Self-compatible Stevia varieties, breeding methods therefrom and methods of preparing novel compositions using said varieties

BACKGROUND

The present application relates to novel Stevia rebaudiana plant cultivars, processes for preparing compositions comprising steviol glycosides, and the use of compositions comprising steviol glycosides in consumables, including food and beverage products.

Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni (Asteraceae) is a perennial shrub native of the Amambay region, in northeastern Paraguay. It is by far the best-known member of the genus Stevia, which includes a total of 220 to 230 species, producing natural sweeteners, namely steviol glycosides.

SUMMARY

Steviol glycosides are characterized structurally by a common aglycone, steviol, and differ by the number and type of carbohydrate residues at positions C13 and C19. In Stevia, they accumulate mainly in leaves, composing approximately 10% to 20% of the leaf total dried weight. Typically, on a dried weight basis, the three major glycosides found in the leaves of Stevia include stevioside, rebaudioside A, and rebaudioside C. Other minor glycosides include steviolmonoside, steviolbioside, rubusoside, rebaudiosides B, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, O, dulcosides A, B and others (Purkayastha et al. (2016) Steviol glycosides in purified stevia leaf extract sharing the same metabolic fate. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, (77) 125-133).

Stevia rebaudiana produces steviol glycoside molecules with different carbohydrate residues in their structure. Based on type of carbohydrate residues (glucose, rhamnose, xylose, fructose, arabinose, deoxy-glucose etc.), these different molecules are grouped in different families. The following 3 families have the highest content in Stevia rebaudiana plants: (i) Steviol glycosides containing only glucose residues, such as steviolmonoside, steviolbioside, rubusoside, stevioside, steviosides A, B, rebaudiosides A, A2, B, G, D, D2, E, I, I2, I3, L, M, M2, Q, Q2, Q3 etc. This family is generally described by “SvGn” formula where “Sv” is the steviol aglycone, “G” is the glucose residue, and “n” is the number of glucose residues; (ii) Steviol glycosides containing glucose and rhamnose residues such as dulcosides A, B, rebaudiosides C, H, J, K, N, O etc. This family is generally described by “SvR1Gn” formula where “Sv” is the steviol aglycone, “G” is the glucose residue, “n” is the number of glucose residues, and “R” is the rhamnose residue; and (iii) Steviol glycosides containing glucose and xylose residues such as stevioside F, rebaudioside, F, F2, F3 etc. This group is generally described by “SvX1Gn” formula where “Sv” is the steviol aglycone, “G” is the glucose residue, “n” is the number of glucose residues, and “X” is the xylose residue.

Steviol glycosides are a group of natural high intensity sweeteners, which possess a sweetness level that is many times greater than the sweetness level of sucrose. They are essentially non-caloric and are commonly used in diet and reduced-calorie products, including foods and beverages. High intensity sweeteners do not elicit a glycemic response, making them suitable for use in products targeted to diabetics and others interested in controlling for their intake of carbohydrates.

The existing cultivars or varieties of Stevia rebaudiana always contain large amounts of steviol glycosides belonging to all above families. This means the extracts of Stevia rebaudiana plant inevitably contain mixtures of steviol glycosides belonging to all above groups as well. When there is a necessity to obtain steviol glycoside composition comprising only one specific steviol glycoside, or one specific family, complex separation and purification techniques have to be employed.

Accordingly, there remains a need to breed novel cultivars of Stevia rebaudiana predominantly containing one family of steviol glycosides, or one specific steviol glycoside.

Stevia rebaudiana is characterized by a complex reproductive mechanism. It is a hermaphroditic species, but highly cross-pollinated, and photoperiod sensitive, which results in self-incompatible tiny white florets borne in small corymbs of capitula. Complete diallelic crosses with 8 parents found that the amount of selfing ranged between 0 and 0.5%, while outcrossing ranged from 0.7 to 68.7%, indicating that a certain level of self-incompatibility (SI) system is operating in Stevia rebaudiana (Katayama et al, The practical application of Stevia and research and development data. I.S.U. Company, Japan. pp. 747, 1976). The reproductive anatomy of the male and female gametophytes is typical for angiosperms. Stevia is diploid and has 11 chromosome pairs, with a relatively small genome size (1 C=1.2 Gb). Stevia plants can be propagated by cuttings or seeds.

Breakdown of the self-incompatibility system and multiple independent transitions from outbreeding to inbreeding have been observed in evolutionary processes of many different plant species. Inbreeding depression is term of describing the reduced biological fitness in a given population as a result of shifting from outbreeding to inbreeding. Plant morphological changes representing the inbreeding depression often occur following the breakdown of self-incompatibility system, namely growth rate or viability.

The most valuable trait observed in the reported variety was its self-compatibility (SC), which could lead to development of diverse inbred lines in Stevia rebaudiana. This discovery provides important information on the genetic breeding value of new Stevia varieties.

One embodiment relates to novel cultivars of Stevia rebaudiana plant, a process or processed for preparing compositions comprising steviol glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana plant, and use of those compositions comprising steviol glycosides in consumables.

Hereinafter the term “steviol glycoside(s)” will mean steviol glycosides naturally occurring in Stevia rebaudiana, including but not limited to steviolmonoside, steviolbioside, rubusoside, stevioside, stevioside A, stevioside B, stevioside D, stevioside E, stevioside E2, stevioside F, dulcoside A, dulcoside B, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside A2, rebaudioside A3, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside D2, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside G, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside I2, rebaudioside I3, rebaudioside J, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside L, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside M2, rebaudioside N, rebaudioside O, rebaudioside Q, rebaudioside Q2, rebaudioside Q3, and combinations thereof.

Hereinafter the terms “RebA”, “RebB”, “RebC”, “RebD”, “RebE”, “RebF”, “RebM”, “RebN”, and “RebO” refer to Rebaudiosides A, B, C, D, E, F, M, N, and O respectively.

Hereinafter the terms “RebD2”, “RebF2”, “RebF3”, “RebG”, “RebH”, “RebI”, “RebI2”, “RebI3”, “RebJ”, “RebK”, “RebL”, “RebM2”, “RebP”, “RebQ”, “RebQ2”, “RebQ3”, “RebR”, RebS”, “RebT”, “RebU”, “RebV”, “RebW”, “RebX”, “RebY”, and “RebZ”, refer to Rebaudiosides D2, F2, F3, G, H, I, I2, I3, J, K, L, M2, P, Q, Q2, Q3, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z respectively.

Hereinafter the terms “Stev”, “StevA”, “StevB”, “StevD”, “StevE”, “StevF”, “Sbio”, “DulA”, “DulB” “Rub”, refer to Stevioside, Stevioside A, Stevioside B, Stevioside D, Stevioside E, Stevioside F, Steviolbioside, Dulcoside A, Dulcoside B and Rubusoside respectively.

Hereinafter the term “TSG content” will mean Total Steviol Glycosides (TSG) content, and it will be calculated as the sum of the concentrations of all steviol glycosides, at least including the following steviol glycosides DulA, RebC, RebN, RebO, Rub, Sbio, Stev, RebB, RebA, RebE, RebD, RebM, and RebF, on a w/w dried basis.

Hereinafter the term “% ratio” will mean the percent ratio of the concentrations of one steviol glycoside group to another steviol glycoside group or one steviol glycoside to another steviol glycoside group. For example, if the composition comprises 1% DulA, 5% RebC, 5% RebN, 5% RebO, 1% Rub, 1% Sbio, 20% Stev, 1% RebB, 40% RebA, 5% RebE, 1% RebD, 1% RebM, 1% RebF and non-detectable amount of other steviol glycosides (all concentration being % w/w on dried basis) the “% ratio” of (SvR1Gn) group to (SvGn) group will be 22.86% and will be calculated as follows:

% Ratio of SvR1Gn to SvGn=100*concentration of (DulA+RebC+RebN+RebO)/concentration of(Rub+Sbio+Stev+RebB+RebA+RebE+RebD+RebM)

In similar manner, the “% ratio” of (SvR1Gn) group to TSG content will be 18.39% and will be calculated as follows:

% Ratio of SvR1Gn to TSG=100*concentration of (DulA+RebC+RebN+RebO)/concentration of (DulA+RebC+RebN+RebO+Rub+Sbio+Stev+RebB+RebA+RebE+RebD+RebM+RebF)

In similar manner, the “% ratio” of RebM (i.e. one steviol glycoside) to TSG content will be 1.15% and will be calculated as follows:

% Ratio of RebM to TSG=100*concentration of RebM/concentration of (DulA+RebC+RebN+RebO+Rub+Sbio+Stev+RebB+RebA+RebE+RebD+RebM+RebF)

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the growth rates of 314018 and 16139002 evaluated on MS media to determine the magnitude of inbreeding depression in the self-compatible Stevia rebaudiana variety 314018.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

One embodiment of the present application is directed to producing novel Stevia rebaudiana plant cultivars including those with characteristics of self-compatibility, which makes Stevia plant self-pollinated, and self-fertilized comparing to the cross-pollination of native or commonly known Stevia plants. Further embodiments provide for the discovery of Stevia self-compatible variety 314018 and its progeny 16139002, and establishment of the breeding methods based on the self-compatibility in Stevia rebaudiana. By using the self-compatibility of the self-compatible Stevia varieties and progeny, novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar plants can be produced by self-pollination, which pave the way for utilization of hybrid vigor under controlled crossing design in Stevia rebaudiana.

One embodiment provides for novel cultivars of Stevia rebaudiana plant, comprising at least one novel genetic breeding trait.

Another embodiment provides for novel cultivars of Stevia rebaudiana plant, comprising at least one steviol glycoside.

Another embodiment provides for novel cultivars of Stevia rebaudiana plant, predominantly comprising one steviol glycosides family.

Another embodiment of provides for novel cultivars of Stevia rebaudiana plant, predominantly comprising one steviol glycoside.

Another embodiment provides for novel cultivars of Stevia rebaudiana plant, predominantly comprising steviol glycosides of SvGn family.

Another embodiment provides for novel cultivars of Stevia rebaudiana plant, predominantly comprising RebM.

Another embodiment provides for novel cultivars of Stevia rebaudiana plant, predominantly comprising RebN.

Another embodiment of provides for novel cultivars of Stevia rebaudiana plant, predominantly comprising RebO.

Another embodiment provides for novel cultivars of Stevia rebaudiana plant, predominantly comprising RebD.

Another embodiment of provides for novel cultivars of Stevia rebaudiana plant, predominantly comprising RebE.

Another embodiment provides for novel cultivars of Stevia rebaudiana plant, predominantly comprising RebD, RebE, RebM, RebO and RebN.

Another embodiment provides for novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar plant biomass, dried or un-dried leaves, used as a starting material to produce steviol glycosides compositions. Further embodiments are that the leaves may be optionally ground into fine powder. However not only the leaves but also the other parts of the Stevia rebaudiana novel cultivar plant such as stems, roots, flowers etc. or combinations thereof may be used as starting material.

Another embodiment provides for a process for preparing steviol glycosides compositions, which comprise the steps of: (a) providing Stevia rebaudiana novel cultivar plant biomass, wherein Stevia rebaudiana novel cultivar plant biomass comprise at least one steviol glycoside, (b) providing solvent; (c) contacting the Stevia rebaudiana plant biomass with solvent to extract at least one steviol glycoside from the plant biomass; (d) separating the Stevia rebaudiana novel cultivar plant biomass to obtain steviol glycosides composition comprising at least one steviol glycoside.

The solvent may be water, alcohol, aqueous alcohol, or any other solvent known to be used in production of stevia extracts or plant extracts.

The process may further include other refining and purification techniques or processes known to be used in production of steviol glycosides. Non-limiting examples include, flocculation, precipitation, enzymatic treatment, biotransformation, fermentation, ion-exchange resin treatment, membrane filtration, macroporous adsorption resin treatment, resin treatment, activated carbon treatment, chromatographic separation, column separation, crystallization, centrifugation, evaporation, distillation, concentration, blending, drying, milling, sieving, granulation, agglomeration, solubilization, in any order or step numbers.

Another embodiment provides for consumables comprising Stevia compositions comprising at least one steviol glycoside.

Another embodiment provides for a Stevia rebaudiana plant comprising at least one novel genetic trait, namely self-compatibility, which is useful for crossing breeding and heterosis utilization.

Another embodiment provides for a Stevia rebaudiana hybrid breeding methods based on the Stevia rebaudiana self-compatibility, for increasing agronomic traits such as plant height, leaf size, leaf yield, kernel number, kernel weight, maturity, disease resistance, and lodging resistance, and/or increasing metabolic traits such as steviol glycoside(s) contents.

Another embodiment provides for a Stevia rebaudiana novel cultivar, wherein the percentage ratio of SvGn family steviol glycosides content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 77%.

Another embodiment provides for a Stevia rebaudiana novel cultivar, wherein the percentage ratio of SvR1Gn family steviol glycosides content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 17%.

Another embodiment provides for a novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, wherein the percentage ratio of SvX1Gn family steviol glycosides content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%.

Another embodiment provides for a novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, wherein the percentage ratio of RebM content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%.

Another embodiment provides for a novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, wherein the percentage ratio of RebO content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%.

Another embodiment provides for a novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, wherein the % ratio of RebD content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%.

Another embodiment provides for a novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, wherein the percentage ratio of RebN content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%.

Another embodiment provides for a novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, wherein the percentage ratio of RebE content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%.

Another embodiment provides for a novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, wherein the percentage ratio of RebD, RebE, RebM, RebO, and RebN combined content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%.

Another embodiment provides for a process for preparing an extract of a Stevia rebaudiana cultivar of the above embodiments, comprising the steps of: providing plant biomass of a novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, comprising at least one steviol glycoside, providing solvent; contacting the novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar plant biomass with solvent to extract at least one steviol glycoside from the plant biomass; separating the novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar plant biomass to obtain an extract comprising at least one steviol glycoside. A further embodiment comprises the above process further comprising the steps of: processing the novel extract by method(s) known to art, used for processing compositions comprising at least one steviol glycoside, to make a novel extract comprising at least one steviol glycoside, compatible for use in food, beverage or other consumable, and consumables comprising the novel extract(s) and methods of preparing said consumables therefrom.

In another embodiment, in a novel Stevia rebaudiana novel cultivar, the percentage ratio of RebM content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% to about 100%.

In another embodiment, in a novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, the percentage ratio of RebO content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% to about 100%.

In another embodiment, in a novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, the percentage ratio of RebN content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% to about 100%.

In another embodiment, in a novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, the percentage ratio of RebD content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% to about 100%.

In another embodiment, in a novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, the percentage ratio of RebE content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% to about 100%.

In another embodiment, in a novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, the percentage ratio of RebD, RebE, RebM, RebO, and RebN combined content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% to about 100%.

In another embodiment, in a novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, the percentage ratio of SvGn family steviol glycosides content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 98%, or about 99% to about 100%.

In another embodiment, in a novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, the percentage ratio of SvR1Gn family steviol glycosides content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 17%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% to about 100%.

In another embodiment, in a novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, the percentage ratio of SvX1Gn family steviol glycosides content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% to about 100%.

In another embodiment, the novel cultivars are Stevia rebaudiana 314018, its progeny 16139002, and other progeny therefrom from 314018 and 16139002, which are obtained by selective breeding of said Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plants. Generation of Stevia rebaudiana plants with the desirable characteristics described herein can be accomplished by growing from the callus culture deposited at China General Microbiological Culture Center.

In another embodiment, a plant of Stevia rebaudiana cultivar 314018 or 16139002, wherein a representative sample of live plant tissue of said cultivars was deposited under CGMCC, is provided for.

In another embodiment, a plant, or a part thereof, produced by growing the Stevia rebaudiana cultivar 314018 or 16139002 is provided for. Another embodiment provides for the plant part of Stevia rebaudiana cultivar 314018 or 16139002, wherein said plant part is a seed, leaf, pollen, stem, root, an ovule, or a cell.

Another embodiment provides for a stevia plant, or part thereof, having all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of Stevia rebaudiana cultivar 314018 or 16139002.

Another embodiment provides for a food or feed product produced from the plant or part thereof of Stevia rebaudiana cultivar 314018 or 16139002, tissue or cell culture of regenerable cells of Stevia rebaudiana cultivar 314018 or 16139002, where the tissue or cell culture of said cultivars comprise tissues or cells from a plant part selected from the group consisting of leaves, pollen, embryos, cotyledons, hypocotyl, meristematic cells, roots, root tips, pistils, anthers, flowers, and stems. A further embodiment provides for a stevia plant regenerated from the said tissue or cell culture, wherein said plant has all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of Stevia rebaudiana cultivar 314018 or 16139002 listed in Table 1.

A further embodiment provides for a method of vegetatively propagating Stevia rebaudiana cultivar 314018 or 16139002, comprising the steps of: collecting tissue or cells capable of being propagated from said plants; cultivating said tissue or cells of said plants to obtain proliferated shoots; and rooting said proliferated shoots to obtain rooted plantlets; or cultivating said tissue or cells to obtain proliferated shoots, or to obtain plantlets. Further embodiments include stevia plants produced therefrom this method.

Varieties, cultivars, and lines of Stevia rebaudiana can also be generated or produced using at least one of the deposited lines by either conventional cross breeding techniques or molecular techniques to transfer one or more genetic elements (genes, promoters, protein coding sequences, and the like) to other Stevia rebaudiana plants.

Alternatively, it is possible to generate or produce novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivars through either classical selection and cross breeding alone, or in combination with chemical or radiation induced mutation using at least one novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar disclosed herein.

It is possible to generate or produce novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivars through either classical selection and cross breeding alone, or in combination with chemical or radiation induced mutation using at least one Stevia rebaudiana cultivar selected from group including 314018, 16139002, progeny derived therefrom from either variety, and/or seeds thereof. Heterosis utilization relies on crossing breeding design. The self-compatibility (SC) trait of 314018 disclosed herein can be used to make Stevia inbred seeds production. Combining with male sterility induced by chemical hybridizing agent (CHA), cytoplasmic male sterility or genic male sterility, hybrid seeds between two Stevia inbred lines with homogenous genetic characteristics can be made for utilizing potential heterosis.

In another embodiment, novel cultivars of Stevia rebaudiana plants are F1, F2, F3, or subsequent generation progeny of at least one Stevia rebaudiana novel cultivar disclosed herein.

In another embodiment, novel cultivars of Stevia rebaudiana plants are F1, F2, F3, or subsequent generation progeny of at least one Stevia rebaudiana novel cultivar selected from group including 314018, 16139002.

In another embodiment, producing double haploids can also be used for the development of homozygous varieties in a breeding program. Double haploids are produced by the doubling of a set of chromosomes from a heterozygous plant to produce a completely homozygous individual. For example, see Wan, et al., Theor. Appl. Genet., 77:889-892 (1989).

Descriptions of other breeding methods that are commonly used for different traits and crops can be found in one of several reference books (e.g., Allard (1960); Simmonds (1979); Sneep, et al. (1979); Fehr (1987)).

Proper testing should detect any major faults and establish the level of superiority or improvement over current cultivars. In addition to showing superior performance, there must be a demand for a new cultivar that is compatible with industry standards or which creates a new market. The introduction of a new cultivar will incur additional costs to the seed producer, and to the grower, processor, and consumer, for special advertising, marketing and commercial production practices, and new product utilization. The testing preceding the release of a new cultivar should take into consideration research and development costs as well as technical superiority of the final cultivar. For seed-propagated cultivars, it must be feasible to produce seed easily and economically.

The Stevia rebaudiana flower is monoecious in that the male and female structures are in the same flower. The crossed or hybrid seed is produced by manual crosses between selected parents. Floral buds of the parent that is to be the female are emasculated prior to the opening of the flower by manual removal of the male anthers. At flowering, the pollen from flowers of the parent plants designated as male, are manually placed on the stigma of the previous emasculated flower. Seed developed from the cross is known as first generation (F1) hybrid seed. Planting of this seed produces F1 hybrid plants of which half their genetic component is from the female parent and half from the male parent. Segregation of genes begins at meiosis thus producing second generation (F2) seed. Assuming multiple genetic differences between the original parents, each F2 seed has a unique combination of genes.

In another embodiment, plants with higher percentage ratio of SvGn family steviol glycosides content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content, than that of 314018 and 16139002, are the first or subsequent generation progeny of at least one novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar disclosed herein whose seeds were subjected to chemical or radiation mutagenesis.

In another embodiment, plants with higher percentage ratio of SvGn family steviol glycosides content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content, than that of 314018 and 16139002, are the first or subsequent generation progeny of at least one novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar selected from group including 314018 and 16139002, whose seeds were subjected to chemical or radiation mutagenesis.

In another embodiment, a method of cross-breeding novel cultivars of Stevia rebaudiana with a higher percentage ratio of RebM content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content, that of 314018 and 16139002, are disclosed. In said cross-breeding method at least one parent plant is selected from the novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivars disclosed herein.

In another embodiment, a method of cross-breeding novel cultivars of Stevia rebaudiana with a higher percentage ratio of RebM content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content, that of 314018 and 16139002, is disclosed. In said cross-breeding method, one parent plant is selected from group including 314018 and 16139002.

In another embodiment, novel cultivars of Stevia rebaudiana with a higher percentage ratio of RebM content to TSG content, that of 314018 and 16139002, are F1, F2, F3, or subsequent generation progeny of novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivars disclosed herein.

In another embodiment, novel cultivars of Stevia rebaudiana with a higher percentage ratio of RebM content to TSG content, that of 314018 and 16139002, are F1, F2, F3, or subsequent progeny of Stevia rebaudiana novel cultivars selected from group including 314018 and 16139002.

