Phosphor and image storage panel

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a phosphor, a process for the preparation of the same, a radiation image recording and reproducing method utilizing the same, and a radiation image storage panel employing the same. More particularly, the invention relates to a divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor.
2. Description of the Prior Art
There is well known a divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal fluorohalide phosphor (M.sup.II FX:Eu.sup.2+, in which M.sup.II is at least one alkaline earth metal selected from the group consisting of Ba, Sr and Ca; and X is a halogen other than fluorine), as a divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor. The phosphor gives emission (spontaneous emission) in the near ultraviolet region when exposed to a radiation such as X-rays. The phosphor also gives emission (stimulated emission) in the near ultraviolet region when excited with an electromagnetic wave such as visible light or infrared rays after exposure to a radiation such as X-rays, that is, the phosphor is a stimulable phosphor.
A radiation image recording and reproducing method utilizing a stimulable phosphor can be employed in place of the conventional radiography utilizing a combination of a radiographic film having an emulsion layer containing a photosensitive silver salt and an intensifying screen, as described for instance, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,239,968. The method involves steps of causing a stimulable phosphor to absorb a radiation having passed through an object or having radiated from an object; sequentially exciting (or scanning) the phosphor with an electromagnetic wave such as visible light or infrared rays (stimulating rays) to release the radiation energy stored in the phosphor as light emission (stimulated emission); photoelectrically detecting the emitted light to obtain electric signals; and reproducing the radiation image of the object as a visible image from the electric signals.
In the radiation image recording and reproducing method, a radiation image is obtainable with a sufficient amount of information by applying a radiation to the object at a considerably smaller dose, as compared with the conventional radiography. Accordingly, this method is of great value, especially when the method is used for medical diagnosis.
As for a stimulable phosphor employable in the radiation image recording and reproducing method, almost no stimulable phosphor other than the above-mentioned divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal fluorohalide phosphor has been known.
The present inventor discovered a novel divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor having the following formula:
M.sup.II X.sub.2.aM.sup.II X'.sub.2 :xEu.sup.2+
in which M.sup.II is at least one alkaline earth metal selected from the group consisting of Ba, Sr and Ca; each of X and X' is at least one halogen selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br and I, and X.noteq.X'; and a and x are numbers satisfying the conditions of 0.1.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.10.0 and 0<x.ltoreq.0.2, respectively, and applied for a patent with respect to said phosphor, a radiation image recording and reproducing method utilizing said phosphor and a radiation image storage panel employing said phosphor (Japanese Patent Provisional Publications No. 60(1985)-84381 and No. 60(1985)-84382, the whole content of which is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 660,987 or European Patent Application No. 84112417.5).
The novel divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor has been confirmed to have a crystal structure different from that of the aforementioned M.sup.II FX:Eu.sup.2+ phosphor on the basis of the X-ray diffraction patterns as described in the above application. This phosphor gives spontaneous emission (peak wavelength: approx. 405 nm) in the near ultraviolet to blue region upon exposure to a radiation such as X-rays, ultraviolet rays and cathode rays, and also gives stimulated emission in the near ultraviolet to blue region when excited with an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength within the region of 450-1000 nm after exposure to a radiation such as X-rays, ultraviolet rays and cathode rays. Accordingly, the phosphor is very useful for a radiographic intensifying screen employed in the conventional radiography and for a radiation image storage panel employed in the radiation image recording and reproducing method utilizing a stimulable phosphor.
The sensitivity of the radiation image recording and reproducing method employing the radiation image storage panel to a radiation generally increases as the luminance of stimulated emission of the phosphor employed therefor increases. Accordingly, the stimulable phosphor employed for the panel is desired to have the luminance of stimulated emission as high as possible.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to provide a phosphor improved in the luminance of stimulated emission when excited with an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength within the range of 450-1000 nm after exposure to a radiation such as X-rays with respect to the above-mentioned novel divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor, and a process for the preparation of said phosphor.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a radiation image recording and reproducing method improved in the sensitivity, and a radiation image storage panel employed in said method.
As a result of the study on the novel divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor, the present inventors found that a phosphor further containing a specific amount of silicon monoxide or tin halide (stannous halide) exhibits stimulated emission of high luminance, and accomplished the invention.
The phosphor of the invention is a divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor having the formula (I):
M.sup.II X.sub.2.aM.sup.II X'.sub.2.bA:xEu.sup.2+ (I)
in which M.sup.II is at least one alkaline earth metal selected from the group consisting of Ba, Sr and Ca; each of X and X' is at least one halogen selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br and I, and X.noteq.X'; A is a compound selected from the group consisting of SiO and SnX".sub.2 wherein X" is at least one halogen selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I; a and x are numbers satisfying the conditions of 0.1.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.10.0 and 0<x.ltoreq.0.2, respectively; and b is a number satisfying the conditions of 0<b.ltoreq.3.times.10.sup.-2 in the case of A being SiO and 0<b.ltoreq.10.sup.-3 in the case of A being SnX".sub.2.
The process for the preparation of the phosphor having the formula (I) of the invention comprises:
mixing starting materials for the phosphor in a stoichiometric ratio corresponding to the formula (II):
M.sup.II X.sub.2.aM.sup.II X'.sub.2.bA:xEu (II)
in which M.sup.II, X, X', A, a, b and x have the same meanings as defined above; and
firing the obtained mixture at a temperature within the range of 400.degree.-1300.degree. C. in an inert atmosphere or a weak reducing atmosphere.
