Patent Grant
7505321
This application is related to co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/335,089 by Andrew J. Walker, et al, entitled “Method for Fabricating Programmable Memory Array Structures Incorporating Series-Connected Transistor Strings,” filed on even date herewith, which application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to semiconductor integrated circuits containing memory arrays, and in preferred embodiments the invention particularly relates to monolithic three-dimensional memory arrays having series-connected memory cells.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recent developments in semiconductor processing technologies and memory cell technologies have continued to increase the density achieved in integrated circuit memory arrays. For example, certain passive element memory cell arrays may be fabricated having word lines approaching the minimum feature size (F) and minimum feature spacing for the particular word line interconnect layer, and also having bit lines approaching the minimum feature width and minimum feature spacing for the particular bit line interconnect layer. Moreover, three-dimensional memory arrays having more than one plane or level of memory cells have been fabricated implementing such so-called 4F2 memory cells on each memory plane. Exemplary three-dimensional memory arrays are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,034,882 to Johnson, entitled “Vertically Stacked Field Programmable Nonvolatile Memory and Method of Fabrication.”
A variety of other memory cells technologies and arrangements are also known. For example, NAND flash and NROM flash EEPROM memory arrays are known to achieve relatively small memory cells. Other small flash EEPROM cells are known which use hot electron programming, such as NROM and floating gate NOR flash memory arrays. Such memory cells are less desirable for a 3D memory because they use many masks to produce a memory layer, and some use relatively high programming currents.
Other known memory structures are taught by U.S. Pat. No. 6,163,048 by R. T. Hirose et al., entitled “Semiconductor Non-volatile Memory Device Having a NAND Cell Structure,” which describes a memory array utilizing silicon/oxide/nitride/oxide/silicon (SONOS) cells arranged in a NAND architecture in crystalline silicon. U.S. Pat. No. 6,005,270 by T. Noguchi et al., entitled “Semiconductor Nonvolatile Memory Device and Method of Production of Same,” describes a memory array utilizing thin-film transistor (TFT) SONOS cells formed on a low-cost substrate such as glass or plastic. U.S. Pat. No. 5,568,421 by S. Aritome, entitled “Semiconductor Memory Device on which Selective Transistors are Connected to a Plurality of Respective Memory Cell Units,” describes a NAND flash memory array having TFT block select devices and bulk silicon flash cell devices. U.S. Pat. No. 5,621,683 by N. D. Young, entitled “Semiconductor Memory with Non-Volatile Memory Transistor,” describes a memory array including TFT memory cells of a dielectric storage type arranged in a configuration other than a NAND architecture.
Despite such progress, memory arrays having even greater density are desirable. In particular, a memory array technology easily fashioned into a three-dimensional memory array is highly desired.
An extremely dense memory array may be achieved by using thin film transistors having a charge storage dielectric, and which are connected in a NAND-style architecture. In an exemplary embodiment, a flash memory array may be formed by series-connected NAND strings of SONOS memory cell devices. Each NAND string of memory cells includes a first block select device which couples one end of the NAND string to a global bit line, and a second block select device which couples the other end of the NAND string to a shared bias node associated with the string. Preferably the block select devices are also SONOS devices and may be formed in an identical fashion as the memory cell transistors, thus reducing the number of different structures necessary for each NAND string.
Pairs of NAND strings within a memory block on a level of the memory array preferably share the same global bit line. Two block select signals for the block are routed to each NAND string. Each of the NAND strings within the block share the same word lines, but their control signals are reversed for the pairs of NAND strings. For example, the first block select signal couples one NAND string to the global bit line and couples the other NAND string to a first shared bias node, while the second block select signal couples the other NAND string to the global bit line and couples the first NAND string to a second shared bias node.
In certain embodiments, the block select devices and the memory cells devices are SONOS devices. A range of threshold voltages is contemplated, but preferably such devices are formed having a depletion mode threshold voltage. Even more preferably the block select devices and the memory cells devices are N-channel devices having a thermal equilibrium threshold voltage of −2 to −3 volts. For the memory cells, such a threshold voltage preferably corresponds to an erased data state, and the memory cells are programmed to a near depletion threshold voltage of from −1 volt to 0 volts. The block select devices are preferably fabricated having the same thermal equilibrium threshold voltage but are maintained in a programmed state having a near depletion mode threshold voltage.
In certain embodiments, a multi-level memory array includes memory cells formed on each of several memory planes or memory levels. NAND strings on more than one layer may be connected to global bit lines on a single layer. Such a global bit line layer is preferably disposed on a layer of a monolithic integrated circuit below all the memory levels for more convenient connection to support circuitry for the memory array, which may be disposed in the substrate below the array. In some embodiments such a global bit line layer may reside in the midst of the memory levels, or above the array. Moreover, the NAND strings on more than one layer may also be connected to shared bias nodes on a single layer, which preferably is disposed above all the memory levels. In some embodiments, the shared bias nodes may reside in the midst of the memory levels, or below the array. The shared bias nodes may likewise be disposed on more than one layer.