Another embodiment provides for a nucleotide and or amino-acid sequence obtained from the novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivars disclosed herein.

Another embodiment provides for a nucleotide and or amino-acid sequence obtained from novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivars selected from group including 314018 and 16139002.

In another embodiment, the nucleotide sequence, obtained from novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivars herein, is a DNA nucleotide sequence.

In another embodiment, the nucleotide sequence, obtained from novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivars herein, is an RNA nucleotide sequence.

In another embodiment, the nucleotide sequence, obtained from novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivars, is a DNA nucleotide sequence capable of affecting at least one step of steviol glycosides biosynthesis in a Stevia rebaudiana plant cell.

In another embodiment, the nucleotide sequence, obtained from novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivars, is a DNA nucleotide sequence capable of affecting formation of β-1,2 O-glucosidic bonds in steviol glycoside molecules.

In another embodiment, the nucleotide sequence, obtained from novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivars, is a DNA nucleotide sequence capable of affecting formation of β-1,3 O-glucosidic bonds in steviol glycoside molecules.

In another embodiment, the amino-acid sequence, obtained from novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivars, is a protein amino-acid sequence.

In another embodiment, the amino-acid sequence, obtained from novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivars, is a protein amino-acid sequence capable of affecting at least one step of steviol glycosides biosynthesis in Stevia rebaudiana plant cell.

In another embodiment, the amino-acid sequence, obtained from novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivars, is an enzyme amino-acid sequence.

In another embodiment, the amino-acid sequence, obtained from novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivars, is enzyme amino-acid sequence capable of affecting at least one step of steviol glycosides biosynthesis in a Stevia rebaudiana plant cell.

Those skilled in art will recognize genetic diversity is the basis of plant breeding. It can be seen that activities of S-locus in Stevia rebaudiana novel cultivars of present invention (including 314018 and 16139002), are different from that of the other Stevia rebaudiana cultivars. Thus, the gene expression model in Stevia rebaudiana novel cultivars of present invention (including 314018 and 16139002) provides excellent model for self-compatibility trait transfer and integration. With state of the art CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology, it is also achievable to affect S-locus genes to generate new Stevia breeding materials into the desirable directions.

In another embodiment, the dried leaves of at least one Stevia rebaudiana novel cultivar plant are subjected to extraction to obtain steviol glycosides compositions referred to hereinafter as “novel extract(s)”.

In one embodiment, the dried leaves of at least one Stevia rebaudiana novel cultivar selected from group 314018 and 16139002 are subjected to aqueous extraction (e.g. according to procedure described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,862,845, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein) to prepare steviol glycosides compositions. Any other extraction method can be used as well including but not limited to, membrane filtration, supercritical fluid extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, microorganism-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, etc.

In another embodiment, in a Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, the percentage ratio of SvGn family steviol glycosides content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 98%, or about 99% to about 100%.

In another embodiment, in novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, the percentage ratio of SvR1Gn family steviol glycosides content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 17%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% to about 100%.

In another embodiment, in a novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, the ratio of SvX1Gn family steviol glycosides content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% to about 100%.

In another embodiment, in Stevia rebaudiana novel cultivar, the percentage ratio of RebM content to TSG content is at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% to about 100%.

In another embodiment, in a novel Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, the percentage ratio of RebD, RebE, RebM, RebO and RebN combined content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% to about 100%.

In another embodiment, the method of the present application further comprises purifying or isolating steviol glycosides, including but not limited to RebA, RebD, RebE, RebM, RebO, RebN, from the novel extracts. Any suitable purification method can be used, such as, for example, crystallization, separation by membranes, centrifugation, extraction (liquid-liquid or solid-liquid), supercritical fluid extraction, chromatographic separation, adsorption, HPLC (preparative or analytical) or a combination of such methods.

Another embodiment provides for a consumable comprising novel extract.

In another embodiment, the novel extract is provided as part of a mixture. In a particular embodiment, the mixture is selected from the group consisting of a mixture of steviol glycosides, a Stevia extract, by-products of other steviol glycosides' isolation and purification processes, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the mixture contains novel extract in an amount that ranges from about 10% to about 99% by weight on a dry basis, such as, for example, from about 20% to about 99%, from about 30% to about 99%, from about 40% to about 99%, from about 50% to about 99%, from about 60% to about 99%, from about 70% to about 99%, from about 80% to about 99% and from about 90% to about 99%. In a particular embodiment, the mixture contains novel extract in an amount greater than about 90% by weight on a dry basis, for example, greater than about 91%, greater than about 92%, greater than about 93%, greater than about 94%, greater than about 95%, greater than about 96%, greater than about 97%, greater than about 98% and greater than about 99%.

In another embodiment, the novel extract contains one or more additional steviol glycosides including, but not limited to, naturally occurring steviol glycosides, e.g. steviolmonoside, steviolbioside, rubusoside, dulcoside B, dulcoside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside G, stevioside, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside L, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside M2, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside D2, rebaudioside N, rebaudioside O, synthetic steviol glycosides, e.g. enzymatically glucosylated steviol glycosides and combinations thereof.

Novel extracts can be present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm when the composition is added to a consumable, such as, for example, from about 1 ppm to about 4,000 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 3,000 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 2,000 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 1,000 ppm. In another embodiment, a novel extract is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 10 ppm to about 1,000 ppm when the composition is added to a consumable, such as, for example, from about 10 ppm to about 800 ppm, from about 50 ppm to about 800 ppm, from about 50 ppm to about 600 ppm or from about 200 ppm to about 250 ppm. In a particular embodiment, novel extract is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 300 ppm to about 600 ppm when the composition is added to a consumable.

Sweetener Compositions

Another embodiment provides for a sweetener composition comprising one or more novel extracts of the present application.

In one embodiment, in a novel extract, the TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% to about 100%, all percentages being calculated on weight to weight dried basis.

In another embodiment, in a novel extract, the percentage ratio of RebD content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% to about 100%.

In another embodiment, in a novel extract, the percentage ratio of RebE content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% to about 100%.

In another embodiment, in a novel extract, the percentage ratio of RebM content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% to about 100%.

In another embodiment, in a novel extract, the percentage ratio of RebO content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% to about 100%.

In another embodiment, in a novel extract, the percentage ratio of RebN content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% to about 100%.

In another embodiment, in a novel extract, the percentage ratio of RebD, RebE, RebO, RebM and RebN combined content to TSG (Total Steviol Glycoside) content is at least about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, or about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% to about 100%.

“Sweetener composition,” as used herein, refers to a composition useful to sweeten a sweetenable composition (i.e., a composition that can be sweetened) that contains at least one sweet component in combination with at least one other substance.

In another embodiment, the novel extract is the sole sweetener in the sweetener composition, i.e. the novel extract is the only compound present in the sweetener composition that provides a detectable sweetness. In another embodiment, the sweetener composition includes a compound of novel extract in combination with one or more sweetener compounds.

The amount of novel extract in the sweetener composition may vary. In one embodiment, novel extract is present in a sweetener composition in any amount to impart the desired sweetness when the sweetener composition is added to a sweetenable composition or sweetenable consumable.

The sweetness of a non-sucrose sweetener can also be measured against a sucrose reference by determining the non-sucrose sweetener's sucrose equivalence. Typically, taste panelists are trained to detect sweetness of reference sucrose solutions containing between 1-15% sucrose (w/v; weight/volume). Other non-sucrose sweeteners are then tasted at a series of dilutions to determine the concentration of the non-sucrose sweetener that is as sweet as a given percent sucrose reference. For example, if a 1% solution of a sweetener is as sweet as a 10% sucrose solution, then the sweetener is said to be 10 times as potent as sucrose.

In another embodiment, a novel extract is present in the sweetener composition in an amount effective to provide a sucrose equivalence of greater than about 10% (w/v) when the sweetener composition is added to a sweetenable composition or sweetenable consumable, such as, for example, greater than about 11%, greater than about 12%, greater than about 13% or greater than about 14%.

The amount of sucrose, and thus another measure of sweetness, in a reference solution may be described in degrees Brix (° Bx). One-degree Brix is 1 gram of sucrose in 100 grams of solution and represents the strength of the solution as percentage by weight (% w/w; weight/weight) (strictly speaking, by mass). In one embodiment, a sweetener composition comprises novel extract in an amount effective to provide sweetness equivalent from about 0.50 to 14 degrees Brix of sugar when present in a sweetened composition, such as, for example, from about 5 to about 11 degrees Brix, from about 4 to about 7 degrees Brix, or about 5 degrees Brix. In another embodiment, a composition comprising novel extract is present with at least one other sweetener in an amount effective to provide any one of the sweetness equivalents listed above.

In another embodiment, a novel extract is present in the sweetener composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm when the sweetener composition is added to a consumable (e.g., a beverage), such as, for example, from about 1 ppm to about 4,000 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 3,000 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 2,000 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 1,000 ppm. In another embodiment, novel extract is present in the sweetener composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 10 ppm to about 1,000 ppm when the composition is added to a consumable, such as, for example, from about 10 ppm to about 800 ppm, from about 50 ppm to about 800 ppm, from about 50 ppm to about 600 ppm or from about 200 ppm to about 250 ppm. In a particular embodiment, novel extract is present in the sweetener composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 300 ppm to about 600 ppm when the sweetener composition is added to the consumable.

In other embodiments, the novel extract is present in the sweetener composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration of the compound that is above, at or below its threshold sweetener recognition level when the sweetener composition is added to a consumable (e.g., a beverage).

Flavor Enhancing Compositions

In another embodiment provides for being the or a part of the flavor enhancing composition comprising one more novel extracts.

“Flavor enhancer compositions,” as used herein, refers to a composition capable of enhancing or intensifying the perception of a particular flavor in a consumable. The terms “flavor enhancing compositions” or “flavor enhancer” are synonymous with the terms “flavor potentiator,” “flavor amplifier,” and “flavor intensifier.” Generally, the flavor enhancing composition provided herein may enhance or potentiate the taste of flavor ingredients, i.e. any substance that provides sweetness, sourness, saltiness, savoryness, bitterness, metallic taste, astringency, sweet lingering aftertaste, sweetness onset, etc. Without being bound by any theory, the flavor enhancing composition likely does not contribute any noticeable taste to the consumable to which it is added because novel extract is present in the consumable in a concentration at or below its flavor recognition threshold concentration.

“Flavor recognition threshold concentration,” as used herein, refers to the lowest concentration at which the particular flavor or off-taste of a component (e.g., a compound) is perceptible in a consumable. The flavor recognition threshold concentration varies for different compounds, and may be varied with respect to the individual perceiving the flavor or the particular consumable.

In another embodiment, the flavor enhancing composition comprises novel extracts in an amount effective to provide a concentration that is at or below the threshold flavor recognition concentration of novel extract when the flavor enhancing composition is added to a consumable.

In another embodiment, the novel extract is present in the flavor-enhancing composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration that is below the threshold flavour-recognition concentration of novel extract when the flavour-enhancing composition is added to a consumable.

In another embodiment, the novel extract is present in the flavour-enhancing composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration that is at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45% or at least about 50% or more below the threshold flavor-recognition concentration when the flavor-enhancing composition is added to a consumable.

In some embodiments, the novel extract is present in the flavor enhancing composition in an amount that, when added to the consumable, will provide a concentration of ranging from about 0.5 ppm to about 1000 ppm. For example, the novel extract is present in the composition in an amount that, when added to the consumable, will provide a concentration ranging from about 1 ppm to about 300 ppm, from about 0.1 ppm to about 75 ppm, or from about 500 ppm to about 3,000 ppm.

A person of skill in the art will be able to select the concentration of novel extract in the flavor enhancing composition so that it may impart an enhanced flavor to a consumable comprising at least one flavor ingredient. For example, a skilled artisan may select a concentration for novel extract in the flavor enhancing composition so that the flavor enhancing composition and/or the novel extract does not impart any perceptible flavor to a consumable when the flavor enhancing composition is added thereto.

In another embodiment, addition of the flavor enhancing composition increases the detected flavor of the at least one flavor ingredient in the consumable compared to the detected flavor of the same ingredient in the consumable in the absence of the flavor enhancer.

Suitable flavor ingredients include, but are not limited to, vanillin, vanilla extract, mango extract, cinnamon, citrus, coconut, ginger, viridiflorol, almond, menthol (including menthol without mint), grape skin extract, and grape seed extract. “Flavorant” and “flavoring ingredient” are synonymous and can include natural or synthetic substances or combinations thereof. Flavorants also include any other substance which imparts flavor and may include natural or non-natural (synthetic) substances which are safe for human or animals when used in a generally accepted range. Non-limiting examples of proprietary flavorants include DÖHLER Natural Flavoring Sweetness Enhancer K14323 (DÖHLER, Darmstadt, Germany), SYMRISE Natural Flavor Mask for Sweeteners 161453 and 164126 (SYMRISE, Holzminden, Germany), NATURAL ADVANTAGE Bitterness Blockers 1, 2, 9 and 10 (NATURAL ADVANTAGE, Freehold, N.J., U.S.A.), and SUCRAIVIASK (Creative Research Management, Stockton, Calif., U.S.A.).

In another embodiment, the flavor enhancer composition comprising the novel extract enhances flavors (either individual flavors or the overall flavor) when added to the consumable. Alternatively, novel extract may be added directly to the consumable, i.e., not provided in the form of a composition, to enhance flavor. In this embodiment, the novel extract is a flavor enhancer and it is added to the consumable at a concentration at or below its threshold flavor recognition concentration.

In another embodiment, the flavor-enhancing composition is a sweetness enhancing composition. “Sweetness enhancing composition,” as used herein, refers to a composition capable of enhancing or intensifying the perception of sweet taste of a consumable, such as a beverage. The term “sweetness enhancer” is synonymous with the terms “sweet taste potentiator,” “sweetness potentiator,” “sweetness amplifier,” and “sweetness intensifier.”

“Sweetness recognition threshold concentration,” as used herein, is the lowest known concentration of a sweet compound that is perceivable by the human sense of taste. Generally, the sweetness enhancing composition of the present invention may enhance or potentiate the sweet taste of a consumable without providing any noticeable sweet taste itself because the concentration of novel extract in the sweetness enhancing composition is at or below its sweetness recognition threshold concentration, either in the sweetness enhancing compositions, the consumable after the sweetness enhancing composition has been added, or both. The sweetness recognition threshold concentration is specific for a particular compound, and can vary based on temperature, matrix, ingredients and/or flavor system.

In another embodiment, a sweetness enhancing composition comprises novel extracts in an amount effective to provide a concentration that is at or below the threshold sweetness recognition concentration of novel extract when the sweetness enhancing composition is added to a consumable.

In another embodiment, a sweetness enhancing composition comprises novel extracts in an amount effective to provide a concentration that is below the threshold sweetness recognition concentration of novel extract when the sweetness enhancing composition is added to a consumable.

In another embodiment, one or more novel extracts are present in the sweetness enhancing composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration that is at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45% or at least about 50% or more below the threshold sweetness recognition concentration of novel extract when the sweetness enhancing composition is added to a consumable.

In some embodiments, one or more novel extracts are present in the sweetness enhancing composition in an amount that, when added to the consumable, will provide a concentration of the compound of novel extract ranging from about 0.5 ppm to about 1000 ppm. For example, one or more novel extracts are present in the composition in an amount that, when added to the consumable, will provide a concentration ranging from about 1 ppm to about 300 ppm, from about 0.1 ppm to about 75 ppm, or from about 500 ppm to about 3,000 ppm. Alternatively, novel extract may be added directly to the consumable, i.e., not provided in the form of a composition, to enhance sweetness. In this embodiment, one or more novel extracts are a sweetness enhancer and is/are added to the consumable at a concentration at or below its/their sweetness recognition threshold concentration.

The sweetness of a given composition is typically measured with reference to a solution of sucrose. See generally “A Systematic Study of Concentration-Response Relationships of Sweeteners,” G. E. DuBois, D. E. Walters, S. S. Schiffman, Z. S. Warwick, B. J. Booth, S. D. Pecore, K. Gibes, B. T. Carr, and L. M. Brands, in Sweeteners: Discovery, Molecular Design and Chemoreception, D. E. Walters, F. T. Orthoefer, and G. E. DuBois, Eds., American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. (1991), pp 261-276.

It is contemplated that the sweetness enhancing composition can include one or more sweetness enhancers in addition to novel extract. In one embodiment, the sweetness enhancing composition can include one additional sweetness enhancer. In other embodiments, the sweetness enhancing composition can include two or more additional sweetness enhancers. In embodiments where two or more sweetness enhancers are utilized, each sweetness enhancer should be present below its respective sweetness recognition threshold concentration.

Suitable sweetness enhancers include, but are not limited to, the group consisting of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 3-aminobenzoic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid, FEMA GRAS enhancer 4469, FEMA GRAS enhancer 4701, FEMA GRAS enhancer 4720, FEMA GRAS enhancer 4774, FEMA GRAS enhancer 4708, FEMA GRAS enhancer 4728, FEMA GRAS enhancer 4601 and combinations thereof.

Suitable sweeteners include, but are not limited to, sucrose, glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, erythrose, threose, erythrulose, arabinose, lyxose, ribose, xylose, ribulose, xylulose, allose, altrose, galactose, glucose, gulose, idose, mannose, talose, fructose, psicose, sorbose, tagatose, mannoheptulose, sedoheltulose, octolose, fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, turanose, sialose, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside L, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rebaudioside N, rebaudioside O, dulcoside A, dulcoside B, rubusoside, stevia, stevioside, mogroside IV, mogroside V, Luo han guo, siamenoside, monatin and its salts (monatin SS, RR, RS, SR), curculin, glycyrrhizic acid and its salts, thaumatin, monellin, mabinlin, brazzein, hernandulcin, phyllodulcin, glycyphyllin, phloridzin, trilobatin, baiyunoside, osladin, polypodoside A, pterocaryoside A, pterocaryoside B, mukurozioside, phlomisoside I, periandrin I, abrusoside A, steviolbioside and cyclocarioside I, sugar alcohols such as erythritol, sucralose, potassium acesulfame, acesulfame acid and salts thereof, aspartame, alitame, saccharin and salts thereof, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, cyclamate, cyclamic acid and salts thereof, neotame, advantame, glucosylated steviol glycosides (GSGs) and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the sweetener is a caloric sweetener or mixture of caloric sweeteners. In another embodiment, the caloric sweetener is selected from sucrose, fructose, glucose, high fructose corn/starch syrup, a beet sugar, a cane sugar, and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the sweetener is a rare sugar selected from D-psicose, D-allose, L-ribose, D-tagatose, L-glucose, L-fucose, L-arbinose, turanose and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the sweetener is a non-caloric sweetener or mixture of non-caloric sweeteners. In one example, the non-caloric sweetener is a natural high-potency sweetener. As used herein, the phrase “natural high potency sweetener” refers to any composition which is not found naturally in nature and characteristically has a sweetness potency greater than sucrose, fructose, or glucose, yet has less calories. The natural high potency sweetener can be provided as a pure compound or, alternatively, as part of an extract.

In another embodiment, the non-caloric sweetener is a synthetic high-potency sweetener. As used herein, the phrase “synthetic sweetener” refers to any composition which is not found naturally in nature and characteristically has a sweetness potency greater than sucrose, fructose, or glucose, yet has less calories.

In another embodiment, addition of the sweetness enhancer increases the detected sucrose equivalence of the at least one sweetener in a consumable compared to the sucrose equivalence of the same consumable in the absence of the sweetness enhancer.

In another embodiment, the consumable is a beverage. The beverage comprises novel extract and at least one sweetener, wherein one or more novel extracts is/are present in a concentration at or below its sweetness recognition threshold. The novel extract/s and at least one sweetener can each be provided separately, or provided in the form of a sweetness enhancing composition. In a particular embodiment, the detected sucrose equivalence is increased from, for example, about 0.2% to about 5.0%, such as, for example, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4% or about 5%.

The sweetener can be any natural or synthetic sweetener provided herein. In another embodiment, the sweetener is a calorie-providing carbohydrate sweetener. Accordingly, incorporation of the sweetness enhancer thereby reduces the quantity of the calorie-providing carbohydrate sweetener that must be used in a given consumable, thereby allowing the preparation of reduced-calorie consumables.

The compositions can be customized to provide the desired calorie content. For example, compositions can be “full-calorie”, such that they impart the desired sweetness when added to a consumable (such as, for example, a beverage) and have about 120 calories per 8 ounces serving. Alternatively, compositions can be “mid-calorie”, such that they impart the desired sweetness when added to a consumable (such as, for example, as beverage) and have less than about 60 calories per 8 ounces serving. In other embodiments, compositions can be “low-calorie”, such that they impart the desired sweetness when added to a consumable (such as, for example, as beverage) and have less than 40 calories per 8 ounces serving. In another embodiment, the compositions can be “zero-calorie”, such that they impart the desired sweetness when added to a consumable (such as, for example, a beverage) and have less than 5 calories per 8 ounces serving.

Additives

The compositions, e.g. sweetener compositions and flavor enhanced compositions may comprise, in addition to novel extract, one or more additives, detailed herein below. In another embodiment, the composition contains additives including, but not limited to, carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, poly-amino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, nucleotides, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts including organic acid salts and organic base salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants and flavoring ingredients, astringent compounds, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, weighing agents, gums, antioxidants, colorants, flavonoids, alcohols, polymers and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the additives act to improve the temporal and flavor profile of the sweetener to provide a sweetener composition with a taste similar to sucrose.

