Ribosome-inactivating glycoproteins, modified by oxidation of their osidic units and formation of a Schiff's base and in-vivo prolonged action immunotoxins containing such a glycoprotein

The present invention relates to new medicinal molecules containing at least one antibody covalently bonded to a constituent of polypeptide type which inhibits protein synthesis and is derived from a glycoprotein (or a glycopeptide) whose polysaccharide units have been modified.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,535 and French Patent Applications published under No. 2 504 010 and 2 516 794 describe the preparation of anticancer products, called conjugates, which are obtained by the coupling, by means of a covalent bond, of the A chain of ricin with antibodies or antibody fragments directed against antigens carried by the cell to be destroyed. The products of this type have been designated, and are designated in the present Application, by the generic name of immunotoxins.
Conjugates analogous to the previously described immunotoxins containing the A chain of ricin are known which are also suitable as anticancer drugs and result from the coupling, by means of a covalent bond, of antibodies or antibody fragments with other glycoproteins which inactivate ribosomes, such as, in particular, the gelonine extracted from Gelonium multiflorum (Eur. J. Biochem. 1981, 116, 447-454; Cancer Res. 1984, 44, 129-133) or the inhibitor extracted from Momordica charantia (MOM) (U.S. Pat. No. 4,368,149).
These glycoproteins which inactivate ribosomes (abbreviated to GPIR), and which have properties similar to those of the A chain of ricin, are substances with a molecular weight of the order of magnitude of 20,000 and 30,000 (Cancer Survey, 1982, 1, 489-520).
The term "glycoprotein which inactivates ribosomes", as used in the present description and also in the claims, denotes any substance which carries saccharide units belonging to the class of macromolecules which inactivate ribosomes and consequently inhibit protein synthesis in eucaryotic cells, as well as any fragment of the said substance which possesses the same inactivating property, it being possible for the said glycoprotein which inactivates ribosomes to be of natural or biosynthetic origin, being derived from a cell whose genotype has been modified for this purpose.
It is also known that the cytotoxic activity of these immunotoxins can be potentiated by a variety of adjuvant substances such as ammonium salts, various amines or certain carboxylic ionophores such as monensin or nigericin.
However, the therapeutic effects of immunotoxins, whether activated or not, can only manifest themselves fully on condition that the immunotoxin is capable, through its antibody part, of becoming localized in vivo, in the active form, on the target cells to be destroyed (sine qua non condition for any expression of immunotoxin activity). The capacity of the immunotoxin to become localized on the target depends first and foremost on the ability of the immunotoxin to remain in the bloodstream and the extracellular fluids, in the active form, for sufficient lengths of time for it to reach its target cells and at sufficient concentrations to give a high degree of occupation of the corresponding antigen sites.
Numerous studies have made it possible to establish the plasma elimination kinetics of immunotoxins after intravenous injection into various animal models. It has been found that, after injection, the plasma level of biologically active immunotoxin decreases very rapidly and very substantially. Thus, in a typical case involving rabbits, in a model using an immunotoxin built up by coupling the A chain or ricin, by means of a link containing a disulfide bridge, with a monoclonal antibody directed against the antigen T65 of human T lymphocytes (antibody T101), it is found that 97% of the immunotoxin present in the bloodstream at time 0 after injection disappears in 30 minutes and 99.9% disappears in 17 hours. This rapid disappearance of the immunotoxin quite obviously detracts from the expression of its complete cytotoxic capacity, the immunotoxin being prevented from durably saturating a high proportion of the target antigens carried by the cells to be destroyed. Moreover, a comparison of the plasma elimination kinetics of immunotoxins with those of the corresponding unconjugated antibodies slows by contrast that--as is well known--the antibodies remain in the plasma at a high level for relatively long periods of time. Now, even in the most highly purified immunotoxin preparations, there is always a certain residual level of unconjugated antibodies. Due to the effect of the differential rates of elimination of immunotoxins and antibodies, the unconjugated antibodies, which are initially very much in the minority, progressively become the majority component after a few hours, so these antibodies gradually compete to become powerful antagonists for the fixation of the immunotoxins to their targets.
Therefore, this clearly shows the value of enhancing the persistence of immunotoxins in the plasma, in their active form, so as to increase both the duration and degree of occupation of the target antigens and consequently to improve the therapeutic effects of the immunotoxins.
Furthermore, experiments involving in vivo localization of the immunotoxin containing the A chain of ricin, radiolabeled and then injected into animals with no specific target, have shown that the conjugate becomes localized preferentially in the liver during the first few minutes after injection. The same applies to the A chain of ricin, which follows the same pattern when injected in the uncoupled form. This strongly suggests that the immunotoxin becomes fixed in the liver via the cytotoxic sub-unit contained in the immunotoxin.
It is known that the A chain of ricin is a glycoprotein whose polyosidic groups comprise especially mannose residues and N-acetylglucosamine residues, some mannose residues being in terminal positions (Agri. Biol. Chem., 1978, 42, 501). Also, receptors capable of recognizing glycoproteins containing these terminal mannose residues have been found to exist in the liver. It has also been shown that the glycoproteins recognized by these receptors--the latter being present essentially on the Kupffer cells--are rapidly eliminated from the bloodstream by fixation to these cells, which metabolize them. This is well documented especially in the case of beta-glucuronidase and in the case of ribonuclease B (Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1978, 188, 418; Advances in Enzymology, published by A. Meister, New York, 1974; Pediat. Res., 1977, 11, 816).
Taken as a whole, this information shows that the rapid elimination of immunotoxins containing the A chain of ricin can be explained by the recognition of the mannose residues of the A chain of ricin by the hepatic cells and in particular the Kupffer cells.
The studies of plasma elimination kinetics carried out on other GPIRs, for example gelonine or MOM, after intravenous injection into the animal, have shown that, as in the case of the A chain of ricin, the plasma level of GPIR decreases very rapidly and very substantially after injection. Thus, in a typical case involving rabbits, after the injection of gelonine purified by the method described (J. Biol. Chem., 1980, 255, 6947-6953), it is found that 93% of the gelonine present in the bloodstream at time 0 after injection disappears in 1 hour and 99.99% disappears in 24 hours.
It is known that the oxidation of osidic structures, including those contained in glycoproteins, with periodate ions causes the scission of the carbon chain wherever two adjacent carbon atoms carry primary or secondary hydroxyls. If the two adjacent hydroxyls are secondary, as is generally the case in the cyclic oses present in GPIRs, oxidation produces two aldehyde groups on the carbons between which the scission has taken place.
It is also known that the aldehyde groups are very active towards the primary amine groups by formation of imines also known as Schiff's bases. Thus, the aldehyde groups formed during the oxidation reaction can react with the primary amines carried by the peptide chain of glycoprotein, and form undesirable intra- and/or intermolecular covalent bonds, leading to an instability of the oxidation product and often to the formation of insoluble polymers.
It has now been found, absolutely unexpectedly, that, if the carbohydrate units of a GPIR are modified by the original process described hereinafter, a new molecule of GPIR is obtained which has the dual property of retaining its biological activities and of being eliminated very slowly from the bloodstream after injection to superior animals or humans. This new modified GPIR which retains the property of inactivating ribosomes and which, due to the modification, has acquired a long period of action in vivo, is designated in the present application by the symbol GPIR-1a.
Said original process consists in modifying the osidic units of the GPIR by reaction with periodate ions in the presence of an excess of an auxiliary reagent comprising a primary amine group and which, by the rest of the structure, is not likely to react with the periodate ions in the operational conditions used. Thus, the aldehyde groups created by the oxidation with periodate are blocked as and when they appear by formation of Schiff's base with the excess of exogene amino reagent, thus avoiding undesirable reactions with other amino groups of the GPIR and permitting the obtention of a stable and perfectly soluble product.
It has also been found that if these new prolonged-action glycoproteins are coupled with antibodies or antibody fragments, the resulting conjugates retain the known biological properties of immunotoxins and exhibit slow plasma elimination kinetics.
The present invention therefore relates, as new product, to a structure-modified GPIR, whose carbohydrate units have been modified by the action of periodate ions in the presence of an excess of auxiliary reagent presenting a primary amine group and capable of blocking the aldehyde groups created by the oxidation with periodate, as and when these appear. The invention further relates to the process for obtaining said modified GPIR such as described hereinabove.
The present invention further relates to products, belonging to the class of the immunotoxins, which are obtained by the covalent coupling of, on the one hand, an antibody or antibody fragment, used in its natural form or correctly modified, and, on the other hand, a molecule of GPIR whose carbohydrate units have been modified by the aforesaid original process.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows the plasma elimination curves as a function of time for native A chain (curve 1) and a modified A chain (curve 2) according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows the plasma elimination curves as a function of time for an immunotoxin (curve 1) and a modified immunotoxin conjugate (curve 2) according to the present invention.

