Patent Application
20210301277
Blood coagulation factor VII (FVII) is a glycoprotein that is found in normal human plasma. When vascular injury occurs, trace amounts of the activated form of FVII (FVIIa) bind to an endothelial cell transmembrane receptor, tissue factor (TF), that becomes exposed at the site of injury. Under physiological conditions, TF-bound FVIIa (TF:FVIIa) rapidly activates blood coagulation Factor X (FX) leading to amplification of the intrinsic blood coagulation pathway for effective fibrin clot formation and hemostasis. Under pathological conditions, TF binding to FVIIa can lead to excessive fibrin clot formation and life-threatening thrombosis.
Within the vasculature, FVII/FVIIa is known to bind to a transmembrane receptor, endothelial cell Protein C receptor (EPCR), the primary receptor for Protein C (PC) and its activated form (APC) (Fukudome et al., 1994). APC is a potent anticoagulant enzyme that proteolytically inactivates blood coagulation factors Va and VIIIa, thereby down-regulating thrombin generation and fibrin clot formation (Kisiel, 1979). Pharmacologically administered recombinant FVIIa (rFVIIa) competitively inhibits PC binding to EPCR and PC activation by thrombin:thrombomodulin (Ghosh et al., 2007) to reduce the anticoagulant effects of APC and thereby contribute to the hemostatic effectiveness of rFVIIa (Keshava et al., 2017).
Severe hemophilia A and B are characterized by spontaneous bleeding episodes, resulting in an overall mortality rate six times greater than the unaffected population. Because hemophilia is caused by a deficiency of critical coagulation factors, standard treatments rely on replacing the missing factor with recombinant or plasma-derived protein. Unfortunately, up to 33% of severe hemophilia patients develop neutralizing alloantibodies against these replacement factors, rendering them ineffective. Once the development of alloantibodies occurs, the treatment options for acute bleeding are extremely limited. Currently, the preferred treatment option involves the use of rFVIIa to bypass the missing factors by binding to platelets and activating Factor X directly on the platelet surface. However, the use of rFVIIa requires frequent high dosing at significant cost, and is limited by an inconsistent response with pronounced interpatient variability.
In 1998, it was speculated that rFVIIa might also be useful as a “universal” hemostatic agent in patients without blood coagulation defects, who were suffering from uncontrolled bleeding for reasons other than hemophilia, e.g., bleeding related to surgery or trauma (Hedner, 1998). In the years that have followed, there is evidence that rFVIIa may be effective in minimizing blood loss in a variety of clinical settings; however, the known risk of TF-driven thrombosis has been a strong deterrent for early intervention, and has led to the use of treatment regimens with limited dosages and frequency of administration. Metanalyses that have generally not considered these constraints have concluded that the use of rFVIIa to control bleeding is ineffective and unsafe in non-hemophilia patients (Yank et al., 2011).
There is a need to develop FVII variants that display reduced tissue factor-dependent thrombogenicity. Previous attempts to improve rFVIIa therapy have failed, in part, because the mechanism of platelet-rFVIIa binding is not well understood.
Some of the main aspects of the present invention are summarized below. Additional aspects are described in the Detailed Description of the Invention, Examples, Drawings, and Claims sections of this disclosure. The description in each section of this disclosure is intended to be read in conjunction with the other sections. Furthermore, the various embodiments described in each section of this disclosure can be combined in various different ways, and all such combinations are intended to fall within the scope of the present invention.
The therapeutic mechanism of action of rFVIIa has been shown to involve activated platelet binding, as opposed to TF binding (Monroe et al., 1997). We have recently discovered that human platelets express EPCR, suggesting that modulation of EPCR binding could be utilized to enhance the hemostatic efficacy of FVIIa variants (Fager et al. 2018). The present disclosure provides procoagulant PC-FVII chimeras that bind to EPCR on platelets and on endothelial cells, and display anti-inflammatory properties and endothelial cell barrier stabilization properties. In addition, the PC-FVII chimeras display no detectable binding to TF, leading to reduced TF-dependent thrombogenicity compared to wild-type or recombinant FVII.
