The present invention refers to processes for obtaining a film comprising the incorporation of naturally-sourced antimicrobial agents into a polymeric structure in order to develop packages for increasing the shelf life of refrigerated meat, preferentially refrigerated fresh salmon. In the present invention, the active agent is microencapsulated-incorporated on the surface of a plastic film so that a differentiated kinetics is obtained in function of the type of coating used for obtaining the microcapsule.
In the last few decades, great technological development has been taking place in food packaging in order to meet the consumer demands regarding more natural methods of conservation, and ways of packaging and storage control to ensure the quality and safety of foods. Among the most interesting innovations in this field are the active packaging techniques, with which packages are intended to play an interactive role, as well as to constitute a physical barrier between the product and its environment, taking advantage of the interactions between the package and the food product towards its quality, acceptability, and safety. The EC European Parliament regulation No. 1935/2004 defines for the first time the active materials for packaging as those intended to increase the shelf life, or to keep or improve the state of packaged foods, and are designed to deliberately incorporate components that transmit substances to packaged foods or to their environment, or that absorb substances from packaged foods or from their environment.
But, the active packaging technology in which the most attention focus is placed is undoubtedly the antimicrobial active packaging. As it is well known, the growth of microorganisms is the main cause for the spoilage of fresh foods. The growth of spoiling microorganisms reduces food's life, while the growth of pathogen microorganisms puts health at risk. Using antimicrobial packaging promotes the release of substances that would inhibit the microorganisms' growth in the surface of foods. The antimicrobial action in active packaging can be based on the emission of volatile substances to the package's head space, or on the migration of the material's active component to the packaged food's surface.
In the state of the art, there are several procedures for incorporating antimicrobial compounds into the packaging film. For example, in the document WO 2006/000032 (Miltz et al.), published on Jan. 5, 2006, a material for the antimicrobial package is disclosed containing from 0.05% to 1.5% natural essential oil by weight. The oil can be selected from linalool and/or methylchavicol, but also from one or more of citral, geraniol, methylcinamate, methyleugenol, 1,8-cineol, trans-α-bergamotene, carvacrol, and thymol mixed with one or more polymers selected from copolymers of vinyl-ethylene alcohol, polyacrilates, including the methaacrilate copolymers, ethyl acrilate, lonomers, nylon, and other hydrophilic polymers, or polymers having functional groups capable of partially anchor the additives and the coated binder mixture which is located in the film's contact face of food packaging or incorporated into a food packaging film. A binding agent as polyethylene glycol is added to the mixture to enhance the volatile oil retention in the polymer during the process. This material has no regulatory limitations, and at the referred concentrations, does not generate undesirable flavors in the packaged food.
The document WO 2010/006710 (Yildirim et al.) published on Jan. 21, 2010, discloses a packaging film for producing a package that uses a single-layer or multiple-layer substrate, and an antimicrobial and/or antifungal functional layer applied to the substrate, and the formation of an outermost layer of the packaging film of at least two segments. According to the disclosures in this document, the functional layer comprises particles as antimicrobial agents and/or antifungal active substances.
The document WO 2010/057658 (Del Nobile et al.) published on May 27, 2010, discloses a method for producing a film of thermoplastic material, especially low-density polyethylene, incorporating substances with antimicrobial activity. The production process for the film comprises the following steps: a) mixing at a temperature lower than or equal to 160° C. a thermoplastic polymer having a melting point lower than or equal to 160° C., and at least one substance with antimicrobial activity selected from the group consisting of lysozyme, thymol, and lemon extract; b) subjecting the obtained mixture in this step a) to a compression at the same temperature as indicated above; c) cooling under compression to a temperature lower than or equal to 40° C., obtaining strips, which are divided into short pieces (pellets); d) feeding these short pieces (pellets) into a extruder provided with a die and with heating means to bring the temperature thereinside to a value lower than or equal to 160° C.; and c) extruding the film through the die.
The three documents described above disclose the processes for incorporating antimicrobial agents into a plastic film. However, the present invention proposes incorporating antimicrobial agents in a much simpler way than those disclosed in the previous art
The main spoiling mechanism for salmon marketed as fresh and refrigerated is the growth of microorganisms at surface level, this being the main cause for its short life.
There is a possibility of using natural volatile components with antimicrobial characteristics that can be incorporated into the package. But the appropriate mechanism to incorporate these agents in the plastic structure itself, and for them to be delivered with a different kinetics during the time that the salmon is packaged, has to be determined.
The present invention refers to a process for obtaining a film comprising the incorporation of naturally-sourced antimicrobial agents into a polymeric structure to develop packages that increase the shelf life of refrigerated meat, preferentially refrigerated fresh salmon.
The purpose of this invention is providing a plastic packaging film with antimicrobial capability using volatile essential oils (thymol), which are incorporated into the plastic die itself as a coating over the plastic material through a. microencapsulation system that allows for delivering the active compound with different kinetics in function of the encapsulating agent being used.
A more detailed explanation of the invention is provided in the following detailed descriptions and appended claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
The enclosed drawings are included to provide a deeper insight on the invention.
