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2009/114400) in order to remove any loxed selected cassette introduced by the targeting construct that is not removed, e.g., at the ES cell stage or in the embryo. Optionally, the selection cassette is retained in the mice.
Taken together, this example illustrates the generation of a rodent (e.g., a mouse) whose genome comprises an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered heavy chain diversity (DH) region, which engineered DH region is characterized by the inclusion of one or more nucleotide sequences that each encode an extracellular portion of an atypical chemokine receptor (ACKR) such as, for example, D6 chemokine decoy receptor. The strategy described herein for inserting D6 coding sequences into the place of traditional DH segments enables the construction of a rodent that expresses a plurality of antibodies, each of which comprises a heavy chain CDR3 generated from recombination of a D6 coding sequence. Leveraged with the presence of human VH and JH segments, rodents described herein provide an in vivo system for the production of human antibody-based therapeutics that characterized by diversity that binds one or more CCL and, in some embodiments, provides antibody-based anti-inflammatory drugs for human use.
This example illustrates exemplary methods of constructing a targeting vector for insertion into the genome of a non-human animal such as a rodent (e.g., a mouse). In particular, the methods described in this example demonstrate the production of a targeting vector for insertion into the genome of rodent (e.g., a mouse) embryonic stem (ES) cells to produce a rodent whose genome comprises an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes a engineered heavy chain diversity (DH) region, which engineered DH region includes one or more nucleotide sequences that each encode a portion of a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide. In this example, coding sequences of two toxins (e.g., a conotoxin such as, for example, μ-conotoxin, and a tarantula toxin such as, for example, ProTxII) were employed in the construction of a targeting vector for integration into an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region. As described below, the coding sequences were placed in operable linkage with heavy chain variable (VH) and heavy chain joining (JH) segments in the place of traditional DH gene segments so that, upon VDJ recombination, antibodies having CDR3s generated from the coding sequences are expressed.
Targeting vectors containing coding sequences from μ-conotoxin and a tarantula toxin (e.g., ProTxII) for insertion into an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region were created as described above in Example 1. The methods described herein can be employed to utilize any set of coding sequences derived from any desired conotoxin (e.g., α-conotoxin, δ-conotoxin, κ-conotoxin, μ-conotoxin and/or ω-conotoxin), tarantula toxin (e.g., ProTxI, ProTxII, Huwentoxin-IV [HWTX-IV], etc.) or combination of coding sequences (or coding sequence fragments) as desired. An exemplary strategy for constructing a targeting vector using coding sequences from μ-conotoxin and a tarantula toxin is set forth in
Briefly, a series of four DNA fragments, each containing several μ-conotoxin (μCTX) and tarantula toxin (ProTxII) coding sequences were made by de novo DNA synthesis (Table 8; Blue Heron Biotech, Bothell, Wash.). As described in Example 1, various restriction enzyme sites and/or overlap regions were included at the ends of each DNA fragment to allow for subsequent cloning in tandem. A total of 26 toxin coding sequences were employed in constructing an engineered DH region, which included replacement of entire DH coding sequences and insertion into DH coding sequences (i.e., only partially replace a DH). Insertions of toxin coding sequences were made at DH positions 1-26, 2-2, 2-8, 2-15, 2-21, 3-3, 3-9, 3-10, 3-16, and 3-22 with the corresponding toxin coding sequence, while replacement of DH sequence with toxin coding sequences were made at DH positions 1-1, 1-7, 1-14, 1-20, 4-4, 4-11, 4-17, 4-23, 5-5, 5-12, 5-18, 5-24, 6-6, 6-13, 6-19 and 6-25 (see Table 8). In the case of insertions, toxin sequences were inserted in open reading frame two (ORF2) and flanked by DH consensus sequences (e.g., see
As described in Example 1, the nucleic acid sequence of each toxin coding sequence naturally contained such hot spot sequences, however, artificial hot spots were introduced into selected toxin coding sequences in silico prior to de novo synthesis to optimize the potential for somatic hypermutation during clonal selection of B cell receptors (see
Alternatively, the toxin DNA fragments described above may be assembled by using molecular techniques that differ from those described above, yet known in the art. For example, because the toxin DNA fragments are arranged in tandem, various different designs (e.g., order of coding sequences) can be achieved through the use of different restriction sites/overlap regions designed into the ends of the fragments as desired. An exemplary alternative method of assembly of the toxin DNA fragments described above by sequential ligation is set forth in
The TX-DH targeting vector described above was introduced into mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells for producing modified ES cells containing an immunoglobulin heavy chain locus containing the engineered diversity cluster.