The radiation image recording and reproducing method of the invention comprises steps of:
i) causing the divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor having the formula (I) to absorb a radiation having passed through an object or having radiated from an object;
ii) exciting said stimulable phosphor with an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength within the range of 450-1000 nm to release the radiation energy stored therein as light emission; and
iii) detecting the emitted light.
The radiation image storage panel of the invention comprises a support and a phosphor layer provided thereon which comprises a binder and a stimulable phosphor dispersed therein, in which said phosphor layer contains the divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor having the formula (I).
The phosphor of the invention having the formula (I), which is obtained by incorporating a specific amount of silicon monoxide or tin halide into the above-mentioned novel divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor, is highly enhanced in the luminance of stimulated emission when excited with an electromagnetic wave in the wavelength region of 450-1000 nm after exposure to a radiation such as X-rays. The radiation image recording and reproducing method of the invention utilizing said phosphor having the formula (I) is remarkably improved in the sensitivity, and the radiation image storage panel employing said phosphor is highly enhanced in the sensitivity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a relationship between b value and luminance of stimulated emission with respect to BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.bSiO:0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphor, which is an example of the divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor according to the invention.
FIG. 2 shows a relationship between b value and luminance of stimulated emission with respect to BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.bSnF.sub.2 :0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphor, which is an example of the divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor according to the invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view illustrating the radiation image recording and reproducing method according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor of the present invention can be prepared, for instance, by a process described below.
As starting materials, the following materials can be employed:
(1) at least two alkaline earth metal halides selected from the group consisting of BaCl.sub.2, SrCl.sub.2, CaCl.sub.2, BaBr.sub.2, SrBr.sub.2, CaBr.sub.2, BaI.sub.2, SrI.sub.2 and CaI.sub.2 ;
(2) at least one compound selected from the group consisting of silicon monoxide (SiO) and tin halides (SnF.sub.2, SnCl.sub.2, SnBr.sub.2 and SnI.sub.2); and
(3) at least one compound selected from the group consisting of europium compounds such as europium halide, europium oxide, europium nitrate and europium sulfate.
As the starting material (1), two or more kinds of alkaline earth metal halides having a halogen different from each other are employed. Further, ammonium halide (NH.sub.4 X"', in which X"' is any one of Cl, Br and I) may be employed as a flux.
In the process for the preparation of the phosphor of the invention, the above-mentioned alkaline earth metal halides (1), silicon monoxide or tin halide (2) and europium compound (3) are, in the first place, mixed in the stoichiometric ratio corresponding to the formula (II):
M.sup.II X.sub.2.aM.sup.II X'.sub.2.bA:xEu (II)
in which M.sup.II is at least one alkaline earth metal selected from the group consisting of Ba, Sr and Ca; each of X and X' is at least one halogen selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br and I, and X.noteq.X'; A is a compound selected from the group consisting of SiO and SnX".sub.2 wherein X" is at least one halogen selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I; a and x are numbers satisfying the conditions of 0.1.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.10.0 and 0<x.ltoreq.0.2, respectively; and b is a number satisfying the conditions of 0<b.ltoreq.3.times.10.sup.-2 in the case of A being SiO and 0<b.ltoreq.10.sup.-3 in the case of A being SnX".sub.2.
In the preparation of the phosphor of the invention, the number for b in the formula (II) which indicates the amount of the additive A is preferably within the range of 10.sup.-4 .ltoreq.b.ltoreq.10.sup.-2 in the case that A is silicon monoxide (SiO), and is preferably within the range of 10.sup.-5 .ltoreq.b.ltoreq.5.times.10.sup.-4 in the case that A is tin halide (SnX".sub.2) and X" is preferably F, from the viewpoint of enhancement in the luminance of stimulated emission. From the same view-point, the number for a which indicates the ratio between M.sup.II X.sub.2 and M.sup.II X'.sub.2 is preferably within the range of 0.25.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.6.0 and more preferably of 0.5.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.2.0, and the number for x which indicates the amount of europium activator is preferably within the range of 10.sup.-5 .ltoreq.x.ltoreq.10.sup.-1.
The mixture of starting materials for the phosphor is prepared by any one of the following procedures:
i) simply mixing the starting materials (1), (2) and (3);
ii) mixing the starting materials (1) and (2), heating the obtained mixture at a temperature of not lower than 100.degree. C. for several hours and then mixing the heat-treated mixture with the starting material (3); and
iii) mixing the starting materials (1) and (2) in the form of a solution, drying the solution by reduced pressure drying, vacuum drying or spray drying under heating (preferably, 50.degree.-200.degree. C.), and then mixing the obtained dry product with the starting material (3).
Further, as a modification of the above procedure ii), there may be mentioned a procedure comprising mixing the starting materials (1), (2) and (3) and subjecting the obtained mixture to the heating treatment; or a procedure comprising mixing the starting materials (1) and (3), subjecting the obtained mixture to the heating treatment and mixing the starting material (2) with the heat-treated product. As other modification of the procedure iii), there may be mentioned a procedure comprising mixing the starting materials (1), (2) and (3) in the form of a solution and subjecting the solution to the drying; or a procedure comprising mixing the starting materials (1) and (3) in the form of a solution, subjecting the solution to the drying and mixing the obtained dry product with the starting material (2).
The mixing is conducted using a conventional mixing apparatus such as a variety of mixers, a V-type blender, a ball mill and a rod mill in any case of the above-described procedures i), ii) and iii).
