Photopolymerizable composition containing sensitizing dye and titanocene compound

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a photopolymerizable composition. More particularly, the present invention relates to a photopolymerizable composition highly sensitive to light rays in the visible light region and capable of showing good sensitivity also to a laser light source, for example, Ar.sup.+ laser and YAG-SHG laser.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A large number of image formation methods using a photopolymerization system have been conventionally known and used over a wide range of fields such as printing plate, printed circuit, paint, ink, hologram recording and three dimensional formation. For example, there are known a method where a photopolymerizable composition comprising an addition-polymerizable compound having an ethylenic double bond and a photopolymerization initiator, further, if desired, an organic high molecular binder and a thermal polymerization inhibitor is provided on a support to form a film layer, the layer is imagewise exposed to a desired image to cure the exposed area by polymerization and then the unexposed area is removed by dissolution to form a cured relief image, a method where a layer comprising the above-described photopolymerizable composition is provided between two supports, with at least one support being transparent, the layer is imagewise exposed from the transparent support side to induce the change in adhesive strength by light and then the support is peeled off to form an image, a method where a photosensitive material having a microcapsule layer containing a photopolymerizable composition and a coloring material such as a leuco dye is prepared, the photosensitive material is imagewise exposed to photocure capsules on the exposed area, the capsules on the unexposed area are ruptured by pressure or heat treatment, the coloring material dissolved out is put into contact with the coloring material developer to effect coloration to thereby form a colored image, an image formation method using the change in toner adhesion property of the photopolymerizable composition due to light and an image formation method using the change in refractive index of the photopolymerizable composition.
The photopolymerizable composition applied to these methods uses in many cases benzyl, benzoin ether, Michler's ketone, anthraquinone, acridine, phenazine or benzophenone as a photopolymerization initiator. However, these photopolymerization initiators are extremely low in the photopolymerization initiation ability to visible light of 400 nm or more as compared with the photopolymerization initiation ability to ultraviolet light of 400 nm or less and accordingly, they are remarkably limited in their application range.
Recently, as the image formation technique has been developed, a photopolymer having high sensitivity to light rays in the visible region is being demanded. The photopolymer is, for example, a photosensitive material suitable for non-contact type plate making using projection exposure or for plate making using a visible light laser. Highly expected as a visible light laser are Ar.sup.+ laser which emits light of 488 nm and a YAG-SHG laser which emits light of 532 nm.
With respect to the photopolymerization initiation system sensitive to light rays in the visible light region, many proposals have been hitherto made. Examples of the system include a certain kind of photosensitive dyes described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,850,445, a composite initiation system of a dye and an amine (JP-B-44-20189 (the term "JP-B" as used herein means an "examined Japanese patent publication")), a combination use system of hexaarylbiimidazole, a radical generating agent and a dye (JP-B-45-37377), a system of hexaarylbiimidazole and p-dialkylaminobenzylidene ketone (JP-B-47-2528, JP-A-54-155292 (the term "JP-A" as used herein means an "unexamined published Japanese patent application")), a system of a cyclic cis-.alpha.-dicarbonyl compound and a dye (JP-A-54-84183), a system of a substituted triazine and a merocyanine dye (JP-A-54-151024), a system of 3-ketocoumarin and an activator (JP-A-52-112681, JP-A-58-15503), a system of biimidazole, a styrene derivative and a thiol (JP-A-59-140203), a system of an organic peroxide and a dye (JP-A-59-140203, JP-A-59-189340) and a system of a dye having a rhodanine skeleton and a radical generating agent (JP-A-2-244050).
The titanocene is effective as a photopolymerization initiator, which is described in JP-A-59-152396, JP-A-61-151197, JP-A-63-10602, JP-A-63-41484 and JP-A-3-12403. Examples of the combination use system thereof include a system of titanocene and a 3-ketocoumarin dye (JP-A-63-221110), a system where titanocene, a xanthene dye and further, an addition-polymerizable ethylenic unsaturated compound containing an amino group or a urethane group are used in combination (JP-A-4-221958, JP-A-4-219756) and a system of titanocene and a specific merocyanine dye (JP-A-6-295061).
These conventional techniques are surely effective to visible light rays, however, they are bound to problems such that the sensitivity is insufficient or even if high sensitivity is achieved, the storage stability is poor and hence, these systems cannot be used in practice.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to provide a highly sensitive photopolymerizable composition.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a photopolymerizable composition highly sensitive to visible light rays of 400 nm or more and to light of 488 nm or 532 nm corresponding to the output of an Ar.sup.+ layer or YAG-SHG laser light source, respectively.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a photopolymerizable composition excellent in the storage stability.
As a result of intensive investigations to achieve the above-described objects, the present inventors have found that a combination use system of a dye having a specific structure and a titanocene compound capable of generating active radicals upon light irradiation in the presence of the sensitizing dye exhibits very high sensitivity to the visible light rays of 400 nm or more and is excellent in storage stability and based on this finding, the present invention has been accomplished.
According to the present invention, a photopolymerizable composition highly sensitive to light rays in the visible light region and excellent in the storage stability can be obtained.
More specifically, these and other objects of the present invention have been attained by a photopolymerizable composition comprising an addition-polymerizable compound having at least one ethylenic unsaturated double bond, at least one sensitizing dye represented by the following formula (I), (I-a) to (I-h), and a titanocene compound: ##STR2## wherein X.sup.100 and Y.sup.100 are the same or different, and each represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, --C(R.sup.300)(R.sup.400)-- or --NR.sup.500 --; R.sup.100, R.sup.200, R.sup.300, R.sup.400 and R.sup.500 are the same or different, and each represents an alkyl group which may be substituted; Q.sup.100 represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom; Z.sup.100 represents --C(R.sup.600) (R.sup.700)--C(R.sup.800) (R.sup.900)--, --C(R.sup.1000).dbd.C(R.sup.1100) or 9 nonmetallic atom group necessary for forming a benzimidazole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, naphthoimidazole, naphthoxazole or naphthothiazole ring; and R.sup.600, R.sup.700, R.sup.800, R.sup.900, R.sup.1000 and R.sup.1100 are the same or different, and each has the same meaning as R.sup.100 or represents a hydrogen atom: ##STR3## wherein R.sup.2100, R.sup.2200 and R.sup.2300 are the same or different, and each represents an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group or an aralkyl group; W represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group, an aryloxy group, an aralkyl group or a halogen atom; and Ph represents a phenyl group.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In one embodiment of the present invention, the photopolymerization initiation system further contains at least one compound selected from the group consisting of the following compounds (1) to (8):
(1) a compound having a carbon-halogen bond;
(2) a ketone compound represented by the following formula (II): ##STR4## wherein R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 each represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, or R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 may be combined with each other to represent an alkylene group; and Ar represents an aromatic group selected from the following formulae: ##STR5## wherein R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 are the same or different, and each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group, a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, an --S--R.sup.11 group, an --SO--R.sup.11 group or an --SO--R.sup.11 group, provided that at least one of R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 represents an --S--R.sup.11 or --SO--R.sup.11 group; R.sup.11 represents an alkyl group or an alkenyl group; R.sup.10 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an acyl group; and Y.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom or ##STR6## (3) a ketooxime compound represented by the following formula (III): ##STR7## wherein R.sup.12 and R.sup.13 are the same or different, and each represents a hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or may contain an unsaturated bond or a heterocyclic group; R.sup.14 and R.sup.15 are the same or different, and each represents a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or may contain an unsaturated bond, a heterocyclic group, a hydroxyl group, a substituted oxy group, a mercapto group or a substituted thio group, or R.sup.14 and R.sup.15 may be combined with each other to form a ring and represent an alkylene group having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms which may contain --O--, --NR.sup.16 --, --O--CO--, --NH--CO--, --S-- and/or --SO.sub.2 -- in the linking main chain of the ring; and R.sup.16 and R.sup.17 each represents a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or may contain an unsaturated bond, or a substituted carbonyl group;
(4) an organic peroxide;
(5) a thio compound represented by the following formula (IV): ##STR8## wherein R.sup.18 represents an alkyl group, an aryl group or a substituted aryl group; and R.sup.19 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, or R.sup.18 and R.sup.19 may be combined with each other to represent a nonmetallic atom group necessary for forming a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring which may contain a hetero atom selected from an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom and a nitrogen atom;
(6) hexaarylbiimidazole;
(7) an aromatic onium salt; and
(8) a ketooxime ester.