In particular, the invention provides a chimeric PC-FVII protein comprising a Gla domain of PC, an EGF-1 domain of PC, an EGF-2 domain of FVII, and a protease domain of FVII. An exemplary chimeric PC-FVII protein of the invention has the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 and is referred to herein as PCgla-egf1FVIIa. The activated form of the chimeric PC-FVII proteins of the invention is a heterodimer.
Accordingly, in one form, the chimeric PC-FVII protein is comprised of a single amino acid chain. In another form, chimeric PC-FVII protein comprises (i) a light chain comprising a Gla domain from PC, an EGF-1domain from PC, and an EGF-2 domain from FVII; and (ii) a heavy chain comprising a protease domain from FVII. The light chain and the heavy chain are linked to one another, preferably by a disulfide bond. Other linkages can include, for example, salt bridges, ionic bonds, peptide linkers, and/or lactam bridges.
In one embodiment, the Gla domain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9. In one embodiment, the EGF-1 domain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12. In one embodiment, the EGF-2 domain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11. In one embodiment, the protease domain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14. In one embodiment, the protease domain comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15.
In a particular embodiment, the invention provides a chimeric PC-FVII protein comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6.
In some embodiments, the chimeric PC-FVII protein of the invention comprises a propeptide sequence, wherein the propeptide sequence is capable of binding vitamin K-dependent γ-glutamyl carboxylase. In some embodiments, the chimeric PC-FVII protein further comprises an endoplasmic reticulum translocalization signal peptide.
In a particular embodiment, the invention provides a chimeric PC-FVII protein comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5.
A further aspect of the invention provides a composition comprising a chimeric PC-FVII protein of the invention. In one embodiment, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition.
An additional aspect of the invention provides a kit comprising a chimeric PC-FVII protein or a composition of the invention. In one embodiment, the composition is contained in a pre-filled syringe.
The invention also provides a nucleic acid encoding a chimeric PC-FVII protein of the invention. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7.
Also provided are chimeric PC-FVII proteins and compositions of the invention for use in activating Factor X (FX), and a method of activating FX. The method comprises contacting FX with an activated chimeric PC-FVII protein of the invention, wherein the chimeric PC-FVII protein cleaves FX, thereby producing activated Factor X (FXa). In one embodiment, the method is performed in the absence of TF. In one embodiment the method is performed in blood or plasma. In a particular embodiment, activating FX by contacting it with a chimeric PC-FVII protein results in increased thrombin concentration in the blood or plasma, compared to contacting FX with wild-type or recombinant FVIIa. In certain embodiments, the methods and uses of the invention are performed in vitro or ex vivo.
The PCgla-egf1FVIIa chimera contains the protease and EGF-2 domains of Factor VIIa (FVIIa) with the EGF-1 and Gla domains of Protein C (PC).
The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of pharmaceutics, formulation science, protein chemistry, cell biology, cell culture, molecular biology, microbiology, recombinant DNA, and immunology, which are within the skill of the art.
In order that the present invention can be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined. Additional definitions are set forth throughout the disclosure. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention is related.
Any headings provided herein are not limitations of the various aspects or embodiments of the invention, which can be had by reference to the specification as a whole. Accordingly, the terms defined immediately below are more fully defined by reference to the specification in its entirety.
All references cited in this disclosure are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. In addition, any manufacturers' instructions or catalogues for any products cited or mentioned herein are incorporated by reference. Documents incorporated by reference into this text, or any teachings therein, can be used in the practice of the present invention. Documents incorporated by reference into this text are not admitted to be prior art.
The phraseology or terminology in this disclosure is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance.
As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The terms “a” (or “an”) as well as the terms “one or more” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably.
Furthermore, “and/or” is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of the two specified features or components with or without the other. Thus, the term “and/or” as used in a phrase such as “A and/or B” is intended to include A and B, A or B, A (alone), and B (alone). Likewise, the term “and/or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and/or C” is intended to include A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or B; A or C; B or C; A and B; A and C; B and C; A (alone); B (alone); and C (alone).
Wherever embodiments are described with the language “comprising,” otherwise analogous embodiments described in terms of “consisting of” and/or “consisting essentially of” are included.