In another embodiment, the compositions further comprise contain one or more polyols. The term “polyol”, as used herein, refers to a molecule that contains more than one hydroxyl group. A polyol may be a diol, triol, or a tetraol which contains 2, 3, and 4 hydroxyl groups respectively. A polyol also may contain more than 4 hydroxyl groups, such as a pentaol, hexaol, heptaol, or the like, which contain 5, 6, or 7 hydroxyl groups, respectively. Additionally, a polyol also may be a sugar alcohol, polyhydric alcohol, or polyalcohol which is a reduced form of carbohydrate, wherein the carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone, reducing sugar) has been reduced to a primary or secondary hydroxyl group.

Non-limiting examples of polyols in some embodiments include erythritol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, lactitol, xylitol, isomalt, propylene glycol, glycerol (glycerin), threitol, galactitol, palatinose, reduced isomalto-oligosaccharides, reduced xylo-oligosaccharides, reduced gentio-oligosaccharides, reduced maltose syrup, reduced glucose syrup, and sugar alcohols or any other carbohydrates capable of being reduced which do not adversely affect the taste of the compositions.

In another embodiment, the polyol is present in the compositions in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 100 ppm to about 250,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage. In another embodiment, the polyol is present in the compositions in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 400 ppm to about 80,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, from about 5,000 ppm to about 40,000 ppm.

In another embodiment, one or more novel extracts is/are present in the composition with the polyol in a weight ratio from about 1:1 to about 1:800, such as, for example, from about 1:4 to about 1:800, from about 1:20 to about 1:600, from about 1:50 to about 1:300 or from about 1:75 to about 1:150.

Suitable amino acid additives include, but are not limited to, aspartic acid, arginine, glycine, glutamic acid, proline, threonine, theanine, cysteine, cystine, alanine, valine, tyrosine, leucine, arabinose, trans-4-hydroxyproline, isoleucine, asparagine, serine, lysine, histidine, ornithine, methionine, carnitine, aminobutyric acid (α-, β-, and/or δ-isomers), glutamine, hydroxyproline, taurine, norvaline, sarcosine, and their salt forms such as sodium or potassium salts or acid salts. The amino acid additives also may be in the D- or L-configuration and in the mono-, di-, or tri-form of the same or different amino acids. Additionally, the amino acids may be α-, β-, γ- and/or δ-isomers if appropriate. Combinations of the foregoing amino acids and their corresponding salts (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium salts or other alkali or alkaline earth metal salts thereof, or acid salts) also are suitable additives in some embodiments. The amino acids may be natural or synthetic. The amino acids also may be modified. Modified amino acids refers to any amino acid wherein at least one atom has been added, removed, substituted, or combinations thereof (e.g., N-alkyl amino acid, N-acyl amino acid, or N-methyl amino acid). Non-limiting examples of modified amino acids include amino acid derivatives such as trimethyl glycine, N-methyl-glycine, and N-methyl-alanine. As used herein, modified amino acids encompass both modified and unmodified amino acids. As used herein, amino acids also encompass both peptides and polypeptides (e.g., dipeptides, tripeptides, tetrapeptides, and pentapeptides) such as glutathione and L-alanyl-L-glutamine. Suitable poly-amino acid additives include poly-L-aspartic acid, poly-L-lysine (e.g., poly-L-α-lysine or poly-L-ε-lysine), poly-L-ornithine (e.g., poly-L-α-ornithine or poly-L-ε-ornithine), poly-L-arginine, other polymeric forms of amino acids, and salt forms thereof (e.g., calcium, potassium, sodium, or magnesium salts such as L-glutamic acid mono sodium salt). The poly-amino acid additives also may be in the D- or L-configuration. Additionally, the poly-amino acids may be α-, β-, γ-, δ-, and ε-isomers if appropriate. Combinations of the foregoing poly-amino acids and their corresponding salts (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium salts or other alkali or alkaline earth metal salts thereof or acid salts) also are suitable additives in some embodiments. The poly-amino acids described herein also may comprise co-polymers of different amino acids. The poly-amino acids may be natural or synthetic. The poly-amino acids also may be modified, such that at least one atom has been added, removed, substituted, or combinations thereof (e.g., N-alkyl poly-amino acid or N-acyl poly-amino acid). As used herein, poly-amino acids encompass both modified and unmodified poly-amino acids. For example, modified poly-amino acids include, but are not limited to, poly-amino acids of various molecular weights (MW), such as poly-L-α-lysine with a MW of 1,500, MW of 6,000, MW of 25,200, MW of 63,000, MW of 83,000, or MW of 300,000.

In another embodiment, the amino acid is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 10 ppm to about 50,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage. In another embodiment, the amino acid is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 1,000 ppm to about 10,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, from about 2,500 ppm to about 5,000 ppm or from about 250 ppm to about 7,500 ppm.

Suitable sugar acid additives include, but are not limited to, aldonic, uronic, aldaric, alginic, gluconic, glucuronic, glucaric, galactaric, galacturonic, and salts thereof (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium salts or other physiologically acceptable salts), and combinations thereof.

Suitable nucleotide additives include, but are not limited to, inosine monophosphate (“IMP”), guanosine monophosphate (“GMP”), adenosine monophosphate (“AMP”), cytosine monophosphate (CMP), uracil monophosphate (UMP), inosine diphosphate, guanosine diphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, cytosine diphosphate, uracil diphosphate, inosine triphosphate, guanosine triphosphate, adenosine triphosphate, cytosine triphosphate, uracil triphosphate, alkali or alkaline earth metal salts thereof, and combinations thereof. The nucleotides described herein also may comprise nucleotide-related additives, such as nucleosides or nucleic acid bases (e.g., guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine, uracil).

The nucleotide is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 5 ppm to about 1,000 ppm when present in consumable, such as, for example, a beverage.

Suitable organic acid additives include any compound which comprises a —COOH moiety, such as, for example, C2-C30 carboxylic acids, substituted hydroxyl C2-C30 carboxylic acids, butyric acid (ethyl esters), substituted butyric acid (ethyl esters), benzoic acid, substituted benzoic acids (e.g., 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid), substituted cinnamic acids, hydroxyacids, substituted hydroxybenzoic acids, anisic acid substituted cyclohexyl carboxylic acids, tannic acid, aconitic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, isocitric acid, gluconic acid, glucoheptonic acids, adipic acid, hydroxycitric acid, malic acid, fruitaric acid (a blend of malic, fumaric, and tartaric acids), fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, chlorogenic acid, salicylic acid, creatine, caffeic acid, bile acids, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, alginic acid, erythorbic acid, polyglutamic acid, glucono delta lactone, and their alkali or alkaline earth metal salt derivatives thereof. In addition, the organic acid additives also may be in either the D- or L-configuration.

Suitable organic acid additive salts include, but are not limited to, sodium, calcium, potassium, and magnesium salts of all organic acids, such as salts of citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid (e.g., sodium lactate), alginic acid (e.g., sodium alginate), ascorbic acid (e.g., sodium ascorbate), benzoic acid (e.g., sodium benzoate or potassium benzoate), sorbic acid and adipic acid. The examples of the organic acid additives described optionally may be substituted with at least one group chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, carboxyl, acyl, acyloxy, amino, amido, carboxyl derivatives, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, sulfo, thiol, imine, sulfonyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfamyl, carboxalkoxy, carboxamido, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphino, thioester, thioether, anhydride, oximino, hydrazino, carbamyl, phosphor or phosphonato. In other embodiments, the organic acid additive is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 10 ppm to about 5,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage.

Suitable inorganic acid additives include, but are not limited to, phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, polyphosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, carbonic acid, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, and alkali or alkaline earth metal salts thereof (e.g., inositol hexaphosphate Mg/Ca).

The inorganic acid additive is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 25 ppm to about 25,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage.

Suitable bitter compound additives include, but are not limited to, caffeine, quinine, urea, bitter orange oil, naringin, quassia, and salts thereof.

The bitter compound is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 25 ppm to about 25,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage.

Suitable flavorants and flavoring ingredient additives include, but are not limited to, vanillin, vanilla extract, mango extract, cinnamon, citrus, coconut, ginger, viridiflorol, almond, menthol (including menthol without mint), grape skin extract, and grape seed extract. “Flavorant” and “flavoring ingredient” are synonymous and can include natural or synthetic substances or combinations thereof. Flavorants also include any other substance which imparts flavor and may include natural or non-natural (synthetic) substances which are safe for human or animals when used in a generally accepted range. Non-limiting examples of proprietary flavorants include DÖHLER Natural Flavoring Sweetness Enhancer K14323 (DÖHLER, Darmstadt, Germany), SYMRISE Natural Flavor Mask for Sweeteners 161453 and 164126 (SYMRISE, Holzminden, Germany), NATURAL ADVANTAGE Bitterness Blockers 1, 2, 9 and 10 (NATURAL ADVANTAGE, Freehold, N.J., U.S.A.), and SUCRAMASK (Creative Research Management, Stockton, Calif., U.S.A.).

The flavorant is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 0.1 ppm to about 4,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage.

Suitable polymer additives include, but are not limited to, chitosan, pectin, pectic, pectinic, polyuronic, polygalacturonic acid, starch, food hydrocolloid or crude extracts thereof (e.g., gum acacia senegal (FIBERGUM), gum acacia seyal, carageenan), poly-L-lysine (e.g., poly-L-α-lysine or poly-L-ε-lysine), poly-L-ornithine (e.g., poly-L-α-ornithine or poly-L-ε-ornithine), polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether), polyarginine, polyaspartic acid, polyglutamic acid, polyethylene imine, alginic acid, sodium alginate, propylene glycol alginate, and sodium polyethyleneglycolalginate, sodium hexametaphosphate and its salts, and other cationic polymers and anionic polymers.

The polymer is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 30 ppm to about 2,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage.

Suitable protein or protein hydrolysate additives include, but are not limited to, bovine serum albumin (BSA), whey protein (including fractions or concentrates thereof such as 90% instant whey protein isolate, 34% whey protein, 50% hydrolyzed whey protein, and 80% whey protein concentrate), soluble rice protein, soy protein, protein isolates, protein hydrolysates, reaction products of protein hydrolysates, glycoproteins, and/or proteoglycans containing amino acids (e.g., glycine, alanine, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, arginine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, norvaline, methionine, proline, tyrosine, hydroxyproline, and the like), collagen (e.g., gelatin), partially hydrolyzed collagen (e.g., hydrolyzed fish collagen), and collagen hydrolysates (e.g., porcine collagen hydrolysate).

The protein hydrolysate is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 200 ppm to about 50,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage.

Suitable surfactant additives include, but are not limited to, polysorbates (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (polysorbate 80), polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, dioctyl sulfosuccinate or dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium, sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetylpyridinium chloride (hexadecylpyridinium chloride), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, sodium cholate, carbamoyl, choline chloride, sodium glycocholate, sodium taurodeoxycholate, lauric arginate, sodium stearoyl lactylate, sodium taurocholate, lecithins, sucrose oleate esters, sucrose stearate esters, sucrose palmitate esters, sucrose laurate esters, and other emulsifiers, and the like.

The surfactant additive is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 30 ppm to about 2,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage.

Suitable flavonoid additives are classified as flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, isoflavones, or anthocyanidins. Non-limiting examples of flavonoid additives include, but are not limited to, catechins (e.g., green tea extracts such as POLYPHENON 60, POLYPHENON 30, and POLYPHENON 25 (Mitsui Norin Co., Ltd., Japan), polyphenols, rutins (e.g., enzyme modified rutin SANMELIN AO (San-fi Gen F.F.I., Inc., Osaka, Japan)), neohesperidin, naringin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, and the like.

The flavonoid additive is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 0.1 ppm to about 1,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage.

Suitable alcohol additives include, but are not limited to, ethanol. In particular embodiments, the alcohol additive is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 625 ppm to about 10,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage.

Suitable astringent compound additives include, but are not limited to, tannic acid, europium chloride (EuCl3), gadolinium chloride (GdCl3), terbium chloride (TbCl3), alum, tannic acid, and polyphenols (e.g., tea polyphenols). The astringent additive is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 10 ppm to about 5,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage.

Functional Ingredients

The compositions provided herein can also contain one or more functional ingredients, which provide a real or perceived heath benefit to the composition. Functional ingredients include, but are not limited to, saponins, antioxidants, dietary fiber sources, fatty acids, vitamins, glucosamine, minerals, preservatives, hydration agents, probiotics, prebiotics, weight management agents, osteoporosis management agents, phytoestrogens, long chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohols, phytosterols and combinations thereof.

Saponin

In another embodiment, the functional ingredient is at least one saponin. As used herein, the at least one saponin may comprise a single saponin or a plurality of saponins as a functional ingredient for the composition provided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one saponin is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness.

Saponins are glycosidic natural plant products comprising an aglycone ring structure and one or more sugar moieties. The combination of the nonpolar aglycone and the water-soluble sugar moiety gives saponins surfactant properties, which allow them to form a foam when shaken in an aqueous solution.

The saponins are grouped together based on several common properties. In particular, saponins are surfactants which display hemolytic activity and form complexes with cholesterol. Although saponins share these properties, they are structurally diverse. The types of aglycone ring structures forming the ring structure in saponins can vary greatly. Non-limiting examples of the types of aglycone ring structures in saponin for use in particular embodiments of the invention include steroids, triterpenoids, and steroidal alkaloids. Non-limiting examples of specific aglycone ring structures for use in particular embodiments of the invention include soyasapogenol A, soyasapogenol B and soyasopogenol E. The number and type of sugar moieties attached to the aglycone ring structure can also vary greatly. Non-limiting examples of sugar moieties for use in particular embodiments of the invention include glucose, galactose, glucuronic acid, xylose, rhamnose, and methylpentose moieties. Non-limiting examples of specific saponins for use in particular embodiments of the invention include group A acetyl saponin, group B acetyl saponin, and group E acetyl saponin.

Saponins can be found in a large variety of plants and plant products, and are especially prevalent in plant skins and barks where they form a waxy protective coating. Several common sources of saponins include soybeans, which have approximately 5% saponin content by dry weight, soapwort plants (Saponaria), the root of which was used historically as soap, as well as alfalfa, aloe, asparagus, grapes, chickpeas, yucca, and various other beans and weeds. Saponins may be obtained from these sources by using extraction techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A description of conventional extraction techniques can be found in U.S. Pat. Appl. No. 2005/0123662, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference.

Antioxidant

In other embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one antioxidant. As used herein, the at least one antioxidant may comprise a single antioxidant or a plurality of antioxidants as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one antioxidant is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness.

As used herein “antioxidant” refers to any substance which inhibits, suppresses, or reduces oxidative damage to cells and biomolecules. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that antioxidants inhibit, suppress, or reduce oxidative damage to cells or biomolecules by stabilizing free radicals before they can cause harmful reactions. As such, antioxidants may prevent or postpone the onset of some degenerative diseases.

Examples of suitable antioxidants for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, vitamins, vitamin cofactors, minerals, hormones, carotenoids, carotenoid terpenoids, non-carotenoid terpenoids, flavonoids, flavonoid polyphenolics (e.g., bioflavonoids), flavonols, flavones, phenols, polyphenols, esters of phenols, esters of polyphenols, nonflavonoid phenolics, isothiocyanates, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the antioxidant is vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, ubiquinone, mineral selenium, manganese, melatonin, □-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeanthin, crypoxanthin, reservatol, eugenol, quercetin, catechin, gossypol, hesperetin, curcumin, ferulic acid, thymol, hydroxytyrosol, tumeric, thyme, olive oil, lipoic acid, glutathinone, gutamine, oxalic acid, tocopherol-derived compounds, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), tert-butylhydroquinone, acetic acid, pectin, tocotrienol, tocopherol, coenzyme Q10, zeaxanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxantin, saponins, limonoids, kaempfedrol, myricetin, isorhamnetin, proanthocyanidins, quercetin, rutin, luteolin, apigenin, tangeritin, hesperetin, naringenin, erodictyol, flavan-3-ols (e.g., anthocyanidins), gallocatechins, epicatechin and its gallate forms, epigallocatechin and its gallate forms (ECGC) theaflavin and its gallate forms, thearubigins, isoflavone phytoestrogens, genistein, daidzein, glycitein, anythocyanins, cyaniding, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin, ellagic acid, gallic acid, salicylic acid, rosmarinic acid, cinnamic acid and its derivatives (e.g., ferulic acid), chlorogenic acid, chicoric acid, gallotannins, ellagitannins, anthoxanthins, betacyanins and other plant pigments, silymarin, citric acid, lignan, antinutrients, bilirubin, uric acid, R-□-lipoic acid, N-acetylcysteine, emblicanin, apple extract, apple skin extract (applephenon), rooibos extract red, rooibos extract, green, hawthorn berry extract, red raspberry extract, green coffee antioxidant (GCA), aronia extract 20%, grape seed extract (VinOseed), cocoa extract, hops extract, mangosteen extract, mangosteen hull extract, cranberry extract, pomegranate extract, pomegranate hull extract, pomegranate seed extract, hawthorn berry extract, pomella pomegranate extract, cinnamon bark extract, grape skin extract, bilberry extract, pine bark extract, pycnogenol, elderberry extract, mulberry root extract, wolfberry (gogi) extract, blackberry extract, blueberry extract, blueberry leaf extract, raspberry extract, turmeric extract, citrus bioflavonoids, black currant, ginger, acai powder, green coffee bean extract, green tea extract, and phytic acid, or combinations thereof. In alternate embodiments, the antioxidant is a synthetic antioxidant such as butylated hydroxytolune or butylated hydroxyanisole, for example. Other sources of suitable antioxidants for embodiments include, but are not limited to, fruits, vegetables, tea, cocoa, chocolate, spices, herbs, rice, organ meats from livestock, yeast, whole grains, or cereal grains.

Particular antioxidants belong to the class of phytonutrients called polyphenols (also known as “polyphenolics”), which are a group of chemical substances found in plants, characterized by the presence of more than one phenol group per molecule. A variety of health benefits may be derived from polyphenols, including prevention of cancer, heart disease, and chronic inflammatory disease and improved mental strength and physical strength, for example. Suitable polyphenols for embodiments of this invention include catechins, proanthocyanidins, procyanidins, anthocyanins, quercerin, rutin, reservatrol, isoflavones, curcumin, punicalagin, ellagitannin, hesperidin, naringin, citrus flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, other similar materials, and combinations thereof.

In other embodiments, the antioxidant is a catechin such as, for example, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Suitable sources of catechins for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, green tea, white tea, black tea, oolong tea, chocolate, cocoa, red wine, grape seed, red grape skin, purple grape skin, red grape juice, purple grape juice, berries, pycnogenol, and red apple peel.

In other embodiments, the antioxidant is chosen from proanthocyanidins, procyanidins or combinations thereof. Suitable sources of proanthocyanidins and procyanidins for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, red grapes, purple grapes, cocoa, chocolate, grape seeds, red wine, cacao beans, cranberry, apple peel, plum, blueberry, black currants, choke berry, green tea, sorghum, cinnamon, barley, red kidney bean, pinto bean, hops, almonds, hazelnuts, pecans, pistachio, pycnogenol, and colorful berries.

In other embodiments, the antioxidant is an anthocyanin. Suitable sources of anthocyanins for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, red berries, blueberries, bilberry, cranberry, raspberry, cherry, pomegranate, strawberry, elderberry, choke berry, red grape skin, purple grape skin, grape seed, red wine, black currant, red currant, cocoa, plum, apple peel, peach, red pear, red cabbage, red onion, red orange, and blackberries.

In other embodiments, the antioxidant is chosen from quercetin, rutin or combinations thereof. Suitable sources of quercetin and rutin for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, red apples, onions, kale, bog whortleberry, lingonberrys, chokeberry, cranberry, blackberry, blueberry, strawberry, raspberry, black currant, green tea, black tea, plum, apricot, parsley, leek, broccoli, chili pepper, berry wine, and ginkgo.

In other embodiments, the antioxidant is reservatrol. Suitable sources of reservatrol for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, red grapes, peanuts, cranberry, blueberry, bilberry, mulberry, Japanese Itadori tea, and red wine.

In other embodiments, the antioxidant is an isoflavone. Suitable sources of isoflavones for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, soy beans, soy products, legumes, alfalfa sprouts, chickpeas, peanuts, and red clover.

In other embodiments, the antioxidant is curcumin. Suitable sources of curcumin for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, turmeric and mustard.

In other embodiments, the antioxidant is chosen from punicalagin, ellagitannin or combinations thereof. Suitable sources of punicalagin and ellagitannin for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, pomegranate, raspberry, strawberry, walnut, and oak-aged red wine.

In other embodiments, the antioxidant is a citrus flavonoid, such as hesperidin or naringin. Suitable sources of citrus flavonoids, such as hesperidin or naringin, for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, oranges, grapefruits, and citrus juices.

In other embodiments, the antioxidant is chlorogenic acid. Suitable sources of chlorogenic acid for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, green coffee, yerba mate, red wine, grape seed, red grape skin, purple grape skin, red grape juice, purple grape juice, apple juice, cranberry, pomegranate, blueberry, strawberry, sunflower, Echinacea, pycnogenol, and apple peel.

Dietary Fiber

In another embodiment, the functional ingredient is at least one dietary fiber source. As used herein, the at least one dietary fiber source may comprise a single dietary fiber source or a plurality of dietary fiber sources as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one dietary fiber source is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness.

Numerous polymeric carbohydrates having significantly different structures in both composition and linkages fall within the definition of dietary fiber. Such compounds are well known to those skilled in the art, non-limiting examples of which include non-starch polysaccharides, lignin, cellulose, methylcellulose, the hemicelluloses, β-glucans, pectins, gums, mucilage, waxes, inulins, oligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides, cyclodextrins, chitins, and combinations thereof.

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. Non-starch polysaccharides are bonded with β-linkages, which humans are unable to digest due to a lack of an enzyme to break the β-linkages. Conversely, digestible starch polysaccharides generally comprise α(1-4) linkages.