The present invention refers to processes for obtaining a film comprising the incorporation of naturally-sourced antimicrobial agents into a polymeric structure in order to develop packages for increasing the shelf life of refrigerated meat, preferentially refrigerated fresh salmon.
The following is a detailed description and explanation of the preferred embodiments of the invention and best modes for practicing the invention.
The active agent, extracted from plant essential oils, is incorporated in the form of microcapsules into the plastic package's inner surface in direct contact with the meat's surface. Different encapsulating agents are used which allow for a release with different kinetics, and different rates of release.
The microcapsule production is accomplished by an emulsification technique from an oil-in-water type of emulsion. In order to do so, an aqueous phase was made up by dissolving 15 g gum arabic (Quimatic) and 2 g Tween 20 in 100 ml distilled water. Gum arabic is slowly added to the distilled water, with continuous agitation for 5 minutes by means of a magnetic agitator at room temperature. This solution pH is adjusted to a value of 6 by adding 10 ml Na OH.
The oily phase is made up by a solution of the naturally-sourced antimicrobial agent with different concentrations (ppm) of thymol-carvacrol. These concentrations of thymol-carvacrol in ppm are: 10,000-10,000. 20,000-20,000, 50,000-50,000, 100,000-100,000, respectively, dissolved in 4:3 g soy oil or petrolatum. This mixture is subjected to mild manual agitation for two minutes at room temperature.
The emulsion is prepared using a homogenizer, dispenser device that allows for emulsifying, homogenizing, and producing suspensions in liquid media generating a mechanic movement by means of rotors that provide an adjustable range of speed. As it is an oil-in-water type of emulsion, the aqueous phase was incorporated onto the oily phase. The homogenizer operation is performed at an increasing speed of 0 up to 10,000 rpm, accelerating from 1,100 rpm every 20 seconds for 3 minutes at room temperature. In this way, the microencapsulation of the optimal synergist combination of thymol and carvacrol with an encapsulating material of gum arabic is obtained.
The analysis of the microencapsulated antimicrobials controlled release was conducted by the assessment of the rate at which they are released to an aqueous solution at a temperature of 4° C. for a month period. Next, Table 1 is presented, in which the experimental factors for the analysis of the antimicrobial agents release are set forth.
In order to conduct this experiment, a solution of 24 ml microcapsules was taken and centrifuged in a microcentrifuge for 6 minutes at 30 rpm, then a microcapsule supernatant was taken and subjected to a wash with 10 ml hexane, repeating this procedure once more. After the wash, 100 μl microcapsules were taken and put into an Eppendorf tube containing 2 ml distilled water. Then, the antimicrobial concentration released in this aqueous medium was evaluated in function of time. Samples were taken at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 1440, 2880, 4320, 8640, 10080, 20160, 30240, 40320 min., and then filtered using 0.45-μm microfilters. 2 μl of this filtered solution were injected into the gas chromatograptier with FID detector (flame ionizer).
The determination of the analytes (thymol and carvacrol) is conducted by a gas chromatographer equipped with a column injection system, pressure control, and flame ionizer detector (FID).
The analyses were conducted in a capillary column of fused silica. The injection of samples was conducted by the device autosampler. The injector temperature and that of the detector remained at 250° C. and 300° C., respectively. The temperature program was: 100° C. as initial temperature, then the temperature was increased to a rate of 8° C./min up to 180°, and then 20° C./min up to 250, where it remained for 5 minutes. The carrier gas was helium, which circulated with a constant flow of 2 ml/min.
In order to determine the quantity of thymol and carvacrol that was released to the aqueous solution, two standard curves were designed for each pure antimicrobial agent, whose chromatography area was in function of the antimicrobial concentration. Based on these curves and by interpolating the area from the injected samples, the value for the antimicrobial concentration released from inside the microcapsules into the external aqueous medium in time was calculated.
For the study of release kinetics of microencapsulated antimicrobial agents, the antimicrobial concentration encapsulated was of 200,000 ppm, consisting of 50% thymol (100,000 ppm) and 50% carvacrol (100,000 ppm). With the purpose of determining the final microencapsulated quantity, the loss of antimicrobial agents left unmicroencapsulated was determined, consisting of a concentration of 2,281.97 ppm thymol, which represents a 1.14%, and 9,102.88 ppm carvacrol (4.6%), which indicates that the actual percentages of microencapsulation were 98.86% for thymol and 95.4% for carvacrol.
In
From the obtained results (Table 2) it was observed that the maximum quantity of thymol released after 48 h (2,880 min) had been 21.39 ppm, and in a period of 30 days (40.320 min) had been 32.98 ppm.
The obtained results Table 3 help establishing that the maximum quantity of carvacrol released after 48 h (2,880 min) had been 39.35 ppm, and in a period of 30 days (40,320 min)) had been 75.72 ppm.
By comparing the release of carvacrol and thymol in equal microencapsulated concentrations (10,000 ppm), it can be assured that the liquid state of the carvacrol would facilitate the release through the porous membrane provided by the gum arabic as encapsulating material.