Units, prefixes, and symbols are denoted in their Système International de Unites (SI) accepted form. Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range, and any individual value provided herein can serve as an endpoint for a range that includes other individual values provided herein. For example, a set of values such as 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, and 10 is also a disclosure of a range of numbers from 1-10, from 1-8, from 3-9, and so forth. Likewise, a disclosed range is a disclosure of each individual value encompassed by the range. For example, a stated range of 5-10 is also a disclosure of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.
The terms “polypeptide,” “peptide,” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to polymers of amino acids of any length. The polymer can be linear or branched, can comprise modified amino acids, and can be interrupted by non-amino acids. Except where indicated otherwise, e.g., for the abbreviations for the uncommon or unnatural amino acids set forth herein, the three-letter and one-letter abbreviations, as used in the art, are used herein to represent amino acid residues. Except where specifically indicated, peptides are indicated with the N-terminus of the left and the sequence is written from the N-terminus to the C-terminus.
Polypeptides, peptides, and proteins can comprise natural or synthetic post-translational modifications, for example, disulfide bonds, lactam bridges, carboxylation, hydroxylation, glycosylation, lipidation, alkylation, acetylation, acylation, amidation, phosphorylation, or other manipulations or modification, such as conjugation with a labeling component or addition of a protecting group. Also included are, for example, polypeptides containing one or more analogs of an amino acid (including, for example, amino-isobutyric acid (Aib), unnatural amino acids, such as naphthylalanine (Nal), etc.), as well as other modifications known in the art. In certain embodiments, the polypeptides can occur as single chains, covalent dimers, or non-covalent associated chains.
A “chimera” or “chimeric” molecule is one comprising structural features of more than one reference molecule. In the context of the present invention, a chimeric protein comprises an amino acid sequence from a first polypeptide and an amino acid sequence from a second polypeptide. The amino acid sequences can be linked covalently, such as, for example, by peptide bonds or disulfide bonds. The amino acid sequences can be contiguous, i.e., directly fused, or can comprise a linker, such as a peptide linker, between the amino acid sequence from a first polypeptide and the amino acid sequence of a second polypeptide.
The term “coagulation factor” refers to a protein involved in the coagulation cascade, in either its activated or zymogen form. Coagulation factors include serine proteases, such as Factor VII, Factor IX, Factor X, Factor XI, Factor XII, prothrombin, and Protein C; glycoproteins, such as Factor V, Factor VIII, and protein S; and transglutaminases, such as Factor XIII.
The term “variant” refers to a peptide having one or more amino acid substitutions, deletions, and/or insertions compared to a reference sequence. Deletions and insertions can be internal and/or at one or more termini.
The term “conservative substitution” as used herein denotes that one or more amino acids are replaced by another, biologically similar residue. Examples include substitution of amino acid residues with similar characteristics, e.g., small amino acids, acidic amino acids, polar amino acids, basic amino acids, hydrophobic amino acids, and aromatic amino acids. For further information concerning phenotypically silent substitutions in peptides and proteins, see, for example, Bowie et. al., Science 247:1306-1310 (1990). In Table I, conservative substitutions of amino acids are grouped by physicochemical properties; I: neutral and/or hydrophilic, II: acids and amides, III: basic, IV: hydrophobic, V: aromatic, bulky amino acids.
In Table II, conservative substitutions of amino acids are grouped by physicochemical properties; VI: neutral or hydrophobic, VII: acidic, VIII: basic, IX: polar, X: aromatic.
Methods of identifying conservative nucleotide and amino acid substitutions which do not affect protein function are well-known in the art (see, e.g., Brummell et al., Biochem. 32:1180-1187 (1993); Kobayashi et al., Protein Eng. 12(10):879-884 (1999); and Burks et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:412-417 (1997)).
The terms “identical” or percent “identity” in the context of two or more nucleic acids or peptides, refers to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of nucleotides or amino acid residues that are the same, when compared and aligned (introducing gaps, if necessary) for maximum correspondence, not considering any conservative amino acid substitutions as part of the sequence identity. The percent identity can be measured using sequence comparison software or algorithms, or by visual inspection. Various algorithms and software are known in the art that can be used to obtain alignments of amino acid or nucleotide sequences.