Then, the resulting mixture of the starting materials is placed in a heat-resistant container such as a quartz boat, an alumina crucible or a quartz crucible, and fired in an electric furnace. The temperature for the firing suitably ranges from 400.degree. to 1300.degree. C., and preferably ranges from 500.degree. to 1000.degree. C. Particularly preferred temperature is not higher than the melting point of the phosphor (approx. 875.degree. C.) from the viewpoint of the enhancement of the emission luminance. The firing period is determined depending upon the amount of the mixture of starting materials, the firing temperature, etc., and suitably ranges from 0.5 to 6 hours. As the firing atmosphere, there can be employed an inert atmosphere such as a nitrogen gas atmosphere or an argon gas atmosphere, and a weak reducing atmosphere such as a nitrogen gas atmosphere containing a small amount of hydrogen gas or a carbon dioxide gas atmosphere containing carbon monoxide gas. A trivalent europium compound is generally employed as the starting material (3), and the trivalent europium contained in the mixture is reduced into divalent europium in the firing stage.
After firing the mixture of starting materials for the phosphor under these conditions, the fired product is allowed to stand for cooling and pulverized. The pulverized product may be further fired (second firing). The second firing is conducted at a temperature of 400.degree.-800.degree. C. for 0.5-12 hours in the above-mentioned inert atmosphere or weak reducing atmosphere.
Through the firing procedure, a powdery phosphor of the invention is produced. The powdery phosphor may be processed in a conventional manner involving a variety of procedures for the preparation of phosphors such as a washing procedure, a drying procedure and a sieving procedure.
The phosphor of the present invention prepared in accordance with the above-described process is a divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor having the formula (I):
M.sup.II X.sub.2.aM.sup.II X'.sub.2.bA:xEu.sup.2+ (I)
in which M.sup.II, X, X', A, a, b and x have the same meanings as defined above.
Examples of the phosphor having the formula (I), BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.bSiO:0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphor and BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.bSnF.sub.2 :0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphor, have relationships between b value (amount of silicon monoxide or tin fluoride) and luminance of stimulated emission as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively.
FIGS. 1 and 2 graphically show relationships between b value and the luminance of stimulated emission [emission luminance upon excitation with a semiconductor laser beam (wavelength: 780 nm) after exposure to X-rays at 80 KVp] with respect to the BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.bSiO:0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphor and BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.bSnF.sub.2 :0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphor, respectively.
As is evident from FIG. 1, the BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.bSiO:0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphor having b value within a range of 0<b.ltoreq.3.times.10.sup.-2 gives stimulated emission of higher luminance than the phosphor containing no silicon monoxide (b=0). On the basis of this fact, the b value range (0<b.ltoreq.3.times.10.sup.-2) of the divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor containing silicon monoxide of the invention has been decided. As is also evident from FIG. 1, the phosphor having b value within a range of 10.sup.-4.ltoreq. b.ltoreq.10.sup.-2 gives stimulated emission of prominently high luminance.
As is evident from FIG. 2, the BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.bSnF.sub.2: 0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphor having b value within a range of 0<b.ltoreq.10.sup.-3 gives stimulated emission of higher luminance than the phosphor containing no tin fluoride (b=0). On the basis of this fact, the b value range (0<b10.sup.-3) of the divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor containing tin halide of the invention has been decided. As is also evident from FIG. 2, the phosphor having b value within a range of 10.sup.-5 .ltoreq.b.ltoreq.5.times.10.sup.-4 gives stimulated emission of prominently high luminance.
It has been confirmed that phosphors according to the present invention and having M.sup.II, X, X', X" and a other than the above-stated ones have the same tendencies in the relationship between b value and the luminance of stimulated emission as shown in FIG. 1 or 2.
The above-described divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor having the formula (I) emits light (peak wavelength of the emission: 409 nm) in the near ultraviolet to blue region when excited with an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength within the range of 450-1000 nm such as visible light or infrared rays after exposure to a radiation such as X-rays, ultraviolet rays and cathode rays. The phosphor shows almost the same stimulated emission spectrum and stimulation spectrum as those of the aforementioned novel phosphor (M.sup.II X.sub.2.aM.sup.II X'.sub.2 :xEu.sup.2+), which are illustrated in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 660,987. Since the wavelength region of the stimulation spectrum is as wide as 450-1000 nm, it is possible to vary the wavelength of stimulating rays for exciting the phosphor in the radiation image recording and reproducing method of the invention. It means that a source of stimulating rays can be suitably selected according to the purpose. For example, a semiconductor laser (having a wavelength in the infrared region) which is in a small size and needs only weak driving power can be employed as the source of stimulating rays, and accordingly the system for performing the method can be made compact. From the viewpoint of the luminance of stimulated emission and of the separation on wavelength between the emitted light and stimulating rays, the stimulating rays are preferred to be an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength within the range of 500-850 nm.
From the viewpoint of emission properties described hereinbefore, the phosphor of the invention is very useful as a phosphor for the use in the radiation image recording and reproducing method which is applied to the medical radiography such as X-ray photography for medical diagnosis and the industrial radiography for nondestructive inspection.
The divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor having the formula (I) is preferably employed in the form of a radiation image storage panel (also referred to as a stimulable phosphor sheet) in the radiation image recording and reproducing method of the invention.
The radiation image storage panel comprises a support and at least one phosphor layer provided on one surface of the support. The phosphor layer comprises a binder and a stimulable phosphor dispersed therein. Further, a transparent protective film is generally provided on the free surface of the phosphor layer (surface not facing the support) to keep the phosphor layer from chemical deterioration or physical shock.