The present invention in preferred embodiments achieves a 4F2 layout for each memory cell. Moreover, by interleaving the NAND strings on each memory level and using more than one shared bias node per block, very little additional overhead is required for the switch devices at each end of the NAND strings. In certain three-dimensional embodiments the NAND strings on different levels are preferably connected together by way of vertical stacked vias. Each stacked via preferably connects to a channel or word line feature on more than one memory level. The invention is particularly well suited for a three-dimensional memory array because each level of memory cells may be produced with an average of less than three masks per level: one for defining channel stripes on each memory level, another for defining gate stripes on each memory level, and a via mask shared by at least three memory levels. An exemplary eight level memory array may be formed using only 19 masking steps.
In addition to the density achieved, preferred embodiments of the present invention provide a memory array which may be programmed and erased using only tunneling currents, and which does not form leakage paths through non-selected memory cells in the memory array. Consequently, a memory of even greater density may be achieved since the memory array may be sized with relatively little regard for such unwanted leakage currents.
The invention in several aspects is suitable for integrated circuits having a memory array, for memory cell and memory array structures, for methods for operating such integrated circuits and memory arrays, for methods for forming or fabricating such integrated circuits and memory arrays, and for computer readable media encodings of such integrated circuits or memory arrays, all as described herein in greater detail and as set forth in the appended claims.
The foregoing is a summary and thus contains, by necessity, simplifications, generalizations and omissions of detail. Consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the foregoing summary is illustrative only and that it is not intended to be in any way limiting of the invention. Other aspects, inventive features, and advantages of the present invention, as defined solely by the claims, may be apparent from the detailed description set forth below.
The present invention may be better understood, and its numerous objects, features, and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings.
The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items.
As used herein, an integrated circuit having a three-dimensional memory array is assumed to be a monolithic integrated circuit, rather than an assembly of more than one monolithic integrated circuit.
Referring now to
Such channel stripes 102 are preferably formed by depositing a polycrystalline polysilicon layer and etching the layer using a channel mask to form the channel stripes. The word line stripes 106 may be formed of a stack of more than one layer, such as a polysilicon layer covered by a silicide layer, or may be a three level stack, as shown in the figure, all as described in greater detail herebelow.
An interlevel dielectric layer 108 is formed above the word line stripes to isolate the word lines on one level (e.g., word line stripes 106 depicted on level 1) from the channel stripes on the next higher level (e.g., channel stripes 102 depicted on level 2). As is described in greater detail below, a dielectric may also be used to fill spaces between the word line stripes of a given level.
As can be appreciated, such a structure forms a plurality of series-connected transistors within each channel stripe 102.
The transistors of such a NAND string may be fabricated to contain enhancement or depletion mode devices for the programmed state. In other types of NAND memory arrays using floating gate devices (rather than SONOS devices), the erased state is often a zero-volt threshold voltage (VT) or even a depletion mode VT. But a floating gate device can have a wide range of VT's because the floating gate can store a wide range of charge levels. Consequently, it is more straightforward to make a depletion mode programmed state, as is described in “A Negative Vth Cell Architecture for Highly Scalable, Excellently Noise-Immune, and Highly Reliable NAND Flash Memories” by Takeuchi et al., in IEEE JSSC, Vol. 34, No. 5, May 1999, pp. 675-684. Achieving such a depletion mode erased state has not been done before in a NAND array incorporating SONOS devices.
For many memory arrays, and especially for a three-dimensional (3D) memory, utilizing depletion mode devices when erased and near depletion mode devices (i.e., around zero volt VT) when programmed has a great advantage in simplifying the layout complexity for each of the memory layers, as described herebelow. Moreover, utilizing near depletion mode devices when programmed reduces the voltages that need to be applied to the unselected word lines when reading a selected memory cell. The cell current can pass more easily through the string even if unselected memory cells are programmed. This voltage reduction is beneficial for reducing disturb effects during the many expected read cycles. For example, an unselected memory cell on an unselected NAND string which is erased could be slowly disturbed to a programmed state by higher voltages on the word lines.
The memory structure of
Referring now to
As is depicted in the figure, a group of four laterally adjacent NAND strings share a common bias node 128, which may be termed VDRAIN1, disposed at the left end of the NAND strings, but are individually coupled to a respective one of four global bit line contacts disposed at the right end of the NAND string. The next group of four laterally adjacent NAND strings is reversed, and the NAND strings in the group are individually coupled to a respective one of four global bit line contacts disposed at the left end of the NAND strings. This next group of NAND strings shares a common bias node 129, which may be termed VDRAIN2, disposed at the right end of the NAND strings. As may be appreciated, the block select signal BSEL1 couples the left end of half of the NAND strings to an associated global bit line, while the same signal couples the right end of the other half of the NAND strings to the shared bias node VDRAIN1. Similarly, block select signal BSEL2 couples the right end of half of the NAND strings to an associated global bit line, while the same signal couples the right end of the other half of the NAND strings to the shared bias node VDRAIN2.