One such non-limiting example of a sequence alignment algorithm is described in Karlin et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 87:2264-2268 (1990), as modified in Karlin et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 90:5873-5877 (1993), and incorporated into the NBLAST and XBLAST programs (Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 25:3389-3402 (1991)). In certain embodiments, Gapped BLAST can be used as described in Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402 (1997). BLAST-2, WU-BLAST-2 (Altschul et al., Methods in Enzymology, 266:460-480 (1996)), ALIGN, ALIGN-2 (Genentech, South San Francisco, Calif.) or Megalign (DNASTAR) are additional publicly available software programs that can be used to align sequences. In certain embodiments, the percent identity between two nucleotide sequences is determined using the GAP program in the GCG software package (e.g., using a NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and a gap weight of 40, 50, 60, 70, or 90 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6). In certain alternative embodiments, the GAP program in the GCG software package, which incorporates the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. (48):444-453 (1970)), can be used to determine the percent identity between two amino acid sequences (e.g., using either a BLOSUM 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Alternatively, in certain embodiments, the percent identity between nucleotide or amino acid sequences is determined using the algorithm of Myers and Miller (CABIOS 4:11-17 (1989)). For example, the percent identity can be determined using the ALIGN program (version 2.0) and using a PAM120 with residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4. One skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for maximal alignment by particular alignment software. In certain embodiments, the default parameters of the alignment software are used. Other resources for calculating identity include methods described in Computational Molecular Biology (Lesk ed., 1988); Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects (Smith ed., 1993); Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part 1 (Griffin and Griffin eds., 1994); Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology (G. von Heinje, 1987); Sequence Analysis Primer (Gribskov et al. eds., 1991); and Carillo et al., SIAM J. Applied Math., 48:1073 (1988).
A “polynucleotide,” as used herein can include one or more “nucleic acids,” “nucleic acid molecules,” or “nucleic acid sequences,” and refers to a polymer of nucleotides of any length, and includes DNA and RNA. The polynucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, modified nucleotides or bases, and/or their analogs, or any substrate that can be incorporated into a polymer by DNA or RNA polymerase. A polynucleotide can comprise modified nucleotides, such as methylated nucleotides and their analogs. The preceding description applies to all polynucleotides referred to herein, including RNA and DNA.
An “isolated” molecule is one that is in a form not found in nature, including those which have been purified.
A “label” is a detectable compound that can be conjugated directly or indirectly to a molecule, so as to generate a “labeled” molecule. The label can be detectable on its own (e.g., radioisotope labels or fluorescent labels), or can be indirectly detected, for example, by catalyzing chemical alteration of a substrate compound or composition that is detectable (e.g., an enzymatic label) or by other means of indirect detection (e.g., biotinylation).
“Binding affinity” generally refers to the strength of the sum total of non-covalent interactions between a single binding site of a molecule and its binding partner (e.g., a receptor and its ligand, an antibody and its antigen, two monomers that form a dimer, etc.). Unless indicated otherwise, as used herein, “binding affinity” refers to intrinsic binding affinity which reflects a 1:1 interaction between members of a binding pair. The affinity of a molecule X for its partner Y can generally be represented by the dissociation constant (KD). Affinity can be measured by common methods known in the art, including those described herein. Low-affinity binding partners generally bind slowly and tend to dissociate readily, whereas high-affinity binding partners generally bind faster and tend to remain bound longer.
The affinity or avidity of a molecule for its binding partner can be determined experimentally using any suitable method known in the art, e.g., flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), or radioimmunoassay (MA), or kinetics (e.g., KINEXA® or BIACORE™ or OCTET® analysis). Direct binding assays as well as competitive binding assay formats can be readily employed. (See, e.g., Berzofsky et al., “Antibody-Antigen Interactions,” in Fundamental Immunology, Paul, W. E., ed., Raven Press: New York, N.Y. (1984); Kuby, Immunology, W. H. Freeman and Company: New York, N.Y. (1992)). The measured affinity of a particular binding pair interaction can vary if measured under different conditions (e.g., salt concentration, pH, temperature). Thus, measurements of affinity and other binding parameters (e.g., KD or Kd, Kon, Koff) are made with standardized solutions of binding partners and a standardized buffer, as known in the art.