In other words, the radiation image recording and reproducing method is preferably carried out using the radiation image storage panel comprising a phosphor layer containing the divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor having the formula (I).
In the method employing the stimulable phosphor having the formula (I) in the form of a radiation image storage panel, a radiation having passed through an object or radiated from an object is absorbed by the phosphor layer of the panel to form a radiation image as a radiation energy-stored image on the panel. The panel is then excited (e.g., scanned) with an electromagnetic wave in the wavelength region of 450-1000 nm to release the stored image as stimulated emission. The emitted light is photoelectrically detected to obtain electric signals so that the radiation image of the object can be reproduced as a visible image from the obtained electric signals.
The radiation image recording and reproducing method of the present invention will be described in more detail with respect to an example of a radiation image storage panel containing the stimulable phosphor having the formula (I), by referring to a schematic view shown in FIG. 3.
In FIG. 3 which shows the total system of the radiation image recording and reproducing method of the invention, a radiation generating device 11 such as an X-ray source provides a radiation for irradiating an object 12 therewith,; a radiation image storage panel 13 containing the stimulable phosphor having the formula (I) absorbs and stores the radiation having passed through the object 12; a source of stimulating rays 14 provides an electromagnetic wave for releasing the radiation energy stored in the panel 13 as light emission; a photosensor 15 such as a photomultiplier faces the panel 13 for detecting the light emitted by the panel 13 and converting it to electric signals; an image reproducing device 16 is connected with the photosensor 15 to reproduce a radiation image from the electric signals detected by the photosensor 15; a display device 17 is connected with the reproducing device 16 to display the reproduced image in the form of a visible image on a CRT or the like; and a filter 18 is disposed in front of the photosensor 15 to cut off the stimulating rays reflected by the panel 13 and allow only the light emitted by the panel 13 to pass through.
FIG. 3 illustrates an example of the system according to the method of the invention employed for obtaining a radiation-transmission image of an object. However, in the case that the object 12 itself emits a radiation, it is unnecessary to install the above-mentioned radiation generating device 11. Further, the photosensor 15 to the display device 17 in the system can be replaced with other appropriate devices which can reproduce a radiation image having the information of the object 12 from the light emitted by the panel 13.
Referring to FIG. 3, when the object 12 is exposed to a radiation such as X-rays provided by the radiation generating device 11, the radiation passes through the object 12 in proportion to the radiation transmittance of each portion of the object. The radiation having passed through the object 12 impinges upon the radiation image storage panel 13, and is absorbed by the phosphor layer of the panel 13. Thus, a radiation energy-stored image (a kind of latent image) corresponding to the radiation-transmission image of the object 12 is formed on the panel 13.
Thereafter, when the radiation image storage panel 13 is irradiated with an electromagnetic wave having the wavelength within the range of 450-1000 nm, which is provided by the source of stimulating rays 14, the radiation energy-stored image formed on the panel 13 is released as light emission. The intensity of so released light is in proportion to the intensity of the radiation energy which has been absorbed by the phosphor layer of the panel 13. The light signals corresponding to the intensity of the emitted light are converted to electric signals by means of the photosensor 15, the electric signals are reproduced as an image in the image reproducing device 16, and the reproduced image is displayed on the display device 17.
The operation of reading out the image information stored in the radiation image storage panel is generally carried out by sequentially scanning the panel with a laser beam and detecting the emitted light under the scanning with a photosensor such as photomultiplier through a light guiding means to obtain electric signals. In order to obtain a well-readable visible image, the read-out operation may comprise a preliminary read-out operation and a final read-out operation, in which the panel is twice irradiated with stimulating rays through the energy of the stimulating rays in the former is lower than that in the latter (see: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 434,886). The read-out condition in the final read-out operation can be suitably set based on the result obtained by the preliminary read-out operation.
As the photosensor, solid-state photoelectric conversion devices such as a photoconductor and a photodiode can be also used (see: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 610,582, Japanese Patent Applications No. 58(1983)-219313 and No. 58(1983)-219314, and Japanese Patent Provisional Publication No. 58(1983)-121874). For example, the photosensor is divided into a great number of pixels, which may be combined with a radiation image storage panel or positioned in the vicinity of the panel. Otherwise, the photosensor may be a linesensor in which plural pixels are linearly arranged or may be such one that corresponds to one pixel.
In the above-mentioned cases, there may be employed as the source of stimulating rays a linear light source such as an array in which light emitting diodes (LED), semiconductor lasers or the like are linearly arranged, in addition to a point light source such as a laser. The read-out using such photosensor can prevent loss of the light emitted by a panel and can bring about the enhancement of S/N ratio of the image, because the photosensor can receive the emitted light with a large angle. It is also possible to enhance the read-out speed, because electric signals are sequentially obtained not by scanning the panel with stimulating rays but by electrical processing of the photosensor.
After reading out the image information stored in a radiation image storage panel, the panel is preferably subjected to a procedure of erasing the radiation energy remaining therein, that is, to the exposure to light having a wavelength in the wavelength region of stimulating rays for the phosphor contained therein or to heating (see: U.S. Pat. No. 4,400,619 and Japanese Patent Provisional Publication No. 56(1981)-12599). The erasing procedure can prevent the occurring of noise originating from the after image in the next use of the panel. Further, the panel can be more effectively prevented from the occurrence of noise attributable to natural radiations by carrying out the erasing procedure twice, namely after the read-out and just before the next use (see: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 338,734).