This example demonstrates the production of non-human animals (e.g., rodents) whose genome comprises an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered heavy chain diversity (DH) region, wherein the engineered DH region includes one or more nucleotide sequences that each encode a portion of a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide, in particular, a toxin such as, for example, a conotoxin (e.g., μ-conotoxin), tarantula toxin (e.g., ProTxII) or combinations thereof.
Correct assembly of the TX-DH targeting vector described in Example 3 and targeted insertion of the toxin DNA fragments into the diversity cluster of BAC DNA was confirmed by sequencing and polymerase chain reaction throughout the construction of the targeting vector using primers set forth in Table 6. Targeted BAC DNA, confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, was then introduced into F1 hybrid (129S6SvEvTac/C57BL6NTac) mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells via electroporation followed by culturing in selection medium. The ES cells used for electroporation had a genome that included human VH and JH gene segments operably linked with rodent immunoglobulin heavy chain constant regions (e.g., IgM), lacked a DH region (i.e., deleted), and contained an inserted sequence encoding one or more murine Adam6 genes (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,642,835 and 8,697,940). Drug-resistant colonies were picked 10 days after electroporation and screened by TAQMAN™ and karyotyping for correct targeting as previously described (Valenzuela et al., supra; Frendewey, D. et al., 2010, Methods Enzymol. 476:295-307) using primer/probe sets that detected proper integration of the toxin coding sequences into the diversity cluster of an immunoglobulin variable region (Table 7 and
The VELOCIMOUSE® method (DeChiara, T. M. et al., 2010, Methods Enzymol. 476:285-294; Dechiara, T. M., 2009, Methods Mol. Biol. 530:311-324; Poueymirou et al., 2007, Nat. Biotechnol. 25:91-99) was used, in which targeted ES cells were injected into uncompacted 8-cell stage Swiss Webster embryos, to produce healthy fully ES cell-derived F0 generation mice heterozygous for the engineered DH region and that express antibodies containing heavy chain variable regions that include CDR3 regions generated from recombination of toxin coding sequences. F0 generation heterozygous male were crossed with C57B16/NTac females to generate F1 heterozygotes that were intercrossed to produce F2 generation homozygotes and wild-type mice for phenotypic analyses.
The drug selection cassette may optionally be removed by the subsequent addition of a recombinase (e.g., by Cre treatment) or by breeding to a Cre deleter mouse strain (see, e.g., International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2009/114400) in order to remove any loxed selected cassette introduced by the targeting construct that is not removed, e.g., at the ES cell stage or in the embryo. Optionally, the selection cassette is retained in the mice.
Taken together, this example illustrates the generation of a rodent (e.g., a mouse) whose genome comprises an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered heavy chain diversity (DH) region, which engineered DH region is characterized by the inclusion of one or more nucleotide sequences that each encode a portion of a toxin peptide such as, for example, μ-conotoxin, ProTxII or combinations thereof. The strategy described herein for inserting toxin coding sequences into the place of traditional DH segments enables the construction of a rodent that expresses antibodies configured such that they contain heavy chain CDR3s that are generated from recombination of the toxin coding sequences. Leveraged with the presence of human VH and JH segments, rodents described herein provide an in vivo system for the production of human antibody-based therapeutics that characterized by diversity that directs binding to ion channels (e.g., voltage-gated sodium channels such as, NaV1.7) and, in some embodiments, provides antibody-based anti-pain drugs for human use.
This example demonstrates the characterization of various immune cell populations in rodents (e.g., mice) whose genome comprises an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered heavy chain diversity (DH) region, wherein the engineered DH region includes one or more nucleotide sequences that each encode a portion of a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide. In this example, rodents homozygous for an engineered DH region that includes toxin coding sequences (e.g., μ-conotoxins and tarantula toxin) as described in Example 3 were analyzed by flow cytometry for identification of immune cells in harvested spleen and bone marrow using several fluorescently-labeled antibodies. This example also demonstrates the identification of immune cells in harvested spleen and bone marrow of mice heterozygous for an engineered DH region that includes coding sequences of the extracellular portion of an ACKR2 (also known as D6 chemokine decoy receptor) as described in Example 1. As described below, mice containing an engineered DH region as described herein demonstrate similar levels of B cells in the splenic and bone marrow compartments as compared to control engineered mice. Importantly, this Example also demonstrates that mice containing an engineered DH region as described herein demonstrate a B cell development and maturation free of any defects or deficiencies in the B-cell immune response, and produce antibodies containing CDR3 regions generated from rearrangement of the inserted coding sequences and adjacent immunoglobulin gene segments (i.e., human VH and JH).