An “active agent” is an ingredient that is intended to furnish biological activity. The active agent can be in association with one or more other ingredients.
An “effective amount” of an active agent is an amount sufficient to carry out a specifically stated purpose.
The term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a preparation that is in such form as to permit the biological activity of the active ingredient to be effective and which contains no additional components that are unacceptably toxic to a subject to which the composition would be administered. Such composition can be sterile and can comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as physiological saline. Suitable pharmaceutical compositions can comprise one or more of a buffer, a surfactant, a stabilizing agent, a preservative, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.
The terms “inhibit,” “block,” and “suppress” are used interchangeably and refer to any statistically significant decrease in occurrence or activity, including full blocking of the occurrence or activity. For example, “inhibition” can refer to a decrease of about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100% in activity or occurrence. An “inhibitor” is a molecule, factor, or substance that produces a statistically significant decrease in the occurrence or activity of a process, pathway, or molecule.
Blood coagulation factors activated Factor VII (FVIIa) and Activated Protein C (APC) are vitamin K-dependent, glycosylated, heterodimeric serine proteases, each derived from a zymogen precursor. The canonical amino acid sequence of the human FVII zymogen is set forth in GenBank Accession No. AAA88040 and in
Mature FVIIa contains 406 amino acids and results from a single proteolytic cleavage between amino acids R152 and 1153 of FVII; the N-terminal signal peptide and propeptide are also cleaved (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 2;
FVIIa and PC share a similar molecular structure with other coagulation serine proteases (e.g., Factor IXa and Factor Xa), each having a light chain and a heavy chain. The light chain is comprised of an amino terminal gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) domain and two epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains, while the heavy chain is comprised of a protease domain (see Lazarus et al., 2004).
A “Gla domain” is an amino acid sequence from a coagulation factor, which amino acid sequence binds directly to phospholipid membranes. The Gla domains of FVII/FVIIa and PC can also bind to phospholipid membranes via the transmembrane endothelial cell Protein C receptor (EPCR) (see Ghosh et al., 2007). PC binding to EPCR promotes PC activation by the thrombin:thrombomodulin complex. The Gla domain of FVII/FVIIa can comprise, for example, amino acids from about position 1 to about position 45 of SEQ ID NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 8). The Gla domain of PC can comprise, for example amino acids from about position 1 to about position 46 of SEQ ID NO: 4 (SEQ ID NO: 9). The Gla domain can include post-translational modifications, for example, carboxylation, such as γ-carboxylation, and/or hydroxylation, such as β-hydroxylation.
An “EGF domain” is a cysteine-rich amino acid sequence, typically about 30-45 residues in length, found originally in epidermal growth factor. A range of proteins involved in cell signaling and in the coagulation cascade contain EGF domains. The EGF domains of FVIIa and PC are involved in cofactor recognition. For example, the EGF-1 domain of FVIIa plays a critical role in its affinity for TF. The EGF-1 domain of PC, on the other hand, is not known to have an affinity for TF. The EGF-1 domain of FVII/FVIIa can comprise, for example, amino acids from about position 46 to about position 82 of SEQ ID NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 10). The EGF-2 domain of FVII/FVIIa can comprise, for example, amino acids from about position 87 to about position 128 of SEQ ID NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 11). The EGF-1 domain of PC can comprise, for example, amino acids from about position 55 to about position 90 of SEQ ID NO: 4 (SEQ ID NO: 12). The EGF-2 domain of PC can comprise, for example, amino acids from about position 94 to about position 134 of SEQ ID NO: 4 (SEQ ID NO: 13). Each EGF domain can include post-translational modifications, for example, hydroxylation, such as β-hydroxylation, and/or glycosylation, such as N-glycosylation and/or O-glycosylation and/or fucosylation.