The present invention is described below in detail.
The polymerizable compound having an addition-polymerizable unsaturated bond of the present invention is selected from the compounds having at least one, preferably two or more, terminal ethylenic unsaturated bond(s) (hereinafter often referred to as an "ethylenic compound"). In other words, the compound has a chemical form such as a monomer, a prepolymer, namely, a dimer, a trimer or an oligomer, a mixture of these or a copolymer thereof. Examples of the monomer and the copolymer thereof include an ester of an unsaturated carboxylic acid (e.g., acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, crotonic acid, isocrotonic acid, maleic acid) with an aliphatic polyhydric alcohol compound and an amide of an unsaturated carboxylic acid with an aliphatic polyamine compound.
Specific examples of the monomer for the ester of an aliphatic polyhydric alcohol compound with an unsaturated carboxylic acid include:
acrylic esters, such as ethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, 1,3-butandiol diacrylate, tetramethylene glycol diacrylate, propylene glycol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane tri(acryloyloxypropyl) ether, trimethylolethane triacrylate, hexanediol diacrylate, 1,4-cyclohexanediol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, pentaerythritol diacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol diacrylate, dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, sorbitol triacrylate, sorbitol tetraacrylate, sorbitol pentaacrylate, sorbitol hexaacrylate, tri(acryloyloxyethyl) isocyanurate and polyester acrylate oligomer;
methacrylic esters, such as tetramethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, trimethylolethane trimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate, hexanediol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate, dipentaerythritol dimethacrylate, dipentaerythritol hexamethacrylate, sorbitol trimethacrylate, sorbitol tetramethacrylate, bis�p-(3-methacryloxy-2-hydroxypropoxy)-phenyl!dimethylmethane and bis�p-(methacryloxyethoxy)-phenyl!dimethylmethane;
itaconic esters, such as ethylene glycol diitaconate, propylene glycol diitaconate, 1,3-butanediol diitaconate, 1,4-butanediol diitaconate, tetramethylene glycol diitaconate, pentaerythritol diitaconate and sorbitol tetraitaconate;
crotonic esters, such as ethylene glycol dicrotonate, tetramethylene glycol dicrotonate, pentaerythritol dicrotonate and sorbitol tetradicrotonate;
isocrotonic esters, such as ethylene glycol diisocrotonate, pentaerythritol diisocrotonate and sorbitol tetraisocrotonate;
maleic esters, such as ethylene glycol dimaleate, triethylene glycol dimaleate, pentaerythritol dimaleate and sorbitol tetramaleate; and
mixtures of these ester monomers.
Specific examples of the monomer for the amide of an aliphatic polyamine compound with an unsaturated carboxylic acid include methylenebis-acrylamide, methylenebis-methacrylamide, 1,6-hexamethylenebis-acrylamide, 1,6-hexamethylenebis-methacrylamide, diethylenetriamine-trisacrylamide, xylylenebisacrylamide and xylylenebismethacrylamide.
Other examples include a vinylurethane compound having two or more polymerizable vinyl groups per one molecule resulting from adding a vinyl monomer having a hydroxyl group represented by the following formula (A) to a polyisocyanate compound having two or more isocyanate groups per one molecule described in JP-B-48-41708:
CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R)COOCH.sub.2 CH(R')OH (A)
wherein R and R' each represents H or CH.sub.3.
Further, polyfunctional acrylates and methacrylates such as urethane acrylates as described in JP-A-51-37193, polyester acrylates as described in JP-A-48-64183, JP-B-49-43191 and JP-B-52-30490, and epoxy acrylates resulting from reacting an epoxy resin with a (meth)acrylic acid may be used. Also, photo-curable monomers and oligomers described in Nippon Secchaku Kyokai-shi (Journal of Japan Adhesion Society), vol. 20, No. 7, pp. 300-308 (1984) may be used. The use amount of the compound is from 5 to 50% by weight (hereinafter simply referred to as "%"), preferably from 10 to 40%, based on the entire components.
A photopolymerization initiation system which is a second essential component for the photopolymerizable composition of the present invention is described below. The photopolymerization initiation system of the present invention comprises a combination of at least two kinds of components and the first component is a sensitizing dye represented by formula (I) or (I-a) to (I-h).
Preferred examples of the benzimidazole ring or the naphthoimidazole ring formed by Z.sup.100 include 1-alkylbenzimidazole, 1-alkyl-5-chlorobenzimidazole, 1-alkyl-5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole, 1-alkyl-5-methoxybenzimidazole, 1-alkyl-5-cyanobenzimidazole, 1-alkyl-5-fluorobenzimidazole, 1-alkyl-5-trifluoromethylbenzimidazole, 1-alkyl-6-chloro-5-cyanobenzimidazole, 1-alkyl-6-chloro-5-trifluoromethylbenzimidazole, 1-allyl-5-chlorobenzimidazole, 1-arylbenzimidazole, 1-aryl-5-chlorobenzimidazole, 1-aryl-5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole, 1-aryl-5-methoxybenzimidazole, 1-aryl-5-cyanobenzimidazole, 1-alkylnaphtho �1,2-d!imidazole and 1-arylnaphtho�1,2-d!imidazole.
R.sup.100, R.sup.200, R.sup.300, R.sup.400 and R.sup.500 are each preferably an alkyl group having from 1 to 18, more preferably from 1 to 7, and particularly preferably from 1 to 4 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, hexyl, octyl, dodecyl, octadecyl) or a substituted alkyl group, such as an aralkyl group (e.g., benzyl, 2-phenylethyl), a hydroxyalkyl group (e.g., 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl), a carboxyalkyl group (e.g., 2-carboxyethyl, 3-carboxypropyl, 4-carboxybutyl, carboxymethyl), an alkoxyalkyl group (e.g., 2-methoxyethyl, 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl), a sulfoalkyl group (e.g., 2-sulfoethyl, 3-sulfopropyl, 3-sulfobutyl, 4-sulfobutyl, 2-(3-sulfopropoxy)ethyl, 2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl, 3-sulfopropoxyethoxyethyl), a sulfatoalkyl group (e.g., 3-sulfatopropyl, 4-sulfatobutyl), a heterocyclic-substituted alkyl group (e.g., 2-(pyrrolidin-2-on-1-yl)ethyl, tetrahydrofurfuryl, 2-morpholinoethyl), a 2-acetoxyethyl group, a carboxymethoxymethyl group and a 2-methanesulfonylaminoethyl group.
The sensitizing dye represented by formula (I) for use in the present invention can be easily synthesized according to the methods described in F. M. Hamer, Heterocyclic compounds -Cyanine dyes and related compounds-, chaps. IV, V and VI, pp. 86-199, John Wiley & Sons (New York, London) (1964), and D. M. Sturmer, Heterocyclic compounds-Special topics in heterocyclic chemistry-, chap. VIII, sec. IV, pp. 482-515, John Wiley & Sons (New York, London) (1977).
Representative examples of the compound represented by formula (I) for use in the present invention are set forth below, but the scope of the present invention is by no means limited only to these compounds.
__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR9##No. Z.sup.100 X.sup.100 Y.sup.100 Q.sup.100 R.sup.100 R.sup.200__________________________________________________________________________I-1 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 S S S C.sub.2 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2 COOHI-2 " " S " " CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2I-3 " " O " " C.sub.2 H.sub.5I-4 " CH.sub.2 " " " "I-5 " " S " " "I-6 ##STR10## O " " " "I-7 " S " " " "I-8 ##STR11## ##STR12## " " CH.sub.2 CF.sub.2 CF.sub.2 H "I-9 " " ##STR13## " " ##STR14##I-10 ##STR15## O O " C.sub.2 H.sub.5 ##STR16##I-11 ##STR17## " ##STR18## O " C.sub.2 H.sub.5I-12 ##STR19## ##STR20## O S CH.sub.3 "I-13 ##STR21## ##STR22## S S CH.sub.2 CF.sub.2 CF.sub.2 H CH.sub.2 COOH N(C.sub.2 H.sub.5).sub.3I-14 " " ##STR23## " " C.sub.2 H.sub.5I-15 ##STR24## ##STR25## " " " "I-16 ##STR26## O S " C.sub.2 H.sub.5 CH.sub.3I-17 ##STR27## " " " " C.sub.2 H.sub.5I-18 " ##STR28## " O " "I-19 ##STR29## " " " " "I-20 ##STR30## S " S " "I-21 ##STR31## " " " " "I-22 ##STR32## ##STR33## " " " "__________________________________________________________________________
The substituent W of the merocyanine dye represented by formula (I-a) to (I-h) represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group, an aryloxy group, an aralkyl group or a halogen atom.