In the radiation image recording and reproducing method of the present invention, there is no specific limitation on the radiation employable for exposure of an object to obtain a radiation-transmission image thereof, as far as the above-described phosphor gives a stimulated emission upon excitation with the electromagnetic wave after exposure to the radiation. Examples of the radiation employable in the invention include those generally known, such as X-rays, cathode rays and ultraviolet rays. Likewise, there is no specific limitation on the radiation radiating from an object for obtaining a radiation image thereof, as far as the radiation can be absorbed by the above-described phosphor to serve as an energy source for producing the stimulated emission. Examples of the radiation include .gamma.-rays, .alpha.-rays, .beta.-rays and neutron rays.
As the source of stimulating rays for exciting the phosphor which has absorbed the radiation having passed through or radiated from the object, there can be employed, for instance, light sources providing light having a band spectrum distribution in the wavelength region of 450-1000 nm; and light sources providing light having a single wavelength or more in said region such as an Ar ion laser, a Kr ion laser, a He-Ne laser, a ruby laser, a semiconductor laser, a glass laser, a YAG laser, a dye laser and a light emitting diode (LED). Among the above-mentioned sources of stimulating rays, the lasers are preferred because the radiation image storage panel is exposed thereto with a high energy density per unit area. Particularly preferred are the Ar ion laser, Kr ion laser and He-Ne laser. The semiconductor laser is also preferred, because its size is small, it can be driven by a weak electric power, and its output power can be easily stabilized owing to the direct modulation thereof.
As the light source for erasing the radiation energy remaining in the radiation image storage panel, a light source at least providing light of a wavelength within the wavelength region of stimulating rays for the above-mentioned phosphor is employed. Examples of the light source employable in the method of the invention include a tungsten lamp, a fluorescent lamp, a halogen lamp and a high-voltage sodium lamp.
The recording and read-out of a radiation image in the method of the invention can be carried out by using a built-in type radiation image conversion apparatus which comprises a recording section for recording the radiation image on the radiation image storage panel (i.e., causing a stimulable phosphor of the panel to absorb and store radiation energy), a read-out section for reading out the radiation image recorded on the panel (i.e., exciting the phosphor with stimulating rays to release the radiation energy as light emission), and an erasing section for eliminating the radiation image remained in the panel (i.e., causing the phosphor to release the remaining energy) (see: U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 434,883 and 600,689). By employing such built-in type apparatus, the radiation image storage panel (or a recording medium containing a stimulable phosphor) can be circularly and repeatedly used and a number of images having a quality at a certain level are stably obtainable. The radiation image conversion apparatus can be made so compact and light-weight as to easily set and move the apparatus. It is further possible to move the apparatus place to place to record the radiation images for mass examinations by loading a traveling X-ray diagnosis station in the form of a vehicle with the apparatus.
The radiation image storage panel employable in the method of the invention will be described.
The radiation image storage panel, as described hereinbefore, comprises a support and a phosphor layer provided thereon which comprises a binder and the above-described divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor having the formula (I) dispersed therein.
The radiation image storage panel having such structure can be prepared, for instance, in the manner described below.
Examples of the binder to be employed in the phosphor layer include: natural polymers such as proteins (e.g. gelatin), polysaccharides (e.g. dextran) and gum arabic; and synthetic polymers such as polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl acetate, nitrocellulose, ethylcellulose, vinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride copolymer, polyalkyl (meth)acrylate, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyurethane, cellulose acetate butyrate, polyvinyl alcohol, and linear polyester. Particularly preferred are nitrocellulose, linear polyester, polyalkyl (meth)acrylate, a mixture of nitrocellulose and linear polyester, and a mixture of nitrocellulose and polyalkyl (meth)acrylate.
The phosphor layer can be formed on a support, for instance, by the following procedure.
In the first place, the stimulable phosphor particles and the binder are added to an appropriate solvent, and then they are mixed to prepare a coating dispersion of the phosphor particles in the binder solution.
Examples of the solvent employable in the preparation of the coating dispersion include lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and n-butanol; chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride and ethylene chloride; ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone; esters of lower alcohols with lower aliphatic acids such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate and butyl acetate; ethers such as dioxane, ethylene glycol monoethylether and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether; and mixtures of the above-mentioned compounds.
The ratio between the binder and the phosphor in the coating dispersion may be determined according to the characteristics of the aimed radiation image storage panel and the nature of the phosphor employed. Generally, the ratio therebetween is within the range of from 1:1 to 1:100 (binder:phosphor, by weight), preferably from 1:8 to 1:40.
The coating dispersion may contain a dispersing agent to assist the dispersibility of the phosphor particles therein, and also contain a variety of additives such as a plasticizer for increasing the bonding between the binder and the phosphor particles in the phosphor layer. Examples of the dispersing agent include phthalic acid, stearic acid, caproic acid and a hydrophobic surface active agent. Examples of the plasticizer include phosphates such as triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate and diphenyl phosphate; phthalates such as diethyl phthalate and dimethoxyethyl phthalate; glycolates such as ethylphthalyl ethyl glycolate and butylphthalyl butyl glycolate; and polyesters of polyethylene glycols with aliphatic dicarboxylic acids such as polyester of triethylene glycol with adipic acid and polyester of diethylene glycol with succinic acid.
The coating dispersion containing the phosphor particles and the binder prepared as described above is applied evenly to the surface of a support to form a layer of the coating dispersion. The coating procedure can be carried out by a conventional method such as a method using a doctor blade, a roll coater or a knife coater.