This structure interleaves the NAND strings by coupling two different NAND strings to the same global bit line. For example, the left end of NAND string 134 is coupled by BSEL1 to a global bit line contact 138, while the right end of NAND string 136 is coupled by BSEL2 to a global bit line contact 140. These two global bit line contacts 138 and 140 are preferably connected to the same global bit line, which may be routed horizontally on a wire 146 conveyed on a different wiring level. Such global bit lines may be conveyed a wiring level below the array, or alternatively above the array, or alternatively on a wiring level within the array (e.g., in a three-dimensional array having more than one level). The NAND string 134 and 136 may be referred to as “adjacent” NAND strings, as sharing the same global bit line and sharing the same word lines (i.e., within the same block of the array), even though there is another NAND string disposed between them. It is still possible to select only one of these two NAND strings for reading and writing because the shared bias nodes VDRAIN1 and VDRAIN2 are distinct and may be driven to different conditions, as is described in regards to the next several figures. Each of these two shared bias nodes VDRAIN1 and VDRAIN2 is shared by NAND strings in two adjacent blocks, and thus are preferably conveyed in vertical wires 142 and 144, respectively, which are preferably conveyed on a wiring level “above” the memory array (i.e., further from the semiconductor substrate). Consequently, the two shared bias nodes VDRAIN1 and VDRAIN2, the block select signals BSEL1 and BSEL2, and the various word lines 125, which all traverse across the memory array in the same direction, may be more conveniently decoded and driven to appropriate levels.
As described above, the memory cells in the NAND strings (i.e., those gated by one of the word lines) are preferably SONOS structures. As used herein, the term SONOS is meant to refer to the general class of transistor devices having a charge storage dielectric layer between the gate and the underlying channel, and is not used in a restrictive sense to merely imply a literal silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon layer stack. For example, other kinds of dielectric layers may be employed, such as oxynitrides, as is described in greater detail herebelow.
A basic NAND string is a very efficient structure, capable of achieving a 4F2 layout for the incremental transistor memory cell. However, providing the necessary switch devices with appropriate control signals at the ends of the NAND strings, and the overhead of connecting such NAND strings to global bit lines and to bias or ground nodes, frequently degrades the resultant total efficiency. In contrast, the structure depicted in
Another factor contributing to the efficiency of this array structure is the ability of the block select devices to be fabricated identically to the memory cell devices. In other words, the block select devices may be SONOS devices just like the memory cell devices. In 3D array embodiments having more than one memory level formed above a semiconductor substrate, each memory level consequently includes only one type of device, further simplifying the fabrication of each level. The block select devices may be sized identically to the memory cell devices, but preferably may have a longer channel length (i.e., wider polysilicon stripe for the block select signals) to increase the breakdown voltage of the block select devices.
In a preferred embodiment, the memory cell devices and block select devices are both SONOS devices which are implanted to shift the thermal equilibrium (i.e., minimum trapped charge in the nitride) threshold voltage VT to depletion mode. A depletion mode implant that is a slow diffuser, preferably antimony or arsenic, is preferably used because of the relatively higher diffusion of such dopants in a polycrystalline layer compared with a crystalline substrate, and also due to the extremely small dimensions of the devices. The erased state VT is substantially depletion mode, preferably −2V to −3V threshold, while the programmed state VT is preferable about zero volts. The memory cells are programmed or erased to one of the two threshold voltages according to the data state, but the block select devices are preferably programmed to have about a zero-volt threshold voltage and maintained in this programmed state.
Referring now to
In the descriptions that follow, the upper left NAND string is assumed to be the selected NAND string. The selected word line 168 is driven to a VWL voltage, and the selected memory cell 169 is indicated by an “S.” Other non-selected word lines 166 in the same block as the selected word line 168 may be termed “passing” word lines because these are usually driven to a VWLPASS voltage suitable to pass current through its respective memory cell 167 irrespective of the stored data state in its respective memory cell 167. Only two such passing word lines 166 and one selected word line 168 are depicted, but it should be appreciated that in practice each NAND string may include many word lines, such as 16 total word lines.
One end of the selected NAND string is coupled to a global bit line 162 by select device 165 which is controlled by a block select signal conveyed on node 164 having a voltage at any given time known as the VBSELB voltage, which signal may be thought of as the block select signal coupling the selected NAND string to the global bit line. The other end of the selected NAND string is coupled to a shared bias node 172 by select device 171 which is controlled by a block select signal conveyed on node 170 having a voltage of VBSELD, which signal may be thought of as the block select signal coupling the selected NAND string to the shared drain line. The voltage of the shared drain line 172 may be known as the VDRAIN voltage.
Another NAND string (not shown) within the block just above the selected block is also coupled to the global bit line 162 by a select device 173 which is controlled by a block select signal conveyed on node 176 having a voltage at any given time known as the VUNBSEL voltage, which signal may be thought of as an unselected block select signal. The two select devices 173 and 165 preferably share a global bit line contact.
An adjacent NAND string is also depicted just to the right of the selected NAND string. As stated above, such adjacent NAND strings share the same word lines and are coupled to the same global bit line (i.e., by two different block selected signals), but do not share the same shared bias node (i.e., “drain” node). Here the adjacent NAND string includes devices 181, 183, 185, and 187. The lower end of this adjacent NAND string is coupled to the global bit line 162 by select device 187 which is controlled by the block select signal conveyed on node 170, here referred to as VBSELD. The upper end of this adjacent NAND string is coupled to a shared bias node 174 by select device 181 which is controlled by the block select signal conveyed on node 164, VBSELB. The voltage of the shared drain line 174 may be known as the VDADJ voltage, representing the drain voltage for an adjacent NAND string.
The memory cell devices in the adjacent NAND string merit brief mention, for their respective bias conditions in the various operating modes are important. Two memory cell devices labeled 183 are driven by a passing word line 166 and may be termed unselected memory cells (labeled with a “U”). Another memory cell device 185 is driven by the selected word line 168 and may be termed a half selected memory cell (labeled with an “H”). Such unselected and half-selected memory cells are found in other non-selected NAND strings across the selected memory block.
