Patent Application
20080287348
The present invention relates to a soluble hybrid protein, comprising at least a first polypeptide sequence derived from a prion protein PrPc that is capable of binding a protein responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalitis (PrPSc), and a second polypeptide sequence (tag), wherein said hybrid protein does not comprise a functional membrane anchor moiety. Also, the present invention is directed, to the use of said hybrid proteins for the diagnosis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. In addition, the present invention relates, to the use of said hybrid protein, a nucleic acid encoding said hybrid protein, a vector, and/or a host cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding said hybrid protein for the preparation of a medicament for the prevention and/or treatment of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Furthermore, the present invention is directed to a process for producing said hybrid proteins and it also relates to transgenic animals stably expressing said hybrid protein, the bone marrow of said transgenic animals and the use of said bone marrow for the treatment of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect mammals including cattle (BSE), human (Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease) and sheep (scrapie). The disease is characterized by the accumulation of an abnormal partially protease-resistant form (PrP-res or PrPSc) of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been postulated that the infectious agent or prion is partly or entirely composed of PrPSc and that it propagates itself by inducing conversion of PrPc to PrPSc (Prusiner, 1982). The three-dimensional structure in solution of the normal, protease sensitive form of PrP (PrPC) from various species has been elucidated and it exists considerable evidence that PrPSc represents an abnormal conformational form with significantly increased β-sheet content. The β-sheet rich conformation is prone to aggregation and forms amyloid fibrils accumulating in distinct amyloid plaques in brain tissue (for review see Aguzzi et al. 2001b).
A wealth of evidence indicates that PrPc is essential for the development of prion disease: ablation of the Prnp gene which encodes PrPC (Büeler et al., 1992) confers resistance to experimental scrapie inoculation (Büeler et al., 1993), and all familial cases of human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are characterized by mutations of Prnp.
The open reading frame encoding PrPC is contained within a single exon of the Prnp gene. PrPc is processed into a mature form by removal of its amino terminal secretory signal sequence, glycosylation, and replacement of its carboxy-terminal signal sequence with a GPI residue which anchors it to the outer cell surface. The physiological function of PrPC is still poorly understood. Whilst the majority of PrPC is membrane bound, a soluble form of PrPC lacking the glycolipid moiety is present in serum (Perini et al., 1996) and epididymal fluid (Gatti et al., 2002). In primary cultures of splenocytes and cerebellar granule cells, a substantial amount of PrPC is shed after loss of the GPI anchor. Shedding is increased in the presence of serum, suggesting that serum phospholipases participate in this process (Parizek et al., 2001).
Most theoretical models of prion amplification predict that PrPSc and PrPc interact directly in the course of TSE pathogenesis. In cell-free conversion systems, PrPSc drives conversion of PrPc into a moiety that shares many physico-chemical properties with PrPSc (Kocisko et al., 1994). These include aggregation, formation of fibrils and partial resistance to digestion with proteinase K (PK). Specific binding of protease-resistant PrPSc to protease-sensitive PrPc has been observed in radiolabelled lysates of cells expressing soluble PrPc that lack the GPI anchor (Horiuchi and Caughey, 1999). Animal studies (Scott et al., 1989) and in vitro conversion assays (Bessen et al., 1995; Kocisko et al., 1995) indicate that sequence compatibility between PrPc and PrPSc is necessary for efficient PrPSc formation.
Cell-free systems indicate that binding of PrPc to PrPSc and conversion to the protease-resistant state are kinetically separable (DebBurman et al., 1997). The initial binding between the two partners is a critical aspect of the overall conversion mechanism. The conversion event has been proposed to occur either on the cell surface or during the endocytic trafficking of PrPSc. PrPSc then appears to accumulate in lysosomes. However, others find that disease-associated PrP accumulates mainly extracellularly or on neuronal surfaces in infected animals (Jeffrey et al., 1992) and cultured cells (Vey et al., 1996), suggesting that conversion may be primarily extracellular.
Technical obstacles have prevented the demonstration of physical interaction between PrPC and PrPSc in vivo—a central prediction of the protein-only hypothesis. When introduced from the outside, PrPSc is rapidly degraded (Sailer et al., 1994). Hence, it is not possible to determine its biochemical fate directly.
It is one objective of the present invention to provide new diagnostic agents suitable for the detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis of PrPSc and PrPC-PrPSc complexes in vitro and in vivo.
Furthermore, there is an urgent need for efficiently and safely screening TSEs in the pre-clinical state by detecting low concentrations of PrPSc in peripheral and accessible tissues (e.g. tonsils) or body fluids (e.g. blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid).
In particular there is a need for compounds for the prevention and treatment of TSE's that inhibit the formation of PrPSc and/or sequester PrPSc.