A support material employed in the present invention can be selected from those employed in the conventional radiographic intensifying screens or those employed in the known radiation image storage panels. Examples of the support material include plastic films such as films of cellulose acetate, polyester, polyethylene terephthalate, polyamide, polyimide, triacetate and polycarbonate; metal sheets such as aluminum foil and aluminum alloy foil; ordinary papers; baryta paper; resin-coated papers; pigment papers containing titanium dioxide or the like; and papers sized with polyvinyl alcohol or the like. From the viewpoint of characteristics of a radiation image storage panel as an information recording material, a plastic film is preferably employed as the support material of the invention. The plastic film may contain a light-absorbing material such as carbon black, or may contain a light-reflecting material such as titanium dioxide. The former is appropriate for preparing a high-sharpness type radiation image storage panel, while the latter is appropriate for preparing a high-sensitive type radiation image storage panel.
In the preparation of a known radiation image storage panel, one or more additional layers are occasionally provided between the support and the phosphor layer, so as to enhance the adhesion between the support and the phosphor layer, or to improve the sensitivity of the panel or the quality of an image provided thereby. For instance, a subbing layer or an adhesive layer may be provided by coating a polymer material such as gelatin over the surface of the support on the phosphor layer side. Otherwise, a light-reflecting layer or a light-absorbing layer may be provided by forming a polymer material layer containing a light-reflecting material such as titanium dioxide or a light-absorbing material such as carbon black. In the invention, one or more of these additional layers may be provided, and the constitution thereof can be optionally selected depending upon the purpose of the radiation image storage panel.
As described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 496,278 (or European Patent Publication No. 92241), the phosphor layer-side surface of the support (or the surface of an adhesive layer, light-reflecting layer, or light-absorbing layer in the case that such layers are provided on the phosphor layer) may be provided with protruded and depressed portions for enhancement of the sharpness of radiation image.
After applying the coating dispersion to the support as described above, the coating dispersion is then heated slowly to dryness so as to complete the formation of a phosphor layer. The thickness of the phosphor layer varies depending upon the characteristics of the aimed radiation image storage panel, the nature of the phosphor, the ratio between the binder and the phosphor, etc. Generally, the thickness of the phosphor layer is within the range of from 20 .mu.m to 1 mm, preferably from 50 to 500 .mu.m.
The phosphor layer can be provided on the support by the methods other than that given in the above. For instance, the phosphor layer is initially prepared on a sheet (false support) such as a glass plate, metal plate or plastic sheet using the aforementioned coating dispersion and then thus prepared phosphor layer is overlaid on the genuine support by pressing or using an adhesive agent.
The phosphor layer placed on the support can be in the form of a single layer or in the form of plural (two or more) layers. When the plural phosphor layers are placed, at least one layer contains the aforementioned divalent europium activated alkaline earth metal halide phosphor having the formula (I), and the plural layers may be placed in such a manner that a layer nearer to the surface shows stimulated emission of higher luminance. In any case, that is, in either the single phosphor layer or plural phosphor layers, a variety of known stimulable phosphors are employable in combination with the above-mentioned stimulable phosphor.
Examples of the stimulable phosphor employable in combination with the stimulable phosphor of the invention include the aforementioned phosphors and the phosphors described below:
ZnS:Cu,Pb, BaO.xAl.sub.2 O.sub.3 :Eu, in which x is a number satisfying the condition of 0.8.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.10, and M.sup.II O.xSiO.sub.2 :A, in which M.sup.II is at least one divalent metal selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Zn, Cd and Ba, A is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ce, Tb, Eu, Tm, Pb, Tl, Bi and Mn, and x is a number satisfying the condition of 0.5.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.2.5, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,326,078;
(Ba.sub.1-x-y,Mg.sub.x,Ca.sub.y)FX:aEu.sup.2+, in which X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Cl and Br, x and y are numbers satisfying the conditions of 0.ltoreq.x+y.ltoreq.0.6, and xy.noteq.0, and a is a number satisfying the condition of 10.sup.-6 .ltoreq.a.ltoreq.5.times.10.sup.-2, as described in Japanese Patent Provisional Publication No. 55(1980)-12143; and
LnOX:xA, in which Ln is at least one element selected from the group consisting of La, Y, Gd and Lu, X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Cl and Br, A is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ce and Tb, and x is a number satisfying the condition of 0<x<0.1, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,236,078.
A radiation image storage panel generally has a transparent film on a free surface of a phosphor layer to physically and chemically protect the phosphor layer. In the panel of the present invention, it is preferable to provide a transparent film for the same purpose.
The transparent film can be provided on the phosphor layer by coating the surface of the phosphor layer with a solution of a transparent polymer such as a cellulose derivative (e.g. cellulose acetate or nitrocellulose), or a synthetic polymer (e.g. polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl formal, polycarbonate, polyvinyl acetate, or vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer), and drying the coated solution. Alternatively, the transparent film can be provided on the phosphor layer by beforehand preparing it from a polymer such as polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polyvinylidene chloride or polyamide, followed by placing and fixing it onto the phosphor layer with an appropriate adhesive agent. The transparent protective film preferably has a thickness within the range of approximately 0.1 to 20 .mu.m.
The radiation image storage panel of the invention can be colored with a colorant to enhance the sharpness of the resulting image, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,394,581 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 326,642. For the same purpose, the radiation image storage panel of the invention may contain a white powder in the phosphor layer thereof, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,350,893.
The present invention will be illustrated by the following examples, but these examples by no means restrict the invention.