In the lower half of the figure, two additional NAND strings are also depicted which are located in the block just below the selected array block. Both of these NAND strings are unselected. The block select line 176 at end of both NAND strings and the other block select line 180 at the other end of the NAND strings are both biased at an unselected block select voltage, VUNBSEL. An unselected word line 178 (representing the plurality of word lines in the unselected block) is biased at an unselected word line voltage, VWLUNSEL. An unselected shared drain node 182 is shown, having a bias voltage of VDUNSEL. Such a shared drain node is representative of any such drain node serving two unselected blocks.
These two lower NAND strings also represent the bias voltages impressed on the various nodes and devices within other non-selected blocks on the same level as the selected block. For certain three-dimensional array embodiments shown herein, these two lower NAND strings also represent the bias voltages impressed on the various nodes and devices within all blocks on the non-selected levels in the array.
Block select devices 187 and 189 share a contact to global bit line 162. Similarly, a shared bias node (i.e., VDRAIN) contact is also shared by a respective block select device on opposite sides of the shared contact (e.g., select devices 171 and 175). Moreover, as depicted in
Read Operation
Referring now to
Referring briefly to
The VDADJ voltage is preferably driven to substantially the same voltage as the VGBL voltage, so that substantially no bias voltage is impressed across the adjacent NAND string. Consequently, even though its block select devices 181 and 187 are turned on, no current flows through the adjacent NAND string onto the global bit line 162 which would interfere with sensing the current on the global bit line 162. The intermediate nodes in the adjacent NAND string are all biased at approximately 2 volts since only the selected word line 168 is at a voltage lower than 2 volts, and since every memory cell and block select device has a threshold no higher than approximately 0 volts. As a result, the read disturb condition on the unselected devices 183 (i.e., the bias voltage from gate to source/drain) is essentially zero, and read disturb condition for the half selected cell 185 is approximately −1 volt. Looking back to the selected NAND string, since the intermediate nodes in the selected NAND string are each biased at a voltage between 2 and 2.5 volts, the read disturb condition on the “F” devices 167 is approximately 0-0.5, and the read disturb bias on the selected device 169 is approximately −1 volt. These read disturb conditions, and the relative length of time a memory cell is exposed to such condition, are summarized in Table 1.
The read condition has very low gate-to-source bias voltages impressed across the selected memory cell device because the threshold voltage of an erased cell has been shifted to approximately −2 volts. As a result, a −1 volt gate-to-source voltage is sufficient to cause conduction through the transistor for the erased state but not for the programmed state, and thus allows discerning the data state of the cell. Moreover, the depletion mode erased state allows all four memory cell devices (i.e., S, F, H, and U) to have very low read disturb bias, but is particularly important for the unselected “U” devices to have virtually no read disturb bias voltage, as a given memory cell must endure many more cycles biased as a “U” device than any other bias condition.
The NAND strings in the unselected blocks are de-coupled from the global bit lines by ensuring that the respective block select devices, such as devices 173 and 189, remain off. Likewise, the NAND strings in the unselected blocks are de-coupled from the VDRAIN nodes by ensuring that the respective block select devices, such as device 175, also remain off. This may be achieved by driving VUNBSEL to a voltage such as −1 volts, as shown. All the word lines 178 in the unselected blocks may be conveniently maintained at a VWLUNSEL voltage of ground.
Suitable ranges for each of the voltages described above are summarized in the following Table 2.
Program Operation
Referring now to
This may be accomplished by ensuring that the block select device is turned on to pass a low voltage from the global bit line 162 to the NAND string, and impressing a sufficiently high programming voltage on the selected word line 168. The passing word lines are driven to a high enough voltage to convey a low voltage on the global bit line to the selected memory cell device, but not high enough to unintentionally program the non-selected memory cells in the selected NAND string. To inhibit programming, the global bit line may be taken to a much higher voltage so that the gate-to-source voltage impressed across the selected memory cell is less than that necessary to program the device. The passing word line voltage should be high enough to convey the bit line inhibit voltage to the selected memory cell device, as well. One suitable set of program conditions includes driving the “global bit line” block select line VBSELB to approximately 6 volts, and driving the “drain” block select line VBSELD to approximately −1 volts, thus leaving the drain block select device 171 turned off. The VDRAIN shared bias node is preferably left floating. The voltage of the global bit line 162 (i.e., VGBL) is driven to approximately 0 volts to program, and driven alternatively to an inhibit voltage of approximately 6 volts to inhibit programming. The passing word line voltage VWLPASS is approximately 4 volts so that at least most of the bit line inhibit voltage (i.e., at least approximately 5 volts) may be passed to the intermediate nodes in the selected NAND string. The voltage on the global bit line may be driven by a bit line driver circuit 190, which may be either directly coupled to the global bit line or may be shared among several global bit lines and coupled by decoding circuitry to a desired global bit line. Suitable driver and decoder circuits are well known in the art.