In
Then, the obtained results in Table 4 help establishing that the maximum quantity of thymol released after 48 h (2,880 min) had been 50.78 ppm, and in a period of 30 days (40,320 min) had been 62.19 ppm.
From the obtained results (Table 5), it is observed that the maximum quantity of carvacrol released after 30 days (40,320 min) is 186.05 ppm, and after 48 h (2,880 mm), 146.97 ppm have been released.
The microcapsule kinetics containing a concentration of thymol of 50,000 ppm (
In Table 6, the thymol release in a period of 48 h (2,880 mm) was 108.46 ppm, and after 30 days it reached a released concentration of 181.16 ppm.
In Table 7, by increasing the quantity of microencapsulated carvacrol, the release of this antimicrobial agent in a period of 48 h (2,880 min) was 688.96 ppm, and the maximum release of carvacrol from the microcapsule obtained after a month was 972.1 ppm.
The release kinetics of microcapsule active principles containing 100,000 ppm thymol and 100,000 ppm carvacrol (
In Table 8, by having the quantity of microencapsulated thymol increased even more, the release of thymol in a period of 48 h (2,880 min) was 256.21 ppm. After 30 days of thymol release, a maximum concentration released of 390 ppm was reached, which would reflect that a continuous release in time of AM agent exists.
In Table 9, it was determined that in a period of 48 h (2,880 min.) the carvacrol concentration released into an aqueous medium was 1,004.25 ppm. The maximum concentration released in I month (40,320 min) was 1,443.59 ppm.
If a graph of the release kinetics of thymol and carvacrol is drawn in equal microencapsulated concentrations, in
Second Study of Release dies of Thymol and Carvacrol Microcapsules with Gum Arabic as an Encapsulating Material
The microcapsule production was accomplished by an emulsification technique from an oil-in-water type of emulsion. In order to do so, an aqueous phase was made by dissolving 15 g gum arabic and 2 g Tween 20 in 100 ml distilled water. Gum arabic was added slowly to the distilled water, with continuous agitation for 5 minutes by means of a magnetic agitator at room temperature. This solution pH was adjusted to a value of 6 by adding 10 ml Na OH.
The oily phase was made up by a solution of 1,000 and 3,000 ppm natural antimicrobial agent (thymol or carvacrol) dissolved in 4.3 g soy oil or petrolatum. This mixture was subjected to mild manual agitation for two minutes at room temperature.
The controlled release study of microencapsulated antimicrobial agents was conducted by the assessment of the rate at which they were released into a methanolic solution.
In order to conduct this experiment, a solution of 20 ml microcapsules was taken and subjected to centrifugation for 6 minutes at 30 rpm, then (he (microcapsule) supernatant was collected and subjected to a wash with 10 ml hexane, repeating this procedure twice more. Subsequently, from the solution of washed microcapsules, volume of 70 μl was taken and suspended on a vial containing 2 ml methanol. Then, the antimicrobial concentration in the methanolic medium was evaluated in function of time. Samples were taken at 0, 0.17, 0.3, 0,5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 48, 96, 192, and 384 hours, and filtered using 0.45-μm microfilters. Finally, 2 of this filtered solution were injected into the gas chromatographer.
In order to determine the quantity of thymol and carvacrol that was released into the methanolic solution, two standard curves were designed for each pure antimicrobial agent in function of the chromatography area, and the antimicrobial concentration. Based on these curves and with the area from the injected samples, the value for the antimicrobial concentration released from inside the microcapsule into the methanolic medium was calculated.
In this procedure, a chromatographer equipped with a FID-type detector (flame ionization), and a capillary column of fused silica (30 m×0.32 mm ID, 0.25 μm thickness) was used. The sample injection was conducted by the chromatographer autosampler, and the column temperature was programmed the following way: It was started at 100° C., then it had a healing rate of 20° C. per minute to go up to 180° C., increasing again to 5° C. per minute to finally going up to a temperature of 250° C.
The release of microencapsulated antimicrobial agent in time for the different experiences was determined by the rate of release in a metabolic medium.
By drawing a graph of all the experiences, a logarithmic tendency in function of time is observed, and a curve equation was obtained, which provides the rate constant of release of antimicrobial agent for each condition. In
The last step of this procedure comprises the incorporation of the microcapsules into polymers, which need to be previously treated in order to reduce their surface tension (corona treatment), which assumes the superficial ionization of the plastic matrix, the microcapsules settling over the film, and letting them dry on a stove at controlled temperature.
According to what was shown in
Although embodiments and examples of the invention have been shown and described, it is to be understood that various modifications, substitutions, and rearrangements of process (method) steps, ingredients, compositions, components, mixtures, concentrations, processing time and temperatures of the Process for Obtaining a Film Comprised of the Incorporation of Naturally-Sourced Antimicrobial Agents in a Polymeric Structure to Develop Packages for Increasing the Shelf-Life of Refrigerated Meat, Preferentially Refrigerated Fresh Salmon can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the novel spirit and scope of the invention.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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1342-2010 | Dec 2010 | CL | national |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | PCT/IB2011/002930 | Dec 2011 | US |
Child | 13908570 | US |