Briefly, spleens and femurs were harvested from VELOCIMMUNE® mice (n=3, 26% C57BL/6 22% 129S6/SvEvTac 50% Balb/cAnNTac; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,502,018 and 8,642,835) and 6579ho/1293ho mice (“TX-DH ho”, n=3; 38% C57BL/6NTac 36% 129S6/SvEvTac 25% Balb/cAnNTac; mice homozygous for an immunoglobulin heavy chain locus containing a plurality of human VH, engineered DH segments including toxin coding sequences in the place of traditional DH segments, and JH segments operably linked to a rodent immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region including rodent heavy chain enhancers and regulatory regions, and containing an inserted nucleotide sequence encoding one or more murine Adam6 genes [e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,642,835 and 8,697,940]; and a homozygous immunoglobulin κ light chain locus containing human Vκ and Jκ gene segments operably linked to a rodent Cκ region gene including rodent κ light chain enhancers). Bone marrow was collected from femurs by centrifugation. Red blood cells from spleen and bone marrow preparations were lysed with ACK lysis buffer (Gibco) followed by washing with 1×PBS with 2% FBS. Isolated cells (1×106) were incubated with selected antibody cocktails for 30 min at +4° C.: Stain 1: rat anti-mouse CD43-FITC (Biolegend 121206, clone 1B11), rat anti-mouse c-kit-PE (Biolegend 105808, clone 2B8), rat anti-mouse IgM-PeCy (eBiosciences 25-5790-82, clone II/41), rat anti-mouse IgD-PerCP-Cy5.5 (Biolegend 405710, clone 11-26c.2a), rat anti-mouse CD3-PB (Biolegend 100214, clone 17-A2), rat anti-mouse B220-APC (eBiosciences 17-0452-82, clone RA3-6B2), and rat anti-mouse CD19-APC-H7 (BD 560143 clone 1D3). Stain 2: rat anti-mouse kappa-FITC (BD 550003, clone 187.1), rat anti-mouse lambda-PE (Biolegend 407308, clone RML-42), rat anti-mouse IgM-PeCy (eBiosciences 25-5790-82, clone II/41), rat anti-mouse IgD-PerCP-Cy5.5 (Biolegend 405710, clone 11-26c.2a), rat anti-mouse CD3-PB (Biolegend 100214, clone 17-A2), rat anti-mouse B220-APC (eBiosciences 17-0452-82, clone RA3-6B2), and rat anti-mouse CD19-APC-H7 (BD 560143 clone 1D3). Stain 3: rat anti-mouse CD23-FITC (Biolegend 101606 clone B3B4), rat anti-mouse CD93 (Biolegend 136504, clone AA4.1), rat anti-mouse IgM-PeCy (eBiosciences 25-5790-82, clone II/41), rat anti-mouse IgD-PerCP-Cy5.5 (Biolegend 405710, clone 11-26c.2a), rat anti-mouse CD19-V450 (BD 560375, clone 1D3), rat anti-mouse CD21/35-APC (BD 558658, clone 7G6), and rat anti-mouse B220-APC-eF1780 (eBioscences 47-0452-82, clone RA3-6B2). Following staining, cells were washed and fixed in 2% formaldehyde. Data acquisition was performed on a BD LSRFORTESSA™ flow cytometer and analyzed with FLOWJO™ software. Representative results are set forth in
In a similar experiment, spleens and femurs were harvested from VELOCIMMUNE® mice (n=3, 26% C57BL/6 23% 129SvEvTac 51% Balb/cAnNTac; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,502,018 and 8,642,835) and 6590hetmice (“D6-DH het”, n=3; 75% C57BL/6 25% 129SvEvTac; mice heterozygous for an immunoglobulin heavy chain locus containing a plurality of human VH, engineered DH segments including D6 chemokine decoy receptor coding sequences in the place of traditional DH segments, and JH segments operably linked to a rodent immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region including rodent heavy chain enhancers and regulatory regions, and containing an inserted nucleotide sequence encoding one or more murine Adam6 genes [e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,642,835 and 8,697,940]; and analyzed by flow cytometry (as described above). Representative results are set forth in
In another similar experiment, spleens and femurs were harvested from VELOCIMMUNE® mice (n=3, 38% C57BL/6 36% 129SvEvTac 25% Balb/cAnNTac; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,502,018 and 8,642,835) and 6590ho/1293ho mice (“D6-DH ho”, n=3; 38% C57BL/6 36% 129SvEvTac 25% Balb/cAnNTac) mice homozygous for an immunoglobulin heavy chain locus containing a plurality of human VH, engineered DH segments including D6 chemokine decoy receptor coding sequences in the place of one or more traditional DH segments, and JH segments operably linked to a rodent immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region including rodent heavy chain enhancers and regulatory regions, and containing an inserted nucleotide sequence encoding one or more murine Adam6 genes [e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,642,835 and 8,697,940]; and homozygous for an immunoglobulin light chain locus containing human Vκ and Jκ gene segments operably linked to a rodent Cκ region gene including rodent κ light chain enhancers) and analyzed by flow cytometry (as described above). Representative results are set forth in