The meaning is given hereunder of the different products used in carrying out the invention.
The term "periodate" denotes the IO.sub.4.sup.- ion present in aqueous solutions of periodic acid salts and in particular salts deriving from alkaline metals. Said salts are also mentioned in the literature under the name of metaperiodates.
The term "auxiliary reagent having a primary amine group" denotes any organic molecule carrying a single primary amine group which is not likely to react with the periodate ions in the operational conditions used. For example, said reagent may be any alkylamine, non reacting with the periodate, and soluble in water, at the necessary concentration, in base or salt form, at a pH varying between 5 and 7, and at a temperature varying between 0.degree. and 15.degree. C. Said reagent may also be any .alpha.-amino or .omega.-amino acid meeting the aforesaid conditions, whether it is optically active or racemic, such as one of the following aliphatic amino acids: glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid. Said reagent may also be any peptide meeting the aforesaid conditions.
The term "antibody" denotes a protein selected from any antibody or antibody fragment, or any immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin fragment or any molecule derived from the above by artificial modification of any one of their functional groups, including osidic structures that they carry, with the proviso that the protein chosen in this way remains capable of selectively recognizing a given antigen on the surface of the cells carrying this antigen, and in particular the target cells. The starting antibody may be of natural or biosynthetic origin, being derived from a cell whose genotype has been modified for this purpose.
The preparation of monoclonal antibodies directed in particular against definite human target cells has been widely covered in the scientific literature and many of these antibodies are now available on the market.
The symbol P represents a protein chosen from the group comprising any antibody or antibody fragment, any immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin fragment or any molecule derived from the above by artificial modification of any one of their functional groups, including carbohydrate structures which they carry, with the proviso that the protein chosen in this way remains capable of selectively recognizing a given antigen on the surface of the cells carrying this antigen, especially the cancer cells. The starting protein P can be of natural or biosynthetic origin, being derived from a cell whose genotype has been modified for this purpose.
The symbol GPIR represents a glycoprotein or one of its fragments. Provided that such fragments retain all or part of the ribosomes-inactivating property which characterizes the GPIR from which they are issued, they can be used as starting products, but the native GPIR is preferred.
The symbol "GPIR-1a" represents the GPIR modified according to the invention, namely a molecule having the property of inactivating the ribosomes like the GPIR but having a period of action in vivo which is higher than that of the GPIR and which results from the treatment in aqueous medium of the GPIR by an oxidizing agent, such as periodate, in the presence of an excess of primary amine in order to transform the formed aldehyde groups into imine groups (or Schiff's base).
The operation is in general conducted at a temperature varying between 0.degree. and 15.degree. C., in an aqueous solution of pH between 5 and 7, and preferably in the absence of light; in this condition, the reaction lasts between 0.2 and 24 hours.
In the immunotoxin, the GPIR-1a part is also denoted as a "cytotoxic sub-unit".
The symbol A--1a represents a prolonged-action glycoprotein which inactivates ribosomes, obtained by treatment of the A chain of ricin, in which at least one of the thiol groups of its cysteines 171 and 257 is optionally protected, with an aqueous solution of an alkali metal periodate, for a period of 0.2 to 24 hours, at a temperature of 0.degree. to 15.degree. C. and in the absence of light, and by deprotection of the said thiol group, if appropriate.
The symbol P' represents a radical derived from the above protein P, as such as appropriately chemically modified, from which one or more of its own groups have been removed and in which other functional groups are optionally blocked.
The symbol GPIR-1a' represents a radical derived from the above protein GPIR-1a, as such or appropriately chemically modified, from which one or more of its own groups have been removed and in which other functional groups are optionally blocked.
The symbol A--1a' represents a radical derived from the protein A--1a, from which at least one of the thiol groups of its cysteines 171 and 257 have been removed.
The symbol P.sub.1 represents one of the proteins GPIR-1a and P as defined above, which carries free thiol groups attached to the said protein directly or via a spacing structure.
The symbol P.sub.2, which is different from P.sub.1, represents one of the proteins GPIR-1a and P as defined above, which carries one or more functional groups capable of reacting with the free thiols.
The symbol P.sub.1 ' represents that radical of the protein P.sub.1 which is bonded to the functions belonging to the protein P.sub.1, especially the groups SH (of the cysteine), NH.sub.2 (in the terminal position of the protein or in the epsilon position of the lysines), OH (of the tyrosines) of COOH (of the aspartic and glutamic acids), or, only in the case where P, is an antibody or antibody fragment, that radical of the protein P.sub.1 which originates from the opening of the carbohydrate structures by reaction with periodic acid according to known methods.
The symbol P.sub.2, represents that radical of the protein P.sub.2 which is bonded to the characteristic functional groups NH.sub.2 (in the terminal position of the protein or in the epsilon position of the lysines), OH (of the tyrosines) or COOH (of the aspartic and glutamic acids).
For example, P.sub.1' --SH represents the protein P.sub.1 (which can arbitrarily be the antibody or antibody fragment P or the protein GPIR-1a) in which the SH groups of the cysteines are free and the other functional groups are optionally blocked.
In the same way, P.sub.1' --CO-- represents the protein P.sub.1 in which the terminal carboxyl group or the carboxyl groups of its glutamic and aspartic acids are coupled with a group which artificially introduces an SH group.
Again, P.sub.2' --NH-- represents the protein P.sub.2 (which can arbitrarily be the antibody or antibody fragment P or the protein GPIR-1a) in which the terminal amino group or the amino groups of its lysines are attached to a group capable of coupling with the thiol of the protein P.sub.1.
The term "inert spacing structure", as used here for E and E', denotes a divalent organic radical which in inert towards the reactants used in the process, such as a straight-chain or branched alkylene group containing from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, which can obtain one or more double bonds, can be interrupted by oxygen atoms or can be substituted by one or more inert functional groups such as methoxy groups, free or esterified carboxyl groups, dialkylamino groups or carbamate groups. The same term also denotes an arylene group containing from 6 to 15 carbon atoms, which can be substituted by one or more inert functional groups as indicated above for the alkylene group.
The expression "functional group capable of bonding covalently", as used here for Y and Y', denotes any groups capable of reacting with the groups belonging to the proteins P.sub.1 and P.sub.2 to give a covalent bond. Thus, the groups --CO-- and --(C.dbd.NH)-- are suitable functional groups capable of bonding with the free amines, the thiols and the phenolic hydroxyls of the proteins. Likewise, the --NH-- group is a suitable functional group capable of bonding with the free carboxyl groups of the proteins. The group .dbd.N-- is a suitable functional group capable of bonding with the two carbon atoms of the carbohydrate structures of the proteins P.sub.1 and P.sub.2 after oxidation with periodate ions, but only in the case where P.sub.1 and P.sub.2 are an antibody or an antibody fragment.
The expression "group belonging to the proteins", as used here for Z and Z', denotes the radicals originating from the characteristic groups of the amino acids forming the proteins P.sub.1 and P.sub.2, such as the oxygen atom originating from the hydroxyls of the tyrosine and possibly serine amino acids, the carbonyl group originating from the terminal carboxyl or the free carboxyls of the aspartic and glutamic acids, the --NH-- group originating from the terminal amine of the proteins, for example the lysine, or the sulfur atom originating from the thiol of the cysteine. The same expression also denotes the group originating from the dialdehyde structure obtained after oxidation of one of the carbohydrate structures of the proteins P.sub.1 and P.sub.2 by treatment with periodate ions, but only in the case where P.sub.1 and P.sub.2 are an antibody or antibody fragment.
The term "activating radical", as used here for X, denotes a group bonded to an --S--S-- bridge and capable of reacting with a free thiol to form a disulfide with the release of X-SH. Suitable activating radicals are pyridin-2-yl and pyridin-4-yl groups which are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more halogens or alkyl, carboxyl or alkoxycarbonyl radicals; the phenyl group which is unsubstituted or, preferably, substituted by one or more halogens or nitro, alkoxy, carboxyl or alkoxycarbonyl groups; or an alkoxycarbonyl group such as methoxycarbonyl.
The terms "alkyl" and "alkoxy" denote groups containing up to 5 carbon atoms.
The term "alkylene" denotes straight-chain or branched saturated aliphatic groups containing up to 10 carbon atoms, which can be substituted by one or more inert functional groups such as alkoxycarbonyl groups.
Glycoproteins which inactivate ribosomes and which are used as preferred starting materials for oxidation with periodate ions, and for reduction according to the invention, are all GPIRs, such as the A chain of ricin, which are in themselves only very slightly cytotoxic because they cannot fix to the cells, but which, on the other hand, after coupling with an antibody recognizing particular cells, become highly cytotoxic towards these cells once the antibody has recognized its target.
Representative starting compounds are the A chain of ricin, gelonine and the substance extracted from Momordica charantia (MOM), as obtained by extraction.
Other GPIRs which are useful as starting materials for oxidation with periodate ions are as follows:
______________________________________Dianthin 30 from Dianthus caryophyllusDianthin 32 from Dianthus caryophyllusAgrostin A from Agrostemma gitnagoAgrostin B from Agrostemma gitnagoAgrostin C from Agrostemma gitnagoHCI from Hura crepitansAsparagus officinalis from Asparagus officinalisinhibitor______________________________________
The same substances produced biosynthetically by cells whose genotype has been modified for this purpose are also suitable compounds.
Fragments of the above GPIRs, provided they retain all or part of the property of inactivating ribosomes which characterizes the GPIR from which they are derived, can also be used as starting materials.
The native A chain of ricin in which at least one of the thiol groups is protected is a preferred starting compound.
The preparation of the pure A chain of ricin is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,535. Gelonine and MOM are also described.
Protection of the thiol groups of the starting GPIRs is only necessary if the said thiol groups are those which are to used for coupling with the antibody. If other functional groups are used for the coupling, for example the phenolic hydroxyl of the tyrosines, protection is not carried out.
Blocking is carried out by reaction with a reagent capable of substituting the SH groups with a radical which can subsequently be removed by reduction or thiol/disulfide exchange, for example 2,2'-dinitro-5,5'-dithiodibenzoic acid (DTNB) or alternatively 3-(pyridin-2-yldisulfanyl)propionic acid. In the absence of such a treatment, the free thiols of the A chain may disappear during the oxidation reaction, in which case they cannot be totally regenerated by reaction with a reducing agent such as 2-mercaptoethanol. The excess blocking agent is removed by dialysis or any other appropriate treatment.