Referring briefly to
The VDADJ voltage is preferably driven to substantially the same voltage as the bit line inhibit voltage, so that the adjacent NAND string is biased in a similar inhibit condition as described above for the selected NAND string. The intermediate nodes in the adjacent NAND string are all biased at least at approximately 5 volts since every memory cell has a threshold voltage no higher than approximately 0 volts. As a result, the program disturb condition on the unselected devices 183 is approximately in a range from −1 volt to zero (depending upon the exact S/D voltage for a given device), and the program disturb condition for the half selected cell 185 is approximately 5-6 volts. Looking back to the selected NAND string, the program disturb condition on the “F” devices 167 is approximately 4 volts (the VWLPASS voltage). These program disturb conditions, and the relative length of time a memory cell is exposed to such condition, are summarized in Table 3. The programming time (i.e., duration of time that the VWL is driven to the word line programming voltage of, for example, 11 volts) may fall in the range from 1 to several tens of microseconds.
The block select device 171, on the drain end of the selected NAND string, is turned off during programming to avoid a leakage path through the selected NAND string that would pull VDRAIN (node 172) to a data dependent state. Some strings might pull it high and some strings pull it low, obviously wasting power and potentially interfering with circuit operation.
The block select devices 171 and 187 have to be off by a slightly negative gate voltage (e.g., by a VBSELD voltage of around −1 volts), and the S/D of the device would be at about 6 volts, in at least the adjacent strings and at some of the selected global bit lines. This puts a partial erase bias of approximately −7 volts gate-to-source on the block select device. If these block select devices are formed by the same process steps as the cell, these block select devices can get partially “erased” by this bias voltage applied during programming of a selected memory cell, which would slowly decrease the VT of the block select devices into a negative region after a number of program cycles. Such a threshold voltage would prevent the block select device from being turned off with only a VBSELD voltage of around −1 volts.
One could use extra processing to remove the charge storage dielectric layer (e.g., nitride) from the block select devices, but this adds complexity to the semiconductor process. Alternatively, a post-programming biasing condition is preferably added at the end of each program cycle, where the affected block select device is “programmed” a small amount to bring its VT back up to its maximum of, for example, about 0 volts. This may be accomplished by returning all the word lines in the selected block (VWL and VWLPASS) back to ground (0 volts), taking the VGBL and VDRAIN to ground, and driving the VBSELD to the programming voltage (e.g., about 10-11 volts) for a short time. For convenience, both block select signals may be driven to the programming voltage as there is little concern for over-programming the threshold of the block select devices. For an exemplary SONOS process described herebelow, the erase time is much longer than the programming time, so that even a relatively short “block select VT adjust program time” is adequate to ensure that its VT stays at its maximum. An exemplary duration of time for such a block select VT adjust is approximately 1 μs.
Suitable ranges for each of the voltages described above are summarized in the following Table 4.
Erase Operation
Referring now to
The erase voltage, shown as VEE, is preferably set to an initial erase voltage at the start of erase, but then is slowly decreased to a final erase voltage over the duration of the erase cycle. This provides more complete erasure of the memory cells than does holding the erase voltage at a single value (by reducing the charge leakage through the “blocking oxide” closest to the polysilicon gate). The support circuitry for the array may be arranged to couple the various signals described to an internally generated VEE signal, which is then controlled to achieve a controlled pulse shape as depicted in
While one block is presumed to be selected at a time for erasing in the above description, clearly more than one such block may be erased simultaneously, whether disposed on the same or on different levels of an array.
Suitable ranges for each of the voltages described above are summarized in the following Table 5.
Referring now to
Similarly, all eight NAND strings share the same VDRAIN node 172 (i.e., the same shared bias node) which are all connected by way of a zia 236, which is preferably connected to a interconnection line on a wiring layer above the memory array, labeled TOP METAL in the figure. As described earlier, the VDRAIN nodes may also be shared laterally within a memory level by, for example, four adjacent NAND strings, resulting in 32 block select devices connected to the right side of the zia 236, rather than just the eight block select devices represented in
In contrast to the shared vertical connections for the global bit line and VDRAIN node, each of the two block select control signals, and each the plurality of word lines on each level is preferably unique to that level, and thus affords independent selection of each level. As described above, the various bias conditions for blocks within non-selected levels is the same as for non-selected blocks within the selected level. Each word line is routed vertically to a wiring layer below the array by a zia which is not electrically connected to other word lines on the same level, nor is it shared with word lines on other levels, although as is described below, one embodiment of such word line zias makes physical contact to small sacrificial features of word lines on intervening memory levels to improve the consistency of zia formation across all memory levels. Selecting a word line on just one memory level allows the smallest number of blocks to be biased for programming or reading, thus reducing the disturb time. If one was not limited by a desire to limit the disturb time, some area could be saved by sharing word line zias between word lines on more than one level (e.g., sharing between analogous word lines on two levels of the array). Likewise, the block select lines could then also be shared by more than one level of the array.
Fabrication Process
Referring now to
The memory level is formed upon a starting material, as noted in step 262, which may include a semiconductor wafer already processed to include circuitry and wiring interconnections formed on a plurality of lower-level wiring layers formed above the substrate, or may include such a substrate already processed with memory array levels as described herein. At step 264 a relatively thick oxide is formed by growth, deposition, or other suitable method, to provide a dielectric isolation layer between the memory level and underlying structures. Such a dielectric layer may have a thickness in the range of 50 nm to several microns.