The alkyl group represented by W includes linear, branched and cyclic alkyl groups each having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms. Specific examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, a decyl group, a dodecyl group, an octadecyl group, an isopropyl group, an isobutyl group, an isopentyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-butyl group, a neopentyl group, a tert-butyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group and 2-norbornyl group. Among these, preferred are linear and cyclic alkyl groups each having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and a cyclic alkyl group having from 6 to 10 carbon atoms, most preferred are linear and branched alkyl groups each having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
The substituent for the substituted alkyl group represented by W includes a halogen atom (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine) and a hydroxyl group. The alkyl group in the substituted alkyl group includes an alkyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably linear and cyclic alkyl groups each having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and a cyclic alkyl group having from 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and most preferably linear and branched alkyl groups each having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Specific examples thereof include a chloromethyl group, a bromomethyl group, a 2-chloroethyl group, a 2,2,2-trichloroethyl group, a 2-chloropentyl group, a 1-(chloromethyl) propyl group, a 10-bromodecyl group, a 18-methyloctadecyl group, a chlorocyclohexyl group, a hydroxymethyl group, a 2-hydroxyethyl group, a 2-hydroxybutyl group, a 5-hydroxypentyl group, a 10-hydroxydecyl group, a 2-hydroxoctadecyl group, a 2-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl group, a hydroxycyclohexyl group and 3-hydroxy-2-norbornyl group.
The alkoxy group represented by W includes linear, branched and cyclic alkoxy groups each having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably linear and branched alkyl groups each having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Specific examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, a butoxy group, a pentyloxy group, a hexyloxy group, a nonyloxy group, a decyloxy group, an isopropoxy group, a sec-butoxy group, a tert-butoxy group, an isopentyloxy group, a cyclohexyloxy group and a 2-norbonyloxy group.
The aryl group represented by W includes a residue of one benzene ring (e.g., phenyl), a condensed ring residue of two or three benzene rings (e.g., naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl), a residue of an aggregation residue of two benzene rings (e.g., biphenyl) and a condensed residue of a benzene ring with a 5-membered unsaturated ring (e.g., indenyl, acenaphthenyl, fluorenyl).
The substituted aryl group represented by W includes a residue where the ring-forming carbon atom of the above-described aryl group is substituted with one or more, the same or different, substituents such as a halogen atom (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine), an amino group, a substituted amino group (e.g., monoalkyl-substituted amino (examples of the alkyl group includes a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a pentyl group, an isopropyl group, a sec-butyl group and an isopentyl group), dialkylamino (examples of the alkyl group includes those described for the monoalkyl-substituted amino group), monoacylamino (examples of the acyl group include an acetyl group, a propionyl group, a butyryl group, an isobutyryl group and a valeryl group)), a cyano group, an alkyl group (e.g., a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and most preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, of which examples includes those described above), a halogened alkyl group (e.g., chloromethyl, 2-chloroethyl, 5-chloropentyl, trifluoromethyl), an alkoxy group (examples of alkyl group therein include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, an isopropyl group, an isopentyl group, a 2-methylbutyl group and a sec-butyl group), an aryloxy group (examples of aryl group therein include a phenyl group, 1-naphthyl group and 2-naphthyl group), an alkoxycarbonyl group (examples of alkyl group therein include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group and a butyl group), an acyloxy group (examples of acyl group therein include those described for the monoacylamino group) or an alkoxysulfonyl group (examples of alkyl group therein include those described for the alkyl group in the alkoxy group). Specific examples of the above-described aryl group and the substituted aryl group include a phenyl group, a chlorophenyl group, an aminophenyl group, a (methylamino)phenyl group, an (ethylamino)phenyl group, a (dimethylamino)phenyl group, an acetylaminophenyl group, a tolyl group, an ethylphenyl group, a (chloromethyl)phenyl group, an acetylphenyl group, a phenoxyphenyl group, a methoxycarbonylphenyl group, an ethoxycarbonylphenyl group, an acetoxyphenyl group, a methoxysulfonylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a 2-amino-1-naphthyl group, a 1-dimethylamino-2-naphthyl group, a chloronaphthyl group, a methylnaphthyl group, an anthryl group, a phenanthryl group, an indenyl group, a biphenylyl group, a chlorobiphenylyl group, an aminobiphenylyl group, a methylbiphenylyl group and an acenaphthynyl group. Among these, preferred are a phenyl group and a phenyl group substituted with one or more, the same or different, substituents described above.
The aryloxy group represented by W includes a phenoxy group, a 1-naphthyloxy group, a 2-naphthyloxy group, a 4-biphenylyloxy group and a 3-biphenylyloxy group. Among these, preferred is a phenoxy group.
The aralkyl group includes a residue where a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, is substituted with a phenyl group or a naphthyl group. Specific examples thereof include a benzyl group, a phenethyl group, a 3-phenylpropyl group, a 3-phenylhexyl group, a 10-phenyldecyl group, a 4-phenylcyclohexyl group, a 1-naphthylmethyl group, a 2-(1-naphthyl)ethyl group and a 2-naphthylmethyl group.
The halogen atom represented by W includes a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom. Among these, preferred are a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom and a bromide atom.
In formulae (I-a) to (I-h), R.sup.2100, R.sup.2200 and R.sup.2300 each represents an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group or an aralkyl group. The alkyl group, the aryl group, the substituted aryl group and the aralkyl group have the same meaning as the alkyl group, the aryl group, the substituted aryl group and the aralkyl group for the above-described substituent W, respectively.
The substituted alkyl group represented by R.sup.2100, R.sup.2200 or R.sup.2300 includes an alkyl group substituted with one or more (the same or different) substituents and examples of the substituent include a halogen atom (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine), a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, a cyano group, an alkoxy group (the alkyl group therein has the same meaning as the alkyl group for the above-described substituent W), an alkoxycarbonyl group (the alkyl group therein has the same meaning as the alkyl group for the above-described substituent W), a dialkylamino group (the alkyl group therein has the same meaning as the alkyl group for the above-described substituent W and two alkyl groups may be the same or different), a tetrahydrofuryl group, an oxanyl group (or a tetrahydropyranyl group) and a dioxanyl group. Specific examples of the substituted alkyl group include, in addition those described above for the substituted alkyl group of substituent W, a carboxymethyl group, a 2-carboxyethyl group, a 3-carboxypropyl group, a cyanomethyl group, a 2-cyanoethyl group, a 3-cyanopropyl group, a methoxymethyl group, a 2-methoxyethyl group, a 3-methoxypropyl group, an ethoxymethyl group, a dimethoxymethyl group, a 2,2-dimethoxyethyl group, 2,2-diethoxyethyl group, a methoxycarbonylmethyl group, an ethoxycarbonylmethyl group, a propoxycarbonylmethyl group, a 2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl group, a 2-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl group, a dimethylamino group, a diethylamino group, a dipropylamino group, a methylethylamino group, a 2-tetrahydrofuryl group, a 2-oxanyl group, a 4-oxanyl group, a dioxanyl group.
The alkenyl group represented by R.sup.2100, R.sup.2200 or R.sup.2300 includes linear and branched alkenyl groups having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms. Specific examples thereof includes a vinyl group, an allyl group, a 1-propenyl group, a 2-butenyl group, a 3-butenyl group and an isopropenyl group.