The protease domain of FVIIa is responsible for its cleavage/activation of Factor IX and Factor X. Activated Protein C (APC) proteolytically inactivates Factor Va and Factor VIIIa to downregulate the process of blood coagulation, which has direct anti-coagulant, anti-hemostatic and/or anti-thrombotic effects. FVIIa binding to EPCR can displace bound PC to competitively inhibit PC activation, which could have indirect pro-coagulant, pro-hemostatic and/or pro-thrombotic effects. The protease domain of FVII/FVIIa can comprise, for example, amino acids from about position 153 to about position 392 of SEQ ID NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 14), or from about position 153 to about position 406 of SEQ ID NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 15). The protease domain of PC can comprise, for example, amino acids from about position 169 to about position 408 of SEQ ID NO: 4 (SEQ ID NO: 16). The protease domain can include post-translational modifications, for example, phosphorylation and/or glycosylation, such as N-glycosylation.
The present inventors have discovered that chimeric PC-FVIIa comprising Gla and EGF1 domains from PC and EGF2 and protease domains from FVIIa has the membrane-binding and receptor-targeting properties of PC and the enzymatic activity of FVIIa, without the Tissue Factor (TF) binding of FVIIa. The interaction between pharmacologically administered rFVIIa and TF is an established mechanism for thrombotic complications that have occurred in a clinical context. In their activated form, the PC-FVII chimeras of the invention can bind to EPCR on endothelial cells, which can cleave PAR1 and initiate intracellular signaling, leading to anti-inflammatory effects and preservation of the barrier function of endothelium.
Non-limiting examples of amino acid sequences that can be used in the invention are set forth in Table 1.
PC-FVII chimeras of the invention can include domains comprising more, fewer, or conservatively substituted amino acids compared with those sequences listed in Table 1, provided that the basic function of the domain is preserved. The chimeras can comprise solely wild-type FVII and PC amino acid sequences. Alternatively, the chimeras can comprise heterologous sequences (i.e., from neither wild-type FVII nor wild-type PC), for example, the chimeras can comprise one or more heterologous linkers between domains. The amino acid sequence of an exemplary PC-FVII chimera is shown in
PC-FVII chimeras of the invention can comprise a prepropeptide. The prepropeptide is typically comprised of a signal peptide, which directs localization of the molecule to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, and a propeptide, which binds vitamin K-dependent γ-glutamyl carboxylase. The prepropeptide sequence can be from FVII, PC, or another coagulation factor, preferably from another vitamin K-dependent protein, for example, prothrombin, FIX, FX, Protein S, or Protein Z. The signal peptide and propeptide can be from the same or different proteins. Such signal and propeptide sequences are highly conserved and are known in the art (Kriegler et al., 2018; Stanley et al., 1999; Pan et al., 1985). The amino acid sequence of an exemplary PC-FVII chimera comprising a prepropeptide is shown in
PC-FVII chimeras of the invention can optionally include one or more epitope and/or affinity tags, such as for purification or detection. Non-limiting examples of such tags include FLAG, HA, His, Myc, GST, and the like. PC-FVII chimeras of the invention can optionally include one or more labels.
In certain aspects, the invention provides a composition, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition, comprising a PC-FVII chimera of the invention, optionally further comprising one or more carriers, diluents, excipients, or other additives.
Also within the scope of the invention are kits comprising the PC-FVII chimeras and compositions as provided herein and, optionally, instructions for use. In one embodiment, the kit comprises a syringe. The syringe can be pre-filled with a composition comprising a PC-FVII chimera of the invention. The kit can further contain at least one additional reagent, and/or one or more additional active agents. Kits typically include a label indicating the intended use of the contents of the kit. In this context, the term “label” includes any writing or recorded material supplied on or with the kit, or that otherwise accompanies the kit.
The PC-FVII chimeras can be used in various contexts, for example, as a model for studying coagulation, EPCR-mediated binding, and the effects of platelet vs. endothelial membrane microenvironment. PC-FVII chimera activity and function can be measured by known assays, including the assays described herein.
PC-FVII chimeras of the invention can be chemically synthesized or can be expressed using recombinant methods. Synthesis or expression may occur as fragments of the protein which are subsequently combined either chemically or enzymatically.
