Patent Application
20200409857
The present invention generally relates to memory access and more specifically, to operational context subspaces.
Dynamic address translation (DAT) tables are used to map virtual addresses to real addresses in a memory structure. Each address space has unique DAT tables and real page frames to back the virtual pages. DAT is the process of translating a virtual address during a storage reference into the corresponding real address. If the virtual address is already backed in central storage, the DAT process may be accelerated through the use of a translation lookaside buffer (TLB). If the virtual address is not backed in central storage, it is brought in from auxiliary storage. DAT is implemented by both hardware and software through the use of page tables, segment tables, region tables, and TLBs.
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a computer-implemented method for implementing a full space dynamic address translation (“DAT”) structure and a subspace DAT structure. A non-limiting example of the computer-implemented method includes determining, by a processor, that switching between the full space DAT structure and the subspace DAT structure is enabled by examining a bit in a control register. The method determines, by the processor, that there is a new context different from an existing context based on the bit in the control register indicating that switching is enabled, and switches, by the processor, the context of the DAT structures based on determining that the new context is different from the existing context.
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a system for implementing a full space dynamic address translation (“DAT”) structure and a subspace DAT structure. A non-limiting example of the system includes a processor and a memory communicatively coupled to the processor. The memory has stored therein instructions that when executed cause the processor to determine that switching between the full space DAT structure and the subspace DAT structure is enabled by examining a bit in a control register. The instructions cause the processor to determine that there is a new context different from an existing context based on an instruction changing a program status word supervisor state bit or program key mask indicating that switching is enabled. The context of the DAT structures is switched based on determining that the new context is different from the existing context.
Embodiments of the invention are directed to a computer program product for implementing a full space dynamic address translation (“DAT”) structure and a subspace DAT structure. The computer program product includes a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith. The program instructions are executable by a processor to cause the processor to perform a method. A non-limiting example of the method includes determining, by a processor, that switching between the full space DAT structure and the subspace DAT structure is enabled by examining a bit in a control register. The method determines, by the processor, that there is a new context different from an existing context based on an instruction changing a program status word supervisor state bit or program key mask indicating that switching is enabled, and switches, by the processor, the context of the DAT structures based on determining that the new context is different from the existing context.
Additional technical features and benefits are realized through the techniques of the present invention. Embodiments and aspects of the invention are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed subject matter. For a better understanding, refer to the detailed description and to the drawings.
The specifics of the exclusive rights described herein are particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other features and advantages of the embodiments of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
In the accompanying figures and following detailed description of the disclosed embodiments, the various elements illustrated in the figures are provided with two or three digit reference numbers. With minor exceptions, the leftmost digit(s) of each reference number correspond to the figure in which its element is first illustrated.
In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention, an address space can be mapped to a subset of a common area used by other address spaces. One or more embodiments of the present invention are compared to contemporary systems where all address spaces sharing a common area must map the entire common area of the address space in the same way. This ability to map to a subset of the common area can result in improved system performance. One or more embodiments of the present invention can be used to allow more virtual memory to be used for private space or to limit access to some virtual memory locations.
Turning now to an overview of technologies that are more specifically relevant to aspects of the invention, an address space is the range of virtual addresses that an operating system (OS) assigns to a user or separately running program. The address space is typically an area of contiguous virtual addresses available for executing instructions and storing data. A virtual storage layout of an address space includes, among other things, a private area and a common area. The common area contains system control programs and control blocks including, for example, a prefixed storage area (PSA), a common service area (CSA), a pageable link pack area (PLPA), a fixed link pack area (FLPA), a modified link pack area (MLPA), a system queue area (SQA), and nucleus. Multiple address spaces can use the same common area. The private area contains, for example, a local system queue area (LSQA), a scheduler work area (SWA), and a private region for running programs and storing data. An address space is referenced by an address control element (ASCE) which is made up of the address of the highest level translation table for that address space.
Certain operating systems can activate fetch-protection-override, which causes fetch protection to be ignored for the first 2K virtual addresses (e.g., VSAs 0-2047). This allows execution in any key to read the first 2K of the PSA even though the frame is “fetch” protected. Key protection includes a two level protection structure, comprised of a supervisory level (key 0) and a non-supervisory level (keys 1-15). Supervisory programs can access non-supervisory assigned storage blocks, but the non-supervisory programs cannot access the supervisory assigned storage blocks. The second 2K (e.g., VSAs 2048-4095) of the first page of the PSA is protected from read access by non-key 0 programs.
An address space that is mapped to a subset of a common area used by other address spaces is referred to herein as a “partial address space” and an address space that maps to the entire common area is referred to herein as a “full address space. These address spaces can be used to control access to some storage such as those in an operational context subspace (OCS). Because all spaces do not fully map the common area, the common segment bit in the segment table entries must remain off. Otherwise, the hardware would detect an inconsistency and issue an error.
Prior addressing schemes would require that full address spaces and partial address spaces be built well in advance of their use, wasting precious computer resource time and energy. In addition, when address subspaces exist, complex methodologies needed to be used that would also take up critical computer resources.
One or more embodiments of the present invention address shortcomings of the prior art by providing a full address space and a subspace that is easily accessed through the use of a single bit in a control register. In this manner, one or more embodiments of the present invention provide easy, fast creation of address subspaces and allow for their quick access through the examination of a single control bit. Furthermore, faults are readily handled by one or more embodiments of the present invention. Thus, the invention dramatically improves computer functionality by more efficiently using computer resources. Additionally, no DAT path to memory is inaccessible, there are limited invocations of costly invalidate instructions, and it is transparent to applications.