Lignin is a large, highly branched and cross-linked polymer based on oxygenated phenylpropane units. Cellulose is a linear polymer of glucose molecules joined by a β(1-4) linkage, which mammalian amylases are unable to hydrolyze. Methylcellulose is a methyl ester of cellulose that is often used in foodstuffs as a thickener, and emulsifier. It is commercially available (e.g., Citrucel by GlaxoSmithKline, Celevac by Shire Pharmaceuticals).

Hemicelluloses are highly branched polymers consisting mainly of glucurono- and 4-O-methylglucuroxylans. β-Glucans are mixed-linkage (1-3), (1-4) β-D-glucose polymers found primarily in cereals, such as oats and barley. Pectins, such as beta pectin, are a group of polysaccharides composed primarily of D-galacturonic acid, which is methoxylated to variable degrees.

Gums and mucilages represent a broad array of different branched structures. Guar gum, derived from the ground endosperm of the guar seed, is a galactomannan. Guar gum is commercially available (e.g., Benefiber by Novartis AG). Other gums, such as gum arabic and pectins, have still different structures. Still other gums include xanthan gum, gellan gum, tara gum, psylium seed husk gum, and locust been gum.

Waxes are esters of ethylene glycol and two fatty acids, generally occurring as a hydrophobic liquid that is insoluble in water.

Inulins comprise naturally occurring oligosaccharides belonging to a class of carbohydrates known as fructans. They generally are comprised of fructose units joined by β(2-1) glycosidic linkages with a terminal glucose unit. Oligosaccharides are saccharide polymers containing typically three to six component sugars. They are generally found either O- or N-linked to compatible amino acid side chains in proteins or to lipid molecules. Fructo-oligosaccharides are oligosaccharides consisting of short chains of fructose molecules.

Food sources of dietary fiber include, but are not limited to, grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables. Grains providing dietary fiber include, but are not limited to, oats, rye, barley, wheat. Legumes providing fiber include, but are not limited to, peas and beans such as soybeans. Fruits and vegetables providing a source of fiber include, but are not limited to, apples, oranges, pears, bananas, berries, tomatoes, green beans, broccoli, cauliflower, carrots, potatoes, celery. Plant foods such as bran, nuts, and seeds (such as flax seeds) are also sources of dietary fiber. Parts of plants providing dietary fiber include, but are not limited to, the stems, roots, leaves, seeds, pulp, and skin.

Although dietary fiber generally is derived from plant sources, indigestible animal products such as chitins are also classified as dietary fiber. Chitin is a polysaccharide composed of units of acetylglucosamine joined by β(1-4) linkages, similar to the linkages of cellulose.

Sources of dietary fiber often are divided into categories of soluble and insoluble fiber based on their solubility in water. Both soluble and insoluble fibers are found in plant foods to varying degrees depending upon the characteristics of the plant. Although insoluble in water, insoluble fiber has passive hydrophilic properties that help increase bulk, soften stools, and shorten transit time of fecal solids through the intestinal tract.

Unlike insoluble fiber, soluble fiber readily dissolves in water. Soluble fiber undergoes active metabolic processing via fermentation in the colon, increasing the colonic microflora and thereby increasing the mass of fecal solids. Fermentation of fibers by colonic bacteria also yields end-products with significant health benefits. For example, fermentation of the food masses produces gases and short-chain fatty acids. Acids produced during fermentation include butyric, acetic, propionic, and valeric acids that have various beneficial properties such as stabilizing blood glucose levels by acting on pancreatic insulin release and providing liver control by glycogen breakdown. In addition, fiber fermentation may reduce atherosclerosis by lowering cholesterol synthesis by the liver and reducing blood levels of LDL and triglycerides. The acids produced during fermentation lower colonic pH, thereby protecting the colon lining from cancer polyp formation. The lower colonic pH also increases mineral absorption, improves the barrier properties of the colonic mucosal layer, and inhibits inflammatory and adhesion irritants. Fermentation of fibers also may benefit the immune system by stimulating production of T-helper cells, antibodies, leukocytes, splenocytes, cytokinins and lymphocytes.

Fatty Acid

In other embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one fatty acid. As used herein, the at least one fatty acid may be single fatty acid or a plurality of fatty acids as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one fatty acid is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness.

As used herein, “fatty acid” refers to any straight chain monocarboxylic acid and includes saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, long chain fatty acids, medium chain fatty acids, short chain fatty acids, fatty acid precursors (including omega-9 fatty acid precursors), and esterified fatty acids. As used herein, “long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid” refers to any polyunsaturated carboxylic acid or organic acid with a long aliphatic tail. As used herein, “omega-3 fatty acid” refers to any polyunsaturated fatty acid having a first double bond as the third carbon-carbon bond from the terminal methyl end of its carbon chain. In particular embodiments, the omega-3 fatty acid may comprise a long chain omega-3 fatty acid. As used herein, “omega-6 fatty acid” any polyunsaturated fatty acid having a first double bond as the sixth carbon-carbon bond from the terminal methyl end of its carbon chain.

Suitable omega-3 fatty acids for use in embodiments of the present invention can be derived from algae, fish, animals, plants, or combinations thereof, for example. Examples of suitable omega-3 fatty acids include, but are not limited to, linolenic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, stearidonic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid and combinations thereof. In further embodiments, suitable omega-3 fatty acids can be provided in fish oils, (e.g., menhaden oil, tuna oil, salmon oil, bonito oil, and cod oil), microalgae omega-3 oils or combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, suitable omega-3 fatty acids may be derived from commercially available omega-3 fatty acid oils such as Microalgae DHA oil (from Martek, Columbia, Md.), OmegaPure (from Omega Protein, Houston, Tex.), Marinol C-38 (from Lipid Nutrition, Channahon, Ill.), Bonito oil and MEG-3 (from Ocean Nutrition, Dartmouth, NS), Evogel (from Symrise, Holzminden, Germany), Marine Oil, from tuna or salmon (from Arista Wilton, Conn.), OmegaSource 2000, Marine Oil, from menhaden and Marine Oil, from cod (from OmegaSource, RTP, NC).

Suitable omega-6 fatty acids include, but are not limited to, linoleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, dihommo-gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosadienoic acid, docosadienoic acid, adrenic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and combinations thereof.

Suitable esterified fatty acids for embodiments of the present invention may include, but are not limited to, monoacylgycerols containing omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids, diacylgycerols containing omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids, or triacylgycerols containing omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids and combinations thereof.

Vitamins

In other embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one vitamin.

As used herein, the at least one vitamin may be single vitamin or a plurality of vitamins as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to other embodiments of this invention, the at least one vitamin is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness.

Vitamins are organic compounds that the human body needs in small quantities for normal functioning. The body uses vitamins without breaking them down, unlike other nutrients such as carbohydrates and proteins. To date, thirteen vitamins have been recognized, and one or more can be used in the compositions herein. Suitable vitamins include, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B5, vitamin B6, vitamin B7, vitamin B9, vitamin B12, and vitamin C. Many of vitamins also have alternative chemical names, non-limiting examples of which are: Vitamin A (Retinol), Retinaldehyde, Retinoic acid Retinoids, Retinal, Retinoic ester, Vitamin D (vitamins D1-D5, Calciferol), Cholecalciferol Lumisterol, Ergocalciferol, Dihydrotachysterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, Vitamin E (Tocopherol), Tocotrienol, Vitamin K (Phylloquinone), Naphthoquinone, Vitamin B1 (Thiamin), Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin), Vitamin G, Vitamin B3 (Niacin), Nicotinic acid, Vitamin PP, Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid), Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine), Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine, Vitamin B7 (Biotin), Vitamin H, Vitamin B9 (Folic acid), Folate, Folacin, Vitamin M, Pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin), Cyanocobalamin, and Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid).

Various other compounds have been classified as vitamins by some authorities. These compounds may be termed pseudo-vitamins and include, but are not limited to, compounds such as ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10), pangamic acid, dimethylglycine, taestrile, amygdaline, flavanoids, para-aminobenzoic acid, adenine, adenylic acid, and s-methylmethionine. As used herein, the term vitamin includes pseudo-vitamins.

In other embodiments, the vitamin is a fat-soluble vitamin chosen from vitamin A, D, E, K and combinations thereof.

In other embodiments, the vitamin is a water-soluble vitamin chosen from vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid, vitamin C and combinations thereof.

Glucosamine

In other embodiments, the functional ingredient is glucosamine.

Generally, according to other embodiments of this invention, glucosamine is present in the compositions in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness.

Glucosamine, also called chitosamine, is an amino sugar that is believed to be an important precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. D-glucosamine occurs naturally in the cartilage in the form of glucosamine-6-phosphate, which is synthesized from fructose-6-phosphate and glutamine. However, glucosamine also is available in other forms, non-limiting examples of which include glucosamine hydrochloride, glucosamine sulfate, N-acetyl-glucosamine, or any other salt forms or combinations thereof. Glucosamine may be obtained by acid hydrolysis of the shells of lobsters, crabs, shrimps, or prawns using methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In a particular embodiment, glucosamine may be derived from fungal biomass containing chitin, as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0172392.

The compositions can further comprise chondroitin sulfate.

Minerals

In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one mineral.

As used herein, the at least one mineral may be single mineral or a plurality of minerals as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one mineral is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness.

Minerals, in accordance with the teachings of this invention, comprise inorganic chemical elements required by living organisms. Minerals are comprised of a broad range of compositions (e.g., elements, simple salts, and complex silicates) and also vary broadly in crystalline structure. They may naturally occur in foods and beverages, may be added as a supplement, or may be consumed or administered separately from foods or beverages.

Minerals may be categorized as either bulk minerals, which are required in relatively large amounts, or trace minerals, which are required in relatively small amounts. Bulk minerals generally are required in amounts greater than or equal to about 100 mg per day and trace minerals are those that are required in amounts less than about 100 mg per day.

In particular embodiments of this invention, the mineral is chosen from bulk minerals, trace minerals or combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of bulk minerals include calcium, chlorine, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, and sulfur. Non-limiting examples of trace minerals include chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, and iodine. Although iodine generally is classified as a trace mineral, it is required in larger quantities than other trace minerals and often is categorized as a bulk mineral.

In other particular embodiments of this invention, the mineral is a trace mineral, believed to be necessary for human nutrition, non-limiting examples of which include bismuth, boron, lithium, nickel, rubidium, silicon, strontium, tellurium, tin, titanium, tungsten, and vanadium.

The minerals embodied herein may be in any form known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, in one embodiment, the minerals may be in their ionic form, having either a positive or negative charge. In another embodiment, the minerals may be in their molecular form. For example, sulfur and phosphorous often are found naturally as sulfates, sulfides, and phosphates.

Preservatives

In other embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one preservative.

As used herein, the at least one preservative may be single preservative or a plurality of preservatives as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one preservative is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness.

In other embodiments of this invention, the preservative is chosen from antimicrobials, antioxidants, antienzymatics or combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of antimicrobials include sulfites, propionates, benzoates, sorbates, nitrates, nitrites, bacteriocins, salts, sugars, acetic acid, dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC), ethanol, and ozone.

According to another embodiment, the preservative is a sulfite. Sulfites include, but are not limited to, sulfur dioxide, sodium bisulfite, and potassium hydrogen sulfite.

According to another embodiment, the preservative is a propionate. Propionates include, but are not limited to, propionic acid, calcium propionate, and sodium propionate.

According to another embodiment, the preservative is a benzoate. Benzoates include, but are not limited to, sodium benzoate and benzoic acid.

In another embodiment, the preservative is a sorbate. Sorbates include, but are not limited to, potassium sorbate, sodium sorbate, calcium sorbate, and sorbic acid.

In another embodiment, the preservative is a nitrate and/or a nitrite. Nitrates and nitrites include, but are not limited to, sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite.

In another embodiment, the at least one preservative is a bacteriocin, such as, for example, nisin.

In another embodiment, the preservative is ethanol.

In still another embodiment, the preservative is ozone.

Non-limiting examples of antienzymatics suitable for use as preservatives in particular embodiments of the invention include ascorbic acid, citric acid, and metal chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).

Hydration Agents

In other embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one hydration agent.

As used herein, the at least one hydration agent may be single hydration agent or a plurality of hydration agents as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to other embodiments of this invention, the at least one hydration agent is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness.

Hydration products help the body to replace fluids that are lost through excretion. For example, fluid is lost as sweat in order to regulate body temperature, as urine in order to excrete waste substances, and as water vapor in order to exchange gases in the lungs. Fluid loss can also occur due to a wide range of external causes, non-limiting examples of which include physical activity, exposure to dry air, diarrhea, vomiting, hyperthermia, shock, blood loss, and hypotension. Diseases causing fluid loss include diabetes, cholera, gastroenteritis, shigellosis, and yellow fever. Forms of malnutrition that cause fluid loss include the excessive consumption of alcohol, electrolyte imbalance, fasting, and rapid weight loss.

In another embodiment, the hydration product is a composition that helps the body replace fluids that are lost during exercise. Accordingly, in a particular embodiment, the hydration product is an electrolyte, non-limiting examples of which include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, bicarbonate, and combinations thereof. Suitable electrolytes for use in particular embodiments of this invention are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,569, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. In particular embodiments, the electrolytes are obtained from their corresponding water-soluble salts. Non-limiting examples of salts for use in particular embodiments include chlorides, carbonates, sulfates, acetates, bicarbonates, citrates, phosphates, hydrogen phosphates, tartrates, sorbates, citrates, benzoates, or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the electrolytes are provided by juice, fruit extracts, vegetable extracts, tea, or teas extracts.

In another embodiment, the hydration product is a carbohydrate to supplement energy stores burned by muscles. Suitable carbohydrates for use in embodiments are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,312,856, 4,853,237, 5,681,569, and 6,989,171, the disclosures of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. Non-limiting examples of suitable carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, complex polysaccharides or combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of suitable types of monosaccharides for use in particular embodiments include trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses, octoses, and nonoses. Non-limiting examples of specific types of suitable monosaccharides include glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, erythrose, threose, erythrulose, arabinose, lyxose, ribose, xylose, ribulose, xylulose, allose, altrose, galactose, glucose, gulose, idose, mannose, talose, fructose, psicose, sorbose, tagatose, mannoheptulose, sedoheltulose, octolose, and sialose. Non-limiting examples of suitable disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Non-limiting examples of suitable oligosaccharides include saccharose, maltotriose, and maltodextrin. In other embodiments, the carbohydrates are provided by a corn syrup, a beet sugar, a cane sugar, a juice, or a tea.

In another embodiment, the hydration is a flavanol that provides cellular rehydration. Flavanols are a class of natural substances present in plants, and generally comprise a 2-phenylbenzopyrone molecular skeleton attached to one or more chemical moieties. Non-limiting examples of suitable flavanols for use in other embodiments of this invention include catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin 3-gallate, theaflavin, theaflavin 3-gallate, theaflavin 3′-gallate, theaflavin 3,3′ gallate, thearubigin or combinations thereof. Several common sources of flavanols include tea plants, fruits, vegetables, and flowers. In other embodiments, the flavanol is extracted from green tea.

In another embodiment, the hydration product is a glycerol solution to enhance exercise endurance. The ingestion of a glycerol containing solution has been shown to provide beneficial physiological effects, such as expanded blood volume, lower heart rate, and lower rectal temperature.

Probiotics/Prebiotics

In other embodiments, the functional ingredient is chosen from at least one probiotic, prebiotic and combination thereof.

As used herein, the at least one probiotic or prebiotic may be single probiotic or prebiotic or a plurality of probiotics or prebiotics as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to other embodiments of this invention, the at least one probiotic, prebiotic or combination thereof is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness.

Probiotics, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments herein, comprise microorganisms that benefit health when consumed in an effective amount. Desirably, probiotics beneficially affect the human body's naturally-occurring gastrointestinal microflora and impart health benefits apart from nutrition. Probiotics may include, without limitation, bacteria, yeasts, and fungi.

Prebiotics, in accordance with the teachings of this invention, are compositions that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestines. Prebiotic substances can be consumed by a relevant probiotic, or otherwise assist in keeping the relevant probiotic alive or stimulate its growth. When consumed in an effective amount, prebiotics also beneficially affect the human body's naturally-occurring gastrointestinal microflora and thereby impart health benefits apart from just nutrition. Prebiotic foods enter the colon and serve as substrate for the endogenous bacteria, thereby indirectly providing the host with energy, metabolic substrates, and essential micronutrients. The body's digestion and absorption of prebiotic foods is dependent upon bacterial metabolic activity, which salvages energy for the host from nutrients that escaped digestion and absorption in the small intestine.

According to another embodiment, the probiotic is a beneficial microorganism that beneficially affects the human body's naturally-occurring gastrointestinal microflora and imparts health benefits apart from nutrition. Examples of probiotics include, but are not limited to, bacteria of the genus Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, Streptococci, or combinations thereof, that confer beneficial effects to humans.

In other embodiments, the at least one probiotic is chosen from the genus Lactobacilli. Lactobacilli (i.e., bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus, hereinafter “L.”) have been used for several hundred years as a food preservative and for promoting human health. Non-limiting examples of species of Lactobacilli found in the human intestinal tract include L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. fermentum, L. saliva roes, L. brevis, L. leichmannii, L. plantarum, L. cellobiosus, L. reuteri, L. rhamnosus, L. GG, L. bulgaricus, and L. thermophilus.

According to another embodiments, the probiotic is chosen from the genus Bifidobacteria. Bifidobacteria also are known to exert a beneficial influence on human health by producing short chain fatty acids (e.g., acetic, propionic, and butyric acids), lactic, and formic acids as a result of carbohydrate metabolism. Non-limiting species of Bifidobacteria found in the human gastrointestinal tract include B. angulatum, B. animalis, B. asteroides, B. bifidum, B. boum, B. breve, B. catenulatum, B. choerinum, B. coryneforme, B. cuniculi, B. dentium, B. gallicum, B. gallinarum, B indicum, B. longum, B. magnum, B. merycicum, B. minimum, B. pseudocatenulatum, B. pseudolongum, B. psychraerophilum, B. pullorum, B. ruminantium, B. saeculare, B. scardovii, B. simiae, B. subtile, B. thermacidophilum, B. thermophilum, B. urinalis, and B. sp.

According to another embodiment, the probiotic is chosen from the genus Streptococcus. Streptococcus thermophilus is a gram-positive facultative anaerobe, which is classified as a lactic-acid bacterium and commonly found in milk and milk products. S. thermophilus and is used in the production of yogurt. Other non-limiting probiotic species of this bacteria include Streptococcus salivarus and Streptococcus cremoris.

Probiotics that may be used in accordance with the embodiments herein are well-known to those of skill in the art. Non-limiting examples of foodstuffs comprising probiotics include yogurt, sauerkraut, kefir, kimchi, fermented vegetables, and other foodstuffs containing a microbial element that beneficially affects the host animal by improving the intestinal microbalance.

Prebiotics, in accordance with the embodiments herein, include, without limitation, mucopolysaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, amino acids, vitamins, nutrient precursors, proteins and combinations thereof.

According to other embodiments, the prebiotic is chosen from dietary fibers, including, without limitation, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. These compounds have the ability to increase the number of probiotics, which leads to the benefits conferred by the probiotics. Non-limiting examples of oligosaccharides that are categorized as prebiotics in accordance with other embodiments include fructo-oligosaccharides, inulins, isomalto-oligosaccharides, lactilol, lactosucrose, lactulose, pyrodextrins, soy oligosaccharides, transgalacto-oligosaccharides, and xylo-oligosaccharides.

According to other embodiments, the prebiotic is an amino acid. Although a number of known prebiotics break down to provide carbohydrates for probiotics, some probiotics also require amino acids for nourishment.

Prebiotics are found naturally in a variety of foods including, without limitation, bananas, berries, asparagus, garlic, wheat, oats, barley (and other whole grains), flaxseed, tomatoes, Jerusalem artichoke, onions and chicory, greens (e.g., dandelion greens, spinach, collard greens, chard, kale, mustard greens, turnip greens), and legumes (e.g., lentils, kidney beans, chickpeas, navy beans, white beans, black beans).

Weight Management Agents

In other embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one weight management agent.

As used herein, the at least one weight management agent may be single weight management agent or a plurality of weight management agents as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to other embodiments, the at least one weight management agent is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness.

As used herein, “a weight management agent” includes an appetite suppressant and/or a thermogenesis agent. As used herein, the phrases “appetite suppressant”, “appetite satiation compositions”, “satiety agents”, and “satiety ingredients” are synonymous. The phrase “appetite suppressant” describes macronutrients, herbal extracts, exogenous hormones, anorectics, anorexigenics, pharmaceutical drugs, and combinations thereof, that when delivered in an effective amount, suppress, inhibit, reduce, or otherwise curtail a person's appetite. The phrase “thermogenesis agent” describes macronutrients, herbal extracts, exogenous hormones, anorectics, anorexigenics, pharmaceutical drugs, and combinations thereof, that when delivered in an effective amount, activate or otherwise enhance a person's thermogenesis or metabolism.

Suitable weight management agents include macronutrient selected from the group consisting of proteins, carbohydrates, dietary fats, and combinations thereof. Consumption of proteins, carbohydrates, and dietary fats stimulates the release of peptides with appetite-suppressing effects. For example, consumption of proteins and dietary fats stimulates the release of the gut hormone cholecytokinin (CCK), while consumption of carbohydrates and dietary fats stimulates release of Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1).