The GPIR whose thiols are optionally blocked is then subjected to the oxidation reaction with the periodate ions and to the simultaneous formation of Schiff's base with a primary amine.
The periodic oxidation reaction and the blocking reaction by formation of Schiff's base may be carried out at a moderately acid pH, such as between 5 and 7 and preferably between 6 and 6.5. The GPIR is mixed with the primary amine before the periodate is added. The periodate is used in excess; more particularly, the concentration of alkali metal periodate is always greater than the concentration of vicinal diols capable of being oxidized: concentrations of 10 to 50 mM in respect of sodium periodate for concentration of 1 to 10 mg/ml of cytotoxic sub-unit are suitable. The primary amine (such as L-leucine, L-alanine, L-arginine or L-glutamic acid) is also used at a concentration which is greater than the concentration of vicinal diols capable of being oxidized: concentration of 50 to 500 mM of primary amine for concentration of 1 to 10 mg/ml of cytotoxic sub-unit are suitable. The treatment, carried out at a temperature between 0.degree. and 15.degree. C. and preferably between 1.degree. and 5.degree. C. and in the dark, takes between 0.2 and 24 hours.
When the reaction is over, the excess of periodate is eliminated by adding a reagent which consumes it, such as for example, an excess of ethylene-glycol, and the by-products are removed by dialysis. The product obtained at the end of the reaction is isolated by the conventional techniques.
If the thiol groups of the starting material have been blocked, unblocking is effected by the known methods, for example by reaction with a reducing agent capable of freeing the previously blocked thiol group, such as 2-mercaptoethanol, giving the new prolonged-action glycoprotein which inactivates ribosomes, ready to be used for coupling with an antibody to give an immunotoxin.
In the case of the A chain of ricin, the new molecule obtained in this way (referred to by the symbols A--1a)possesses the following main properties:
a molecular weight which is not significantly different from that of the native A chain. As far as it is possible to see by polyacrylamide gradient electrophoresis, this modification only produces polymers of the protein in a very small quantity and does not produce any degradation products.
a proportion of free thiol groups greater than 0.7 per mol.
an immunoreactivity towards rabbit antibodies directed against the A chain of ricin which is indistinguishable from that of the native A chain.
an inhibitory activity on a protein synthesis in an acellular model which is greater than 50% of that caused by an equal quantity of native A chain.
finally, after a single intravenous administration to rabbits at a dose of about 0.4 mg/kg of body weight, the plasma level of the prolonged-action A chain (A--1a) present in the bloodstream 23 hours after injection is 10 to 100 times greater than the plasma level of the native A chain measured in the same conditions.
A GPIR prepared as described hereinabove can be used for preparing conjugates or immunotoxins according to the heretofore known methods.
More particularly, the present invention relates to products, belonging to the class of the immunotoxins, (hereinafter named IT) which are obtained by the covalent coupling of, on the other hand, an antibody or antibody fragment, use in its natural form or correctly modified, which possesses the capacity to selectively recognize an antigen carried by the intended target cells, with, on the other hand, a prolonged-action glycoprotein GPIR which inactivates ribosomes named GPIR-1a, obtained by the process hereinabove disclosed, the coupling of the 2 proteins being effected either via a disulfide bond or via a thioether bond.
An immunotoxin formed by the coupling of an antibody P with a prolonged-action glycoprotein which inactivates ribosomes, GPIR--1a, can be represented by the following statistical formula:
P'--W--GPIR--1a' (I)
in which P' represents the radical of a protein which is an antibody or an antibody fragment P, as such or appropriately chemically modified, in which other functional groups are optionally blocked, GPIR--1a' represents the radical of a protein which is GPIR--1a, as such or appropriately chemically modified, in which other functional groups are optionally blocked, and W represents a divalent covalent structure containing a thioether group or a disulfide group in which either the sulfur atoms are those of the cysteines of P and GPIR--1a or they are bonded to the groups belonging to P and/or GPIR--1a by spacing structures carrying a functional group bonded to the said groups belonging to P and/or GPIR--1a.
A thioether bond between two proteins is understood as meaning a bond of the type: ##STR1## in which Z, Y and E are as defined below.
The present invention preferentially relates to an imunotoxin of the statistical formula:
P'--W'--GPIR--1a' (II)
in which P' and GPIR--1a' are as defined and W' represents a covalent structure chosen from:
(a) a group of the formula: ##STR2##
(b) a group of the formula: ##STR3##
(c) a group of the formula
--Z--Y--E--S--S--(E'--Y'--Z').sub.n --
or
(d) a group of the formula:
--(Z'--Y'--E').sub.n --S--S--E--Y--Z--,
in which:
Z and Z', being either identical or different represent the groups belonging to the proteins GPIR--1a and P, chosen from the oxygen atom originating from the hydroxyl of one of the tyrosine residues, the carbonyl group originating from one of the terminal carboxyls or the free carboxyls of the aspartic and/or glutamic acids of GPIR--1a and P, the --NH-- group originating from one of the terminal amines of GPIR--1a and P or from one of the amines in the epsilon position of one of the lysine residues, and, only for Z in the covalent structures (b) and (c), the group originating from the dialdehyde structure obtained after oxidation of one of the carbohydrate structures of P with periodic acid according to the known methods;
Y and Y' represent functional groups capable of bonding covalently with any one of the groups Z and Z' of the proteins GPIR--1a and P;
E and E' represent inert spacing structures; and
n represents zero or 1.
The immunotoxin of the present invention are represented in simplified form by the formula I and II above, but it is understood that there can be several structures --W-- or --W'-- bonded to one and the same molecule P and/or of molecule GPIR--1a, hence several GPIR--1a bonded to only one P and vice-versa; the number of bonds depending on the coupling method and on the number of groups belonging to P and to GPIR--1a. Thus, statistical formulae I and II also represent these products and their mixtures, of formula:
P'(W'--GPIR--1a').sub.m
in which m is an integer or a mixed number, smaller or greater than 1.
For example, if an immunotoxin is formed by the coupling of the sub-unit A of native ricin with the antibody P (for example the antibody T101) via a divalent covalent structure having a disulfide group in which one sulfur is that belonging to the cysteine 257 of the prolonged-action A chain of ricin and the other is bonded to the phenolic oxygens of the tyrosines of the antibody P by an oxopropyl group, it will have the statistical formula:
P'(O--CO--CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --S--S--A--1a').sub.t
in which t represents the number of tyrosines in the antibody (for example the antibody T101) which are involved in the coupling.
The resulting immunotoxin thus corresponds to a product of the formula II in which:
P' is as defined above, especially the radical of the antibody T101 from which the phenolic groups of the tyrosines involved in the coupling have been removed;
A--1a' is the radical of the prolonged-action A chain of ricin from which the thiol group of its cysteine 257 has been removed; and
W' is the group (c):
--Z--Y--E--S--S--(E'--Y'--Z').sub.n --
in which Z is the oxygen of the phenolic hydroxyls involved in the coupling, Y is --CO--, E is the inert spacing structure --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 -- and n is zero.
Particular preference is given to the immunotoxins formed by one or more structures containing the prolonged-action sub-unit A of ricin and a single antibody P, which are represented by the statistical formula:
P'(W'--A--1a').sub.m III
in which P', W' and A--1a' are as defined above and m represents the number of groups belonging to the protein P which are involved in the coupling. The number m varies from 0.3 to 12, preferably from 0.5 to 10.
The expression "m varies from 0.3 to 12, preferably from 0.5 to 10" means that the value of m is a statistical value because the coupling does not take place homogeneously within the population of antibody molecules. The number m may therefore not be an integer.
The value of m depends especially on the antibodies used and more particularly on their molecular weight.
Thus, if a fragment Fab or Fab' is used as the starting antibody P, the value of m can vary between 0.3 and about 2; if a fragment F(ab').sub.2 is used, m can vary between 0.5 and about 4; for an antibody of the IgG type, the value of m will be between 0.5 and about 6; finally, for an antibody IgM, the value of m can vary between 1 and about 12.
It is preferable, however, for the degree of substitution on the antibody P to be such as to lead to a value of m which is not less than 0.5 and not more than 10.
More generally, the structures I and II above represent statistical formulae written in simplified form, as explained above.
Analogously, the formulae IV, V and IX below are also statistical formulae--whenever is 1--because the coupling reactants are prepared from populations of proteins P.sub.1 and P.sub.2 which all have exactly the same properties as those considered above for the antibody P, whether these proteins P.sub.1 and P.sub.2 are themselves the antibody P or the protein GPIR--1a.
According to another feature, the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a prolonged-action immunotoxin having a covalent bond of the disulfide or thioether type between an antibody and a glycoprotein which inactivates ribosomes, wherein a disulfide or thioether bond is formed between an antibody and a prolonged-action glycoprotein which inactivates ribosomes, obtained by treatment of a glycoprotein which inactivates ribosomes, the thiol groups of which are optionally protected, with an aqueous solution of an alkali metal periodate, for a period of 0.2 to 24 hours, at a temperature of 0.degree. to 15.degree. C. and in the absence of light, in the presence of a primary amine, and by unblocking of the thiol group, if appropriate.
According to a preferred feature, the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of an immunotoxin having the structure I above, wherein a protein P.sub.1, which is arbitrarily either the prolonged-action glycoprotein which inactivates ribosomes, GPIR--1a, or an antibody or antibody fragment, carrying at least one free thiol group attached to the said protein P.sub.1 directly or via a spacing structure, is reacted, in aqueous solution and at room temperature, with a protein P.sub.2, which is different from P.sub.1 and is arbitrarily either the prolonged-action glycoprotein which inactivates ribosomes, GPIR--1a, or an antibody or antibody fragment, carrying a group capable of coupling with the free thiol of the protein P.sub.1, so as to form a thioether or disulfide bond.
According to a particularly advantageous feature, the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of an immunotoxin having the structure II, in which P', W' and GPIR--1a' are as defined above, wherein a protein of the formula:
P.sub.1' --(Z--Y--E).sub.n --SH (IV)
is reacted, in aqueous solution and at room temperature, with a protein of the statistical formula:
P.sub.2' --Z'--Y'--E'--G (V)
in which P.sub.1' and P.sub.2' represent the radicals of the protein P.sub.1 and P.sub.2 bonded to the groups belonging to the said proteins, or, only if P.sub.1 and P.sub.2 are an antibody or antibody fraction, the radicals of the proteins P.sub.1 and P.sub.2 originating from the opening of the carbohydrate structures by reaction with periodic acid, Z, Z', Y, Y', E and E' are as defined above an G represents a group: ##STR4## or a group --S--S--X, in which X is an activating group.
Therefore, both P and GPIR--1a are proteins which arbitrarily have:
(1) the thiol group or groups taking part in the coupling, and
(2) one or more functional groups capable of reacting with the above thiol groups to form a disulfide or thioether bond.
According to the present invention, the said thiol groups and functional groups are those of the native proteins P or GPIR--1a or alternatively are introduced therein artificially.
Protection of the thiol groups of the starting GPIRs is only necessary if the said thiol groups are those which are to be used for coupling with the antibody. If other functional groups are used for the coupling, for example the phenolic hydroxyl of the tyrosines, protection is not carried out.
Blocking is carried out by reaction with a reagent capable of substituting the SH groups with a radical which can subsequently be removed by reduction or thiol/disulfide exchange, for example 2,2'-dinitro-5,5'-dithiodibenzoic acid (DTNB) or alternatively 3-(2-pyridyldisulfanyl) propionic acid. In the absence of such a treatment, the free thiols of the A chain may disappear during the reaction of oxidation and of reduction in the presence of amines, in which case they cannot be totally regenerated by reaction with a reducing agent such as 2-mercaptoethanol. The excess blocking agent is removed by dialysis.
The glycoprotein which inactivates ribosomes and the thiols of which are blocked is then subjected to oxidation with periodate ions and to reduction in the presence of amines. If, on the other hand, the cytotoxic sub-unit does not container thiol, or alternatively if the thiol or thiols are not used for coupling, the blocking indicated above is not carried out.
The preparation of the conjugates or immunotoxins from the prolonged-action glycoproteins which inactivate ribosomes is carried out by any process suitably chosen from the range of processes described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,535. If the chosen cytotoxic sub-unit naturally contains at least one thiol making it suitable for coupling, this group will be preferably used by reaction with the antibody or antibody fragment carrying an activated disulfide group. If the chosen cytotoxic sub-unit does not naturally possess a thiol group making it suitable for coupling, at least one functional group carrying a free thiol can preferably be introduced artificially into the said sub-unit, after the step of oxidation with periodate ions and reduction in the presence of an amine, by any known process and the coupling can be continued as indicative above.
The introduction of the said functional group can take place either before the step of oxidation with periodate ions and reduction in the presence of an amine, in which case it will be necessary of the thiol radical to be blocked during the step of oxidation and reduction in the presence of an amine and then unblocked after this step, namely after the step of oxidation and reduction in the presence of an amine.
The chemical coupling of the GIPR--1a with the antibody (or antibody fragment) can be effected by procedures which:
preserve the respective biological activities of the two components of the conjugate, namely the antibody and the GPRI--1a,
ensure that the process has a satisfactory reproducibility and a good coupling yield,
make it possible to control the value of the ratio GPIR--1a/antibody in the conjugate obtained, and
lead to a stable and water-soluble product.
Among the procedure corresponding to these characteristics, preference must be given to those which involve one or more thiols groups in forming the bond between the 2 proteins. In fact, these thiol groups are particularly suitable for forming either disulfide bonds or thioether bonds, both of which satisfy the general conditions above.
The preparation of immunotoxins simultaneously having the following characteristics:
the covalent bond between the A chain of ricin and the antibody contains a disfulfide radical,
one of the sulfur atoms forming the disulfide bond is always the sulfur atom belonging to the cysteine residue in the 257-position of the A chain of ricin, and
the link joining the A chain of ricin to the antibody is fixed to the latter at NH.sub.2 side groups or end groups of a peptide chain.
The coupling of an antibody with the A chain of ricin is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,535.
The same method can be applied to the preparation of immunotoxins having the same characteristics and formed by the coupling of an antibody or antibody fragment with a GPIR--1a.
The preparation of immunotoxins formed by the coupling of an antibody or antibody fragment with a GPIR--1a and by a covalent bond of the disulfide or thioether type at different functional groups is described in detail below.
In general, in order to carry out the coupling reactions between proteins successfully and to eliminate disordered crosslinkings in particular, it is important for one of the proteins to be coupled, and one only, to carry the thiol or thiol groups to be used, while the other protein only carries one or more groups capable of reacting with the thiols in an aqueous medium having a pH of between 5 and 9, and at a temperature not exceeding 30.degree. C., to produce a stable and clearly defined covalent bond.
The characteristics of the proteins P.sub.1 and P.sub.2 used as starting materials are illustrated in detail below. The spacing structure E can be replaced with the preferred structures R to R.sub.8, which are only given as examples.
I--THE PROTEIN P.sub.1
As this protein is in all cases the one carrying the thiol group or groups which will take part in the coupling, the situation which arises varies according to the nature of this protein P.sub.1.
A) In the natural state, the protein P.sub.1 carries one or more thiol radicals which can be used to permit coupling with the protein P.sub.2 ; this is particularly the case if the protein P.sub.1 is the antibody fragment known as F(ab)', as conventionally obtained by limited proteolysis of the antibody in the presence of pepsin, followed by reduction of the disulfide bridge (or bridges) between high-molecular chains.
This is also the case if the protein P.sub.1 as a GPIR--1a, for example the modified A chain of ricin (A-la), or a derivative thereof, in which at least one of the thiol groups carried by the cysteine 171 and 257 residues of the native A chain of ricin is free and accessible for chemical coupling.
In all these cases, the protein P.sub.1 carrying its natural thiol group (or groups) can be used in this state for the coupling step.
B) In the natural state, the protein P.sub.1 does not carry thiol radicals which can be used to permit coupling with the protein P.sub.2 :
this is especially the case if the protein P.sub.1 is a native immunoglobulin, a whole antibody or an antibody fragment, especially one of the fragments conventionally called F(ab)'.sub.2 or F(ab);
another case in which the protein P.sub.1 does not carry, in the natural state, a thiol group which can be used for coupling is the case where this protein P.sub.1 is a GPIR--1a, for example the prolonged-action A chain of ricin, in which each of the two cysteine residues is either blocked by alkylation or inaccessible for chemical modification.
In all cases, it will thus be appropriate artificially to introduce into such molecules one or more thiol groups capable of permitting coupling.
Three types of reaction can preferably be used for the introduction of thiol groups:
1--The first type of reaction is with S-acetylmercaptosuccinic anhydride, which is capable of acylating amino groups of the protein. It will then be possible to free the thiol groups by reaction with hydroxylamine to remove the acetyl protecting radical, in the manner already described (Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 119, 41-49, 1967). It will even be possible, in the case where the thiol group (or groups) thus introduced in the protected form are subsequently to react with an activated mixed disulfide radical, to dispense with the prior deprotection by means of hydroxylamine; in fact, the reaction creating the disulfide bond using the reactants forming the subject of the present invention takes place just as well with the S-acetyl radical as will the free thiol.
Other methods described in the scientific literature can also be used to introduce thiol groups into the protein to be modified.
2--The second type of reaction consists in reacting the protein via its carboxyl groups with a symmetrical diamino molecule having a disulfide bridge, of the formula:
H.sub.2 N--R.sub.1 --S--S--R.sub.1 --NH.sub.2
in which R.sub.1 is an aliphatic group containing from 2 to 5 carbon atoms.
The reaction is preferably carried out with cystamine [R.sub.1 =--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --] in the presence of a coupling agent such as a carbodiimide and especially a water-soluble derivative like 1-ethyl-3-dimethylaminopropyl-3-carbodiimide, and leads to the formation, depending on the stoichiometries used, of one of the following derivatives or a mixture of both:
P.sub.1' --CO--NH--R.sub.1 --S--S--R.sub.1 --NH.sub.2 (Ia)
P.sub.1' --CO--NH--R.sub.1 --S--S--R.sub.1 --NH--CO--P.sub.1 (Ib).
A reaction product of this type can then be used in two ways:
a) If, in the formulae Ia and Ib, the protein P.sub.1 is a GPIR--1a, for example the prolonged-action A chain of ricin or one of its derivatives, the reaction medium obtained is subjected, without fractionation, to the action of a reducing agent such as 2-mercaptoethanol, giving a single protein derivative of the general formula:
P.sub.1' --CONH--R.sub.1 --SH.
The product thus obtained is the purified by dialysis or gel filtration.
b) If, in the formulae Ia and Ib, the protein P.sub.1 is an antibody or one of its fragments, the reaction medium obtained will be used as such for the coupling, in which case a thiol/disulfide exchange method will be used, for example the one described by Gilliland and Collier (Cancer Research, 40, 3564, 1980).
3--The third type of reaction consists in using carbohydrate units, which are present in the natural state in the antibodies, in order to fix the radical carrying the thiol which it is proposed to introduce. The protein P is then subjected to oxidation with periodate ions by the known methods in order to create aldehyde groups on the carbohydrate units. After the reaction has been stopped by the addition of excess ethylene glycol and the by-products and excess reactants have been removed by dialysis, the product obtained is treated with a symmetrical diamino molecule having a disulfide bridge, of the general formula:
H.sub.2 N--R.sub.1 --S--S--R.sub.1 --NH.sub.2
in which R.sub.1 is n aliphatic group containing from 2 to 5 carbon atoms. The addition products formed are then reduced to secondary or tertiary amines by reaction with a suitable metal hydride, especially sodium borohydride. The reaction is preferably carried out with cystamine [R.sub.1 =--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --] and leads to the formation, depending on the stoichiometries used, of one of the following derivatives or a mixture of both: ##STR5##
The reaction medium obtained may then be treated exactly as indicated above for the products characterized by the structures Ia or Ib.
In the last two types of reaction, described above, for the artificial introduction of thiol groups (the types using a symmetrical diamino disulfide reactant), the protein P.sub.1 used preferably possesses neither free SH groups nor free amino groups.
In the case of the GPIR--1a, this can always be achieved by alkylation of the natural SH group or groups by reaction with a customary reagent for thiols, such as N-ethylmaleimide or iodoacetic acid or one of its derivatives, and by methylation of the natural NH.sub.2 groups in accordance with the reductive methylation process described in MEANS and FEENEY (Biochemistry 7, 2192 (1968)). For example, up to 6 methyl radicals per mol can be introduced beforehand into the modified native A chain of ricin. A protein of this type retains all its biological properties and especially its capacity to inhibit ribosomal protein synthesis in eucaryotic cells.
In the cases of antibodies or antibody fragments and, more generally, all the substances of the first group, as defined previously, which do not possess naturally free SH groups, it will be appropriate to carry out a reductive methylation, for example by the method of MEANS and FEENEY; in this way, it is usually possible to introduce several dozen methyl radicals per mol of antibody without modifying its capacity to selectively recognize an antigen on the surface of the cells carrying this antigen.