The results showed that TX-DH ho mice demonstrated similar percentages of B cells in the splenic and bone marrow compartments as compared to control engineered mice. For some TX-DH ho mice, a higher percentage of Igλ positive cells was observed (e.g., see
D6-DH het mice also demonstrated similar B cell percentages in both the splenic and bone marrow compartments (
This Example demonstrates human V(D)J gene segment usage in rodents containing an engineered DH region as described herein using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)-antibody repertoire analysis. In particular, RT-PCR sequencing was conducted on RNA isolated from sorted spleen and unsorted bone marrow of mice homozygous for an engineered DH region containing toxin coding sequences and mice heterozygous for an engineered DH region containing ACKR2 coding sequences. As described below, all engineered DH segments were observed in analyzed sequences from mice harboring an engineered DH region containing toxin coding sequences in the place of traditional DH segments. Also described below, a majority (i.e., 16 of 25) of engineered DH segments were observed in analyzed sequences from mice harboring an engineered DH region containing coding sequences of an extracellular portion of an ACKR2 (D6 chemokine decoy receptor).
Briefly, spleen and bone marrow was harvested from 6579ho/1293ho mice (“TX-DH ho”, n=3; supra) and B cells were positively enriched from total splenocytes by magnetic cell sorting using mouse anti-CD19 magnetic beads and MACS® columns (Miltenyi Biotech). Total RNA was isolated from enriched B cells in sorted splenocytes and unsorted total bone marrow using an RNeasy Plus RNA isolation kit (Qiagen) according to manufacturer's specifications. Immunoglobulin heavy chain (μ chain, IgM) cDNA was then synthesized from total RNA using SuperScript III Reverse Transcriptase (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and a mouse IgM constant region primer (Table 9, IgM RT) according to manufacturer's specifications. IgM cDNA was amplified using a multiplex PCR strategy employing a mixture of VH family-specific primers (Table 9, VH multi-1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6) designed to anneal to VH leader sequences, and a primer (Table 9, IgM PCR1) designed to anneal to IgM constant region. PCR products ranging from ˜450-800 bp were isolated using Pippin Prep (SAGE Science) and then a second PCR using PCR2 primers (Table 9, PCR2-F & PCR2-R, “XXXXXX” is a 6nt index to distinguish sequencing libraries and to allow sequencing multiple libraries at the same time) were performed to attach sequencing adaptors and indexes. PCR products ranging from ˜490 bp-800 bp were isolated, purified, and quantified by qPCR using a KAPA Library Quantification Kit (KAPA Biosystems) before loading onto a MiSeq sequencer (Illumina) for sequencing using MiSeq Reagent Kits v3 (2×300 cycles). Table 9 sets forth the sequences of selected primers used for repertoire library construction.
For bioinformatic analysis, Raw Illumina sequences were de-multiplexed and filtered based on quality, length and match to corresponding constant region gene primer. Overlapping paired-end reads were merged and analyzed using custom in-house pipeline. The pipeline used local installation of IgBLAST (NCBI, v2.2.25+) to align rearranged light chain sequences to human germline VH and JH gene segment database, and denoted productive and non-productive joins along with the presence of stop codons. CDR3 sequences and expected non-template nucleotides were extracted using boundaries as defined in International Immunogenetics Information System (IMGT). Representative results are set forth in Table 10 (total matches to toxin coding sequences among sequence reads using each VH family-specific primer mixture) and
The results demonstrated that the majority of sequences analyzed contained toxin sequences within the CDR3 region of VH region sequences. In particular, about 87% of sequences corresponding to productive rearrangements in mice harboring an engineered DH region containing multiple toxin coding sequences in the place of traditional DH segments contained toxin amino acid sequences within CDR3 regions. In addition, all 26 toxin coding sequences positioned within the place of traditional DH segments in these mice were detected at various frequencies. The most highly utilized toxin coding sequences observed were the short μCTX four (4)-amino acid loop SmIIIa (DH position DH2-15), the μCTX-SmIIIA midi insert (DH position DH3-16) and the μCTX-PIIIA midi (DH position DH3-22).