Suitable macronutrient weight management agents also include carbohydrates. Carbohydrates generally comprise sugars, starches, cellulose and gums that the body converts into glucose for energy. Carbohydrates often are classified into two categories, digestible carbohydrates (e.g., monosaccharides, disaccharides, and starch) and non-digestible carbohydrates (e.g., dietary fiber). Studies have shown that non-digestible carbohydrates and complex polymeric carbohydrates having reduced absorption and digestibility in the small intestine stimulate physiologic responses that inhibit food intake. Accordingly, the carbohydrates embodied herein desirably comprise non-digestible carbohydrates or carbohydrates with reduced digestibility. Non-limiting examples of such carbohydrates include polydextrose; inulin; monosaccharide-derived polyols such as erythritol, mannitol, xylitol, and sorbitol; disaccharide-derived alcohols such as isomalt, lactitol, and maltitol; and hydrogenated starch hydrolysates. Carbohydrates are described in more detail herein below.

In another embodiment, weight management agent is a dietary fat. Dietary fats are lipids comprising combinations of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to have a greater satiating power than mono-unsaturated fatty acids. Accordingly, the dietary fats embodied herein desirably comprise poly-unsaturated fatty acids, non-limiting examples of which include triacylglycerols.

In another embodiment, the weight management agents are an herbal extract. Extracts from numerous types of plants have been identified as possessing appetite suppressant properties. Non-limiting examples of plants whose extracts have appetite suppressant properties include plants of the genus Hoodia, Trichocaulon, Caralluma, Stapelia, Orbea, Asclepias, and Camelia. Other embodiments include extracts derived from Gymnema Sylvestre, Kola Nut, Citrus Auran tium, Yerba Mate, Griffonia Simplicifolia, Guarana, myrrh, guggul Lipid, and black current seed oil.

The herbal extracts may be prepared from any type of plant material or plant biomass. Non-limiting examples of plant material and biomass include the stems, roots, leaves, dried powder obtained from the plant material, and sap or dried sap. The herbal extracts generally are prepared by extracting sap from the plant and then spray-drying the sap. Alternatively, solvent extraction procedures may be employed. Following the initial extraction, it may be desirable to further fractionate the initial extract (e.g., by column chromatography) in order to obtain an herbal extract with enhanced activity. Such techniques are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

In another embodiment, the herbal extract is derived from a plant of the genus Hoodia, species of which include H. alstonii, H. currorii, H. dregei, H. flava, H. gordonii, H. jutatae, H. mossamedensis, H. officinalis, H. parviflorai, H. pedicellata, H. pilifera, H. ruschii, and H. triebneri. Hoodia plants are stem succulents native to southern Africa. A sterol glycoside of Hoodia, known as P57, is believed to be responsible for the appetite-suppressant effect of the Hoodia species.

In another particular embodiment, the herbal extract is derived from a plant of the genus Caralluma, species of which include C. indica, C. fimbriata, C. attenuate, C. tuberculata, C. edulis, C. adscendens, C. stalagmifera, C. umbellate, C. penicillata, C. russeliana, C. retrospicens, C. Arabica, and C. lasiantha. Carralluma plants belong to the same Subfamily as Hoodia, Asclepiadaceae. Caralluma are small, erect and fleshy plants native to India having medicinal properties, such as appetite suppression, that generally are attributed to glycosides belonging to the pregnane group of glycosides, non-limiting examples of which include caratuberside A, caratuberside B, bouceroside I, bouceroside II, bouceroside III, bouceroside IV, bouceroside V, bouceroside VI, bouceroside VII, bouceroside VIII, bouceroside IX, and bouceroside X.

In another embodiment, the at least one herbal extract is derived from a plant of the genus Trichocaulon. Trichocaulon plants are succulents that generally are native to southern Africa, similar to Hoodia, and include the species T. piliferum and T. officinale.

In another embodiment, the herbal extract is derived from a plant of the genus Stapelia or Orbea, species of which include S. gigantean and O. variegate, respectively. Both Stapelia and Orbea plants belong to the same Subfamily as Hoodia, Asclepiadaceae. Not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the compounds exhibiting appetite suppressant activity are saponins, such as pregnane glycosides, which include stavarosides A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, and K.

In another embodiment, the herbal extract is derived from a plant of the genus Asclepias. Asclepias plants also belong to the Asclepiadaceae family of plants. Non-limiting examples of Asclepias plants include A. incarnate, A. curassayica, A. syriaca, and A. tuberose. Not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the extracts comprise steroidal compounds, such as pregnane glycosides and pregnane aglycone, having appetite suppressant effects.

In a particular embodiment, the weight management agent is an exogenous hormone having a weight management effect. Non-limiting examples of such hormones include CCK, peptide YY, ghrelin, bombesin and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), enterostatin, apolipoprotein A-IV, GLP-1, amylin, somastatin, and leptin.

In another embodiment, the weight management agent is a pharmaceutical drug. Non-limiting examples include phentenime, diethylpropion, phendimetrazine, sibutramine, rimonabant, oxyntomodulin, floxetine hydrochloride, ephedrine, phenethylamine, or other stimulants.

Osteoporosis Management Agents

In other embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one osteoporosis management agent.

As used herein, the at least one osteoporosis management agent may be single osteoporosis management agent or a plurality of osteoporosis management agent as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to some embodiments of this invention, the at least one osteoporosis management agent is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness.

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder of compromised bone strength, resulting in an increased risk of bone fracture. Generally, osteoporosis is characterized by reduction of the bone mineral density (BMD), disruption of bone micro-architecture, and changes to the amount and variety of non-collagenous proteins in the bone.

In some embodiments, the osteoporosis management agent is at least one calcium source. According to a particular embodiment, the calcium source is any compound containing calcium, including salt complexes, solubilized species, and other forms of calcium. Non-limiting examples of calcium sources include amino acid chelated calcium, calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, calcium phosphate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium citrate, calcium malate, calcium citrate malate, calcium gluconate, calcium tartrate, calcium lactate, solubilized species thereof, and combinations thereof.

According to another embodiment, the osteoporosis management agent is a magnesium source. The magnesium source is any compound containing magnesium, including salt complexes, solubilized species, and other forms of magnesium. Non-limiting examples of magnesium sources include magnesium chloride, magnesium citrate, magnesium gluceptate, magnesium gluconate, magnesium lactate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium picolate, magnesium sulfate, solubilized species thereof, and mixtures thereof. In another particular embodiment, the magnesium source comprises an amino acid chelated or creatine chelated magnesium.

In other embodiments, the osteoporosis agent is chosen from vitamins D, C, K, their precursors and/or beta-carotene and combinations thereof.

Numerous plants and plant extracts also have been identified as being effective in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the plants and plant extracts stimulates bone morphogenic proteins and/or inhibits bone resorption, thereby stimulating bone regeneration and strength. Non-limiting examples of suitable plants and plant extracts as osteoporosis management agents include species of the genus Taraxacum and Amelanchier, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0106215, and species of the genus Lindera, Artemisia, Acorus, Carthamus, Carum, Cnidium, Curcuma, Cyperus, Juniperus, Prunus, Iris, Cichorium, Dodonaea, Epimedium, Erigonoum, Soya, Mentha, Ocimum, thymus, Tanacetum, Plantago, Spearmint, Bixa, Vitis, Rosemarinus, Rhus, and Anethum, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0079232.

Phytoestrogens

In other embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one phytoestrogen.

As used herein, the at least one phytoestrogen may be single phytoestrogen or a plurality of phytoestrogens as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to other embodiments of this invention, the at least one phytoestrogen is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness.

Phytoestrogens are compounds found in plants which can typically be delivered into human bodies by ingestion of the plants or the plant parts having the phytoestrogens. As used herein, “phytoestrogen” refers to any substance which, when introduced into a body causes an estrogen-like effect of any degree. For example, a phytoestrogen may bind to estrogen receptors within the body and have a small estrogen-like effect.

Examples of suitable phytoestrogens for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, isoflavones, stilbenes, lignans, resorcyclic acid lactones, coumestans, coumestrol, equol, and combinations thereof. Sources of suitable phytoestrogens include, but are not limited to, whole grains, cereals, fibers, fruits, vegetables, black cohosh, agave root, black currant, black haw, chasteberries, cramp bark, dong quai root, devil's club root, false unicorn root, ginseng root, groundsel herb, licorice, liferoot herb, motherwort herb, peony root, raspberry leaves, rose family plants, sage leaves, sarsaparilla root, saw palmetto berried, wild yam root, yarrow blossoms, legumes, soybeans, soy products (e.g., miso, soy flour, soymilk, soy nuts, soy protein isolate, tempen, or tofu) chick peas, nuts, lentils, seeds, clover, red clover, dandelion leaves, dandelion roots, fenugreek seeds, green tea, hops, red wine, flaxseed, garlic, onions, linseed, borage, butterfly weed, caraway, chaste tree, vitex, dates, dill, fennel seed, gotu kola, milk thistle, pennyroyal, pomegranates, southernwood, soya flour, tansy, and root of the kudzu vine (pueraria root) and the like, and combinations thereof.

Isoflavones belong to the group of phytonutrients called polyphenols. In general, polyphenols (also known as “polyphenolics”), are a group of chemical substances found in plants, characterized by the presence of more than one phenol group per molecule.

Suitable phytoestrogen isoflavones in accordance with embodiments of this invention include genistein, daidzein, glycitein, biochanin A, formononetin, their respective naturally occurring glycosides and glycoside conjugates, matairesinol, secoisolariciresinol, enterolactone, enterodiol, textured vegetable protein, and combinations thereof.

Suitable sources of isoflavones for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, soy beans, soy products, legumes, alfalfa sprouts, chickpeas, peanuts, and red clover.

Long-Chain Primary Aliphatic Saturated Alcohols

In other embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one long chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohol.

As used herein, the at least one long chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohol may be single long chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohol or a plurality of long chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohols as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to other embodiments of this invention, the at least one long chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohol is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness.

Long-chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohols are a diverse group of organic compounds. The term alcohol refers to the fact these compounds feature a hydroxyl group (—OH) bound to a carbon atom. The term primary refers to the fact that in these compounds the carbon atom which is bound to the hydroxyl group is bound to only one other carbon atom. The term saturated refers to the fact that these compounds feature no carbon to carbon pi bonds. The term aliphatic refers to the fact that the carbon atoms in these compounds are joined together in straight or branched chains rather than in rings. The term long-chain refers to the fact that the number of carbon atoms in these compounds is at least 8 carbons).

Non-limiting examples of particular long-chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohols for use in particular embodiments of the invention include the 8 carbon atom 1-octanol, the 9 carbon 1-nonanol, the 10 carbon atom 1-decanol, the 12 carbon atom 1-dodecanol, the 14 carbon atom 1-tetradecanol, the 16 carbon atom 1-hexadecanol, the 18 carbon atom 1-octadecanol, the 20 carbon atom 1-eicosanol, the 22 carbon 1-docosanol, the 24 carbon 1-tetracosanol, the 26 carbon 1-hexacosanol, the 27 carbon 1-heptacosanol, the 28 carbon 1-octanosol, the 29 carbon 1-nonacosanol, the 30 carbon 1-triacontanol, the 32 carbon 1-dotriacontanol, and the 34 carbon 1-tetracontanol.

In another embodiment, the long-chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohols are policosanol. Policosanol is the term for a mixture of long-chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohols composed primarily of 28 carbon 1-octanosol and 30 carbon 1-triacontanol, as well as other alcohols in lower concentrations such as 22 carbon 1-docosanol, 24 carbon 1-tetracosanol, 26 carbon 1-hexacosanol, 27 carbon 1-heptacosanol, 29 carbon 1-nonacosanol, 32 carbon 1-dotriacontanol, and 34 carbon 1-tetracontanol.

Long-chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohols are derived from natural fats and oils. They may be obtained from these sources by using extraction techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Policosanols can be isolated from a variety of plants and materials including sugar cane (Saccharum officinarium), yams (e.g. Dioscorea opposite), bran from rice (e.g. Oryza sativa), and beeswax. Policosanols may be obtained from these sources by using extraction techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A description of such extraction techniques can be found in U.S. Pat. Appl. No. 2005/0220868, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference.

Phytosterols

In other embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one phytosterol, phytostanol or combination thereof.

Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one phytosterol, phytostanol or combination thereof is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness.

As used herein, the phrases “stanol”, “plant stanol” and “phytostanol” are synonymous.

Plant sterols and stanols are present naturally in small quantities in many fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, cereals, legumes, vegetable oils, bark of the trees and other plant sources. Although people normally consume plant sterols and stanols every day, the amounts consumed are insufficient to have significant cholesterol-lowering effects or other health benefits. Accordingly, it would be desirable to supplement food and beverages with plant sterols and stanols.

Sterols are a subgroup of steroids with a hydroxyl group at C-3. Generally, phytosterols have a double bond within the steroid nucleus, like cholesterol; however, phytosterols also may comprise a substituted sidechain (R) at C-24, such as an ethyl or methyl group, or an additional double bond. The structures of phytosterols are well known to those of skill in the art.

At least 44 naturally-occurring phytosterols have been discovered, and generally are derived from plants, such as corn, soy, wheat, and wood oils; however, they also may be produced synthetically to form compositions identical to those in nature or having properties similar to those of naturally-occurring phytosterols. According to particular embodiments of this invention, non-limiting examples of phytosterols well known to those or ordinary skill in the art include 4-desmethylsterols (e.g., β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, brassicasterol, 22-dehydrobrassicasterol, and Δ5-avenasterol), 4-monomethyl sterols, and 4,4-dimethyl sterols (triterpene alcohols) (e.g., cycloartenol, 24-methylenecycloartanol, and cyclobranol).

As used herein, the phrases “stanol”, “plant stanol” and “phytostanol” are synonymous. Phytostanols are saturated sterol alcohols present in only trace amounts in nature and also may be synthetically produced, such as by hydrogenation of phytosterols. According to particular embodiments of this invention, non-limiting examples of phytostanols include β-sitostanol, campestanol, cycloartanol, and saturated forms of other triterpene alcohols.

Both phytosterols and phytostanols, as used herein, include the various isomers such as the α and β isomers (e.g., α-sitosterol and β-sitostanol, which comprise one of the most effective phytosterols and phytostanols, respectively, for lowering serum cholesterol in mammals).

The phytosterols and phytostanols of the present invention also may be in their ester form. Suitable methods for deriving the esters of phytosterols and phytostanols are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, and are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,589,588, 6,635,774, 6,800,317, and U.S. Patent Publication Number 2003/0045473, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Non-limiting examples of suitable phytosterol and phytostanol esters include sitosterol acetate, sitosterol oleate, stigmasterol oleate, and their corresponding phytostanol esters. The phytosterols and phytostanols of the present invention also may include their derivatives.

Generally, the amount of functional ingredient in the composition varies widely depending on the particular composition and the desired functional ingredient. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily ascertain the appropriate amount of functional ingredient for each composition.

In another embodiment, a method for preparing a composition comprises combining novel extract and at least one sweetener and/or additive and/or functional ingredient.

Consumables

In another embodiment, the composition of the present application is a consumable comprising novel extract, or a consumable comprising a composition comprising novel extract. Novel extract, or a composition comprising the same, can be incorporated in any known edible or oral composition (referred to herein as a “consumable”), such as, for example, pharmaceutical compositions, edible gel mixes and compositions, dental compositions, foodstuffs (confections, condiments, chewing gum, cereal compositions baked goods dairy products, and tabletop sweetener compositions) beverages and beverage products.

Consumables, as used herein, mean substances which are contacted with the mouth of man or animal, including substances which are taken into and subsequently ejected from the mouth and substances which are drunk, eaten, swallowed or otherwise ingested, and are safe for human or animal consumption when used in a generally acceptable range.

For example, a beverage is a consumable. The beverage may be sweetened or unsweetened. A novel extract, or a composition comprising a novel extract, may be added to a beverage or beverage matrix to sweeten the beverage or enhance its existing sweetness or flavor. Another embodiment provides for a consumable comprising one or more novel extracts. The concentration of one or more novel extracts in the consumable may be above, at or below its threshold sweetness concentration.

The consumable can optionally include additives, additional sweeteners, functional ingredients and combinations thereof, as described herein. Any of the additive, additional sweetener and functional ingredients described above can be present in the consumable.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

Another embodiment provides for a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a pharmaceutically active substance and one or more novel extracts.

Another embodiment provides for a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a pharmaceutically active substance and a composition comprising one or more novel extracts.

Novel extract or composition comprising novel extract can be present as an excipient material in the pharmaceutical composition, which can mask a bitter or otherwise undesirable taste of a pharmaceutically active substance or another excipient material. The pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of a tablet, a capsule, a liquid, an aerosol, a powder, an effervescent tablet or powder, a syrup, an emulsion, a suspension, a solution, or any other form for providing the pharmaceutical composition to a patient. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may be in a form for oral administration, buccal administration, sublingual administration, or any other route of administration as known in the art.

As referred to herein, “pharmaceutically active substance” means any drug, drug formulation, medication, prophylactic agent, therapeutic agent, or other substance having biological activity. As referred to herein, “excipient material” refers to any inactive substance used as a vehicle for an active ingredient, such as any material to facilitate handling, stability, dispersability, wettability, and/or release kinetics of a pharmaceutically active substance.

Suitable pharmaceutically active substances include, but are not limited to, medications for the gastrointestinal tract or digestive system, for the cardiovascular system, for the central nervous system, for pain or consciousness, for musculo-skeletal disorders, for the eye, for the ear, nose and oropharynx, for the respiratory system, for endocrine problems, for the reproductive system or urinary system, for contraception, for obstetrics and gynecology, for the skin, for infections and infestations, for immunology, for allergic disorders, for nutrition, for neoplastic disorders, for diagnostics, for euthanasia, or other biological functions or disorders. Examples of suitable pharmaceutically active substances for embodiments of the present application include, but are not limited to, antacids, reflux suppressants, antiflatulents, antidopaminergics, proton pump inhibitors, cytoprotectants, prostaglandin analogues, laxatives, antispasmodics, antidiarrhoeals, bile acid sequestrants, opioids, beta-receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmics, nitrates, antianginals, vasoconstrictors, vasodilators, peripheral activators, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, alpha blockers, anticoagulants, heparin, antiplatelet drugs, fibrinolytics, anti-hemophilic factors, haemostatic drugs, hypolipidaemic agents, statins, hynoptics, anaesthetics, antipsychotics, antidepressants, anti-emetics, anticonvulsants, antiepileptics, anxiolytics, barbiturates, movement disorder drugs, stimulants, benzodiazepines, cyclopyrrolones, dopamine antagonists, antihistamines, cholinergics, anticholinergics, emetics, cannabinoids, analgesics, muscle relaxants, antibiotics, aminoglycosides, anti-virals, anti-fungals, anti-inflammatories, anti-gluacoma drugs, sympathomimetics, steroids, ceruminolytics, bronchodilators, NSAIDS, antitussive, mucolytics, decongestants, corticosteroids, androgens, antiandrogens, gonadotropins, growth hormones, insulin, antidiabetics, thyroid hormones, calcitonin, diphosponates, vasopressin analogues, alkalizing agents, quinolones, anticholinesterase, sildenafil, oral contraceptives, Hormone Replacement Therapies, bone regulators, follicle stimulating hormones, luteinizings hormones, gamolenic acid, progestogen, dopamine agonist, oestrogen, prostaglandin, gonadorelin, clomiphene, tamoxifen, diethylstilbestrol, antileprotics, antituberculous drugs, antimalarials, anthelmintics, antiprotozoal, antiserums, vaccines, interferons, tonics, vitamins, cytotoxic drugs, sex hormones, aromatase inhibitors, somatostatin inhibitors, or similar type substances, or combinations thereof. Such components generally are recognized as safe (GRAS) and/or are U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved.

The pharmaceutically active substance is present in the pharmaceutical composition in widely ranging amounts depending on the particular pharmaceutically active agent being used and its intended applications. An effective dose of any of the herein described pharmaceutically active substances can be readily determined by the use of conventional techniques and by observing results obtained under analogous circumstances. In determining the effective dose, a number of factors are considered including, but not limited to: the species of the patient; its size, age, and general health; the specific disease involved; the degree of involvement or the severity of the disease; the response of the individual patient; the particular pharmaceutically active agent administered; the mode of administration; the bioavailability characteristic of the preparation administered; the dose regimen selected; and the use of concomitant medication. The pharmaceutically active substance is included in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient in an amount sufficient to deliver to a patient a therapeutic amount of the pharmaceutically active substance in vivo in the absence of serious toxic effects when used in generally acceptable amounts. Thus, suitable amounts can be readily discerned by those skilled in the art.

According to other embodiments, the concentration of pharmaceutically active substance in the pharmaceutical composition will depend on absorption, inactivation, and excretion rates of the drug as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. It is to be noted that dosage values will also vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimes should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the pharmaceutical compositions, and that the dosage ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed composition. The pharmaceutically active substance may be administered at once, or may be divided into a number of smaller doses to be administered at varying intervals of time.

The pharmaceutical composition also may comprise other pharmaceutically acceptable excipient materials. Examples of suitable excipient materials for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, antiadherents, binders (e.g., microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth, or gelatin), coatings, disintegrants, fillers, diluents, softeners, emulsifiers, flavoring agents, coloring agents, adjuvants, lubricants, functional agents (e.g., nutrients), viscosity modifiers, bulking agents, glidiants (e.g., colloidal silicon dioxide) surface active agents, osmotic agents, diluents, or any other non-active ingredient, or combinations thereof. For example, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may include excipient materials selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, coloring agents, whiteners, preservatives, and flavors, triacetin, magnesium stearate, sterotes, natural or artificial flavors, essential oils, plant extracts, fruit essences, gelatins, or combinations thereof.