EXAMPLE 1
Mixed were 192.7 g. of an aqueous solution of barium bromide (BaBr.sub.2, 1.55.times.10.sup.-3 mol/g.), 253.5 g. of an aqueous solution of barium chloride (BaCl.sub.2, 1.18.times.10.sup.-3 mol/g.) and 1.06 ml of an aqueous solution of europium bromide (EuBr.sub.3, 2.841.times.10.sup.-4 mol/ml). The mixture of the aqueous solutions was dried at 60.degree. C. under reduced pressure for 3 hours and further dried at 150.degree. C. under vacuum for another 3 hours to obtain a mixture of starting materials for the preparation of a phosphor.
Subsequently, 0.88 mg. of silicon monoxide (SiO) was added to 10 g. of the obtained mixture and they were well mixed. The mixture was placed in an alumina crucible, which was, in turn, placed in a high-temperature electric furnace. The mixture was then fired at 850.degree. C. for 1.5 hours under a carbon dioxide atmosphere containing carbon monoxide. After the firing was complete, the crucible was taken out of the furnace and allowed to stand for cooling. Thus, a divalent europium activated barium chlorobromide phosphor containing silicon monoxide (BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.0.001SiO:0.001Eu.sup.2+) was obtained.
EXAMPLE 2
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except for using silicon monoxide in the amount of 0.1 m., to obtain a divalent europium activated barium chlorobromide phosphor containing silicon monoxide (BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.0.0001SiO:0.001Eu.sup.2+).
EXAMPLE 3
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except for using silicon monoxide in the amount of 8.75 mg., to obtain a divalent europium activated barium chlorobromide phosphor containing silicon monoxide (BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.0.01SiO:0.001Eu.sup.2+).
COMPARISON EXAMPLE 1
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that silicon monoxide was not added to the mixture of starting materials, to obtain a divalent europium activated barium chlorobromide phosphor (BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2 :0.001Eu.sup.2+).
The phosphors prepared in Examples 1 through 3 and Comparison Example 1 were respectively excited with a semiconductor laser beam (wavelength:780 nm) after exposure to X-rays at 80 KVp, to measure the luminance of stimulated emission.
The results are shown in Table 1 and FIG. 1.
TABLE 1______________________________________ Relative Luminance of Stimulated Emission______________________________________Example1 1432 1223 123Com. Example1 100______________________________________
FIG. 1 graphically shows a relationship between the amount of silicon monoxide (b value) and the luminance of stimulated emission with respect to BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.bSiO:0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphor.
As is evident from FIG. 1, the BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.bSiO:0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphor of the invention having b value within a range of 0<b.ltoreq.3.times.10.sup.-2 was enhanced in the luminance of stimulated emission, and particularly the phosphor having b value within a range of 10.sup.-4 .ltoreq.b.ltoreq.10.sup.-2 showed stimulated emission of high luminance.
EXAMPLE 4
Mixed were 192.7 g. of an aqueous solution of barium bromide (BaBr.sub.2, 1.55.times.10.sup.-3 mol/g.), 253.5 g. of an aqueous solution of barium chloride (BaCl.sub.2, 1.18.times.10.sup.-3 mol/g.) and 1.06 ml of an aqueous solution of europium bromide (EuBr.sub.3, 2.841.times.10.sup.-4 mol/ml). The mixture of the aqueous solutions was dried at 60.degree. C. under reduced pressure for 3 hours and further dried at 150.degree. C. under vacuum for another 3 hours to obtain a mixture of starting materials for the preparation of a phosphor.
Subsequently, 0.3 mg. of tin fluoride (SnF.sub.2) was added to 10 g. of the obtained mixture and they were well mixed. The mixture was placed in an alumina crucible, which was, in turn, placed in a high-temperature electric furnace. The mixture was then fired at 850.degree. C. for 1.5 hours under a carbon dioxide atmosphere containing carbon monoxide. After the firing was complete, the crucible was taken out of the furnace and allowed to stand for cooling. Thus, a divalent europium activated barium chlorobromide phosphor containing tin fluoride (BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.0.0001SnF.sub.2 :0.001Eu.sup.2+) was obtained.
EXAMPLE 5
The procedure of Example 4 was repeated except for using tin fluoride in the amount of 0.15 mg., to obtain a divalent europium activated barium chlorobromide phosphor containing tin fluoride (BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.0.00005SnF.sub.2 :0.001Eu.sup.2+).
EXAMPLE 6
The procedure of Example 4 was repeated except for using tin fluoride in the amount of 3.1 mg., to obtain a divalent europium activated barium chlorobromide phosphor containing tin fluoride (BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.0.001SnF.sub.2 :0.001Eu.sup.2+).
The phosphors prepared in Examples 4 through 6 and Comparison Example 1 were respectively excited with the semiconductor laser beam after exposure to X-rays at 80 KVp, to measure the luminance of stimulated emission. The results are shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 2 graphically shows a relationship between the amount of tin fluoride (b value) and the luminance of stimulated emission with respect to BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.bSnF.sub.2 :0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphor.
As is evident from FIG. 2, the BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.bSnF.sub.2 :0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphor of the invention having b value within a range of 0<b.ltoreq.10.sup.-3 was enhanced in the luminance of stimulated emission, and particularly the phosphor having b value within a range of 10.sup.-5 .ltoreq.b.ltoreq.5.times.10.sup.-4 showed stimulated emission of high luminance.
EXAMPLE 7
The procedure of Example 4 was repeated except for using 0.44 mg. of tin chloride (SnCl.sub.2.2H.sub.2 O) instead of tin fluoride, to obtain a divalent europium activated barium chlorobromide phosphor containing tin chloride (BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.0.0001SnCl.sub.2 :0.001Eu.sup.2+).