The dyes represented by formulae (I-a) to (I-h) can be synthesized by the methods described in Journal of American Chemical Society, Vol. 73, pp. 5326-5332 (1951) (Thesis by L. G. S. Brooker, G. H. Keyes, R. H. Sprangue, R. H. Van Dyke, E. Van Lare, G. Van Zandt, F. L. White entitled Studies in the Cyanine Dye Series, XI. The Merocyanines). Or, the dyes may be available from Japanese Research Institute for Photosensitizing Dyes Co., Ltd.
Specific examples of the merocyanine dyes represented by formulae (I-a) to (I-h) include
(a-1) 5-�(1'-ethyl-2'-pyridylidene)ethylidene!-3-ethylrhodanine (m.p. 133.degree. C.);
(a-2) 5-�(3'-ethyl-4', 5'-diphenyl-2'-thiazolylidene)-ethylidene!-3-ethylrhodanine (m.p. 239.degree. C.);
(a-3) 5-�(3'-ethyl-2'-benzothiazolylidene)ethylidene!-3-ethyl-4-oxo-2-thioxoxazolidine (m.p. 237.degree. C.);
(a-4) 4-�(3'-ethyl-2'-benzothiazolylidene)ethylidene!-2-phenyl-5(4)-oxazolone (m.p. 203.degree. C.);
(a-5) 4-�(3'-ethyl-2'-benzothiazolylidene)ethylidene!-1-phenyl-3-methylpyrazolone (m.p. 246.degree. C.);
(a-6) 5-�(3'-ethyl-2'-benzoxazolylidene)ethylidene!-3-ethyl-4-oxo-2-thioxoxazolidine (m.p. 265.degree. C.);
(a-7) 5-�(3'-ethyl-2'-benzoxazolidene)ethylidene!-3-ethylrhodanine (m.p. 227.degree. C.); and
(a-8) 5-�(3', 3'-dimethyl-2'-indolinylidene)ethylidene!-3-ethyl-4-oxo-2-thioxoxazolidine (m.p. 171.degree. C.);
however, the present invention is by no means limited to these compounds.
The sensitizing dyes represented by formulae (I) and (I-a) to (I-h) for use in the photopolymerizable composition of the present invention may be preferably used individually or in combination of two or more thereof.
The titanocene compound which is important in the photopolymerization initiation system of the present invention is described below. The titanocene compound of the present invention may be appropriately selected from known compounds described, for example, in JP-A-59-152396 and JP-A-61-151197 as long as the compound is a titanocene compound capable of generating active radicals upon light irradiation in the presence of the above-described sensitizing dye together.
More specific examples of the titanocene compound include dicyclopentadienyl-Ti-dichloride, dicyclopentadienyl-Ti-bisphenyl, dicyclopentadienyl-Ti-bis-2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophen-1-yl (hereinafter referred to as A-i), dicyclopentadienyl-Ti-bis-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophen-1-yl, dicyclopentadienyl-Ti-bis-2,4,6-trifluorophen-1-yl, dicyclopentadienyl-Ti-bis-2,6-difluorophen-1-yl, dicyclopentadienyl-Ti-bis-2,4-difluorophen-1-yl, dimethylcyclopentadienyl-Ti-bis-2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophen-1-yl (hereinafter referred to as A-2), dimethylcylopentadienyl-Ti-bis-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophen-1-yl, dimethylcyclopentadienyl-Ti-bis-2,4-difluorophen-1-yl and bis(cyclopentadienyl)-bis(2,6-difluoro-3-(pyr-1-yl)-phenyl)titanium (hereinafter referred to as A-3).
The titanocene compounds for use in the photopolymerizable composition of the present invention may be used individually or in combination of two or more thereof.
With respect to the use amount of the above-described sensitizing dye and titanocene compound constituting the photopolymerization initiation system for use in the photopolymerizable composition of the present invention, it is suitable to use the sensitizing dye in an amount of from 0.05 to 30 parts by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 20 parts by weight, and more preferably from 0.2 to 10 parts by weight, and the titanocene compound in an amount of from 0.5 to 100 parts by weight, preferably from 1 to 80 parts by weight, more preferably from 2 to 50 parts by weight, each based on 100 parts by weight of the ethylenic compound.
The photopolymerizable composition of the present invention may contain, in addition to the above-described sensitizing dye and titanocene compound, compounds (1) to (8) which will be described below, for the purpose of increasing the sensitivity.
Compound (1) having a carbon-halogen bond is preferably a compound represented by the following formula (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X) or (XI):
a compound represented by formula (V): ##STR34## wherein X represents a halogen atom; Y.sup.2 represents --CX.sub.3, --NH.sub.2, --NHR.sup.21, --NR.sup.21 R.sup.21' or --OR.sup.21 ; R.sup.21 and R.sup.21' each represents an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, an aryl group or a substituted aryl group; and R.sup.20 represents --CX.sub.3, an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group or a substituted alkenyl group;
a compound represented by formula (VI): ##STR35## wherein R.sup.22 represents an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, an alkenyl group, a substituted alkenyl group, an aryl group, a substituted aryl group, a halogen atom, an alkoxy group, a substituted alkoxy group, a nitro group or a cyano group; X represents a halogen atom; and n represents an integer of from 1 to 3;
a compound represented by formula (VII):
R.sup.23 --Z.sup.3 --CH.sub.2-m X.sub.m --R.sup.24 (VII)
wherein R.sup.23 represents an aryl-group or a substituted aryl group; R.sup.24 represents --CO--NR.sup.25 R.sup.26, ##STR36## or a halogen atom; Z.sup.3 represents --CO--, --CS-- or --SO.sub.2 --; and m represents 1 or 2, in which R.sup.25 and R.sup.26 each represents an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, an alkenyl group, a substituted alkenyl group, an aryl group or a substituted aryl group; and R.sup.27 has the same meaning as R.sup.22 in formula (VI);
a compound represented by formula (VIII): ##STR37## wherein R.sup.28 represents an aryl or heterocyclic group which may be substituted; R.sup.29 represents a trihaloalkyl or trihaloalkenyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms; and p represents 1, 2 or 3;
a carbonylmethylene heterocyclic compound having a trihalogenomethyl group represented by formula (IX): ##STR38## wherein L represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent represented by formula: CO--(R.sup.30).sub.n (CX.sub.3).sub.n ; M represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group; Q.sub.2 represents a sulfur atom, a selenium atom, an oxygen atom, a dialkylmethylene group, an alken-1,2-ylene group, a 1,2-phenylene group or an N-R.sup.31 group, and M and Q may be combined to form 3 or 4 ring members in a ring; R.sup.31 represents an alkyl group, an aralkyl group or an alkoxyalkyl group, R.sup.30 represents a carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic group; X represents a chlorine, bromine or iodine atom; and q=0 and r=1, or q=1 and r=1 or 2;
a 4-halogeno-5-(halogenomethylphenyl)oxazole derivative represented by formula (X): ##STR39## wherein X represents a halogen atom; t represents an integer of from 1 to 3; s represents an integer of from 1 to 4; R.sup.32 represents a hydrogen atom or a CH.sub.3-t X.sub.t group; and R.sup.33 represents an s-valent unsaturated organic group which may be substituted; and
a 2-(halogenomethylphenyl)-4-halogenooxazole derivative represented by formula (XI): ##STR40## wherein X represents a halogen atom; v represents an integer of from 1 to 3; u represents an integer of from 1 to 4; R.sup.34 represents a hydrogen atom or a CH.sub.3-v X.sub.v group; and R.sup.35 represents a u-valent unsaturated organic group which may be substituted.