The excipient material of the pharmaceutical composition may optionally include other artificial or natural sweeteners, bulk sweeteners, or combinations thereof. Bulk sweeteners include both caloric and non-caloric compounds. In another embodiment, the additive functions as the bulk sweetener. Non-limiting examples of bulk sweeteners include sucrose, dextrose, maltose, dextrin, dried invert sugar, fructose, high fructose corn syrup, levulose, galactose, corn syrup solids, tagatose, polyols (e.g., sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, erythritol, and maltitol), hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, trehalose, and mixtures thereof. In other embodiments, the bulk sweetener is present in the pharmaceutical composition in widely ranging amounts depending on the degree of sweetness desired. Suitable amounts of both sweeteners would be readily discernible to those skilled in the art.

Edible Gel Mixes and Edible Gel Compositions

Another embodiment provides for an edible gel or edible gel mix that comprises one or more novel extract. Another embodiment provides for an edible gel or edible gel mix that comprises a composition comprising one or more novel extracts.

Edible gels are gels that can be eaten. A gel is a colloidal system in which a network of particles spans the volume of a liquid medium. Although gels mainly are composed of liquids, and thus exhibit densities similar to liquids, gels have the structural coherence of solids due to the network of particles that spans the liquid medium. For this reason, gels generally appear to be solid, jelly-like materials. Gels can be used in a number of applications. For example, gels can be used in foods, paints, and adhesives.

Non-limiting examples of edible gel compositions for use in particular embodiments include gel desserts, puddings, jellies, pastes, trifles, aspics, marshmallows, gummy candies, or the like. Edible gel mixes generally are powdered or granular solids to which a fluid may be added to form an edible gel composition. Non-limiting examples of fluids for use in particular embodiments include water, dairy fluids, dairy analogue fluids, juices, alcohol, alcoholic beverages, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of dairy fluids which may be used in particular embodiments include milk, cultured milk, cream, fluid whey, and mixtures thereof. Non-limiting examples of dairy analogue fluids which may be used in particular embodiments include, for example, soy milk and non-dairy coffee whitener. Because edible gel products found in the marketplace typically are sweetened with sucrose, it is desirable to sweeten edible gels with an alternative sweetener in order provide a low-calorie or non-calorie alternative.

As used herein, the term “gelling ingredient” denotes any material that can form a colloidal system within a liquid medium. Non-limiting examples of gelling ingredients for use in particular embodiments include gelatin, alginate, carageenan, gum, pectin, konjac, agar, food acid, rennet, starch, starch derivatives, and combinations thereof. It is well-known to those having ordinary skill in the art that the amount of gelling ingredient used in an edible gel mix or an edible gel composition varies considerably depending on a number of factors, such as the particular gelling ingredient used, the particular fluid base used, and the desired properties of the gel.

Edible gel mixes and edible gels may be prepared using ingredients including food acids, a salt of a food acid, a buffering system, a bulking agent, a sequestrant, a cross-linking agent, one or more flavors, one or more colors, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of food acids for use in particular embodiments include citric acid, adipic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of salts of food acids for use in particular embodiments include sodium salts of food acids, potassium salts of food acids, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of bulking agents for use in particular embodiments include raftilose, isomalt, sorbitol, polydextrose, maltodextrin, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of sequestrants for use in particular embodiments include calcium disodium ethylene tetra-acetate, glucono delta-lactone, sodium gluconate, potassium gluconate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of cross-linking agents for use in particular embodiments include calcium ions, magnesium ions, sodium ions, and combinations thereof.

Dental Compositions

Another embodiment provides for a dental composition that comprises one or more novel extracts. Another embodiment provides for a dental composition that comprises a composition comprising one or more novel extracts. Dental compositions generally comprise an active dental substance and a base material. novel extract or a composition comprising novel extract can be used as the base material to sweeten the dental composition. The dental composition may be in the form of any oral composition used in the oral cavity such as mouth freshening agents, gargling agents, mouth rinsing agents, toothpaste, tooth polish, dentifrices, mouth sprays, teeth-whitening agent, dental floss, and the like, for example.

As referred to herein, “active dental substance” means any composition which can be used to improve the aesthetic appearance and/or health of teeth or gums or prevent dental caries. As referred to herein, “base material” refers to any inactive substance used as a vehicle for an active dental substance, such as any material to facilitate handling, stability, dispersability, wettability, foaming, and/or release kinetics of an active dental substance.

Suitable active dental substances for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, substances which remove dental plaque, remove food from teeth, aid in the elimination and/or masking of halitosis, prevent tooth decay, and prevent gum disease (i.e., Gingiva). Examples of suitable active dental substances for embodiments of the present application include, but are not limited to, anticaries drugs, fluoride, sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, stannos fluoride, hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide (i.e., urea peroxide), antibacterial agents, plaque removing agents, stain removers, anticalculus agents, abrasives, baking soda, percarbonates, perborates of alkali and alkaline earth metals, or similar type substances, or combinations thereof. Such components generally are recognized as safe (GRAS) and/or are U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved.

According to another embodiment, the active dental substance is present in the dental composition in an amount ranging from about 50 ppm to about 3000 ppm of the dental composition. Generally, the active dental substance is present in the dental composition in an amount effective to at least improve the aesthetic appearance and/or health of teeth or gums marginally or prevent dental caries. For example, a dental composition comprising a toothpaste may include an active dental substance comprising fluoride in an amount of about 850 to 1,150 ppm.

The dental composition also may comprise base materials in addition to novel extract or composition comprising novel extract. Examples of suitable base materials for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, water, sodium lauryl sulfate or other sulfates, humectants, enzymes, vitamins, herbs, calcium, flavorings (e.g., mint, bubblegum, cinnamon, lemon, or orange), surface-active agents, binders, preservatives, gelling agents, pH modifiers, peroxide activators, stabilizers, coloring agents, or similar type materials, and combinations thereof.

The base material of the dental composition may optionally include other artificial or natural sweeteners, bulk sweeteners, or combinations thereof. Bulk sweeteners include both caloric and non-caloric compounds. Non-limiting examples of bulk sweeteners include sucrose, dextrose, maltose, dextrin, dried invert sugar, fructose, high fructose corn syrup, levulose, galactose, corn syrup solids, tagatose, polyols (e.g., sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, erythritol, and maltitol), hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, trehalose, and mixtures thereof. Generally, the amount of bulk sweetener present in the dental composition ranges widely depending on the particular embodiment of the dental composition and the desired degree of sweetness. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily ascertain the appropriate amount of bulk sweetener. In other embodiments, the bulk sweetener is present in the dental composition in an amount in the range of about 0.1 to about 5 weight percent of the dental composition.

According to another embodiment, the base material is present in the dental composition in an amount ranging from about 20 to about 99 percent by weight of the dental composition. Generally, the base material is present in an amount effective to provide a vehicle for an active dental substance.

In another embodiment, a dental composition comprises novel extract and an active dental substance. In another embodiment, a dental composition comprises a composition comprising novel extract and an active dental substance. Generally, the amount of the sweetener varies widely depending on the nature of the particular dental composition and the desired degree of sweetness.

Foodstuffs include, but are not limited to, confections, condiments, chewing gum, cereal, baked goods, and dairy products.

Confections

In another embodiment, the present invention is a confection that comprises novel extract. In another embodiment, the present invention is a confection that comprises a composition comprising novel extract.

As referred to herein, “confection” can mean a sweet, a lollipop, a confectionery, or similar term. The confection generally contains a base composition component and a sweetener component. One or more novel extracts or a composition comprising novel extract can serve as the sweetener component. The confection may be in the form of any food that is typically perceived to be rich in sugar or is typically sweet. According to particular embodiments of the present invention, the confections may be bakery products such as pastries; desserts such as yogurt, jellies, drinkable jellies, puddings, Bavarian cream, blancmange, cakes, brownies, mousse and the like, sweetened food products eaten at tea time or following meals; frozen foods; cold confections, e. g. types of ice cream such as ice cream, ice milk, lacto-ice and the like (food products in which sweeteners and various other types of raw materials are added to milk products, and the resulting mixture is agitated and frozen), and ice confections such as sherbets, dessert ices and the like (food products in which various other types of raw materials are added to a sugary liquid, and the resulting mixture is agitated and frozen); general confections, e. g., baked confections or steamed confections such as crackers, biscuits, buns with bean-jam filling, halvah, alfajor, and the like; rice cakes and snacks; table top products; general sugar confections such as chewing gum (e.g. including compositions which comprise a substantially water-insoluble, chewable gum base, such as chicle or substitutes thereof, including jetulong, guttakay rubber or certain comestible natural synthetic resins or waxes), hard candy, soft candy, mints, nougat candy, jelly beans, fudge, toffee, taffy, Swiss milk tablet, licorice candy, chocolates, gelatin candies, marshmallow, marzipan, divinity, cotton candy, and the like; sauces including fruit flavored sauces, chocolate sauces and the like; edible gels; crèmes including butter crèmes, flour pastes, whipped cream and the like; jams including strawberry jam, marmalade and the like; and breads including sweet breads and the like or other starch products, and combinations thereof.

As referred to herein, “base composition” means any composition which can be a food item and provides a matrix for carrying the sweetener component.

Suitable base compositions for embodiments of this invention may include flour, yeast, water, salt, butter, eggs, milk, milk powder, liquor, gelatin, nuts, chocolate, citric acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, natural flavors, artificial flavors, colorings, polyols, sorbitol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol, malic acid, magnesium stearate, lecithin, hydrogenated glucose syrup, glycerine, natural or synthetic gum, starch, and the like, and combinations thereof. Such components generally are recognized as safe (GRAS) and/or are U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved. According to particular embodiments of the invention, the base composition is present in the confection in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 99 weight percent of the confection. Generally, the base composition is present in the confection in an amount to provide a food product.

The base composition of the confection may optionally include other artificial or natural sweeteners, bulk sweeteners, or combinations thereof. Bulk sweeteners include both caloric and non-caloric compounds. Non-limiting examples of bulk sweeteners include sucrose, dextrose, maltose, dextrin, dried invert sugar, fructose, high fructose corn syrup, levulose, galactose, corn syrup solids, tagatose, polyols (e.g., sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, erythritol, and maltitol), hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, trehalose, and mixtures thereof. Generally, the amount of bulk sweetener present in the confection ranges widely depending on the particular embodiment of the confection and the desired degree of sweetness. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily ascertain the appropriate amount of bulk sweetener.

In another embodiment, a confection comprises novel extract or a composition comprising novel extract and a base composition. Generally, the amount of one or more novel extracts in the confection ranges widely depending on the particular embodiment of the confection and the desired degree of sweetness. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily ascertain the appropriate amount. In a particular embodiment, novel extract is present in the confection in an amount in the range of about 30 ppm to about 6000 ppm of the confection. In another embodiment, novel extract is present in the confection in an amount in the range of about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm of the confection. In embodiments where the confection comprises hard candy, one or more novel extracts are present in an amount in the range of about 150 ppm to about 2250 ppm of the hard candy.

Condiment Compositions

In another embodiment, the present invention is a condiment that comprises one or more novel extracts. Another embodiment, is a condiment that comprises a composition comprising one or more novel extracts. Condiments, as used herein, are compositions used to enhance or improve the flavor of a food or beverage. Non-limiting examples of condiments include ketchup (catsup); mustard; barbecue sauce; butter; chili sauce; chutney; cocktail sauce; curry; dips; fish sauce; horseradish; hot sauce; jellies, jams, marmalades, or preserves; mayonnaise; peanut butter; relish; remoulade; salad dressings (e.g., oil and vinegar, Caesar, French, ranch, bleu cheese, Russian, Thousand Island, Italian, and balsamic vinaigrette), salsa; sauerkraut; soy sauce; steak sauce; syrups; tartar sauce; and Worcestershire sauce.

Condiment bases generally comprise a mixture of different ingredients, non-limiting examples of which include vehicles (e.g., water and vinegar); spices or seasonings (e.g., salt, pepper, garlic, mustard seed, onion, paprika, turmeric, and combinations thereof); fruits, vegetables, or their products (e.g., tomatoes or tomato-based products (paste, puree), fruit juices, fruit juice peels, and combinations thereof); oils or oil emulsions, particularly vegetable oils; thickeners (e.g., xanthan gum, food starch, other hydrocolloids, and combinations thereof); and emulsifying agents (e.g., egg yolk solids, protein, gum arabic, carob bean gum, guar gum, gum karaya, gum tragacanth, carageenan, pectin, propylene glycol esters of alginic acid, sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose, polysorbates, and combinations thereof). Recipes for condiment bases and methods of making condiment bases are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

Generally, condiments also comprise caloric sweeteners, such as sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, molasses, honey, or brown sugar. In exemplary embodiments of the condiments provided herein, novel extract or a composition comprising novel extract is used instead of traditional caloric sweeteners. Accordingly, a condiment composition desirably comprises novel extract or a composition comprising novel extract and a condiment base.

The condiment composition optionally may include other natural and/or synthetic high-potency sweeteners, bulk sweeteners, pH modifying agents (e.g., lactic acid, citric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and combinations thereof), fillers, functional agents (e.g., pharmaceutical agents, nutrients, or components of a food or plant), flavorings, colorings, or combinations thereof.

Chewing Gum Compositions

Another embodiment provides for a chewing gum composition that comprises one or more novel extracts. Another embodiment provides for a chewing gum composition that comprises a composition comprising one or more novel extracts. Chewing gum compositions generally comprise a water-soluble portion and a water-insoluble chewable gum base portion. The water soluble portion, which typically includes the composition of the present invention, dissipates with a portion of the flavoring agent over a period of time during chewing while the insoluble gum base portion is retained in the mouth. The insoluble gum base generally determines whether a gum is considered chewing gum, bubble gum, or a functional gum.

The insoluble gum base, which is generally present in the chewing gum composition in an amount in the range of about 15 to about 35 weight percent of the chewing gum composition, generally comprises combinations of elastomers, softeners (plasticizers), emulsifiers, resins, and fillers. Such components generally are considered food grade, recognized as safe (GRA), and/or are U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved.

Elastomers, the primary component of the gum base, provide the rubbery, cohesive nature to gums and can include one or more natural rubbers (e.g., smoked latex, liquid latex, or guayule); natural gums (e.g., jelutong, perillo, sorva, massaranduba balata, massaranduba chocolate, nispero, rosindinha, chicle, and gutta hang kang); or synthetic elastomers (e.g., butadiene-styrene copolymers, isobutylene-isoprene copolymers, polybutadiene, polyisobutylene, and vinyl polymeric elastomers). In another embodiment, the elastomer is present in the gum base in an amount in the range of about 3 to about 50 weight percent of the gum base.

Resins are used to vary the firmness of the gum base and aid in softening the elastomer component of the gum base. Non-limiting examples of suitable resins include a rosin ester, a terpene resin (e.g., a terpene resin from α-pinene, β-pinene and/or d-limonene), polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene vinyl acetate, and vinyl acetate-vinyl laurate copolymers. Non-limiting examples of rosin esters include a glycerol ester of a partially hydrogenated rosin, a glycerol ester of a polymerized rosin, a glycerol ester of a partially dimerized rosin, a glycerol ester of rosin, a pentaerythritol ester of a partially hydrogenated rosin, a methyl ester of rosin, or a methyl ester of a partially hydrogenated rosin. In a particular embodiment, the resin is present in the gum base in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 75 weight percent of the gum base.

Softeners, which also are known as plasticizers, are used to modify the ease of chewing and/or mouthfeel of the chewing gum composition. Generally, softeners comprise oils, fats, waxes, and emulsifiers. Non-limiting examples of oils and fats include tallow, hydrogenated tallow, large, hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (e.g., soybean, canola, cottonseed, sunflower, palm, coconut, corn, safflower, or palm kernel oils), cocoa butter, glycerol monostearate, glycerol triacetate, glycerol abietate, leithin, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides acetylated monoglycerides, and free fatty acids. Non-limiting examples of waxes include polypropylene/polyethylene/Fisher-Tropsch waxes, paraffin, and microcrystalline and natural waxes (e.g., candelilla, beeswax and carnauba). Microcrystalline waxes, especially those with a high degree of crystallinity and a high melting point, also may be considered as bodying agents or textural modifiers. In a particular embodiment, the softeners are present in the gum base in an amount in the range of about 0.5 to about 25 weight percent of the gum base.

Emulsifiers are used to form a uniform dispersion of the insoluble and soluble phases of the chewing gum composition and also have plasticizing properties. Suitable emulsifiers include glycerol monostearate (GMS), lecithin (Phosphatidyl choline), polyglycerol polyricinoleic acid (PPGR), mono and diglycerides of fatty acids, glycerol distearate, tracetin, acetylated monoglyceride, glycerol triactetate, and magnesium stearate. In another embodiment, the emulsifiers are present in the gum base in an amount in the range of about 2 to about 30 weight percent of the gum base.

The chewing gum composition also may comprise adjuvants or fillers in either the gum base and/or the soluble portion of the chewing gum composition. Suitable adjuvants and fillers include lecithin, inulin, polydextrin, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium silicate, ground limestone, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum silicate, talc, clay, alumina, titanium dioxide, and calcium phosphate. In particular embodiments, lecithin can be used as an inert filler to decrease the stickiness of the chewing gum composition. In other embodiments, lactic acid copolymers, proteins (e.g., gluten and/or zein) and/or guar can be used to create a gum that is more readily biodegradable. The adjuvants or fillers are generally present in the gum base in an amount up to about 20 weight percent of the gum base. Other optional ingredients include coloring agents, whiteners, preservatives, and flavors.

In another embodiment of the chewing gum composition, the gum base comprises about 5 to about 95 weight percent of the chewing gum composition, more desirably about 15 to about 50 weight percent of the chewing gum composition, and even more desirably from about 20 to about 30 weight percent of the chewing gum composition.

The soluble portion of the chewing gum composition may optionally include other artificial or natural sweeteners, bulk sweeteners, softeners, emulsifiers, flavoring agents, coloring agents, adjuvants, fillers, functional agents (e.g., pharmaceutical agents or nutrients), or combinations thereof. Suitable examples of softeners and emulsifiers are described above.

Bulk sweeteners include both caloric and non-caloric compounds. Non-limiting examples of bulk sweeteners include sucrose, dextrose, maltose, dextrin, dried invert sugar, fructose, high fructose corn syrup, levulose, galactose, corn syrup solids, tagatose, polyols (e.g., sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, erythritol, and maltitol), hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, trehalose, and mixtures thereof. In other embodiments, the bulk sweetener is present in the chewing gum composition in an amount in the range of about 1 to about 75 weight percent of the chewing gum composition.

Flavoring agents may be used in either the insoluble gum base or soluble portion of the chewing gum composition. Such flavoring agents may be natural or artificial flavors. In another embodiment, the flavoring agent comprises an essential oil, such as an oil derived from a plant or a fruit, peppermint oil, spearmint oil, other mint oils, clove oil, cinnamon oil, oil of wintergreen, bay, thyme, cedar leaf, nutmeg, allspice, sage, mace, and almonds. In another embodiment, the flavoring agent comprises a plant extract or a fruit essence such as apple, banana, watermelon, pear, peach, grape, strawberry, raspberry, cherry, plum, pineapple, apricot, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the flavoring agent comprises a citrus flavor, such as an extract, essence, or oil of lemon, lime, orange, tangerine, grapefruit, citron, or kumquat.

In another embodiment, a chewing gum composition comprises novel extract or a composition comprising novel extract and a gum base. In a particular embodiment, novel extract is present in the chewing gum composition in an amount in the range of about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm of the chewing gum composition.

Cereal Compositions

Another embodiment provides for a cereal composition that comprises one ore more novel extracts. Another embodiment provides for a cereal composition that comprises a composition comprising one ore more novel extracts. Cereal compositions typically are eaten either as staple foods or as snacks. Non-limiting examples of cereal compositions for use in particular embodiments include ready-to-eat cereals as well as hot cereals. Ready-to-eat cereals are cereals which may be eaten without further processing (i.e. cooking) by the consumer. Examples of ready-to-eat cereals include breakfast cereals and snack bars. Breakfast cereals typically are processed to produce a shredded, flaky, puffy, or extruded form. Breakfast cereals generally are eaten cold and are often mixed with milk and/or fruit. Snack bars include, for example, energy bars, rice cakes, granola bars, and nutritional bars. Hot cereals generally are cooked, usually in either milk or water, before being eaten. Non-limiting examples of hot cereals include grits, porridge, polenta, rice, and rolled oats.

Cereal compositions generally comprise at least one cereal ingredient. As used herein, the term “cereal ingredient” denotes materials such as whole or part grains, whole or part seeds, and whole or part grass. Non-limiting examples of cereal ingredients for use in particular embodiments include maize, wheat, rice, barley, bran, bran endosperm, bulgur, soghums, millets, oats, rye, triticale, buckwheat, fonio, quinoa, bean, soybean, amaranth, teff, spelt, and kaniwa.

In another embodiment, the cereal composition comprises one or more novel extracts or a composition comprising one or more novel extracts and at least one cereal ingredient. One or more novel extracts or the composition comprising one or more novel extracts may be added to the cereal composition in a variety of ways, such as, for example, as a coating, as a frosting, as a glaze, or as a matrix blend (i.e. added as an ingredient to the cereal formulation prior to the preparation of the final cereal product).

Accordingly, in another embodiment, one or more novel extracts or a composition comprising one or more novel extracts is added to the cereal composition as a matrix blend. In another embodiment, one or more novel extracts or a composition comprising one or more novel extracts is blended with a hot cereal prior to cooking to provide a sweetened hot cereal product. In another embodiment, one or more novel extracts or a composition comprising one or more novel extracts is blended with the cereal matrix before the cereal is extruded.