The collective steps 286 are invoked to form a plurality of channel stripes on the top surface of the dielectric layer. The individual steps involved include depositing an amorphous silicon layer, frequently known as an α-Si layer, at step 266. Alternatively, a polycrystalline silicon layer may be deposited. Such a silicon layer is preferably lightly-doped p-type polysilicon suitable for constructing N-channel SONOS devices, and is formed preferably to a thickness in the range from 5 nm to 200 nm. The silicon layer is preferably doped in-situ during the deposition process to result in activated dopants as deposited. Moreover, by doping in-situ, no separate implantation step is required to set the background concentration of the channel regions, thus potentially reducing manufacturing cost. Alternatively, the silicon layer may be deposited undoped and implanted. The silicon layer is preferably deposited in an amorphous state, and is poly-crystallized during the subsequent heat treatment steps without requiring a specific step just to perform the crystallization. Preferred methods for depositing the α-Si layer are described in co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/334,649, filed on even date herewith, by Andrew J. Walker, et al., entitled “Formation of Thin Channels for TFT Devices to Ensure Low Variability of Threshold Voltages,” which application is hereby incorporated by reference.
At step 268, the α-Si layer is optionally implanted to adjust the eventual threshold voltage of the memory cell devices in the NAND strings, as well as the block select devices. In some preferred embodiments, these devices are implanted to a depletion mode threshold voltage of approximately −2 to −3 volts. A depletion mode implant that is a slow diffuser, preferably antimony or arsenic, is implanted to shift the UV-erased, (i.e., minimum trapped charge in the nitride) VT of the cell device to depletion mode.
At step 270, a photoresist layer is deposited and exposed with a channel mask to define photoresist features corresponding to the desired channel stripes. The α-Si layer is then etched at step 272, preferably using an anisotropic etch, to form the channel stripes, and the remaining photoresist removed at step 274. The resulting structure is depicted in
Next, at step 276, a charge storage dielectric layer, such as ONO dielectric stack, is formed on the channel stripes 376. Preferably, the ONO stack is formed on the sides of the channel stripes 376 as well as on the top surface, and also is formed on the top surface of the oxide 374 where exposed between channel stripes 376. Referring briefly to
Continuing with the formation of the ONO stack, a nitride layer is next formed (at step 332) having a thickness preferably in the range from 2.0 to 20.0 nm. Any of several techniques may be used, such as a Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (LPCVD) process to deposit stoichiometric silicon nitride. An oxynitride layer may also be formed rather than a nitride layer.
Continuing with the formation of the ONO stack, a top or “blocking” oxide layer is next formed (at step 334) having a thickness preferably in the range from 2.0 to 20.0 nm. Any of several techniques may be used, and preferably an HTO process is employed.
Referring back to
At step 280, a photoresist layer is deposited and exposed with a word line mask to define photoresist features corresponding to the desired word line stripes. The gate material layer is then etched at step 282, preferably using an anisotropic etch, to form the word line stripes, and the remaining photoresist removed at step 284. The resulting structure is depicted in
Referring briefly to
At step 342, a layer of titanium is deposited, followed by a titanium nitride layer, to form a low-resistance titanium silicide layer on top of the polysilicon layer during a subsequent RTA process (at step 344). Such an RTA is preferably carried out at a temperature in the range from 700-850° C. Lastly, a final polysilicon layer is deposited on the TiN layer to form the sandwich or stack of gate material layers. As before, P+ polysilicon is preferred, although N+ polysilicon may also be employed.
Referring briefly to
Either of these gate material layers may then be masked and etched as described above to form a plurality of word line stripes over the ONO layer and channel stripes. As described below, the word line stripes may also be formed using a salicide procedure to create low resistance word lines rather than forming a silicide layer prior to gate etch.
Referring back to
Again referring back to
In another embodiment, the resulting structure is depicted in
Referring now to
Again referring back to
Exemplary process specifications which are particularly suitable for fabricating the above structures are shown in Table 6 below.
The zias may be formed through an interlevel dielectric layer associated with just one memory level to make contact to channel stripes and word line stripes within that memory level. Such a flow requires a separate zia mask for each memory level. In another embodiment, the zias may be formed to make contact simultaneously to structures on more than one memory level, thus requiring fewer zia masking operations.
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring briefly back to
Referring now to
The zias 552, 558, and 564 collectively form a shared VDRAIN “mast” 236 for all eight memory levels as depicted in
The surface 580 represents the top surface of zia 556, which is directly contacted by the next zia 562. Alternatively, a CH3 feature may be placed in this region so that the etch operation forming the hole for the zia 562 may stop on a silicon feature rather than exposing a tungsten feature (i.e., zia 556). Such a series connection through the CH3 feature is not believed to significantly affect the resistance of the zia stack. Likewise, a CH6 feature may be included at the bottom of each ZIA3 feature making connections to the X-layers. By so doing, all ZIA2 and ZIA3 zias may be processed to stop on the same CH6 level.
Referring now to
Referring now to
An exemplary layout making use of such a zia 610 is depicted in
Additional Embodiments
As used herein, a series-connected NAND string includes a plurality of devices connected in series and sharing source/drain diffusions between adjacent devices. As used herein, a memory array may be a two dimensional (planar) memory array having a memory level formed in a substrate, or alternatively formed above the substrate. The substrate may either be a monocrystalline substrate, such as might include support circuitry for the memory array, or may be another type of substrate, which need not necessarily include support circuitry for the memory array. For example, certain embodiments of the invention may be implemented utilizing a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structure, and others utilizing a silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) structure. Alternatively, a memory array may be a three-dimensional array having more than one plane of memory cells (i.e., more than one memory level). The memory levels may be formed above a substrate including support circuitry for the memory array.