Accordingly, also provided are nucleic acid molecules encoding PC-FVII chimeras of the invention. Nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be designed based on the amino acid sequence of the desired PC-FVII chimera and selection of those codons that are favored in the host cell in which the recombinant PC-FVII chimera will be produced. Standard methods can be applied to synthesize a nucleic acid molecule encoding a PC-FVII chimera of interest. An exemplary nucleotide sequence encoding a PC-FVII chimera of the invention is shown in
Once prepared, the nucleic acid encoding a particular PC-FVII chimera can be inserted into an expression vector and operably linked to an expression control sequence appropriate for expression of the peptide in a desired host. In order to obtain high expression levels of the PC-FVII chimera, the nucleic acid can be operably linked to or associated with transcriptional and translational expression control sequences that are functional in the chosen expression host.
A wide variety of expression host/vector combinations can be employed. Useful expression vectors for eukaryotic hosts include, for example, vectors comprising expression control sequences from SV40, bovine papilloma virus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus. Useful expression vectors for bacterial hosts include known bacterial plasmids, such as plasmids from E. coli, including pCR1, pBR322, pMB9 and their derivatives, wider host range plasmids, such as M13, and filamentous single-stranded DNA phages.
Suitable host cells include prokaryotes, yeast, insect, or higher eukaryotic cells under the control of appropriate promoters. Prokaryotes include gram negative or gram positive organisms, for example E. coli or bacilli. Higher eukaryotic cells can be established or cell lines of mammalian origin, examples of which include Pichia pastoris, HEK293 cells, COS-7 cells, L cells, C127 cells, 3T3 cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, HeLa cells, and BHK cells. Cell-free translation systems can also be employed. Helper enzymes, such as vitamin K-dependent carboxylase (VKGC), vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR), and/or PACE/furin can be used to increase the levels of functional vitamin K-dependent protein expression.
DNA sequences for use in producing PC-FVII chimeras of the invention will typically encode a prepropeptide at the N-terminus to obtain proper post-translational processing and secretion from the host cell. As will be appreciate by those skilled in the art, additional modifications, such as amino acid additions, deletions, and substitutions, can be made in the amino acid sequence of the PC-FVII chimeras described herein, provided that those modifications do not significantly affect the protein's function.
Embodiments of the present disclosure can be further defined by reference to the following non-limiting examples. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many modifications, both to materials and methods, can be practiced without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. A number of variants to reference peptide ST-3 were made and examined, as described below.
We designed a chimeric cDNA encoding residues 1-91 (Gla and EGF1 domains) of human PC linked to residues 85-406 (EGF2 and Protease domains) of human FVIIa (PCgla-egf1FVIIa) (
Candidate clones expressing significant FVIIa activity were expanded for purification of the chimera using sequential Q-Sepharose (GE Healthcare) and HiTrap S (GE Healthcare) columns eluted with a salt gradient as described (Chang et al., 1995). Two separate purifications (A and B) were completed using conditioned media from two separate clones. The eluates from each of the purification procedures were subjected to protein electrophoresis using 10-15% Phast gels (Pharmacia Biotech). The resulting bands are consistent with the expected molecular weight of PCgla-egf1FVIIa (
During the initial screens for chimera activity, the conditioned media from each candidate clone was purposefully activated by FXa as above to ensure activation of the chimera prior to screening for activity. However, protein electrophoresis of the eluate from the first purification procedure (
As shown in
FIXgla-egf1FVIIa is a chimera having the Gla and EGF1 domains of Factor IX and the EGF2 and protease domains of FVIIa (Chang et al., 1995). Antithrombin active-site titrations, as described (Grandoni et al., 2017), were performed to determine the relative protein concentration and enzymatic activity of PCgla-egf1FVIIa and FIXgla-egf1FVIIa in vitro. Since both contain the protease domain of FVIIa, FIXgla-egf1FVIIa could be used as a positive control.