In another embodiment, one or more novel extracts or a composition comprising one or more novel extracts is added to the cereal composition as a coating, such as, for example, by combining one or more novel extracts or a comprising one or more novel extracts with a food grade oil and applying the mixture onto the cereal. In another embodiment, one or more novel extracts or a composition comprising one or more novel extracts and the food grade oil may be applied to the cereal separately, by applying either the oil or the sweetener first. Non-limiting examples of food grade oils for use in particular embodiments include vegetable oils such as corn oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, coconut oil, canola oil, olive oil, sesame seed oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, food grade fats may be used in place of the oils, provided that the fat is melted prior to applying the fat onto the cereal.

In another embodiment, one or more novel extracts or a composition comprising one or more novel extracts is added to the cereal composition as a glaze. Non-limiting examples of glazing agents for use in particular embodiments include corn syrup, honey syrups and honey syrup solids, maple syrups and maple syrup solids, sucrose, isomalt, polydextrose, polyols, hydrogenated starch hydrolysate, aqueous solutions thereof, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, one or more novel extracts or a composition comprising one or more novel extracts is added as a glaze by combining with a glazing agent and a food grade oil or fat and applying the mixture to the cereal. In another embodiment, a gum system, such as, for example, gum acacia, carboxymethyl cellulose, or algin, may be added to the glaze to provide structural support. In addition, the glaze also may include a coloring agent, and also may include a flavor.

In another embodiment, one or more novel extracts or a composition comprising one or more novel extracts is added to the cereal composition as a frosting. In another embodiment, one or more novel extracts or a composition comprising one or more novel extracts is combined with water and a frosting agent and then applied to the cereal. Non-limiting examples of frosting agents for use in other embodiments include maltodextrin, sucrose, starch, polyols, and mixtures thereof. The frosting also may include a food grade oil, a food grade fat, a coloring agent, and/or a flavor.

Generally, the amount of one or more novel extracts in a cereal composition varies widely depending on the particular type of cereal composition and its desired sweetness. Those of ordinary skill in the art can readily discern the appropriate amount of sweetener to put in the cereal composition. In another embodiment, one or more novel extracts is present in the cereal composition in an amount in the range of about 0.02 to about 1.5 weight percent of the cereal composition and the at least one additive is present in the cereal composition in an amount in the range of about 1 to about 5 weight percent of the cereal composition.

Baked Goods

Another embodiment provides for a baked good that comprises one or more novel extracts. Another embodiment provides for a baked good that comprises a composition comprising one or more novel extracts. Baked goods, as used herein, include ready to eat and all ready to bake products, flours, and mixes requiring preparation before serving. Non-limiting examples of baked goods include cakes, crackers, cookies, brownies, muffins, rolls, bagels, donuts, strudels, pastries, croissants, biscuits, bread, bread products, and buns.

Preferred baked goods in accordance with embodiments of the present application can be classified into three groups: bread-type doughs (e.g., white breads, variety breads, soft buns, hard rolls, bagels, pizza dough, and flour tortillas), sweet doughs (e.g., danishes, croissants, crackers, puff pastry, pie crust, biscuits, and cookies), and batters (e.g., cakes such as sponge, pound, devil's food, cheesecake, and layer cake, donuts or other yeast raised cakes, brownies, and muffins). Doughs generally are characterized as being flour-based, whereas batters are more water-based.

Baked goods in accordance with other embodiments of this generally comprise a combination of sweetener, water, and fat. Baked goods made in accordance with other embodiments also contain flour in order to make a dough or a batter. The term “dough” as used herein is a mixture of flour and other ingredients stiff enough to knead or roll. The term “batter” as used herein consists of flour, liquids such as milk or water, and other ingredients, and is thin enough to pour or drop from a spoon. In accordance with other embodiments, the flour is present in the baked goods in an amount in the range of about 15 to about 60% on a dry weight basis, more desirably from about 23 to about 48% on a dry weight basis. The type of flour may be selected based on the desired product. Generally, the flour comprises an edible non-toxic flour that is conventionally utilized in baked goods. According to other embodiments, the flour may be a bleached bake flour, general purpose flour, or unbleached flour. In other embodiments, flours also may be used that have been treated in other manners. For example, in other embodiments flour may be enriched with additional vitamins, minerals, or proteins. Non-limiting examples of flours suitable for use in other embodiments of the invention include wheat, corn meal, whole grain, fractions of whole grains (wheat, bran, and oatmeal), and combinations thereof. Starches or farinaceous material also may be used as the flour in other embodiments. Common food starches generally are derived from potato, corn, wheat, barley, oat, tapioca, arrow root, and sago. Modified starches and pregelatinized starches also may be used in other embodiments of the invention.

The type of fat or oil used in other embodiments may comprise any edible fat, oil, or combination thereof that is suitable for baking. Non-limiting examples of fats suitable for use in particular other of the invention include vegetable oils, tallow, lard, marine oils, and combinations thereof. According to other embodiments, the fats may be fractionated, partially hydrogenated, and/or intensified. In another embodiment, the fat desirably comprises reduced, low calorie, or non-digestible fats, fat substitutes, or synthetic fats. In yet another particular embodiment, shortenings, fats, or mixtures of hard and soft fats also may be used. In particular embodiments, shortenings may be derived principally from triglycerides derived from vegetable sources (e.g., cotton seed oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, linseed oil, sesame oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, coconut oil, corn oil, sunflower seed oil, and mixtures thereof). Synthetic or natural triglycerides of fatty acids having chain lengths from 8 to 24 carbon atoms also may be used in particular embodiments. In accordance with other embodiments of this invention, the fat is present in the baked good in an amount in the range of about 2 to about 35% by weight on a dry basis, more desirably from about 3 to about 29% by weight on a dry basis.

Baked goods in accordance with other embodiments also comprise water in amounts sufficient to provide the desired consistency, enabling proper forming, machining and cutting of the baked good prior or subsequent to cooking. The total moisture content of the baked good includes any water added directly to the baked good as well as water present in separately added ingredients (e.g., flour, which generally includes about 12 to about 14% by weight moisture). In accordance with other embodiments, the water is present in the baked good in an amount up to about 25% by weight of the baked good.

Baked goods in accordance with other embodiments also may comprise a number of additional conventional ingredients such as leavening agents, flavors, colors, milk, milk by-products, egg, egg by-products, cocoa, vanilla or other flavoring, as well as inclusions such as nuts, raisins, cherries, apples, apricots, peaches, other fruits, citrus peel, preservative, coconuts, flavored chips such a chocolate chips, butterscotch chips, and caramel chips, and combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the baked goods may also comprise emulsifiers, such as lecithin and monoglycerides.

According to another embodiment, leavening agents may comprise chemical leavening agents or yeast leavening agents. Non-limiting examples of chemical leavening agents suitable for use in particular embodiments of this invention include baking soda (e.g., sodium, potassium, or aluminum bicarbonate), baking acid (e.g., sodium aluminum phosphate, monocalcium phosphate, or dicalcium phosphate), and combinations thereof.

In accordance with another embodiment, cocoa may comprise natural or “Dutched” chocolate from which a substantial portion of the fat or cocoa butter has been expressed or removed by solvent extraction, pressing, or other means. In another embodiment, it may be necessary to reduce the amount of fat in a baked good comprising chocolate because of the additional fat present in cocoa butter. In another embodiment, it may be necessary to add larger amounts of chocolate as compared to cocoa in order to provide an equivalent amount of flavoring and coloring.

Baked goods generally also comprise caloric sweeteners, such as sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, erythritol, molasses, honey, or brown sugar. In exemplary embodiments of the baked goods provided herein, the caloric sweetener is replaced partially or totally with novel extract or a composition comprising novel extract. Accordingly, in one embodiment a baked good comprises novel extract or a composition comprising novel extract in combination with a fat, water, and optionally flour. In a particular embodiment, the baked good optionally may include other natural and/or synthetic high-potency sweeteners and/or bulk sweeteners.

Dairy Products

Another embodiment provides for a dairy product that comprises one or more novel extracts. Another embodiment provides for a consumable that is a dairy product that comprises a composition comprising one or more novel extracts. Dairy products and processes for making dairy products suitable for use in this invention are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Dairy products, as used herein, comprise milk or foodstuffs produced from milk. Non-limiting examples of dairy products suitable for use in embodiments of this invention include milk, milk cream, sour cream, crème fraiche, buttermilk, cultured buttermilk, milk powder, condensed milk, evaporated milk, butter, cheese, cottage cheese, cream cheese, yogurt, ice cream, frozen custard, frozen yogurt, gelato, vla, piima, filmjolk, kajmak, kephir, viili, kumiss, airag, ice milk, casein, ayran, lassi, khoa, or combinations thereof.

Milk is a fluid secreted by the mammary glands of female mammals for the nourishment of their young. The female ability to produce milk is one of the defining characteristics of mammals and provides the primary source of nutrition for newborns before they are able to digest more diverse foods. In particular embodiments of this invention, the dairy products are derived from the raw milk of cows, goats, sheep, horses, donkeys, camels, water buffalo, yaks, reindeer, moose, or humans.

In other embodiments of this invention, the processing of the dairy product from raw milk generally comprises the steps of pasteurizing, creaming, and homogenizing. Although raw milk may be consumed without pasteurization, it usually is pasteurized to destroy harmful microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, molds, and yeasts. Pasteurizing generally comprises heating the milk to a high temperature for a short period of time to substantially reduce the number of microorganisms, thereby reducing the risk of disease.

Creaming traditionally follows pasteurization step, and involves the separation of milk into a higher-fat cream layer and a lower-fat milk layer. Milk will separate into milk and cream layers upon standing for twelve to twenty-four hours. The cream rises to the top of the milk layer and may be skimmed and used as a separate dairy product. Alternatively, centrifuges may be used to separate the cream from the milk. The remaining milk is classified according to the fat content of the milk, non-limiting examples of which include whole, 2%, 1%, and skim milk.

After removing the desired amount of fat from the milk by creaming, milk is often homogenized. Homogenization prevents cream from separating from the milk and generally involves pumping the milk at high pressures through narrow tubes in order to break up fat globules in the milk. Pasteurization, creaming, and homogenization of milk are common but are not required to produce consumable dairy products. Accordingly, suitable dairy products for use in embodiments may undergo no processing steps, a single processing step, or combinations of the processing steps described herein. Suitable dairy products for use in embodiments of this invention may also undergo processing steps in addition to or apart from the processing steps described herein.

Another embodiment provides for dairy products produced from milk by additional processing steps. As described above, cream may be skimmed from the top of milk or separated from the milk using machine-centrifuges. In another embodiment, the dairy product comprises sour cream, a dairy product rich in fats that is obtained by fermenting cream using a bacterial culture. The bacteria produce lactic acid during fermentation, which sours and thickens the cream. In another embodiment, the dairy product comprises crème fraiche, a heavy cream slightly soured with bacterial culture in a similar manner to sour cream. Créme fraiche ordinarily is not as thick or as sour as sour cream. In another embodiment, the dairy product comprises cultured buttermilk. Cultured buttermilk is obtained by adding bacteria to milk. The resulting fermentation, in which the bacterial culture turns lactose into lactic acid, gives cultured buttermilk a sour taste. Although it is produced in a different manner, cultured buttermilk generally is similar to traditional buttermilk, which is a by-product of butter manufacture.

According to other embodiments, the dairy products comprise milk powder, condensed milk, evaporated milk, or combinations thereof. Milk powder, condensed milk, and evaporated milk generally are produced by removing water from milk. In another embodiment, the dairy product comprises a milk powder comprising dried milk solids with a low moisture content. In another particular embodiment, the dairy product comprises condensed milk. Condensed milk generally comprises milk with a reduced water content and added sweetener, yielding a thick, sweet product with a long shelf-life. In yet another embodiment, the dairy product comprises evaporated milk. Evaporated milk generally comprises fresh, homogenized milk from which about 60% of the water has been removed, that has been chilled, fortified with additives such as vitamins and stabilizers, packaged, and finally sterilized. According to another embodiment of this invention, the dairy product comprises a dry creamer and novel extract or a composition comprising one or more novel extracts.

In another embodiment, the dairy product provided herein comprises butter. Butter generally is made by churning fresh or fermented cream or milk. Butter generally comprises butterfat surrounding small droplets comprising mostly water and milk proteins. The churning process damages the membranes surrounding the microscopic globules of butterfat, allowing the milk fats to conjoin and to separate from the other parts of the cream. In another embodiment, the dairy product comprises buttermilk, which is the sour-tasting liquid remaining after producing butter from full-cream milk by the churning process.

In another embodiment, the dairy product comprises cheese, a solid foodstuff produced by curdling milk using a combination of rennet or rennet substitutes and acidification. Rennet, a natural complex of enzymes produced in mammalian stomachs to digest milk, is used in cheese-making to curdle the milk, causing it to separate into solids known as curds and liquids known as whey. Generally, rennet is obtained from the stomachs of young ruminants, such as calves; however, alternative sources of rennet include some plants, microbial organisms, and genetically modified bacteria, fungus, or yeast. In addition, milk may be coagulated by adding acid, such as citric acid. Generally, a combination of rennet and/or acidification is used to curdle the milk. After separating the milk into curds and whey, some cheeses are made by simply draining, salting, and packaging the curds. For most cheeses, however, more processing is needed. Many different methods may be used to produce the hundreds of available varieties of cheese. Processing methods include heating the cheese, cutting it into small cubes to drain, salting, stretching, cheddaring, washing, molding, aging, and ripening. Some cheeses, such as the blue cheeses, have additional bacteria or molds introduced to them before or during aging, imparting flavor and aroma to the finished product. Cottage cheese is a cheese curd product with a mild flavor that is drained but not pressed so that some whey remains. The curd is usually washed to remove acidity. Cream cheese is a soft, mild-tasting, white cheese with a high fat content that is produced by adding cream to milk and then curdling to form a rich curd. Alternatively, cream cheese can be made from skim milk with cream added to the curd. It should be understood that cheese, as used herein, comprises all solid foodstuff produced by the curdling milk.

In another embodiment, the dairy product comprises yogurt. Yogurt generally is produced by the bacterial fermentation of milk. The fermentation of lactose produces lactic acid, which acts on proteins in milk to give the yogurt a gel-like texture and tartness. In particularly desirable embodiments, the yogurt may be sweetened with a sweetener and/or flavored. Non-limiting examples of flavorings include, but are not limited to, fruits (e.g., peach, strawberry, banana), vanilla, and chocolate. Yogurt, as used herein, also includes yogurt varieties with different consistencies and viscosities, such as dahi, dadih or dadiah, labneh or labaneh, bulgarian, kefir, and matsoni. In another embodiment, the dairy product comprises a yogurt-based beverage, also known as drinkable yogurt or a yogurt smoothie. In particularly desirable embodiments, the yogurt-based beverage may comprise sweeteners, flavorings, other ingredients, or combinations thereof.

Other dairy products beyond those described herein may be used in particular embodiments of this invention. Such dairy products are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, non-limiting examples of which include milk, milk and juice, coffee, tea, vla, piima, filmjolk, kajmak, kephir, viili, kumiss, airag, ice milk, casein, ayran, lassi, and khoa.

According to another embodiment, the dairy compositions also may comprise other additives. Non-limiting examples of suitable additives include sweeteners and flavorants such as chocolate, strawberry, and banana. Other embodiments of the dairy compositions provided herein also may comprise additional nutritional supplements such as vitamins (e.g., vitamin D) and minerals (e.g., calcium) to improve the nutritional composition of the milk.

In another embodiment, the dairy composition comprises one or more novel extracts or a composition comprising novel extract in combination with a dairy product. In another embodiment, one or more novel extracts is present in the dairy composition in an amount in the range of about 200 to about 20,000 weight percent of the dairy composition.

One or more novel extracts or compositions comprising novel extract is also suitable for use in processed agricultural products, livestock products or seafood; processed meat products such as sausage and the like; retort food products, pickles, preserves boiled in soy sauce, delicacies, side dishes; soups; snacks such as potato chips, cookies, or the like; as shredded filler, leaf, stem, stalk, homogenized leaf cured and animal feed.

Tabletop Sweetener Compositions

Another embodiment provides for a tabletop sweetener comprising one or more novel extracts. The tabletop composition can further include at least one bulking agent, additive, anti-caking agent, functional ingredient or combination thereof.

Suitable “bulking agents” include, but are not limited to, maltodextrin (10 DE, 18 DE, or 5 DE), corn syrup solids (20 or 36 DE), sucrose, fructose, glucose, invert sugar, sorbitol, xylose, ribulose, mannose, xylitol, mannitol, galactitol, erythritol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, maltose, tagatose, lactose, inulin, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyols, polydextrose, fructo-oligosaccharides, cellulose and cellulose derivatives, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Additionally, in accordance with other embodiments, granulated sugar (sucrose) or other caloric sweeteners such as crystalline fructose, other carbohydrates, or sugar alcohol can be used as a bulking agent due to their provision of good content uniformity without the addition of significant calories.

As used herein, the phrase “anti-caking agent” and “flow agent” refer to any composition which assists in content uniformity and uniform dissolution. In accordance with particular embodiments, non-limiting examples of anti-caking agents include cream of tartar, calcium silicate, silicon dioxide, microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel, FMC BioPolymer, Philadelphia, Pa.), and tricalcium phosphate. In one embodiment, the anti-caking agents are present in the tabletop sweetener composition in an amount from about 0.001 to about 3% by weight of the tabletop sweetener composition.

The tabletop sweetener compositions can be packaged in any form known in the art. Non-limiting forms include, but are not limited to, powder form, granular form, packets, tablets, sachets, pellets, cubes, solids, and liquids.

In another embodiment, the tabletop sweetener composition is a single-serving (portion control) packet comprising a dry-blend. Dry-blend formulations generally may comprise powder or granules. Although the tabletop sweetener composition may be in a packet of any size, an illustrative non-limiting example of conventional portion control tabletop sweetener packets are approximately 2.5 by 1.5 inches and hold approximately 1 gram of a sweetener composition having a sweetness equivalent to 2 teaspoons of granulated sugar (˜8 g). The amount of novel extract in a dry-blend tabletop sweetener formulation can vary. In another embodiment, a dry-blend tabletop sweetener formulation may contain novel extract in an amount from about 1% (w/w) to about 10% (w/w) of the tabletop sweetener composition.

Solid tabletop sweetener embodiments include cubes and tablets. A non-limiting example of conventional cubes are equivalent in size to a standard cube of granulated sugar, which is approximately 2.2×2.2×2.2 cm3 and weigh approximately 8 g. In another embodiment, a solid tabletop sweetener is in the form of a tablet or any other form known to those skilled in the art.

A tabletop sweetener composition also may be embodied in the form of a liquid, wherein novel extract is combined with a liquid carrier. Suitable non-limiting examples of carrier agents for liquid tabletop sweeteners include water, alcohol, polyol, glycerin base or citric acid base dissolved in water, and mixtures thereof. The sweetness equivalent of a tabletop sweetener composition for any of the forms described herein or known in the art may be varied to obtain a desired sweetness profile. For example, a tabletop sweetener composition may comprise a sweetness comparable to that of an equivalent amount of standard sugar. In another embodiment, the tabletop sweetener composition may comprise a sweetness of up to 100 times that of an equivalent amount of sugar. In another embodiment, the tabletop sweetener composition may comprise a sweetness of up to 90 times, 80 times, 70 times, 60 times, 50 times, 40 times, 30 times, 20 times, 10 times, 9 times, 8 times, 7 times, 6 times, 5 times, 4 times, 3 times, and 2 times that of an equivalent amount of sugar.

Beverage and Beverage Products

Another embodiment provides for a beverage or beverage product comprising one or more novel extracts. Another embodiment provides for a beverage or beverage comprising a composition that comprises one or more novel extracts.

As used herein a “beverage product” is a ready-to-drink beverage, a beverage concentrate, a beverage syrup, or a powdered beverage. Suitable ready-to-drink beverages include carbonated and non-carbonated beverages. Carbonated beverages include, but are not limited to, enhanced sparkling beverages, cola, lemon-lime flavored sparkling beverage, orange flavored sparkling beverage, grape flavored sparkling beverage, strawberry flavored sparkling beverage, pineapple flavored sparkling beverage, ginger-ale, soft drinks and root beer. Non-carbonated beverages include, but are not limited to fruit juice, fruit-flavored juice, juice drinks, nectars, vegetable juice, vegetable-flavored juice, sports drinks, energy drinks, enhanced water drinks, enhanced water with vitamins, near water drinks (e.g., water with natural or synthetic flavorants), coconut water, tea type drinks (e.g. black tea, green tea, red tea, oolong tea), coffee, cocoa drink, beverage containing milk components (e.g. milk beverages, coffee containing milk components, café au lait, milk tea, fruit milk beverages), beverages containing cereal extracts, smoothies and combinations thereof.

Beverage concentrates and beverage syrups are prepared with an initial volume of liquid matrix (e.g. water) and the desired beverage ingredients. Full strength beverages are then prepared by adding further volumes of water. Powdered beverages are prepared by dry-mixing all of the beverage ingredients in the absence of a liquid matrix. Full strength beverages are then prepared by adding the full volume of water.

Beverages comprise a liquid matrix, i.e. the basic ingredient in which the ingredients—including the compositions of the present invention—are dissolved. In one embodiment, a beverage comprises water of beverage quality as the liquid matrix, such as, for example deionized water, distilled water, reverse osmosis water, carbon-treated water, purified water, demineralized water and combinations thereof, can be used. Additional suitable liquid matrices include, but are not limited to phosphoric acid, phosphate buffer, citric acid, citrate buffer and carbon-treated water.

In another embodiment, the consumable is a beverage that comprises one or more novel extracts.

In another embodiment, a beverage contains a composition comprising one or more novel extracts.

Another embodiment provides for a beverage product comprising one or more novel extracts.