Examples of the above-described compounds having a carbon-halogen bond include:
compounds described in Wakabayashi et al, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 42, 2924 (1969) such as 2-phenyl-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-S-triazine, 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-S-triazine, 2-(p-tolyl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-S-triazine, 2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-S-triazine, 2-(2', 4'-dichlorophenyl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-S-triazine, 2,4,6-tris(trichloromethyl)-S-triazine, 2-methyl-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-S-triazine, 2-n-nonyl-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-S-triazine and 2-(.alpha., .alpha.,.beta.-trichloroethyl)-4,6-bis(trichlormethyl)-S-triazine;
compounds described in British Patent 1,388,492 such as 2-styryl-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-S-triazine, 2-(p-methylstyryl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-S-triazine, 2-(p-methoxystyryl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-S-triazine and 2-(p-methoxystyryl)-4-amino-6-trichloromethyl-S-triazine;
compounds described in JP-A-53-133428 such as 2-(4-methoxynaphtho-1-yl)-4,6-bistrichloromethyl-S-triazine, 2-(4-ethoxynaphtho-1-yl)-4,6-bistrichloromethyl-S-triazine, 2-�4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-naphtho-1-yl!-4,6-bistrichloromethyl-S-triazine, 2-(4,7-dimethoxynaphtho-1-yl!-4,6-bistrichloromethyl-S-triazine and 2-(acenaphtho-5-yl)-4,6-bistrichloromethyl-S-triazine;
compounds described in German Patent 3,337,024 as set forth below: ##STR41## compounds described in F. C. Schaefer et al, J. Org. Chem., 29, 1527 (1964) such as 2-methyl-4,6-bis(tribromomethyl)-S-triazine, 2,4,6-tris(tribromomethyl)-S-triazine, 2,4,6-tris(dibromomethyl)-S-triazine, 2-amino-4-methyl-6-tribromomethyl-S-triazine and 2-methoxy-4-methyl-6-trichloromethyl-S-triazine;
compounds described in JP-A-62-58241 as set forth below: ##STR42## compounds described in JP-A-5-281728 as set forth below: ##STR43## compounds set forth below, which can be easily synthesized by one skilled in the art according to the synthesis method described in M. P. Hutt, E. F. Elslager and L. M. Werbel, Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol. 7 (No. 3), page 511 et seq (1970): ##STR44## compounds described in German Patent 2,641,100 such as 4-(4-methoxystyryl)-6-(3,3,3-trichloropropenyl)-2-pyrone and 4-(3,4,5-trimethoxystyryl)-6-trichloromethyl-2-pyrone;
compounds described in German Patent 3,333,450 as set forth below:
TABLE 1______________________________________ ##STR45##R.sup.38 M R.sup.36 a CX.sub.3______________________________________1 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 1,2-phenylene H 1 4-CCl.sub.32 CH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5 1,2-phenylene H 1 4-CCl.sub.33 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 1,2-phenylene H 1 3-CCl.sub.34 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 1,2-phenylene H 1 4-CF.sub.35 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 5-CH.sub.3 -1,2-phenylene H 0 CCl.sub.36 CH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5 1,2-phenylene H 0 CCl.sub.37 C.sub.2 H.sub.4 OCH.sub.3 1,2-phenylene H 1 4-CCl.sub.3______________________________________
compounds described in German Patent 3,021,590 as set forth below:
__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR46## R.sup.39 X__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR47## Cl2 ##STR48## Cl3 ##STR49## Cl__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR50## ##STR51##- compounds described in German Patent 3,021,599 as set forth below: ##STR52##
The ketone compound represented by formula (II) as component (2) for use in the present invention is described below. In formula (II), R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 each represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 may be combined with each other to form an alkylene group; R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl group, an alkoxy group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a hydroxyl group, an --S--R.sup.11 group, an --SO--R.sup.11 group or an --SO.sub.2 --R.sup.11 group, in which R.sup.11 represents an alkyl group or an alkenyl group; and R.sup.10 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms or an acyl group having from 2 to 13 carbon atoms. The alkyl group, the aryl group, the alkenyl group and the acyl group each may further be substituted with a substituent having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
Specific examples of the ketone compound include the following compounds described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,318,791 and European Patent 0284561A: ##STR53##
The ketooxime compound represented by formula (III) as component (3) for use in the present invention is described below.
In formula (III), R.sup.12 and R.sup.13 are the same or different, and each represents a hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or may contain an unsaturated bond or a heterocyclic ring; R.sup.14 and R.sup.15, which may be the same or different, each represents a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or may contain an unsaturated bond, a heterocyclic group, a hydroxyl group, a substituted oxy group, a mercapto group or a substituted thio group, or R.sup.14 and R.sup.15 may be combined with each other to form a ring and represent an alkylene group having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms which may contain --O--, --NR.sup.16 --, --O--CO--, --NH--CO--, --S-- and/or --SO.sub.2 -- in the linking main chain of the ring; and R.sup.16 and R.sup.17 each represents a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or may contain an unsaturated bond, or a substituted carbonyl group.
Specific examples of the ketooxime compound include the following compounds but the present invention is by no means limited thereto. ##STR54##
The organic peroxide as component (4) for use in the present invention includes compounds having an oxygen-oxygen bond in the molecule. Examples thereof include methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, cyclohexanone peroxide, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone peroxide, methylcyclohexanone peroxide, acetylacetone peroxide, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, 2,2-bis(tert-butylperoxy)butane, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide, paramethane hydroperoxide, 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-dihydroperoxide, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl hydroperoxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butylcumyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, bis(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexine-3, acetyl peroxide, isobutyryl peroxide, octanoyl peroxide, decanoyl peroxide, lauloyl peroxide, 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoyl peroxide, succinic peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide, metatoluoyl peroxide, diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate, di-2-ethylhexyl peroxydicarbonate, di-2-ethoxyethyl peroxydicarbonate, dimethoxyisopropyl peroxycarbonate, di(3-methyl-3-methoxybutyl) peroxydicarbonate, tert-butyl peroxyacetate, tert-butyl peroxypivalate, tert-butyl peroxyneodecanoate, tert-butyl peroxyoctanoate, tert-butyl peroxy-3,5,5-trimethylhexanoate, tert-butyl peroxylaurate, tert-butyl peroxybenzoate, di-tert-butyl peroxyisophthalate, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(benzoylperoxy)hexane, tert-butyl peroxymaleic acid, tert-butyl peroxyisopropylcarbonate, 3,3', 4,4'-tetra-(t-butylperoxycarbonyl) benzophenone, 3,3', 4,4'-tetra-(t-amylperoxycarbonyl) benzophenone, 3,3', 4,4'-tetra-(t-hexylperoxycarbonyl) benzophenone, 3,3', 4,4'-tetra(t-octylperoxycarbonyl)benzophenone, 3,3', 4,4'-tetra(cumylperoxycarbonyl)benzophenone, 3,3', 4,4'-tetra(p-isopropylcumylperoxycarbonyl)benzophenone, carbonyldi(t-butylperoxy dihydrogen diphthalate) and carbonyl-di(t-hexylperoxy dihydrogen diphthalate).
Among these, preferred are peroxide esters such as 3,3', 4,4'-tetra(t-butylperoxycarbonyl)benzophenone, 3,3', 4,4'-tetra(t-amylperoxycarbonyl)benzophenone, 3,3', 4,4'-tetra(t-hexylperoxycarbonyl) benzophenone, 3,3', 4,4'-tetra(t-octylperoxycarbonyl) benzophenone, 3,3', 4,4'-tetra(cumylperoxycarbonyl) benzophenone, 3,3', 4,4'-tetra(p-isopropylcumylperoxycarbonyl) benzophenone and di-t-butyl diperoxyisophthalate.
The thio compound as component (5) represented by formula (IV) for use in the present invention is described below.
The alkyl group represented by R.sup.18 or R.sup.19 in formula (IV) is preferably an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. The aryl group represented by R.sup.18 is preferably an aryl group having from 6 to 10 carbon atoms such as phenyl and naphthyl, and the substituted aryl group includes the above-described aryl group substituted with a halogen atom such as chlorine, an alkyl group such as methyl or an alkoxy group such as methoxy or ethoxy.
Specific examples of the thio compound represented by formula (IV) include the compounds shown in the table below.