II--THE PROTEIN P.sub.2
This protein is in all cases the one which carries one or more functional groups capable of reacting with the thiols of the protein P.sub.1 to form either a disulfide or a thioether bond. These functional groups, which are always introduced artificially into the protein P.sub.2, differ according to whether it is desired to effect coupling by a disulfide bond or by a thioether bond and are chosen as indicated below.
THE DISULFIDE BOND
In this case, the preparation of the conjugate can be represented by the equation:
P.sub.1' --(Z--Y--E).sub.n --SH+P.sub.2' --Z'--Y'--E'--S--S--X.fwdarw.P.sub.1' --(Z--Y--E).sub.n --S--S--E'--Y'--Z'--P.sub.2' +X--SH
The protein P.sub.2 substituted by an activated sulfur atom is obtained from the protein P.sub.2 itself or from the correctly protected protein P.sub.2 by substitution with a reagent which itself carries an activated sulfur atom, according to the equation:
P.sub.2 +L--Y'--R--S--S--X.fwdarw.P.sub.2' --Z'--Y'--R'--S--S--X
in which:
P.sub.2 denotes the protein to be substituted and
L--Y' represents a group permitting the covalent fixation of the reagent to the protein.
The functional group L--Y' is a group capable of bonding covalently with any one of the groups carried by the side chains of the constituent amino acids of the protein to be substituted. Among these groups, the following may be singled out in particular:
a) The amino end groups of the peptide chains or the amino side groups of the lysyl radicals contained in the protein. In this case, L--Y' can represent especially:
a carboxyl group which can bond to the amino groups of the protein in the presence of a coupling agent such as a carbodiimide and especially a water-soluble derivative like 1-ethyl-3-dimethylaminopropyl-3-carbodiimide; 3-(2-pyridyldisulfanyl)propionic acid activated by the above mentioned carbodiimide may be used for this purpose.
a carboxylic acid chloride which is capable of reacting directly with the amino groups to acylate them;
a so-called "activated" ester such as an ortho- or para-nitrophenyl or -dinitrophenyl ester, or alternatively an N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, which can react directly with the amino groups to acylate them, such as the N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyl-dithio) propionate
an internal anhydride of a dicarboxylic acid, such as, for example, succinic anhydride, which reacts spontaneously with the amine groups to create amide bonds; or
an imidoester group: ##STR6## in which R is an alkyl group, which reacts with the amino groups of the protein P.sub.2 according to the equation: ##STR7## in which R.sub.3 represents the group --R--S--SX;
b) the phenol groups of the tyrosyl radicals contained in the protein. In this case, L--Y' can represent especially an imidazol-1-ylcarbonyl group, which reacts with the phenol groups of the protein according to the equation: ##STR8## in which the imidazol-1-yl is L, the CO group is Y' and R.sub.4 is the group --R--S--S--X.
The radical --S--S--X denotes an activated mixed disulfide capable of reacting with a free thiol radical. In particular, in this mixed disulfide, X can denote a pyridin-2-yl or pyridin-4-yl group optionally substituted by one or more alkyl, halogen or carboxyl radicals. X can also denote a phenyl group preferably substituted by one or more nitro or carboxyl groups. Alternatively, X can represent an alkoxycarbonyl group such as the methoxycarbonyl group.
The radical R denotes the spacing structure (indicated as E in the general formula II above) capable of carrying the substituents Y' and S--S--X simultaneously. It must be chosen so as not to contain groups capable of interfering, during the subsequent reactions, with the reactants used and the products synthesized. In particular, the group R can be a group --(CH.sub.2).sub.n --, n being between 1 and 10, or alternatively a group: ##STR9## in which R.sub.6 denotes hydrogen or an alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms and R.sub.5 denotes a substituent which is inert towards the reactants to be used subsequently, such as a carbamate group; ##STR10## in which R.sub.7 denotes a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, especially the tert.-butyl group.
The reaction of the compound L--Y'--R--S--S--X with the protein P.sub.2 is carried out in a homogeneous liquid phase, most commonly in water or a buffer solution. If necessitated by the solubility of the reactants, a water-miscible organic solvent can be added to the reaction medium at a final concentration which can reach 20% by volume in the case of a tertiary alcohol, such as tertiary butanol, or 10% by volume in the case of dimethylformamide or tetrahydrofuran.
The reaction is carried out at room temperature for a period of time varying from a few minutes to a few hours, after which the low molecular weight products, and in particular the excess reactants, can be removed by dialysis or gel filtration. This process usually makes it possible to introduce between 1 and 15 substituent groups per mol of protein.
When using such compounds, the coupling with the protein P.sub.1 is carried out by bringing the two proteins together in an aqueous solution having a pH of between 6 and 8, at a temperature not exceeding 30.degree. C., for a period of time varying from 1 hour to 24 hours. The aqueous solution obtained is dialyzed, if appropriate, to remove the low molecular weight products, and the conjugate can then be purified by a variety of known methods.
The Thioether Bond
In this case, the preparation of the conjugate consists in reacting P.sub.1' --(Z--Y--E).sub.n --SH with the protein P.sub.2 into which one or more maleimide radicals have been introduced beforehand.
The reaction is then represented by the following equation, which is given as an example: ##STR11## in which:
R.sub.8 represents an aliphatic or aromatic spacing structure containing from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, which is inert towards the reactants to be used subsequently, and
Z' represents groups which can vary according to the type of functional group substituted on the protein P.sub.2.
Thus, Z'=oxygen in the case of an ester on the phenol of a tyrosyl residue, Z'=NH in the case of the coupling of an activated carboxyl group with an amino group of the protein, or Z'=NH--CH.sub.2 in the case of the reaction of a chloromethyl ketone with an amino group of the protein.
The protein P.sub.2 substituted by the maleimide group or groups is obtained from the protein P.sub.2 itself, or the correctly protected protein P.sub.2, by substitution of suitable groups of the protein with a reagent which itself carries the maleimide group. Among these suitable groups, the following may be singled out in particular:
a) The amino end groups of the peptide chains or the amino side groups of the lysyl residues contained in the protein. In this case, the reagent carrying the maleimide radical can be:
either a reagent of the general formula: ##STR12## in which L--CO-- represents:
either a carboxyl group, in which case the reaction is carried out, after activation of the carboxyl group, in the presence of a coupling agent such as a carbodiimide and especially a water-soluble derivative such as 1-ethyl-3-dimethylaminopropyl-3-carbodiimide,
or a so-called "activated" ester such as an ortho- or para-nitrophenyl or -dinitrophenyl ester, or alternatively an N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, which reacts directly with the amino groups to acylate them.
The preparation of such reagents is described especially in Helvetica Chimica Acta 58, 531-541 (1975). Other reagents in the same class are commercially available.
or a reagent of the general formula: ##STR13## which is capable of reacting with the amino groups of the protein P.sub.2 according to the equation: ##STR14##
b) the phenol groups of the tyrosyl radicals contained in the protein. In this case, the reagent carrying the maleimide radical can be a reagent of the general formula: ##STR15## which reacts with the phenol groups of the protein according to the equation: ##STR16##
The reaction of the maleimide-carrying reagents with the protein P.sub.2 is carried out in a homogeneous liquid phase, most commonly in water or a buffer solution. If necessitated by the solubility of the reactants, a water-miscible organic solvent can be added to the reaction medium at a final concentration which can reach 20% by volume in the case of a tertiary alcohol, such as tertiary butanol, or 10% by volume in the case of dimethylformamide or tetrahydrofuran.
The reaction is carried out at room temperature for a period of time varying from a few minutes to a few hours, after which the low molecular weight products, and in particular the excess reactants, can be removed by dialysis or gel filtration. This process usually makes it possible to introduce between 1 and 15 substituent groups per mol of protein.
When using such compounds, the coupling with the protein P.sub.1 is carried out by bringing the two proteins together in an aqueous solution having a pH of between 6 and 8, at a temperature not exceeding 30.degree. C., for a period of time varying from 1 hour to 24 hours. The solution obtained is dialyzed, if appropriate, to remove the low molecular weight products, and the conjugate can then be purified by a variety of known methods.
The compounds of the formula: ##STR17## in which E and G are as defined above, are prepared by a process which comprises reacting a compound of the formula:
G--E--COOH VII
in which G and E are as defined above, with the carbonyldiimidazole of the formula: ##STR18## in an organic solvent at a temperature of 10.degree. to 40.degree. C.
The compounds of the formula VI are particularly useful as agents for coupling with the hydroxyls of the tyrosines of the proteins GPIR--1a and P.
According to another feature, the present invention relates to new products having the following statistical formula:
GPIR--1a"--O--CO--E--G IX
in which:
GPIR--1a" represents the radical of the protein GPIR--1a or any molecule derived from the said GPIR--1a by artificial modification of any one of its functional groups, from which one or more phenolic hydroxyl groups of the tyrosines have been removed;
the oxygen atom is that belonging to the phenolic hydroxyl groups missing from the radical GPIR--1a"; and
E and G are as defined above.
Particular preference is given to the compounds of the formula IX in which E represents a group --(CH.sub.2).sub.p --, in which p is an integer from 2 to 7, or a group: ##STR19## and G is a group of the structure --S--S--X, in which X is an activating radical chosen from the pyridin-2-yl and pyridin-4-yl groups which are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more halogens or alkyl, carboxyl or alkoxycarbonyl radicals, the phenyl group which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more halogens or nitro, alkoxy, carboxyl or alkoxycarbonyl groups, or an alkoxycarbonyl group.
The products of the formula IX are prepared by reacting a product of the formula:
GPIR--1a"--OH
in which GPIR--1a" is as defined above and the hydroxyl group is the phenolic hydroxyl missing from the tyrosines of the radical GPIR--1a", with a compound of the formula VI above, at a temperature of 10 to 40.degree. C., in an aqueous solvent optionally containing a water-miscible organic solvent such as, for example, an ether solvent like dioxane or tetrahydrofuran.
In the case where GPIR--1a is the prolonged-action a chain of ricin, the properties of the resulting immunotoxins IT (A--1a) are as follows:
the average degree of coupling, expressed as the number of mol of modified A chain per mol of antibody, is usually between 0.5 and 5 and in particular between 1 and 3,
the separation of the IT (A--1a) by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis results in a splitting of the product into a series of bands corresponding to products whose molecular weights differ from that of the antibody by successive increments of 30,000 daltons,
the studies performed by cytofluorometry make it possible to show that the antibody has not undergone any substantial degradation during the activation and coupling reactions to which it has been subjected, and that it is still capable, within the conjugate itself, of recognizing the antigen against which it is directed, and