Another embodiment provides for a beverage product that contains a composition comprising one or more novel extracts.

The concentration of novel extract in the beverage may be above, at or below its threshold sweetness or recognition concentration.

In another embodiment, the concentration of novel extract in the beverage is above its threshold sweetness or flavor recognition concentration. In another embodiment, the concentration of novel extract is at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, about least about 35%, at least about 40%, about least about 45%, at least about 50% or more above its threshold sweetness or flavor recognition concentration.

In another embodiment, the concentration of novel extract in the beverage is at or approximately the threshold sweetness or flavor recognition concentration of one or more novel extracts.

In another embodiment, the concentration of one or more novel extracts in the beverage is below the threshold sweetness or flavor recognition concentration of one or more novel extracts. In another embodiment, the concentration of novel extract is at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, about least about 35%, at least about 40%, about least about 45%, at least about 50% or more below its threshold sweetness or flavor recognition concentration.

In another embodiment, the present invention is a beverage or beverage product that contains novel extract in an amount ranging from about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm, such as, for example, from about 25 ppm to about 800 ppm. In another embodiment, novel extract is present in a beverage in an amount ranging from about 100 ppm to about 600 ppm. In yet other embodiments, novel extract is present in a beverage in an amount ranging from about 100 to about 200 ppm, from about 100 ppm to about 300 ppm, from about 100 ppm to about 400 ppm, or from about 100 ppm to about 500 ppm. In another embodiment, novel extract is present in the beverage or beverage product in an amount ranging from about 300 to about 700 ppm, such as, for example, from about 400 ppm to about 600 ppm. In a particular embodiment, novel extract is present in a beverage an amount of about 500 ppm.

The beverage can further include at least one additional sweetener. Any of the sweeteners detailed herein can be used, including natural, non-natural, or synthetic sweeteners. These may be added to the beverage either before, contemporaneously with or after novel extract.

In another embodiment, the beverage contains a carbohydrate sweetener in a concentration from about 100 ppm to about 140,000 ppm. Synthetic sweeteners may be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 0.3 ppm to about 3,500 ppm. Natural high potency sweeteners may be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 0.1 ppm to about 3,000 ppm.

The beverage can further comprise additives including, but not limited to, carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, poly-amino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, nucleotides, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts including organic acid salts and organic base salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, caffeine, flavorants and flavoring ingredients, astringent compounds, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, weighing agents, juice, dairy, cereal and other plant extracts, flavonoids, alcohols, polymers and combinations thereof. Any suitable additive described herein can be used.

In another embodiment, the polyol can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 100 ppm to about 250,000 ppm, such as, for example, from about 5,000 ppm to about 40,000 ppm.

In another embodiment, the amino acid can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 10 ppm to about 50,000 ppm, such as, for example, from about 1,000 ppm to about 10,000 ppm, from about 2,500 ppm to about 5,000 ppm or from about 250 ppm to about 7,500 ppm.

In another embodiment, the nucleotide can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 5 ppm to about 1,000 ppm.

In another embodiment, the organic acid additive can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 10 ppm to about 5,000 ppm.

In another embodiment, the inorganic acid additive can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 25 ppm to about 25,000 ppm.

In another embodiment, the bitter compound can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 25 ppm to about 25,000 ppm.

In another embodiment, the flavorant can be present in the beverage a concentration from about 0.1 ppm to about 4,000 ppm.

In a further embodiment, the polymer can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 30 ppm to about 2,000 ppm.

In another embodiment, the protein hydrolysate can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 200 ppm to about 50,000.

In another embodiment, the surfactant additive can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 30 ppm to about 2,000 ppm.

In another embodiment, the flavonoid additive can be present in the beverage a concentration from about 0.1 ppm to about 1,000 ppm.

In another embodiment, the alcohol additive can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 625 ppm to about 10,000 ppm.

In a further embodiment, the astringent additive can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 10 ppm to about 5,000 ppm.

The beverage can further contain one or more functional ingredients, detailed above. Functional ingredients include, but are not limited to, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, preservatives, glucosamine, polyphenols and combinations thereof. Any suitable functional ingredient described herein can be used.

It is contemplated that the pH of the consumable, such as, for example, a beverage, does not materially or adversely affect the taste of the sweetener. A non-limiting example of the pH range of the beverage may be from about 1.8 to about 10. A further example includes a pH range from about 2 to about 5. In another embodiment, the pH of beverage can be from about 2.5 to about 4.2. One of skill in the art will understand that the pH of the beverage can vary based on the type of beverage. Dairy beverages, for example, can have pH greater than 4.2.

The titratable acidity of a beverage comprising novel extract may, for example, range from about 0.01 to about 1.0% by weight of beverage.

In another embodiment, the sparkling beverage product has an acidity from about 0.01 to about 1.0% by weight of the beverage, such as, for example, from about 0.05% to about 0.25% by weight of beverage.

The carbonation of a sparkling beverage product has 0 to about 2% (w/w) of carbon dioxide or its equivalent, for example, from about 0.1 to about 1.0% (w/w).

The temperature of a beverage may, for example, range from about 4° C. to about 100° C., such as, for example, from about 4° C. to about 25° C.

The beverage can be a full-calorie beverage that has up to about 120 calories per 8 ounces serving.

The beverage can be a mid-calorie beverage that has up to about 60 calories per 8 ounces serving.

The beverage can be a low-calorie beverage that has up to about 40 calories per 8 ounces serving.

The beverage can be a zero-calorie that has less than about 5 calories per 8 ounces serving.

Methods of Use

The compounds and compositions of the embodiments herein can be used to impart sweetness or to enhance the flavor or sweetness of consumables or other compositions.

Another embodiment provides for a method of preparing a consumable comprising (i) providing a consumable matrix and (ii) adding one or more novel extracts to the consumable matrix to provide a consumable.

In another embodiment, the present invention is a method of preparing a beverage comprising (i) providing a liquid or beverage matrix and (ii) adding one or more novel extracts to the consumable matrix to provide a beverage.

Another embodiment provides for a method of preparing a sweetened consumable comprising (i) providing a sweetenable consumable and (ii) adding one or more novel extracts to the sweetenable consumable to provide a sweetened consumable.

Another embodiment provides for a method of preparing a sweetened beverage comprising (i) providing a sweetenable beverage and (ii) adding one or more novel extracts to the sweetenable beverage to provide a sweetened beverage.

In the above methods, one or more novel extracts may be provided as such, or in form of a composition. When the novel extract is provided as a composition, the amount of the composition is effective to provide a concentration of one or more novel extracts that is above, at or below its threshold flavor or sweetness recognition concentration when the composition is added to the consumable (e.g., the beverage). When one or more novel extracts is not provided as a composition, it may be added to the consumable at a concentration that is above, at or below its threshold flavor or sweetness recognition concentration.

Another embodiment provides for a method for enhancing the sweetness of a consumable comprising (i) providing a consumable comprising one or more sweet ingredients and (ii) adding one or more novel extracts (1) to the consumable to provide a consumable with enhanced sweetness, wherein one or more novel extracts is added to the consumable at a concentration at or below its threshold sweetness recognition concentration. In another embodiment, one or more novel extracts is added to the consumable at a concentration below its threshold sweetness recognition concentration.

Another embodiment provides for a method for enhancing the sweetness of a consumable comprising (i) providing a consumable comprising one or more sweet ingredients and (ii) adding a composition comprising one or more novel extracts to the consumable to provide a consumable with enhanced sweetness, wherein one or more novel extracts is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration of one or more novel extracts at or below its threshold sweetness recognition concentration when the composition is added to the consumable. In another embodiment, one or more novel extracts is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration of novel extract below its threshold sweetness recognition concentration.

Another embodiment provides for a method for enhancing the sweetness of a beverage comprising (i) providing a beverage comprising at least one sweet ingredient and (ii) adding one or more novel extracts to the beverage to provide a beverage with enhanced sweetness, wherein one or more novel extracts is added to the beverage in an amount effective to provide a concentration at or below its threshold sweetness recognition concentration. In another embodiment, one or more novel extracts is added to the consumable in an amount effective to provide a concentration below its threshold sweetness recognition concentration.

Another embodiment provides for a method for enhancing the sweetness of a beverage comprising (i) providing a beverage comprising one or more sweet ingredients and (ii) adding a composition comprising one or more novel extracts to the consumable to provide a beverage with enhanced sweetness, wherein one or more novel extracts is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration of novel extract at or below its threshold sweetness recognition concentration when the composition is added to the beverage. In another embodiment, one or more novel extracts is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration of novel extract below its threshold sweetness recognition concentration when the composition is added to the beverage.

Another embodiment provides for a method for enhancing the flavor of a consumable, comprising (i) providing a consumable comprising at least one flavor ingredient and (ii) adding one or more novel extracts to the consumable to provide a consumable with enhanced flavor, wherein one or more novel extracts is added to the consumable at a concentration at or below its threshold flavor recognition concentration. In a particular embodiment, one or more novel extracts is added to the consumable at a concentration below its threshold flavor recognition concentration.

Another embodiment provides for a method for enhancing the flavor of a consumable comprising (i) providing a consumable comprising at least one flavor ingredient and (ii) adding a composition one or more novel extracts to the consumable to provide a consumable with enhanced flavor, wherein one or more novel extracts is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration of one or more novel extracts at or below its threshold flavor recognition concentration when the composition is added to the consumable. In another embodiment, novel extract is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration of one or more novel extract below its threshold flavor recognition concentration when the composition is added to the consumable.

Another embodiment provides for a method for enhancing the flavor of a beverage comprising (i) providing a beverage comprising at least one flavor ingredient and (ii) adding one or more novel extracts to the beverage to provide a beverage with enhanced flavor, wherein one or more novel extracts is added to the beverage at a concentration at or below its threshold flavor recognition concentration. In a particular embodiment, one or more novel extracts is added to the consumable at a concentration below its threshold flavor recognition concentration.

Another embodiment provides for a method for enhancing the flavor of a beverage comprising (i) providing a beverage comprising at least one flavor ingredient and (ii) adding a composition comprising one or more novel extracts to the beverage to provide a beverage with enhanced flavor wherein one or more novel extracts is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration of one or more novel extracts at or below its threshold flavor recognition concentration when the composition is added to the beverage. In another embodiment, one or more novel extracts is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration of one or more novel extracts below its threshold flavor recognition concentration when the composition is added to the consumable.

Another embodiment provides for methods of preparing sweetened compositions (e.g., sweetened consumables) and flavor enhanced compositions (e.g., flavored enhanced consumables) by adding one or more novel extracts or compositions comprising novel extract to such compositions/consumables.

The present embodiments described herein also provide methods for introgressing the self-compatibility phenotype into other stevia varieties in a plant breeding program by selecting for stevia plants, and applying plant breeding techniques such as recurrent selection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding, marker assisted selection, or haploid/double haploid production, to produce novel stevia cultivars showing self-compatibility.

The following examples illustrate embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that the embodiment of the invention is not limited to the materials, proportions, conditions and procedures set forth in the examples, which are only illustrative.

Example 1

Evaluation of Stevia Self-Compatibility Trait

For Stevia plants grown in crossing shed, bee pollination was used to estimate the self-compatibility.

In addition, Stevia plants grown under glass greenhouse conditions were evaluated by a hand-pollination method. At the flowering stage, flowers of 314018 and flowers of 16139002 were selected for bagged selfing, with opened flowers removed. The treated plants were harvested at maturity stage. Numbers of seeds produced from the pollinated flowers were collected, and the self-compatibility was calculated based on self-compatibility index. The self-compatibility index was calculated using the following formula:

Self-compatibility index(SCI)=number of collected viable seeds/number of pollinated flowers

Example 2

Evaluation of Inbreeding Depression Levels of SC Stevia Line

The growth rates of self-compatible Stevia variety 314018 and its self-incompatible progeny 16139002 were compared on MS media. 17 apical shoots were inoculated onto the media each culture flask as explants. For each variety, 6 replicates of tissue cultures were set up. The weight (g) of the 17 explants were measured, and compared with the weight (g) of the tissue culture plantlets after 13 days growth on the media. The weight of 17 explants inoculated onto the MS media showed no significant difference. In contrast, the weight of the tissue culture plantlets showed a significant difference with p<0.05. We drew the conclusion that the self-compatible Stevia variety 314018 grew significantly slower than its self-incompatible progeny 16139002.

Example 3

Preparation of Stevia Extracts

The extraction of Stevia rebaudiana dried leaves was carried out as below.

1,000 g of dry leaves obtained from Stevia rebaudiana cultivar, was extracted several times with 20 L of water. The liquid extract was mixed with 400 g ferric sulfate and Ca(OH)₂was added for flocculation of impurities. The precipitated floc was separated by filtration and the floc was passed through a series of columns filled up with 2,000 mL of macroporous absorption resin (Diaion HP-20) wherein the steviol glycosides of the filtrate were absorbed to the resin and the majority of other impurities passed through the column without adsorbing to the resin. The resin was sufficiently washed with water to remove remaining the impurities, and the adsorbed steviol glycosides were eluted with 10 L of 70% (v/v) Ethanol. The eluate was passed through a column filled up with 1,000 mL of ion exchange resin (Diaion WA-30); 50 g of activated carbon was added to the eluate and stirred. The mixture was filtered, the filtrate was concentrated and the residue was dried to give Stevia extract comprising all the steviol glycosides and steviol glycosides families originally present in the dried leaves of respective Stevia rebaudiana cultivar in same proportion and % ratio.

The obtained untreated aqueous extracts were further assessed in various applications without any further purification, crystallization, separation, isolation of individual steviol glycosides.

Example 4

HPLC Assay

Any HPLC method or combination of HPLC methods capable of separating each steviol glycoside described herein can be used. A HPLC methodology was developed to reliably determine and quantitate the steviol glycosides RebE, RebD, RebM, RebN, RebO, RebA, Stev, RebF, RebC, DulA, Rub, RebB, and Sbio.

For example, chromatographic analysis can be performed on a HPLC system comprising an HPLC system, Agilent HP 1200, or equivalent, comprised of a pump, a column thermostat, an autosampler, a UV detector capable of background correction and a data acquisition system. The column was “Agilent Poroshell 120 SB-C18, 4.6 mm×150 mm, 2.7 um” at 40° C. The mobile phase consists of two type of premix which is premix 1 containing 75% 10 mmol/L phosphate buffer (pH2.6) and 25% acetonitrile, while premix 2 containing 68% 10 mmol/L phosphate buffer (pH2.6) and 32% acetonitrile in gradient elution−100% A from 0 to 12 minutes, linear gradient from 100% A to 100% B from 12 to 13 minutes, and 100% B from 13 to 45 minutes. The steviol glycosides can be identified by their retention times and quantified using respective reference standards, for example commercialized by ChromaDex Inc. (USA).

Theoretically, self-fertilization would increase homozygosity in Stevia plant, and would thereby, decrease fitness of the plant due to reduction of genome-wide dominance and/or over-dominance effects. Recessive alleles are unexpressed in heterozygous plants, but the recessive alleles are able to express in homozygous plants. Thus, expression of deleterious recessives alleles make them possible to be selected in the population. As a consequence, inbreeding progenies tend to suffer from inbreeding depression, i.e. a reduction in fitness of inbreeding progenies compared to outcrossed progenies.

In another embodiment, the novel cultivar are cultivars named Stevia rebaudiana 314018, and its progeny 16139002, which are generated by selective breeding. The self-fertilization rate of 314018 with bee-pollination in shed is 30%, and the viable seed harvested from a single plant of 314018 is 1.84 g. The overall agronomic traits of 314018 and 16139002 are provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1

Agronomic traits of Stevia rebaudiana SC cultivar 314018 and

its SI progeny 16139002

Variety

Trait
314018
16139002

Leaf color
Light-green
Light-green

Growth period (day)
107
101

Plant height (cm)
86.2
101.5

Stem diameter (mm)
10.206
9.581

Node number
25
28.3

Primary branch number
8.1
6.7

Secondary branch number
78.6
72.6

Fresh leaf/fresh plant ratio (%)
32.61
35.29

Dry leaf/fresh leaf ratio (%)
31.76
34.45

Self-fertilization rate (%)
30
0

Viable seeds harvested from single plant (g)
1.84
0

To determine the magnitude of inbreeding depression in the self-compatible Stevia variety 314018, the growth rates of 314018 and 16139002 were evaluated on MS media. The weight of explants before inoculating onto the MS media, and the weight of plantlets after 13 days growth are compared. The SC parental line 314018 explants exhibit significant lower growth rate on the MS media than the control SI progeny 16139002 as shown in FIG. 1.

Self-compatibility could be a very useful trait in Stevia breeding, due to the fact that Stevia rebaudiana is a naturally outcrossing species. The current breeding techniques to generate a genetically homogenous population of a Stevia variety are using cuttings or tissue cultures. The seeds produced by crossing would be naturally genetically segregating.

Next, hand-pollination was performed in bagged flowers to analyze self-compatibility index (SCI) of the 314018 breeding system. The SCI was calculated as follows:

Self-compatibility index(SCI)=number of collected viable seeds/number of pollinated flowers

TABLE 2

The self-compatibility index (SCI) of the SC Stevia

variety 314018 and its SI progeny 16139002

SCI count
SCI count
SCI count
SCI Average

Variety
I (%)
II (%)
III (%)
(%)

314018
28
27
29
28

16139002
0
0
0
0

In another embodiment, the novel cultivars are the cultivars named Stevia rebaudiana 314018, its progeny therefrom, and its progeny 16139002. The average self-compatibility index (SCI) of 314018 is 28%, which is confirming the self-fertilization rate of 314018 with bees-pollination in shed (Table 2). Comparing the self-compatibility index (SCI) of 314018 and that of its SI progeny 16139002, the results showed that the SI allele in 16139002 was dominant to the SC allele in 314018. Base on the fact that Asteraceae species have a sporophytic self-incompatibility (SSI) breeding system, the self-compatibility trait of 314018 is transferable to new Stevia rebaudiana varieties, with genetic mapping and marker-assisted selections.

In another embodiment, the novel cultivars are the cultivars named Stevia rebaudiana 314018, its progeny therefrom, and its progeny 16139002. The content of steviol glycosides in the dried leaves of Stevia rebaudiana cultivars 314018 and 16139002 are provided in Table 3 in comparison with dried leaves of commercial Stevia rebaudiana cultivars PC star 3.

TABLE 3

HPLC assay of Stevia rebaudiana dried leaves

Steviol

Steviol Glycosides Content, %
Glycosides
Cultivars

w/w in dried leaves
Family
314018
16139002
PC Star 3

Rub
SvG₂
0.01
0
0

Sbio
SvG₂
0.06
0.08
0

Stev
SvG₃
1.33
0.95
0.46

Reb A
SvG₄
5.57
4.22
7.41

Reb B
SvG₃
0.16
0.11
0

Reb D
SvG₅
0.41
3.49
1.06

Reb E
SvG₄
0.13
0.22
0

Reb M
SvG₆
0.52
1.01
0.93

Total SvG_n
SvG_n
8.19
10.08
9.86

Dul A
SvR₁G₂
0.01
0
0

Reb C
SvR₁G₃
0.58
0.48
0.55

Reb N
SvR₁G₅
2.17
0.72
0.2

Reb O
SvR₁G₆
0.63
1.02
0.7

Total SvR₁G_n
SvR_mG_n
3.39
2.22
1.45

Reb F
SvX₁G₃
0.14
0.12
0.18

Total SvX₁G_n
SvX₁G_n
0.14
0.12
0.18

TSG
—
10.55
12.42
11.49

% Ratio of SvG_nto TSG
—
77.63
81.16
85.81

% Ratio of SvR₁G_nto TSG
—
32.13
17.87
12.62

% Ratio of SvX₁G_nto TSG
—
1.33
0.97
1.57

% Ratio of SvR₁G_nto SvG_n
—
41.39
22.02
14.71

% Ratio of SvX₁G_nto SvG_n
—
1.71
1.19
1.83

% Ratio of (SvR₁G_n+ SvX₁G_n) to
—
33.46
18.84
14.19

TSG

% Ratio of (SvR₁G_n+ SvX₁G_n) to
—
43.1
23.21
16.53

SvG_n

DEPOSIT INFORMATION

Deposits of live plant tissue of Stevia varieties Stevia rebaudiana plants with the desirable characteristics described herein can be accomplished by growing from the callus culture deposited at China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District 100101 China and assigned deposit No. 11712 with a deposit date of Nov. 11, 2015 for Stevia rebaudiana cultivar 314018, also known as 15310003, and No. 11697 with a deposit date of Nov. 11, 2015 for Stevia rebaudiana cultivar 16139002, also known as 15133039. All restrictions upon availability of the deposit to the public will be irrevocably removed upon granting of a patent and the deposit is intended to meet all of the requirements of 37 C.F.R. §§ 0.1.801-1.809.

Number	Name	Date	Kind
9668450	Li	Jun 2017	B2
9668451	Li	Jun 2017	B2
9675015	Li	Jun 2017	B2
10370673	Markosyan	Aug 2019	B2

Number	Date	Country
62064601	Oct 2014	US
62061363	Oct 2014	US
62059562	Oct 2014	US
62044626	Sep 2014	US

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	14838480	Aug 2015	US
Child	15822137		US
Parent	PCT/US2015/047227	Aug 2015	US
Child	14838480		US

Self-compatible Stevia varieties, breeding methods therefrom and methods of preparing novel compositions using said varieties

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Date Filed

Date Issued

Inventors

Original Assignees

Examiners

Agents

CPC

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US

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Term Extension

Abstract

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

US Referenced Citations (4)

Foreign Referenced Citations (1)

Non-Patent Literature Citations (15)

Related Publications (1)

Provisional Applications (4)

Continuation in Parts (2)

Entry
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