TABLE 2______________________________________No. R.sup.18 R.sup.19______________________________________1 H H2 H CH.sub.33 CH.sub.3 H4 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.35 C.sub.6 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.56 C.sub.6 H.sub.5 C.sub.4 H.sub.97 C.sub.6 H.sub.4 Cl CH.sub.38 C.sub.6 H.sub.4 Cl C.sub.4 H.sub.99 C.sub.6 H.sub.4CH.sub.3 C.sub.4 H.sub.910 C.sub.6 H.sub.4OCH.sub.3 CH.sub.311 C.sub.6 H.sub.4OCH.sub.3 C.sub.2 H.sub.512 C.sub.6 H.sub.4OC.sub.2 H.sub.5 CH.sub.313 C.sub.6 H.sub.4OC.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.514 C.sub.6 H.sub.4OCH.sub.3 C.sub.4 H.sub.915 (CH.sub.2).sub.316 (CH.sub.2).sub.2S17 CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2S18 CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3)S19 C(CH.sub.3).sub.2CH.sub.2S20 CH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3).sub.2S21 (CH.sub.2).sub.2O22 CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2O23 C(CH.sub.3).sub.2CH.sub.2O24 CHCHN(CH.sub.3)25 (CH.sub.2).sub.3S26 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 CH(CH.sub.3)S27 (CH.sub.2).sub.3O28 (CH.sub.2).sub.529 C.sub.6 H.sub.4O30 NC(SCH.sub.3)S31 C.sub.6 H.sub.4NH32 ##STR55##33 ##STR56##34 ##STR57##35 ##STR58##36 ##STR59##37 ##STR60##38 ##STR61##39 ##STR62##40 ##STR63##41 ##STR64##42 ##STR65##43 ##STR66##______________________________________
Examples of the hexaarylbiimidazole as component (6) for use in the present invention include 2,2'-bis(o-chlorophenyl)-4,4', 5,5'-tetraphenylbiimidazole, 2,2'-bis(o-bromophenyl)-4,4', 5,5'-tetraphenylbiimidazole, 2,2'-bis(o,p-dichlorophenyl)-4,4', 5,5'-tetraphenylbiimidazole, 2,2'-bis(o-chlorophenyl)-4,4', 5,5'-tetra(m-methoxyphenyl)biimidazole, 2,2'-bis(o,o'-dichlorophenyl)-4,4', 5,5'-tetraphenylbiimidazole, 2,2'-bis(o-nitrophenyl)-4,4', 5,5'-tetraphenylbiimidazole, 2,2'-bis(o-methylphenyl)-4,4', 5,5'-tetraphenylbiimidazole and 2,2'-bis(o-trifluorophenyl)-4,4', 5,5'-tetraphenylbiimidazole.
The aromatic onium salt as component (7) for use in the present invention includes an aromatic onium salt of elements belonging to Groups V, VI and VII of the Periodic Table, specifically, an onium salt of N, P, As, Sb, Bi, O, S, Se, Te and I. Examples of the aromatic onium salt include the compounds described in JP-B-52-14277, JP-B-52-14278 and JP-B-52-14279. Specific examples thereof are set forth below. ##STR67##
Among these, preferred are compounds of BF.sub.4 salt and PF.sub.6 salt, more preferred are a BF.sub.4 salt and a PF.sub.6 salt of aromatic iodonium salts.
Examples of the ketooxime ester as component (8) for use in the present invention include 3-benzoyloxyiminobutan-2-one, 3-acetoxyiminobutan-2-one, 3-propionyloxyiminobutan-2-one, 2-acetoxyiminopentan-3-one, 2-acetoxyimino-1-phenylpropan-1-one, 2-benzoyloxyimino-1-phenylpropan-1-one, 3-p-toluenesulfonyloxyiminobutan-2-one and 2-ethoxycarbonyloxyimino-1-phenylpropan-1-one.
These additives (1) to (8) may be used individually or in combination of two or more thereof. The use amount is suitably from 0.05 to 100 parts by weight, preferably from 1 to 80 parts by weight, more preferably from 3 to 50 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the ethylenic compound.
The composition of the present invention contains the above-described photopolymerization initiation system usually in a very low concentration. If the system is contained in an excessively high concentration, disadvantageous results come out such as cutting of effective light rays. The photopolymerization initiation system of the present invention is preferably used in an amount of from 0.01 to 60% by weight, more preferably for obtaining good results of from 1 to 30% by weight, based on the total amount of the photopolymerizable ethylenic unsaturated compound and a linear organic high molecular polymer which is added if desired.
The photopolymerizable composition of the present invention preferably contains a linear organic high molecular polymer as a binder. The "linear organic high molecular polymer" may be any compound as long as it is a linear organic high molecular polymer having compatibility with the photopolymerizable ethylenic unsaturated compound. Preferably, a water--or alkalescent water-soluble or swellable linear organic high molecular polymer capable of water development or alkalescent water development is selected. The linear organic high molecular polymer is used not only as a film forming agent of the composition but also as a water, alkalescent water or organic solvent developer which is appropriately selected depending on the use. For example, when a water-soluble organic high molecular polymer is used, water development can be carried out. This kind of linear organic high molecular polymer includes an addition polymer having a carboxylic acid group on the side chain and examples thereof include a methacrylic acid copolymer, an acrylic acid copolymer, an itaconic acid copolymer, a crotonic acid copolymer, a maleic acid copolymer and a partially esterified maleic acid copolymer described in JP-A-59-44615, JP-B-54-34327, JP-B-58-12577, JP-B-54-25957, JP-A-54-92723, JP-A-59-53836 and JP-A-59-71048. Further, an acidic cellulose derivative having a carboxylic acid group similarly on the side chain is included. An addition product of a cyclic acid anhydride to the addition polymer having a hydroxyl group is also useful.
Among these, a �benzyl (meth)acrylate/(meth)acrylic acid/other addition polymerizable vinyl monomer, if desired! copolymer and an �allyl (meth)acrylate/(meth)acrylic acid/other addition polymerizable vinyl monomer, if desired! copolymer are preferred. In addition, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyethylene oxide are useful as the water-soluble linear organic polymer. Further, an alcohol-soluble polyamide and a polyether of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane with epichlorohydrin are also useful so as to increase the strength of the cured film. The above-described linear organic high molecular polymer can be mixed into the entire composition in any optional amount. However, if the mixing amount exceeds 90% by weight, disadvantageous results may be caused in view of the strength of an image formed and the like. The mixing amount is preferably from 30 to 85% by weight. The weight ratio of the photopolymerizable ethylenic unsaturated compound to the linear organic high molecular polymer is preferably from 1/9 to 7/3, more preferably from 3/7 to 5/5.
In the present invention, in addition to the above-described fundamental components, a slight amount of a thermal polymerization inhibitor is preferably added so as to prevent unnecessary thermal polymerization of the polymerizable ethylenic unsaturated compound during the production or storage of the photosensitive composition. Suitable examples of the thermal polymerization inhibitor include hydroquinone, p-methoxyphenol, di-t-butyl-p-cresol, pyrogallol, t-butyl-catechol, benzoquinone, 4,4'-thiobis(3-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol) and N-nitrosophenylhydroxyamine primary cerium salt. The addition amount of the thermal polymerization inhibitor is preferably from about 0.01 to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the entire composition. Also, if desired, a higher fatty acid derivative such as a behenic acid and a behenic acid amide may be added to disperse unevenly on the surface of the photosensitive layer during the drying process after coating so as to prevent polymerization inhibition due to oxygen. The addition amount of the higher fatty acid derivative is preferably from about 0.5 to about 10% by weight of the entire composition.
Further, a dye or a pigment may be added for the purpose of coloring the photosensitive layer. Examples of the coloring agent include a pigment such as a phthalocyanine pigment, an azo pigment, carbon black and titanium oxide, Ethyl Violet, Crystal Violet, an azo dye, an anthraquinone dye and a cyanine dye. The addition amount of the dye or the pigment is preferably from about 0.5 to about 5% by weight of the entire composition. Also, an inorganic filler or other known additives such as a plasticizer may be added so as to improve physical properties of the cured film.
Examples of the plasticizer include dioctyl phthalate, didodecyl phthalate, triethylene glycol dicaprylate, dimethyl glycol phthalate, tricresyl phosphate, dioctyl adipate, dibutyl sebacate and triacetyl glycerine and when a binder is used, the plasticizer may be added in an amount of 10% by weight or less based on the total weight of the ethylenic compound and the binder.
The photopolymerizable composition of the present invention is dissolved in various organic solvents and then coated on a support. Examples of the solvent include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, ethylene dichloride, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monoethyl ether, acetylacetone, cyclohexanone, diacetone alcohol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol monoisopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, 3-methoxypropanol, methoxymethoxyethanol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, 3-methoxypropyl acetate, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, .gamma.-butyrolactone, methyl lactate and ethyl lactate. These solvents may be used individually or in combination. The solid concentration in the coating solution is preferably from 2 to 50% by weight.