the inhibitory activity of the A chain, modified and coupled with an antibody, on protein synthesis, determined in an acellular model in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, is totally retained.
The cytotoxic activity of the immunotoxins IT (A--1a), measured in a test for protein synthesis in a cell model on the cells having the target antigen, is more than 100 times greater than that measured under the same conditions on cells not having the target antigen. For example, the immunotoxin (denoted by IT (A--1a) AT15E) built up by coupling the A--1a chain of ricin, by means of a link containing a disulfide bridge, with a monoclonal antibody (denoted by antibody AT15E) directed against the antigen Thy 1.2 present on the surface of certain mice leukemia cells is about 1000 times more cytotoxic towards the positive Thy.1 2 cells than towards the negative Thy 1.2.
Finally, after intravenous administration of IT (A--1a) to rabbits at a dose of the order of 0.4 l mg/kg of body weight, expressed as A chain, the plasma level of IT (A--1a) present in the bloodstream 24 hours after injection is 10 to 200 times greater than the plasma level of the conventional IT measured under the same conditions. Thus, in a typical case involving rabbits, it is found that the plasma level of IT (A--1a) AT15E in the bloodstream 24 hours after injection is 10% of the product present at time zero, as against 0.08% for the corresponding conventional IT AT15E after the same time, i.e. an increase by a factor of the order of 120.
This gives modified immunotoxins which have acquired a new character as regards their pharmacokinetic properties.
More particularly, by appropriate modification of the cytotoxic sub-unit, it has been possible to add to the specific cytotoxicity properties of immunotoxins, without interfering with them, a new property which is just as intrinsic, namely the capacity to show slow plasma elimination kinetics after injection to superior animals or humans.
The invention also relates to the anticancer pharmaceutical compositions containing, as active principle, an immunotoxin modified according to the invention, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, suitable for administration by injection, and in particular by intravenous injection.
The following examples are given non-restrictively to illustrate the invention.
EXAMPLE 1
This example demonstrates the slow elimination of the A chain of ricin modified by oxidation reaction with sodium periodate, in the presence of an excess of L-leucine, after intravenous injection into the animal.
I--Modification of the A chain of ricin by the simultaneous action of sodium periodate and L-leucine
1) Blocking of the natural SH of the A chain with DTNB
The A chain of ricin was prepared and purified in the manner indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,535.
20 equivalents of a solution of 2,2'-dinitro-5,5'-dithiodibenzoic acid (DTNB), i.e., 1 ml of a solution of DTNB in a 125 mM phosphate buffer, (this solution is brought to pH 7 with sodium hydroxide), are added to 23 ml of a solution of A chain of ricin (containing 0.84 thiol group per A chain) at a concentration of 7.2 mg/ml in the PBS buffer (a buffer 20 mM in respect of phosphate and 150 mM in respect of NaCl, of pH 7). The solution is then dialyzed against PBS buffer at 4.degree. C. to give 162 mg of A chain blocked on the thiol group, as a solution containing 6.9 mg/ml of said A chain.
2) Periodate oxidation and formation of Schiff's base with L-leucine on the A chain blocked on the thiol function.
12 ml of a solution containing 52 mg/ml of L-leucine in a 30 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.5 and then 0.5 ml of an aqueous solution of 0.5M sodium periodate are added to 79.4 mg of A chain blocked on the thiol function contained in 11.5 ml of solution brought to pH 6.5 with acetic acid. Incubation is left to proceed for 17 hours at 4.degree. C. in the dark. The reaction is stopped by the addition of 2.8 ml of a 1M aqueous solution of ethylene glycol. After incubation for 15 minutes at 20.degree. C., the reaction medium is dialyzed at 4.degree. C. against PBS buffer for 48 hours. After centrifugation at 10,000.times.g for 30 minutes, 28 ml of a solution of A chain blocked on the thiol function and modified on its osidic residues, by oxidation and formation of a Schiff's base, are obtained at a concentration of 1.9 mg/ml.
3) Unblocking of the thiol groups
25 ml of 1.9 mg/ml solution of A chain blocked and modified on its osidic residues are brought to 10.5 ml by concentration, and 0.241 ml of 50% 2-mercaptoethanol are added. Incubation is left to proceed for 1 hour at 20.degree. C. The solution is then dialyzed against PBS buffer at 4.degree. C. This gives 26.5 mg/ml.
Using the DTNB technique (Methods in Enzymology, 1972, 25, 457 (Academic Press)), it is determined that the modified A chain obtained has 0.89 free thiol group per mol. The molecular weight of the modified A chain is 30,000.+-.3,000, determined by polyacrylamide gradient electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate.
The previously obtained preparation of A chain in which the osidic units have been modified was studied for its enzymatic activities in the inhibition of protein synthesis and for its pharmacokinetic properties.
II--Enzymatic activity of the prolonged-action A chain, measured on an acellular model
The fundamental biological property of the A chain of ricin is to inhibit protein synthesis in cells by degradation of the ribosomal sub-unit 60S.
The in vitro protocol involves the use of appropriately complemented, subcellular fractions of rat liver capable of incorporating .sup.14 C-phenylalanine in the presence of an artificial messenger RNA: polyuridylic acid.
The procedure employed for preparing the subcellular fractions and measuring the incorporation of .sup.14 C-phenylalanine is a n adaptation of the method described in Biochemica Biophysica Acta 1973, 312, 608-615, using both a microsomal fraction and a cytosol fraction of the rat hepatocytes. The sample containing the A chain is introduced in the form of a solution appropriately diluted in a 50 mM Tris HCl buffer of pH 7.6 containing 0.2% of 2-mercaptoethanol and 15 micrograms/ml of bovine serum albumin.
The count data are used to calculate, relative to a control medium without inhibitor, the percentage inhibition of the incorporation of .sup.14 C-phenylalanine into the proteins for each reaction medium containing A chain of ricin.
With the curves obtained, it is possible to calculate the IC.sub.50 of concentration of A chain (native or modified) which inhibits the incorporation of the radiomarked precursor into the proteins. An IC.sub.50 equal to 3.10-.sup.10 mole/l is thus observed for the modified blocked A-1a chain. The IC.sub.50 of the control chain in the experiment is of 10-.sup.10 mole/l: considering the precision of the measurements, it is clear that the modification entails no significant loss of activity for the A chain.
III--Pharmacokinetic properties of the prolonged-action A chain modified on its osidic units (A--1a chain)
The native or modified A chain is administered to rabbits by means of a single injection into a vein in the ear. The quantity of A chain injected corresponds to 0.415 mg/kg. Blood samples are taken at intervals on heparin. The plasmas are analyzed with the aid of a radioimmunometric test designated below by the abbreviation RIM-1.
This technique has the advantage of determining the A chain without modifying it. This determination is carried out in microtitration plates (for example: "NUNC-TSP screening system" from Poly Labo Block France), the lid of which carries hyperabsorbent spikes which dip into the wells in the base. These spikes constitute the solid phases. Sheep antibodies directed against the A chain of ricin (designated below by the abbrevation Ac1), purified by affinity chromatography, are absorbed on the solid phases. For this purpose, 200 microliters of a solution of Ac1 containing 10 micrograms/ml in PBS phosphate buffer are divided up into the wells. The spikes are brought into contact firstly with the solution of Ac1 for 24 h at 4.degree. C. and then with fetal calf serum for 3 h at 20.degree. C. in order to saturate all the fixation sites. The saturated immunoabsorbent is then brought into contact for 3 h at 20.degree. C. with the plasma samples to be determined at different dilutions, or with solutions of A chain of known concentrations in order to establish the calibration curve. After washing with a PBS buffer, the immunoabsorbent is brought into contact for 2 h at 20.degree. C. with the sheep antibodies directed against the A chain of ricin, which have been purified by affinity chromatography and radiolabeled (designated below by the abbreviation Ac2). The radiolabeling of the Ac2 is effected with iodine 125 in the presence of chloramine T by the method of Greenwood and Hunter (Biochem. J., 1963, 89, 114); the specific activity of the radiolabeled Ac2 antibodies is 5 to 10 microcuries/microgram. 10.sup.6 cpm of radiolabeled Ac2 antibodies are introduced as 200 microliters into a PBS buffer containing 0.1% of bovine serum albumin. After washing in PBS buffer, the spikes are detached and the quantity of bound Ac2 is measured by counting the radioactivity. The concentration of A chain in the samples to be determined is measured by reference to the calibration curve established by introducing the A chain at different known concentrations. When prolonged-action A chain is injected into the animal, this same prolonged-action A chain is used to establish the corresponding calibration curve.
The values of the concentration of A chain in the blood plasma measured by this technique are reproducible and reliable. The detection threshold is 1 nanogram/ml. A study of the reproducibility within and between experiments gives coefficients of variation of less than 10% for concentration values within the range from 1 to 200 nanograms/ml.
The results of these experiments are represented in the form of curves in which the time, expressed in hours, is plotted on the abscissa and the plasma concentration of the product measured, recorded in percent of the theoretical plasma concentration at time zero, is plotted on a logarithmic scale on the ordinate. This value, called the "relative plasma concentration" (RPC), is calculated using the following expression: ##EQU1##
The plasma volume is considered to be equal to 36 ml/kg of the animal's body weight.
FIG. 1 shows the plasma elimination curve, as a function of time, for the native A chain of ricin injected intravenously. This curve (curve 1) has two phases: in the first phase, the product disappears very rapidly from the bloodstream since only 0.1% of the dose administered remains in the plasma three hours after injection. In the second phase, the decrease is slower.
When the A chain has been modified on its osidic units, (A-1a chain, curve 2) the elimination profile is profoundly modified: the first elimination phase--which is responsible for the disappearance of the majority of the product--is practically suppressed, which leads to a considerable increase in the plasma levels of A chain. Twenty hours after injection, the concentration of the oxidized A chain is 460 times greater than in the case of the unmodified A chain (curve 2).
These results .;then prove that the oxidation reaction with sodium periodate and the blocking by formation of Schiff's base from L-leucine have modified the sugars involved in the recognition process responsible for the elimination of the A chain, to the point of preventing that recognition without the characteristic biological activity of the A chain being altered.
EXAMPLE 2
This example shows, after intravenous injection into the animal, the slow elimination of the A chain of ricin modified by oxidation reaction with sodium periodate and by formation of Schiff's base in th e presence of L-alanine, or L-glutamic acid or L-arginine.
A) Procedure followed
The A chain is modified according to the method described in Example 1, except that the Schiff's reaction is carried out in the presence either of glutamic acid, or arginine, or alanine, instead of leucine. The introduced quantities of each of these amino acids are 10.sup.3, 5.10.sup.3, and 10.sup.4 times greater than the molar quantities of A chain used, for the glutamic acid, the arginine and the alanine, respectively.
B) Results