For these experiments 200 nM of either PCgla-egf1FVIIa, FIXgla-egf1FVIIa, or rFVIIa was incubated with 2.5 U/ml heparin and varying amounts (0-800 nM) of antithrombin for 14 hours at room temperature. Following incubation, 500 μM Pefachrome FVIIa was added and FVIIa activity was assessed by continuously monitoring the cleavage of this chromogenic substrate at 405 nm every 15 seconds for 10 min. The rate of substrate cleavage was then plotted against the original concentration of antithrombin in order to determine the concentration of active material in each sample.
As shown in
After confirming the ability of PCgla-egf1FVIIa to cleave a synthetic peptide substrate, we also wanted to determine its ability to cleave a more physiologic substrate. We therefore compared the activity of PCgla-egf1FVIIa to rFVIIa and to FIXgla-egf1FVIIa on phospholipid vesicles (15% PS/41% PC/44% PE) by monitoring Factor X (FX) activation using a chromogenic substrate for Factor Xa (FXa) as described (Fager et al., 2018; Hoffman et al., 2011). PCgla-egf1FVIIa, FIXgla-egf1FVIIa, or rFVIIa (20 nM) were incubated with FX (135 nM), Pefachrome FXa (500 μM), and 5 mM CaCl2 in the presence of 40 μM phospholipid. FXa activity was assessed by monitoring cleavage of the chromogenic substrate at 405 nm.
As shown in
To determine the affinity of PCgla-egf1FVIIa for TF, its TF-dependent activity was measured by monitoring FX activation in an assay designed to detect weak TF binding. For these assays, 2000 pM PCgla-egf1FVIIa, 2000 pM FIXgla-egf1FVIIa, or varying amounts of rFVIIa (0-2000 pM), were incubated with FX (135 nM), Pefachrome FXa (500 μM), and 5 mM CaCl2 in the presence of 1 nM human TF (Innovin, DADE/Behring) which was dialyzed to remove excess calcium. FX activation was assessed by monitoring cleavage of the chromogenic substrate at 405 nm.
As shown in
This reduced affinity for TF represents a potential advantage for PCgla-egf1FVIIa, as long-term exposure to high levels of FVIIa causes premature mortality due to thrombosis in TF-rich tissues (Aljamali et al., 2008) and with TF-bearing microparticles. Minimizing the interaction with TF could lead to a decreased risk of thrombosis that can occur with rFVIIa (von Bruhl et al., 2012), particularly in non-hemophilia patients who are at higher risk for these complications (Yank et al., 2011).
Thrombin serves as the central regulator of hemostasis and thrombosis. The efficient generation of thrombin requires the assembly of multiprotein enzyme complexes that are assembled on an appropriate membrane surface. We therefore used a calibrated automated thrombography (CAT) assay as described (Vavalle et al., 2014), to determine the effect of varied concentrations of phospholipid surfaces on the ability of PCgla-egf1FVIIa to facilitate thrombin generation. Briefly, Factor VIII deficient (hemophilia A) plasma was incubated with tissue factor (1 pM) and either rFVIIa (20 μg/ml), PCgla-egf1FVIIa (20 μg/ml), or FVIII (2 U/ml) in the presence of varied concentrations of phospholipid vesicles (4-300 μM) and 432 μM fluorogenic thrombin substrate (Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC). The lag time, peak thrombin concentration, and endogenous thrombin potential were then determined from direct measurement of the resulting change in fluorescence intensity over time.
As shown in
Given the increased rate of TF-independent FX activation by PCgla-egf1FVIIa as compared to rFVIIa, we wanted to confirm that this would translate into an increased ability to facilitate thrombin generation. To do so, we used a modification of the CAT assay described in Example 6 in which the TF was excluded. Briefly, Hemophilia A plasma was incubated with either rFVIIa (20 μg/ml) or PCgla-egf1FVIIa (20 μg/ml), in the presence of phospholipid vesicles (3-30 μM) and a fluorogenic thrombin substrate (432 μM). The lag time, peak thrombin concentration, and endogenous thrombin potential were again determined from direct measurement of the resulting change in fluorescence intensity over time.
As shown in
The present invention is further described by the following claims.
This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/714,189, filed on Aug. 3, 2018, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US19/45018 | 8/3/2019 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62714189 | Aug 2018 | US |