In a similar experiment, human VH, engineered DH and human JH segment usage was analyzed in 6590het mice (“D6-DH het”, n=3; supra) using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)-antibody repertoire analysis as described above. RT-PCR sequencing was conducted on RNA isolated from sorted spleen and unsorted bone marrow using a multiplex PCR strategy as described above. Representative results are set forth in Table 11 (number of in-frame amino acid (AA) sequences among nucleotide (NT) sequence reads in RNA amplified from bone marrow and spleen), Table 12 (percent of selected D6 coding sequences in amplified RNA from spleen and bone marrow [combined all VH-families, not reflective of quantitative VH usage]) and
The results demonstrated that the majority of D6 coding sequences used in RNA amplified from bone marrow and spleen were about 30 to 40 nucleotides in length. In particular, the longest (e.g., Nterm+EC3 (216 nt)) and shortest (e.g., EC1-N(9 nt)) D6 coding sequences were not initially observed in the sequences analyzed from D6-DH het mice. The inventors observed certain limitations when assessing the usage of D6 coding sequences from the engineered DH region. For example, the inventors note that IgM sequence containing full-length (or longer than full-length) longer D6 coding sequences (e.g., D6 Nterm+EC3, DH position DH4-4; SEQ ID NO:33) are likely excluded from sequences due to the gel size selection step (see above), and shorter D6 coding sequences (e.g., D6 EC1, DH position DH5-5; SEQ ID NO:3) are likely excluded due the trimming selection step. For shorter D6 coding sequences, however, manual inspection of sequences indicated that these D6 coding sequences were, in fact, present among the sequences obtained from amplified RNA. Further, the inventors observed incorrect alignment of sequences when comparing to databases due to similarity between selected JH segments (e.g., JH1) and D6 coding sequences. Such sequence similarity resulted in the identification of shorter DH sequences and the possibility of ambiguous annotations by certain databases. As a result, several sequences required individual analysis using alignments conducted by hand. Of all the sequences analyzed from D6-DH het mice, about 50-60% of amino acid sequences were in-frame and utilized a D6 coding sequence within CDR3 regions of amplified heavy chains. Further, 16 of the 25 D6 engineered DH segments were detected in amplified sequences from RNA (Table 12), while D6 Nterm (DH3-3), D6 Nterm+EC3 (DH4-4), D6 EC1 (DH5-5), D6 EC1-N(DH1-7), D6 EC1-S (DH5-12), D6 Nterm-S (DH6-13), D6 Nterm-EC3 (DH3-16), D6 EC1+EC2 (DH4-17) and D6 EC3-C (DH4-23) were not detected in analyzed sequences. As described above, usage of some of these D6 coding sequences, in particular, the longer D6 coding sequences, could not be confirmed in the analyzed set of sequences. Overall, no major differences in usage of D6 coding sequences between bone marrow and spleen derived samples was observed. Also, there appeared no negative selection bias against rearrangement of D6 coding sequences among the analyzed sequences.
Taken together, this example demonstrates that mice harboring engineered immunoglobulin heavy chain loci characterized by the presence of an engineered DH region that contains coding sequences of a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide (e.g., a D6 chemokine decoy receptor or one or more toxins) in the place of traditional DH segments are capable of rearranging the engineered coding sequences with adjacent human VH and JH segments to form functional heavy chains. Further, provided engineered mice demonstrate a robust antibody repertoire utilizing multiple coding sequences engineered into a synthetic DH region in the context of several human VH and JH segment families.
This example demonstrates production of antibodies in a rodent whose genome comprises an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region that includes an engineered DH region as described herein. The methods described in this example, and/or immunization methods well known in the art, can be used to immunize rodents containing an engineered DH region as described herein with polypeptides or fragments thereof (e.g., peptides derived from a desired epitope), or combination of polypeptides or fragments thereof, as desired.
Briefly, cohorts of mice that include an engineered DH region as described herein are challenged with an antigen of interest using immunization methods known in the art. The antibody immune response is monitored by an ELISA immunoassay (i.e., serum titer).