The coating amount thereof in terms of the weight after drying is preferably from about 0.1 to about 10 g/m.sup.2, more preferably from 0.5 to 5 g/m.sup.2.
As the above-described support, a dimensionally stable, plate-like material is used. Examples of the dimensionally stable, plate-like material include paper, paper laminated with plastics (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene), sheet of a metal such as aluminum (including aluminum alloy), zinc and copper, a plastic film such as cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose nitrate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, polycarbonate and polyvinyl acetal, and paper or plastic film laminated with or having evaporated thereon the above-described metal. Among these supports, an aluminum plate is particularly preferred because it is dimensionally stable to an extreme extent and in addition, cheap. Also, a composite sheet obtained by bonding an aluminum sheet on a polyethylene terephthalate film as described in JP-B-48-18327 is preferred.
A support having a metal, particularly an aluminum surface is preferably subjected to surface treatment such as graining treatment, dipping treatment in an aqueous solution of sodium silicate, potassium fluorozirconate or phosphate, or anodic oxidation treatment.
An aluminum plate subjected to graining and then to dipping treatment in an aqueous solution of sodium silicate may be preferably used. Further, an aluminum plate subjected to anodic oxidation treatment and then to dipping treatment in an aqueous solution of alkali metal silicate as described in JP-B-47-5125 may be suitably used. The above-described anodic oxidation treatment is carried out by applying current to the aluminum plate as an anode in an electrolyte, for example, in an aqueous or non-aqueous solution of an inorganic acid such as phosphoric acid, chromic acid, sulfuric acid or boric acid or of an organic acid such as oxalic acid or sulfamic acid, which solutions may be used individually or in combination of two or more thereof.
The silicate electrodeposition as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,658,662 is also effective.
Further, a surface treatment comprising a combination of the above-described anodic oxidation treatment and sodium silicate treatment with a support subjected to electrolysis graining as disclosed in JP-B-46-27481, JP-A-52-58602 and JP-A-52-30503 is also effective.
Furthermore, a support subjected in sequence to mechanical graining, chemical etching, electrolysis graining, anodic oxidation treatment and sodium silicate treatment as disclosed in JP-A-56-28893 is also preferred.
Still further, a support may be suitably subjected, after the above-described treatments, to undercoating with a water-soluble resin such as a polymer or copolymer having a polyvinyl phosphonic acid or a sulfonic acid on the side chain, a polyacrylic acid, a water-soluble metal salt (e.g., zinc borate), or a yellow dye or an amine salt.
Still further, a sol-gel treated substrate having conjugation-bonded thereto a functional group capable of addition reaction by radicals as described in JP-A-7-159983 may be used suitably.
The above-described treatments to achieve hydrophilicity are effected not only to render the support surface hydrophilic but also to prevent harmful reaction of the photopolymerizable composition to be coated on the support and at the same time, to improve the adhesion property of the photosensitive layer.
In order to prevent polymerization inhibition action of the oxygen in air, a protective layer comprising a polymer having an excellent oxygen cutting property, such as polyvinyl alcohol, in particular, polyvinyl alcohol having a saponification degree of 99% or more, or an acidic cellulose, may be provided on the photopolymerizable composition layer on the support. The coating method of the protective layer is described in detail, for example, in U.S. Patent 3,458,311 and JP-A-55-49729.
The photopolymerizable composition of the present invention can be used for usual photopolymerization. Further, the composition can be used in various fields, for example, as a photoresist in producing a printing plate or a printed board. In particular, since the photopolymerizable composition of the present invention has such properties as high sensitivity and wide spectral sensitivity extending even to a visible light region, it can provide good effects when it is applied to a photosensitive material for a visible light laser such as an Ar.sup.+ laser or a YAG-SHG laser.
The photosensitive material using the photopolymerizable composition of the present invention is subjected to imagewise exposure and then the unexposed area of the photosensitive layer is removed by a developer to obtain an image. When the above-described photopolymerizable composition is used in producing a lithographic printing plate, the developer as described in JP-B-57-7427 is preferably used and preferred are an aqueous solution of an inorganic alkali agent such as sodium silicate, potassium silicate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, sodium phosphate, sodium hydrogenphosphate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium hydrogen-phosphate, sodium metasilicate, sodium bicarbonate or aqueous ammonia and an aqueous solution of an organic alkali agent such as monoethanolamine or diethanolamine. The alkali agent is added so that the alkali solution has a concentration of from 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably from 0.5 to 5% by weight.
The above-described alkaline aqueous solution may contain, if desired, a surfactant or an organic solvent such as benzyl alcohol, 2-phenoxyethanol or 2-butoxyethanol, in a small amount. Examples thereof include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,375,171 and 3,615,480.
Further, the developers described in JP-A-50-26601, JP-A-58-54341, JP-B-56-39464 and JP-B-56-42860 are also excellent.
The photopolymerizable composition of the present invention exhibits high sensitivity to active light rays over a wide region of from ultraviolet light to visible light. Accordingly, the light source which can be used includes an ultrahigh-pressure mercury lamp, a high-pressure mercury lamp, a medium-pressure mercury lamp, a low-pressure mercury lamp, a chemical lamp, a carbon arc lamp, a xenon lamp, a metal halide lamp, various laser lamps such as visible and ultraviolet laser lamps, a fluorescent lamp, a tungsten lamp and sunlight.
The present invention will be described below in greater detail by referring to the examples, but the present invention should not be construed as being limited to these examples. All percents, parts, and ratios are by weight unless otherwise indicated.

EXAMPLES 1 TO 15 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 1 TO 6
A 0.30 nun-thick aluminum plate was subjected to graining of the surface thereof using a nylon blush and a water suspension of 400-mesh pumice stones and then well washed with water. After dipping it in a 10% sodium hydroxide at 70.degree. C. for 60 seconds to effect etching, the plate was washed with flowing water, neutralization-washed with a 20% nitric acid and then washed with water. The resulting plate was subjected to electrolysis graining treatment using a sinewaveform alternating current under conditions of V.sub.A =12.7 V in a 1% aqueous nitric acid solution at an anode electricity quantity of 160 coulomb/dm.sup.2. The surface roughness measured was 0.6 .mu. (Ra indication). Subsequently, the plate was dipped in a 30% aqueous sulfuric acid solution to effect desmutting at 55.degree. C. for 2 minutes and then subjected to anodic oxidation treatment in a 20% aqueous sulfuric acid solution at a current density of 2 A/dm.sup.2 for 2 minutes to give an anodically oxidized film having a thickness of 2.7 g/m.sup.2.
A photosensitive composition having the following composition was coated on the thus-treated aluminum plate to give a dry coating weight of 1.4 g/m.sup.2 and then dried at 80.degree. C. for 2 minutes to form a photosensitive layer.
______________________________________Pentaerythritol tetraacrylate 1.5 gAllyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid copolymer 2.0 g(copolymerization molar ratio:80/20)Photopolymerization initiation system X g(see Table 3)Fluorine nonionic surfactant 0.03 gMethyl ethyl ketone 20 gPropylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate 20 g______________________________________
On the thus-provided photosensitive layer, a 3 wt % aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol (saponification degree: 86.5-89 mol %, polymerization degree: 1,000) was coated to give a dry coating weight of 2 g/m.sup.2 and dried at 100.degree. C. for 2 minutes.
The photosensitivity test was conducted to visible light. The visible light used was a monochromatic light from a xenon lamp as a light source through Kenko Optical Filter BP-49.
The photosensitivity was determined using FUJI PS Step Guide (a step tablet having 15 stages, manufactured by Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd., in which the transmission optical density is 0.05 at the initial stage and increased in sequence by 0.15). The sensitivity was shown by the clear stage number of the PS step guide at the time when exposure was made at the illuminance on the photosensitive layer surface of 0.0132 mW/cm.sup.2 for 240 seconds.
Thereafter, the plate was heated at 100.degree. C. for 1 minute and dipped in the following developer at 25.degree. C. for 20 seconds to effect development.