The present invention is contemplated for advantageous use with any of a wide variety of memory array configurations, including both traditional single-level memory arrays and multi-level (i.e., three-dimensional) memory arrays, and particularly those having extremely dense X-line or Y-line pitch requirements. Moreover, the invention is believed to be applicable to memory array having series-connected NAND strings which utilize modifiable conductance switch devices as memory cells, and is not to be limited to memory cells incorporating a charge storage dielectric. Such modifiable conductance switch devices are three-terminal devices whose conductance between two of the terminals is modifiable, and further is “switched” or controlled by a signal on the third or control terminal, which is generally connected to the word lines (or to the block select lines, for some embodiments). The conductance may be modified during manufacture (e.g., by selective ion implantation using a masking layer), or may be modified post-manufacture (i.e., by programming using a tunneling current; by programming using a hot electron current, etc). The modifiable conductance frequently is manifested as a modifiable threshold voltage, but may be manifested as a modifiable transconductance for some technologies.
As an example, a read-only memory (ROM) may be implemented using memory cell transistors arranged in a NAND string, where the respective threshold voltage of the memory cell transistors is determined during manufacture by any of the known techniques in the art (e.g., by selective ion implantation).
Another exemplary memory array may implement NAND strings of “polarizable dielectric devices” such as Ferroelectric devices, where the device characteristics are modified by applying a voltage on the gate electrode which changes the polarization state of the Ferroelectric gate material.
Yet another exemplary memory array may implement NAND strings of so-called “single electron” devices or “coulomb blockade” devices, where applied voltages on the word line change the state of electron traps formed by silicon nanoparticles or any quantum well structure in the channel region by which the conduction characteristics of the NAND string devices are changed. In some embodiments, the structure of the charge storage region of the NAND string devices could also be located in a nanometer sized (i.e., from 0.1 to 10 nanometers) silicon filament formed at the source or drain edges of the gate structure to modify the device characteristic. Other alternative embodiments may utilize an organic conducting layer for the channel region and form organic material devices in a NAND string whose conductive state is selectively changed by applying an appropriate voltage to the word lines.
Thus, while the embodiments described in detail above utilize charge storage dielectric such as an ONO stack, other memory cells such as ROM programmed threshold devices, polarizable dielectric devices, single electron or coulomb blockade devices, silicon filament charge storage devices, and organic material devices are also contemplated.
Moreover, while the embodiments described in detail above provide two conductance values corresponding to two different data states, and thus provide for storing one bit of information per memory cell, the invention may also be utilized to provide more than one bit per memory cell. For example, a charge storage dielectric may store charge in a number of localities. For some structures and programming techniques, the charge may be stored substantially uniformly along the device channel length when the programming mechanism acts uniformly along the channel (e.g., such as by tunneling), or the charge may be stored just at the source or drain edges when a programming mechanism such as hot carrier injection is used. Multiple bits of information could be stored in each NAND string device by locally storing charge at the source or drain edge in the case of hot electron programming, single electron memory devices or silicon filaments located at the source or drain edges. Multiple bits of information could also be stored by injecting several different levels of charge into the charge storage medium and associating different charge levels with different stored states.
In many of the embodiments described above, the block select devices are formed using the same process flow as the memory cells to reduce the number of process steps and device structures fabricated at each memory level. Thus the block select devices are formed having the same structure as the memory cells, although they may be sized differently. As used herein, such block select devices may be considered to be structurally substantially identical to the memory cell devices, even though the respective threshold voltages may be programmed or erased to different values.
It should be appreciated that the various bias voltages described herein, including negative voltages and high-voltage programming and erase voltages, may be received from external sources, or may be generated internally using any of a number of suitable techniques. It should also be appreciated that the designations top, left, bottom, and right are merely convenient descriptive terms for the four sides of a memory array. The word lines for a block may be implemented as two inter-digitated groups of word lines oriented horizontally, and the global bit lines for a block may be implemented as two inter-digitated groups of global bit line oriented vertically. Each respective group of word lines or global bit lines may be served by a respective decoder/driver circuit and a respective sense circuit on one of the four sides of the array. Suitable row and column circuits are set forth in “Multi-Headed Decoder Structure Utilizing Memory Array Line Driver with Dual Purpose Driver Device,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/306,887, filed Nov. 27, 2002, and in “Tree Decoder Structure Particularly Well Suited to Interfacing Array Lines Having Extremely Small Layout Pitch,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/306,888, filed Nov. 27, 2002, which applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Word lines may also be referred to as row lines or X-lines, and bit lines may also be referred to as column lines or Y-lines. The distinction between “word” lines and “bit” lines may carry at least two different connotations to those skilled in the art. When reading a memory array, it is assumed by some practitioners that word lines are “driven” and bit lines are “sensed.” In this regard, X-lines (or word lines) are usually contemplated as being connected to the gate terminal of memory cell transistors forming the NAND strings. The Y-lines (or bit lines) are usually contemplated as being connected to the source/drain terminal of the NAND strings. Secondly, the memory organization (e.g., data bus width, number of bits simultaneously read during an operation, etc.) may have some association with viewing one set of the two array lines more aligned with data “bits” rather than data “words.” Consequently, the designations herein of X-lines, word lines, and row lines, and of Y-lines, bit lines, and column lines are illustrative of the various embodiments but should not be viewed in a restrictive sense, but rather a more general sense.