Table I shows the properties of these different modified A--la chains. The results obtained with native A chain and with modified A--1a chain by sodium periodate and L-leucine such as described in Example 1 are repeated for comparative purposes.
TABLE I______________________________________ Primary amines used for the formation of Schiff's bases Native Glu- A L- tamic L-arg- L- chain leucine acid ginine alanine______________________________________Inhibition of protein 10 3 3.4 2 3.3synthesis inacellular model(IC.sub.50 .times. 10-.sup.10 M)Free thiol per A chain 0.9 0.89 0.87 0.8 0.85Molecular weight 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000(.+-.3,000)Relative plasma 0.01 7 7 8.5 10concentration (%)24 h afterinjection______________________________________
These results prove that the oxidation reactions with sodium periodate together with the simultaneous blocking of the aldehyde groups in the form of Schiff's bases by the L-alanine, L-arginine or L-glutamic acid have modified the sugars involved in the recognition process responsible for the biological elimination of the A chain in vivo to the point of preventing the main part of that recognition, without the ribosomes inactivation property of the A chain being significantly altered and without any loss of the thiol groups which can be used for subsequent couplings.
EXAMPLE 3
The immunotoxin (abbreviated IT) obtained between an antibody directed against mice T cells (antibody directed against antigen Thy 1.2) substituted by activated, disulfide groups and the A--1a chain of ricin
a) Antibody directed against mice T cells or AT 15E antibody;
This antibody was obtained according to the method described in Journal of Immunology, 1979, 122, 2491-2498.
b) A--1a chain of ricin:
The A--1a chain of ricin which was used was prepared as indicated in Example 1.
c) Activated antibody directed against mice T cells
3.62 mg of N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyl-dithio)propionate in ethanol at 95% under a volume of 0.326 ml, are added to 43.7 ml of a 7 mg/ml solution of antibody in a phosphate buffer 125 mM of pH 7. The mixture is stirred for 30 minutes at 20.degree. C. After dialysis against a 125 mM phosphate buffer of pH 7, the protein solution is centrifuged at 10,000.times.g for 30 minutes at 4.degree. C., and 96.8 mg of activated antibody are thus obtained at a concentration of 2.42 mg/ml. By spectrophotometric dosage at 343 nm of 2-pyridinethione liberated by exchange with 2-mercaptoethanol, it is found that an antibody is obtained which carries 6.7 activated mixed disulfide groups per mole of antibody.
d) Preparation of the immunotoxin having the prolonged-action A--1a chain of ricin.
10 ml of A--1a chain at 2.65 mg/ml obtained as indicated in Example 1 are added to 14.8 ml of the activated antibody solution obtained hereinabove (concentration 2.42 mg/ml., i.e. 35.8 mg of activated antibodies), and incubation is left to proceed for 20 hours at 25.degree. C. The solution is centrifugated, then purified by filtration on a gel (AcA 44 gel) with measurement of the optical density of the effluent at 280 nm. Regrouping of the fractions containing both the antibody and the modified A chain leads to 52 ml of immunotoxin solution at 0.315 mg/ml, i.e. 18.25 mg. This solution contains 0.076 mg of modified A--1a chain coupled to the antibody per ml. The average coupling rate of this preparation is therefore 1.6 mole of A--1a chain per mole of antibody.
The immunotoxin with A--1a chain of ricin obtained as indicated above was studied for its pharmacokinetic properties and its specific cytotoxic properties towards the target cells.
EXMAPLE 4
This example shows how the slow plasma elimination property is acquired by the prolonged-action immunotoxins with A chain of recin, abbreviated to IT (A---1a).
A) Procedure
The conjugate prepared according to the method describe din Example 3 is administered to the rabbit by a single injection in a vein of the ear. The injected quantity corresponds to 0.415 mg/kg expressed in A chain. Blood samples are taken at intervals on heparin. The plasmas are analyzed with the aid of radioimmunometric tests with two sites hereinafter designated by the abbreviation RIM-3.
This assay is carried out by the same technique as that used for the test RIM-1 (described in example 1) except that the solution Ac2 is here a solution of goat antibodies directed against mouse IgG, purified by affinity chromatography and radiolabeled as described for the RIM-1 technique (described in Example 1). The concentration of modified immunotoxin in the samples is measured by reference to a calibration curve established by introducing the modified immunotoxin at different known concentrations. The assay RIM-3 has the same reliability and reproducibility characteristics as described for the RIM-1 technique.
By way of comparison, a control study is carried out under the same conditions with the conjugate called IT-AT15E, which is obtained by the reaction of the same antibody AT15E, substituted by activated disulfide groups, with the native A chain of ricin. The preparation of this conjugate is carried out by the same method as described in Example 3. The results of these pharmacokinetic experiments are represented in the same way as for the uncoupled A chain of ricin in Example 1.
b) Results
FIG. 2 shows the plasma elimination curves, as a function of time, for IT AT15E (curve 1) and IT (A--1a) AT15E (curve 2), injected intravenously, 24 hours after injection, the concentration of active immunotoxin is 120 times greater for IT (A--1a) AT15E than for the conventional ITAT15E. This fact demonstrates that the new pharmacokinetic properties of the oxidized A chain are retained after coupling with an antibody.
EXAMPLE 5
This example demonstrates the retention of the specific cytotoxicity properties of IT (A--1a) AT15E towards the positive target cells Thy 1.2.
The fundamental biological property of the A chain of ricin is to inhibit protein synthesis in cells by degradation of the ribosomal sub-unit 60S. The technique uses a cell model in which the effect of the substances studied on the incorporation of .sup.14 C-leucine into cancerous cells in culture is measured.
The cells used belong to the cell line T2 derived from a T leukemia which carries the antigen Thy 1.2. The cells are incubated in the presence of the substance to be studied, and then, when incubation has ended, the degree of incorporation of .sup.14 C-leucine by the cells treated in this way is measured.
This measurement is made by a technique adapted from the one described in Journal of Biological Chemistry 1974, 249(11), 3557-3562, using the tracer .sup.14 -C leucine to determine the degree of protein synthesis. The radioactivity incorporated is determined here on the whole cells isolated by filtration.
On the basis of these determinations, it is possible to draw the dose/effect curves, plotting, on the abscissa, the molar concentration of A chain in the substances studied, and, on the ordinate, the incorporation of .sup.14 C-leucine expressed as a percentage of the incorporation by control cells in the absence of any substance affecting protein synthesis.
It is thus possible to determine, for each substance studied, the concentration which causes a 50% inhibition of the incorporation of .sup.14 C-leucine, or "50% inhibitory concentration " (IC.sub.50).
Table II hereunder shows the values of IC.sub.50 obtained in the same experiment with IT-(A-1a)-AT15E and IT At15E, on the one hand, the native A chain and the uncoupled A-1a chain on the other hand.
It is found that the IT(A-1a)AT15E has a very strong cytotoxic activity, identical to that obtained with the corresponding immunotoxin containing the native A chain and which is about 1000 times greater than that of the uncoupled modified A-1a chain, measured in the same conditions.
TABLE II______________________________________Tested Product IC.sub.50______________________________________IT (A-1a) AT15E 2.10-.sup.10 MIT AT15E 2.10-.sup.10 Mnative A chain 3.10-.sup.7 M.sup.A-1a chain 2.10-.sup.7 M.sup.______________________________________
EXAMPLE 6
This example shows, after intravenous injection into the animal,
1) the rapid elimination of native gelonine and
(2) the slow elimination of gelonine modified by oxidation reaction with sodium periodate in the presence of L-leucine.
A) Modification of gelonine by the simultaneous action of sodium periodate and L-leucine.
The gelonine was prepared and purified from Gelonium multiflorum by the method which has been described (J. Biol. Chem. (1980) 255, 6947-6953). The modification reaction is carried out under the same conditions as those described for the A chain of ricin in Example 1, except that the step in which the thiols are blocked with DTNB is omitted.
In fact, as the coupling if gelonine with the antibody is not generally performed using natural thiol groups of the gelonine, the thiol groups will be introduced artificially, after the oxidation step, by the technique described in Cancer Res., 1984, 44, 129-133.
1 ml of a 52 mg/ml solution of L-lecuine in a 30 mM phosphate buffer of pH 6.5, followed by 40 microliters of a 0.5M solution of sodium periodate in water are added to 1 ml of a solution containing 3 mg/ml of gelonine in PBS buffer, brought to pH 6.5 with 1M acetic acid. Incubation is left to proceed for 17 hours at 4.degree. C. in the dark. The reaction is stopped by the addition of 210 microliters of a 1M aqueous solution of ethylene glycol. After incubation for 15 minutes at 20.degree. C., the reaction medium is dialyzed at 4.degree. C. against PBS buffer. After centrifugation at 10,000.times.g for 30 minutes, this gives 2.9 mg of oxidized gelonine at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml.
Like the A chain of ricin, the fundamental property of gelonine is to inhibit protein synthesis in eucaryotic cells by degradation of the ribosomal sub-unit 60S (Biochem. J., 1982, 207, 505-509). In the case of gelonine too, the modification does not cause any significant loss of activity.
B) --Pharmacokinetic properties of prolonged-action gelonine
Native gelonine or gelonine modified by the procedures explained above is administered to rabbits by a single injection into a vein in the ear. The quantity of geloninine injected is between 0.3 and 0.4 mg/kg. Blood samples are taken at intervals on heparin. The plasmas are analyzed with the aid of a radioimmunometric test designated below by the abbreviation RIM-2.
This test is performed by the same technique as used for the test RIM-1, except that the solution Ac1 here is a solution of anti-gelonine rabbit antibodies purified by affinity chromatography, the Ac2 antibodies being the same antibodies radiolabeled. The radio-labeling procedure is identical to that described for the technique RIM-1. The concentration of native gelonine or modified gelonine in the samples to be determined is measured by reference to a calibration curve established by introducing native or modified gelonine at different known concentrations. The test RIM-2 has the same reliability and reproducibility characteristics as described for the technique RIM-1.
The plasma elimination curves, as a function of time, for native gelonine and modified gelonine, injected intravenously show that, the native gelonine, like the native A chain of ricin, disappears very rapidly from the bloodstream since 99.99% of the gelonine present in the bloodstream disappears in 24 hours. When the gelonine has been modified on its polysaccharide units, the elimination profile is profoundly modified: 24 hours after injection, the concentration of the modified gelonine is 300 times greater than that of the native gelonine.
Thus, as for the A chain of ricin, these results prove that the sodium periodiate oxidation reaction and the blocking reaction by formation of Schiff's bases due to L-lecuine, have modified the sugars involved in the recognition process responsible for the elimination of the gelonine, to the point of preventing this recognition.
These modified immunotoxins can be used for the treatment of cancerous or non-cancerous diseases where the target cells would be recognized by the antibody used for preparing the immunotoxin. The optimum administration conditions, and the treatment time will have to be determined in each case according to the subject and to the nature of the disease to be treated. The new drugs according to the invention are presented in a form suitable for administration by injection and preferably intravenous injection.