______________________________________1K Potassium silicate 30 gPotassium hydroxide 15 gC.sub.12 H.sub.25 --C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --O--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --SO.sub.3 3 gWater 1,000 g______________________________________
The sensitivity was measured using the following compounds as a photopolymerization initiation system by varying the combination in the system and the results obtained are shown in Table 3. The numerals in parentheses are in a unit of g.
TABLE 3______________________________________ Sensitizing Titanocene Gray Scale Stage NumberExample No. Dye Compound (Clear)______________________________________Example1 I-1 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) 5.52 I-4 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) 53 I-6 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) 54 I-10 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) 5.55 I-30 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) 6.56 I-15 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) 57 I-20 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) 5.58 I-21 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) 59 I-22 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) 610 I-1 (0.05) A-2 (0.1) 6.511 I-6 (0.05) A-2 (0.1) 6.512 I-13 (0.05) A-2 (0.1) 713 I-1 (0.05) A-3 (0.1) 6.514 I-6 (0.05) A-3 (0.1) 615 I-13 (0.05) A-3 (0.1) 6.5Comp. Ex.1 I-1 (0.1) -- 02 I-10 (0.1) -- 03 I-13 (0.1) -- 04 -- A-1 (0.1) 05 -- A-2 (0.1) 06 -- A-3 (0.1) 0______________________________________
EXAMPLES 16 TO 38
Samples were prepared thoroughly in the same manner as in Example 1 except for changing the photopolymerization initiation system in Example 1 to the compounds described in Table 4 below and each sample was tested on the sensitivity in the same manner as in Example 1. The results obtained are shown in Table 4 below.
TABLE 4______________________________________ Gray Scale StageExample Sensitizing Titanocene Compounds NumberNo. Dye Compound (1) to (8) (Clear)______________________________________16 I-13 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) (1)-1 (0.1) 717 I-13 (0.1) A-1 (0.15) (1)-2 (0.1) 718 I-13 (0.08) A-1 (0.2) (1)-3 (0.2) 719 I-13 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) II-1 (0.2) 7.520 I-13 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) II-7 (0.2) 7.521 I-13 (0.1) A-1 (0.2) III-6 (0.2) 7.522 I-13 (0.1) A-1 (0.2) III-9 (0.2) 723 I-13 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) (4)-1 (0.3) 724 I-13 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) (5)-1 (0.4) 7.525 I-13 (0.05) A-1 (0.15) (5)-2 (0.2) 7.526 I-13 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) (7)-1 (0.2) 727 I-13 (0.05) A-1 (0.2) (6)-1 (0.5) 7.528 I-13 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) (8)-1 (0.2) 729 I-10 (0.1) A-1 (0.1) (1)-1 (0.1) 730 I-10 (0.05) A-3 (0.1) II-1 (0.1) 831 I-10 (0.05) A-2 (0.1) III-6 (0.2) 832 I-10 (0.1) A-3 (0.2) (5)-1 (0.4) 7.533 I-10 (0.1) A-1 (0.15) (6)-1 (0.5) 7.534 I-13 (0.1) A-3 (0.2) (1)-4 (0.2) 7.535 I-13 (0.1) A-2 (0.2) II-3 (0.4) 836 I-13 (0.05) A-1 (0.2) III-9 (0.4) 8.537 I-13 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) (5)-1 (0.3) 7.538 I-13 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) (7)-1 (0.2) 7.5______________________________________ (1)-1: 2(p-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-S-triazine (1)2: 2Phenyl-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-S-triazine (1)3: 2Dichloromethyl-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (1)4: 2(p-Styrylphenyl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-S-triazine (4)1: 3,3',4,4Tetra-(t-butylperoxycarbonyl)benzophenone (5)1: 2Mercaptobenzothiazole (5)2: 2Mercapto-5-methoxybenzimidazole (6)1: 2,2Bis(o-chlorophenyl)-4,4',5,5tetraphenylbiimidazole (7)1: Diphenyl iodonium.hexafluoro phosphate (8)1: 3Benzoyloxyiminobutan-2-one
EXAMPLES 39 TO 52 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 7-12
Samples were prepared thoroughly in the same manner as in Example 1 except for changing the photopolymerization initiation system in Example 1 to the compounds described in Table 5 below and each sample was tested on the sensitivity in the same manner as in Example 1. The results obtained are shown in Table 5 below.
TABLE 5______________________________________ Sensitizing Titanocene Gray Scale Stage NumberExample No. Dye Compound (Clear)______________________________________Example39 a-1 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) 540 a-2 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) 641 a-3 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) 542 a-4 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) 643 a-5 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) 544 a-6 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) 545 a-7 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) 5.546 a-8 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) 547 a-2 (0.05) A-2 (0.1) 6.548 a-4 (0.05) A-2 (0.1) 749 a-7 (0.05) A-2 (0.1) 650 a-2 (0.05) A-3 (0.1) 6.551 a-4 (0.05) A-3 (0.1) 6.552 a-7 (0.05) A-3 (0.1) 6.5Comp. Ex. 7 a-2 (0.1) -- 0 8 a-4 (0.1) -- 0 9 a-7 (0.1) -- 010 -- A-1 (0.1) 011 -- A-2 (0.1) 012 -- A-3 (0.1) 0______________________________________
EXAMPLES 53 TO 76
Samples were prepared thoroughly in the same manner as in Example 1 except for changing the photopolymerization initiation system in Example 1 to the compounds described in Table 6 below and each sample was tested on the sensitivity in the same manner as in Example 1. The results obtained are shown in Table 6 below.
TABLE 6______________________________________ Gray ScaleExample Sensitizing Titanocene Compounds Stage NumberNo. Dye Compound 1) to 8) (Clear)______________________________________53 a-2 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) (1)-1 (0.1) 754 a-2 (0.1) A-1 (0.15) (1)-2 (0.1) 755 a-2 (0.08) A-1 (0.2) (1)-3 (0.2) 756 a-2 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) II-1 (0.2) 7.557 a-2 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) II-7 (0.2) 7.558 a-2 (0.1) A-1 (0.2) III-6 (0.2) 7.559 a-2 (0.1) A-1 (0.2) III-9 (0.2) 760 a-2 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) (4)-1 (0.3) 761 a-2 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) (5)-1 (0.4) 7.562 a-2 (0.05) A-1 (0.15) (5)-2 (0.2) 7.563 a-2 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) (7)-1 (0.2) 764 a-2 (0.05) A-1 (0.2) (6)-1 (0.5) 7.565 a-2 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) (8)-1 (0.2) 766 a-4 (0.1) A-1 (0.1) (1)-1 (0.1) 767 a-4 (0.05) A-3 (0.1) II-1 (0.1) 7.568 a-4 (0.05) A-2 (0.1) III-6 (0.2) 7.569 a-4 (0.1) A-3 (0.2) (5)-1 (0.4) 770 a-4 (0.1) A-1 (0.15) (6)-1 (0.5) 771 a-4 (0.1) A-3 (0.2) (1)-4 (0.2) 7.572 a-4 (0.1) A-2 (0.2) II-3 (0.4) 7.573 a-4 (0.05) A-1 (0.2) III-9 (0.4) 7.574 a-4 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) (5)-1 (0.3) 7.575 a-4 (0.05) A-1 (0.1) (7)-1 (0.2) 7.5______________________________________
It is seen from the results in Tables 3 to 6 that the photopolymerizable compositions of the present invention containing a sensitizing dye represented by formula (I) or (I-a) to (I-h) and a titanocene compound as a photopolymerization initiation system showed high sensitivity and those additionally containing at least one of compounds (1) to (8) showed still higher sensitivity.
While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.

Number	Date	Country	Kind
7-060948	Mar 1995	JPX
7-071729	Mar 1995	JPX

Number	Name	Date
4399211	Kondo et al.	Aug 1983
5008302	Husler et al.	Apr 1991
5049481	Okamoto et al.	Sep 1991
5102775	Okuhara et al.	Apr 1992
5385807	Okamoto et al.	Jan 1995
5573889	Hoffman et al.	Nov 1996

Photopolymerizable composition containing sensitizing dye and titanocene compound

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