EXAMPLE 8
The procedure of Example 4 was repeated except for using 0.55 mg. of tin bromide (SnBr.sub.2) instead of tin fluoride, to obtain a divalent europium activated barium chlorobromide phosphor containing tin bromide (BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.0.0001SnBr.sub.2 :0.001Eu.sup.2+).
The phosphors prepared in Examples 7 and 8 were respectively excited with the semiconductor laser beam after exposure to X-rays at 80 KVp, to evaluate the luminance of stimulated emission.
The results are set forth in Table 2, wherein the results on Example 4 and Comparison Example 1 are also set forth.
TABLE 2______________________________________ Relative Luminance of Stimulated Emission______________________________________Example4 1217 1038 103Com. Example1 100______________________________________
EXAMPLE 9
Radiation image storage panels were prepared by the following process using the phosphors obtained in Examples 1 through 3 and Comparison Example 1.
To a mixture of the powdery divalent europium activated barium chlorobromide phosphor and a linear polyester resin were added successively methyl ethyl ketone and nitrocellulose (nitrification degree: 11.5%), to prepare a dispersion containing the phosphor and the binder (10:1, by weight). Subsequently, tricresyl phosphate, n-butanol and methyl ethyl ketone were added to the dispersion. The mixture was sufficiently stirred by means of a propeller agitater to obtain a homogeneous coating dispersion having a viscosity of 25-35 PS (at 25.degree. C.).
The coating dispersion was applied to a polyethylene terephthalate sheet containing titanium dioxide (support, thickness: 250 .mu.m) placed horizontally on a glass plate. The application of the coating dispersion was carried out using a doctor blade. The support having a layer of the coating dispersion was then placed in an oven and heated at a temperature gradually rising from 25.degree. to 100.degree. C., to form a phosphor layer having a thickness of 250 .mu.m on the support.
On the phosphor layer was placed a transparent polyethylene terephthalate film (thickness: 12 .mu.m; provided with a polyester adhesive layer on one surface) to combine the transparent film and the phosphor layer with the adhesive layer.
Thus, a radiation image storage panel consisting essentially of a support, a phosphor layer and a transparent protective film was prepared.
The radiation image storage panels prepared in Examples 9 were measured on the sensitivity (i.e., luminance of stimulated emission) when excited with the semiconductor laser beam after exposure to X-rays at 80 KVp.
The results are set forth in Table 3.
TABLE 3______________________________________ Relative Sensitivity______________________________________Panel employing 143BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.0.001SiO:0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphorPanel employing 122BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.0.0001SiO:0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphorPanel employing 123BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.0.01SiO:0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphorPanel employing 100BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2 :0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphor______________________________________
EXAMPLE 10
Radiation image storage panels were prepared by the following process using the phosphors obtained in Examples 4 through 8.
To a mixture of the powdery divalent europium activated barium chlorobromide phosphor and a linear polyester resin were added successively methyl ethyl ketone and nitrocellulose (nitrification degree: 11.5%), to prepare a dispersion containing the phosphor and the binder (10: 1, by weight). Subsequently, tricresyl phosphate, n-butanol and methyl ethyl ketone were added to the dispersion. The mixture was sufficiently stirred by means of a propeller agitater to obtain a homogeneous coating dispersion having a viscosity of 25-35 PS (at 25.degree. C.).
The coating dispersion was applied to a polyethylene terephthalate sheet containing titanium dioxide (support, thickness: 250 .mu.m) placed horizontally on a glass plate. The application of the coating dispersion was carried out using a doctor blade. The support having a layer of the coating dispersion was then placed in an oven and heated at a temperature gradually rising from 25.degree. to 100.degree. C., to form a phosphor layer having a thickness of 250 .mu.m on the support.
On the phosphor layer was placed a transparent polyethylene terephthalate film (thickness: 12 .mu.m; provided with a polyester adhesive layer on one surface) to combine the transparent film and the phosphor layer with the adhesive layer.
Thus, a radiation image storage panel consisting essentially of a support, a phosphor layer and a transparent protective film was prepared.
The radiation image storage panels prepared in Examples 10 were measured on the sensitivity (i.e., luminance of stimulated emission) when excited with the semiconductor laser beam after exposure to X-rays at 80 KVp.
The results are set forth in Table 4, wherein the result on the panel employing BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2 :0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphor of Comparison Example 1 is also set forth.
TABLE 4______________________________________ Relative Sensitivity______________________________________Panel employing 121BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.0.0001SnF.sub.2 :0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphorPanel employing 119BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.0.00005SnF.sub.2 :0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphorPanel employing 101BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.0.001SnF.sub.2 :0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphorPanel employing 103BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.0.0001SnCl.sub.2 :0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphorPanel employing 103BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2.0.0001SnBr.sub.2 :0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphorPanel employing 100BaCl.sub.2.BaBr.sub.2 :0.001Eu.sup.2+ phosphor______________________________________

Number	Date	Country
59-240452	Nov 1984	JPX
59-240453	Nov 1984	JPX
59-240454	Nov 1984	JPX
59-240455	Nov 1984	JPX

Number	Date	Country
19880	Dec 1980	EPX
102459	Mar 1984	EPX
2642226	Mar 1978	DEX
57-23675	Feb 1982	JPX

	Number	Date
Parent	319855	Mar 1989
Parent	131332	Dec 1987
Parent	797971	Nov 1985

Phosphor and image storage panel

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