Turning now to a more detailed description of aspects of the present invention,
Computer system 100 includes one or more processors, such as processor 105. Processor 105 is connected to a communication infrastructure 160 (e.g., a communications bus, cross-over bar, or network). Computer system 100 can include a display interface 115 that forwards graphics, text, and other data from communication infrastructure 160 (or from a frame buffer not shown) for display on a display unit 125. Computer system 100 also includes a main memory 110, preferably random access memory (RAM), and can also include a secondary memory 165. Secondary memory 165 can include, for example, a hard disk drive 120 and/or a removable storage drive 130, representing, for example, a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, or an optical disk drive. Removable storage drive 130 reads from and/or writes to a removable storage unit 140 in a manner well known to those having ordinary skill in the art. Removable storage unit 140 represents, for example, a floppy disk, a compact disc, a magnetic tape, or an optical disk, etc. which is read by and written to by removable storage drive 130. As will be appreciated, removable storage unit 140 includes a computer readable medium having stored therein computer software and/or data.
In alternative embodiments, secondary memory 165 can include other similar means for allowing computer programs or other instructions to be loaded into the computer system. Such means can include, for example, a removable storage unit 145 and an interface 135. Examples of such means can include a program package and package interface (such as that found in video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as an EPROM, or PROM) and associated socket, and other removable storage units 145 and interfaces 135 which allow software and data to be transferred from the removable storage unit 145 to computer system 100.
Computer system 100 can also include a communications interface 150. Communications interface 150 allows software and data to be transferred between the computer system and external devices. Examples of communications interface 150 can include a modem, a network interface (such as an Ethernet card), a communications port, or a PCM-CIA slot and card, etcetera. Software and data transferred via communications interface 150 are in the form of signals which can be, for example, electronic, electromagnetic, optical, or other signals capable of being received by communications interface 150. These signals are provided to communications interface 150 via communication path (i.e., channel) 155. Communication path 155 carries signals and can be implemented using wire or cable, fiber optics, a phone line, a cellular phone link, an RF link, and/or other communications channels.
In the present description, the terms “computer program medium,” “computer usable medium,” and “computer readable medium” are used to generally refer to media such as main memory 110 and secondary memory 165, removable storage drive 130, and a hard disk installed in hard disk drive 120. Computer programs (also called computer control logic) are stored in main memory 110 and/or secondary memory 165. Computer programs can also be received via communications interface 150. Such computer programs, when run, enable the computer system to perform the features of the present invention as discussed herein. In particular, the computer programs, when run, enable processor 105 to perform the features of the computer system. Accordingly, such computer programs represent controllers of the computer system.
If a subspace will not be used in this space (block 420), the processor 105 creates a highest DAT table 210 only for full context (block 450). The lower full DAT tables 220 and 230 are created by processor 105 (block 460), and the process ends (block 470).
When faulter is using subspace and the DAT entry is valid in the full DAT, processor 105 makes a check to determine if the subspace 245 should have access to the data being accessed (block 640). In an exemplary embodiment, the check is checking the authority, e.g., Program Status Word (“PSW”) supervisor state bit and program key mask, or it may be other things. For example, the check may be testing other bits in the control register to check for access or a bit in the DUCT. These could be set only when running certain types of transactions or while running in a Java Virtual Machine that should not have access to all data. If not, the fault ends in an error (block 680). If so, the subspace 245 is built by processor 105 and pointed to the proper data page frame (block 650). The faulting instruction is then redriven by processor 105 (block 670).
Various embodiments of the invention are described herein with reference to the related drawings. Alternative embodiments of the invention can be devised without departing from the scope of this invention. Various connections and positional relationships (e.g., over, below, adjacent, etc.) are set forth between elements in the following description and in the drawings. These connections and/or positional relationships, unless specified otherwise, can be direct or indirect, and the present invention is not intended to be limiting in this respect. Accordingly, a coupling of entities can refer to either a direct or an indirect coupling, and a positional relationship between entities can be a direct or indirect positional relationship. Moreover, the various tasks and process steps described herein can be incorporated into a more comprehensive procedure or process having additional steps or functionality not described in detail herein.
The following definitions and abbreviations are to be used for the interpretation of the claims and the specification. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains” or “containing,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a composition, a mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but can include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus.
Additionally, the term “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance or illustration.” Any embodiment or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs. The terms “at least one” and “one or more” may be understood to include any integer number greater than or equal to one, i.e. one, two, three, four, etc. The terms “a plurality” may be understood to include any integer number greater than or equal to two, i.e. two, three, four, five, etc. The term “connection” may include both an indirect “connection” and a direct “connection.”
The terms “about,” “substantially,” “approximately,” and variations thereof, are intended to include the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity based upon the equipment available at the time of filing the application. For example, “about” can include a range of ±8% or 5%, or 2% of a given value.
For the sake of brevity, conventional techniques related to making and using aspects of the invention may or may not be described in detail herein. In particular, various aspects of computing systems and specific computer programs to implement the various technical features described herein are well known. Accordingly, in the interest of brevity, many conventional implementation details are only mentioned briefly herein or are omitted entirely without providing the well-known system and/or process details.
The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product at any possible technical detail level of integration. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention.
The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire.
Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device.
Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instruction by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention.
Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions.
These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments described herein.