As used herein, word lines and bit lines (e.g., including global bit lines) usually represent orthogonal array lines, and follow the common assumption in the art that word lines are driven and bit lines are sensed, at least during a read operation. Thus, the global bit lines of an array may also be referred to as sense lines of the array, and may also be referred to as simply global array lines (i.e., even though other array lines also exist). No particular implication should be drawn as to word organization by use of such terms. Moreover, as used herein, a “global bit line” is an array line that connects to NAND strings in more than one memory block, but no particular inference should be drawn suggesting such a global bit line must traverse across an entire memory array or substantially across an entire integrated circuit.
The directionality of various array lines in the various figures is merely convenient for ease of description of the two groups of crossing lines in the array. While word lines are usually orthogonal to bit lines, such is not necessarily required. Moreover, the word and bit organization of a memory array may also be easily reversed. As an additional example, portions of an array may correspond to different output bits of a given word. Such various array organizations and configurations are well known in the art, and the invention is intended to comprehend a wide variety of such variations.
The block diagrams herein may be described using the terminology of a single node connecting the blocks. Nonetheless, it should be appreciated that, when required by the context, such a “node” may actually represent a pair of nodes for conveying a differential signal, or may represent multiple separate wires (e.g., a bus) for carrying several related signals or for carrying a plurality of signals forming a digital word or other multi-bit signal.
It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that any of several expressions may be equally well used when describing the operation of a circuit including the various signals and nodes within the circuit, and no subtle inferences should be read into varied usage within this description. Frequently logic signals are named in a fashion to convey which level is the active level. The schematic diagrams and accompanying description of the signals and nodes should in context be clear. As used herein, two different voltages which are “substantially equal” to each other have respective values which are close enough to cause substantially the same effect under the context at issue. Such voltages may be assumed to fall within approximately 0.5 volts of each other, unless the context requires another value. For example, a passing voltage of 5 volts or 5.5 volts may cause substantially the same effect as compared to an inhibit bias voltage of 5 volts, and thus the 5.5 volt passing voltage may be considered to be substantially identical to the 5 volt inhibit voltage.
Based upon the teachings of this disclosure, it is expected that one of ordinary skill in the art will be readily able to practice the present invention. The descriptions of the various embodiments provided herein are believed to provide ample insight and details of the present invention to enable one of ordinary skill to practice the invention. Nonetheless, in the interest of clarity, not all of the routine features of the implementations described herein are shown and described. It should, of course, be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made in order to achieve the developer's specific goals, such as compliance with application- and business-related constraints, and that these specific goals will vary from one implementation to another and from one developer to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of engineering for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.
For example, decisions as to the number of memory cells within each array or sub-array, the particular configuration chosen for word line and bit line pre-decoder and decoder circuits and bit line sensing circuits, as well as the word organization, are all believed to be typical of the engineering decisions faced by one skilled in the art in practicing this invention in the context of developing a commercially-viable product. As is well known in the art, various row and column decoder circuits are implemented for selecting a memory block, a NAND string within the selected block, and a memory cell within the selected NAND string based upon address signals and possibly other control signals. Nonetheless, even though a mere routine exercise of engineering effort is believed to be required to practice this invention, such engineering efforts may result in additional inventive efforts, as frequently occurs in the development of demanding, competitive products.
While circuits and physical structures are generally presumed, it is well recognized that in modern semiconductor design and fabrication, physical structures and circuits may be embodied in computer readable descriptive form suitable for use in subsequent design, test or fabrication stages as well as in resultant fabricated semiconductor integrated circuits. Accordingly, claims directed to traditional circuits or structures may, consistent with particular language thereof, read upon computer readable encodings and representations of same, whether embodied in media or combined with suitable reader facilities to allow fabrication, test, or design refinement of the corresponding circuits and/or structures. The invention is contemplated to include circuits, related methods or operation, related methods for making such circuits, and computer-readable medium encodings of such circuits and methods, all as described herein, and as defined in the appended claims. As used herein, a computer-readable medium includes at least disk, tape, or other magnetic, optical, semiconductor (e.g., flash memory cards, ROM), or electronic medium and a network, wireline, wireless or other communications medium. An encoding of a circuit may include circuit schematic information, physical layout information, behavioral simulation information, and/or may include any other encoding from which the circuit may be represented or communicated.
The foregoing details description has described only a few of the many possible implementations of the present invention. For this reason, this detailed description is intended by way of illustration, and not by way of limitations. Variations and modifications of the embodiments disclosed herein may be made based on the description set forth herein, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. It is only the following claims, including all equivalents, that are intended to define the scope of this invention. In particular, even though many embodiments are described in the context of a three-dimensional memory array of TFT memory cells, such limitations should not be read into the claims unless specifically recited. Moreover, the embodiments described above are specifically contemplated to be used alone as well as in various combinations. Accordingly, other embodiments, variations, and improvements not described herein are not necessarily excluded from the scope of the invention.
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