Number	Date	Country	Kind
85 18981	Dec 1985	FRX
86 11643	Aug 1986	FRX

Number	Name	Date
4340535	Voisin et al.	Jul 1982
4368149	Masuho et al.	Jan 1983
4911911	Casellas et al.	Mar 1990
4911912	Casellas et al.	Mar 1990

Ribosome-inactivating glycoproteins, modified by oxidation of their osidic units and formation of a Schiff's base and in-vivo prolonged action immunotoxins containing such a glycoprotein

Information

Patent Number

Date Filed

Date Issued

Inventors

Original Assignees

Examiners

Agents

CPC

US Classifications

Field of Search

US

International Classifications

Abstract

Description

Claims

Priority Claims (2)

Parent Case Info

US Referenced Citations (4)

Foreign Referenced Citations (1)

Non-Patent Literature Citations (7)

Divisions (1)

Entry
Wawrzynczak et al. in Immunoconjugates. Antibody Conjugates in Radioimaging and Therapy of Cancer, (C. W. Vogel ed) New York, Oxford Univ. Press pp. 28-55.
Brown et al (1978) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 188:418-428.
Olsnes et al. (1982) Pharmac. Ther. 15:355-381.
Blair et al (1983) J. Immunol. Methods 59:129-143.
Murayama et al (1978) Immunochem. 15:523-528.
Skilleter et al (1985) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 842:12-21.
Vitetta et al (1985) Cancer Drug Delivery 2(3):191-198.