Generation of a common light chain mouse (also referred to as universal light chain or ULC mice) comprising a single rearranged variable gene sequence V:J (e.g., Vκ l-39Jκ5 or Vκ3-20Jκ1 common light chain mouse) and generation of antigen-specific antibodies in those mice is described in, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/022,759, 13/093,156, 13/412,936, 13/488,628, 13/798,310, and 13/948,818 (Publication Nos. 2011/0195454, 2012/0021409, 2012/0192300, 2013/0045492, US20130185821, and US20130302836 respectively), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Specifically, mice that express the genetically engineered Vκ1-39Jκ5 kappa light chain (1633 HO or 1634 HO) or the genetically engineered Vκ3-20Jκ1 kappa light chain (1635 HO or 1636 HO) in their germline were made.
VELOCIMMUNE® mice containing a single rearranged human germline light chain region (ULC Vκ1-39Jκ5; 1633 or 1634) or (ULC Vκ3-20Jκ1; 1635 or 1636) are bred to mice carrying a modified IgG constant region. Specifically, such ULC mice were bred to mice having a genome comprising a homozygous immunoglobulin heavy chain locus containing a plurality of human VH, engineered DH segments including toxin coding sequences in the place of traditional DH segments, and JH segments operably linked to a mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region including mouse heavy chain enhancers and regulatory regions, and containing an inserted nucleotide sequence encoding one or more murine Adam6 genes [e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,642,835 and 8,697,940], to obtain progeny mice heterozygous or homozygous for the heavy chain locus comprising toxin coding sequence and heterozygous or homozygous for the universal light chain. As shown in
When a desired immune response is achieved, splenocytes (and/or other lymphatic tissue) are harvested and fused with mouse myeloma cells to preserve their viability and form immortal hybridoma cell lines. The hybridoma cell lines are screened (e.g., by an ELISA assay) and selected to identify hybridoma cell lines that produce antigen-specific antibodies. Hybridomas may be further characterized for relative binding affinity and isotype as desired. Using this technique several antigen-specific chimeric antibodies (i.e., antibodies possessing human variable domains and rodent constant domains) are obtained.
DNA encoding the variable regions of heavy chain and light chains may be isolated and linked to desirable isotypes (constant regions) of the heavy chain and light chain for the preparation of fully-human antibodies. Such an antibody protein may be produced in a cell, such as a CHO cell. Fully human antibodies are then characterized for relative binding affinity and/or neutralizing activity of the antigen of interest.
DNA encoding the antigen-specific chimeric antibodies or the variable domains of light and heavy chains may be isolated directly from antigen-specific lymphocytes. Initially, high affinity chimeric antibodies are isolated having a human variable region and a rodent constant region and are characterized and selected for desirable characteristics, including affinity, selectivity, epitope, etc. Rodent constant regions are replaced with a desired human constant region to generate fully-human antibodies. While the constant region selected may vary according to specific use, high affinity antigen-binding and target specificity characteristics reside in the variable region. Antigen-specific antibodies are also isolated directly from antigen-positive B cells (from immunized mice) without fusion to myeloma cells, as described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,582,298, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Using this method, several fully human antigen-specific antibodies (i.e., antibodies possessing human variable domains and human constant domains) are made.
Having thus described several aspects of at least one embodiment of this invention, it is to be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawing are by way of example only and the invention is described in detail by the claims that follow.
Use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements.
The articles “a” and “an” in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to include the plural referents. Claims or descriptions that include “or” between one or more members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. The invention includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. The invention also includes embodiments in which more than one, or the entire group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the invention encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, descriptive terms, etc., from one or more of the listed claims is introduced into another claim dependent on the same base claim (or, as relevant, any other claim) unless otherwise indicated or unless it would be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art that a contradiction or inconsistency would arise. Where elements are presented as lists, (e.g., in Markush group or similar format) it is to be understood that each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group. It should be understood that, in general, where the invention, or aspects of the invention, is/are referred to as comprising particular elements, features, etc., certain embodiments of the invention or aspects of the invention consist, or consist essentially of, such elements, features, etc. For purposes of simplicity those embodiments have not in every case been specifically set forth in so many words herein. It should also be understood that any embodiment or aspect of the invention can be explicitly excluded from the claims, regardless of whether the specific exclusion is recited in the specification.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate typical standards of deviation or error attributable to values obtained in assays or other processes described herein.
The publications, websites and other reference materials referenced herein to describe the background of the invention and to provide additional detail regarding its practice are hereby incorporated by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62278127 | Jan 2016 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16074042 | Jul 2018 | US |
| Child | 17676338 | US |