One aspect of the present invention provides a soluble hybrid protein, comprising at least
The first polypeptide sequence according to the invention is defined herein as any prion protein PrPc or a functional derivative thereof that is capable of binding a protein responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalitis (PrPSc).
The term “functional derivative” of a prion protein PrPc encompasses polypeptides that are preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of the human biologically active and naturally occurring, fully functional prion protein PrPc, i.e. mature (posttranslationally processed, without the amino terminal secretory sequence) wild-type human prion protein PrPc (Schätzl et al., J. Mol. Biol. 245, 362-374 (1995)), or a functional fragment (partial prion protein PrPc amino acid sequence with prion protein PrPSC binding activity) thereof, and which retain at least some, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 50%, and most preferably at least 90% of the PrPSc binding activity of the of the wild-type prion protein PrPc.
% Identity of mutually related polypeptides can be determined by means of known procedures. As a rule, special computer programs with algorithms taking account of the special requirements are used. Preferred procedures for the determination of % identity firstly generate the greatest agreement between the sequences studied. Computer programs for the determination of the identity between two sequences include, but are not limited to, the GCG program package, including GAP (Devereux J et al., Nucleic Acids Research 12 (12):387 (1984), Genetics Computer Group University of Wisconsin, Madison (WI): BLASTP, BLASTN and FASTA (Altschul S et al., J. Molec. Biol. 215: 403-410 (1990)). The BLAST X program can be obtained from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and from other sources (BLAST Handbook, Altschul S et al., NCB NLM NIH Bethesda Md. 20894; Altschul S et al., J. Mol. 215: 403-410 (1990)). The well-known Smith Waterman algorithm can also be used for the determination of % identity.
Preferred parameters for the sequence comparison include the following:
The GAP program is also suitable for use with the above parameters. The above parameters are the standard parameters (default parameters) for amino acid sequence comparisons, in which gaps at the ends do not decrease the % identity value. With very small sequences compared to the reference sequence, it can further be necessary to increase the expectancy value to up to 100,000 and in some cases to reduce the word length (word size) to down to 2.
Further model algorithms, gap opening penalties, gap extension penalties and comparison matrices including those named in the Program Handbook, Wisconsin Package, Version 9, September 1997, can be used. The choice will depend on the comparison to be performed and further on whether the comparison is performed between sequence pairs, where GAP or Best Fit are preferred, or between one sequence and a large sequence database, where FASTA or BLAST are preferred.
The above polypeptide based prion protein PrPc derivatives include functional fragments (a partial prion protein PrPc amino acid sequence with prion protein PrPSc binding activity) and variants (e.g., structurally and biologically similar to the wild-type protein and having PrPSc binding activity). Furthermore, the term “prion protein PrPc derivative” also includes prion protein PrPC analogs (e.g., a protein or fragment thereof that is substantially similar in PrPSc binding to the wild-type protein or a fragment thereof), chemical derivatives of prion protein PrPc (e.g., contains additional chemical moieties, such as polyethyleneglycol and derivatives thereof), and peptidomimetics of prion protein PrPc (e.g., a low molecular weight compound that mimics a peptide in structure and/or function (see, e.g., Abell, Advances in Amino Acid Mimetics and Peptidomimetics, London: JAI Press (1997); Gante, Peptidmimetica—massgeschneiderte Enzyminhibitoren Angew. Chem. 106: 1780-1802 (1994); and Olson et al., J. Med. Chem. 36: 3039-3049 (1993)), all of which retain at least some, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 50%, and most preferably at least 90% of the PrPsc binding function of the human mature wild-type prion protein PrPc, which binding function can be tested in any established binding assay in the prior art, such as a luminescence immunoassay (Biffiger et al., J Virol Methods 101: 79-84 (2002)). Preferred functional derivatives contain a substitution, deletion or addition of at least one amino acid.
In a preferred embodiment, the hybrid protein according to the invention is one, wherein the first polypeptide sequence is a functional derivative of the human prion protein (PrPc) or a functional fragment thereof, comprising the PrPsc binding domain of human PrPc that is preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90% identical to the PrPSc binding domain of the human naturally occurring, fully functional, wild-type prion protein PrPc, and retains at least some, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 50%, and most preferably at least 90% of the specific binding capability to a PrPsc-protein of the PrPsc binding domain of the wild-type prion protein.
More preferably, the hybrid protein is one, wherein the functional derivative of the wild-type prion protein is a functional fragment, variant, analog, chemical derivative, or peptidomimetic of the wild-type prion protein or a functional fragment thereof.
PrP genes encoding PrP prion proteins have been elucidated in many mammalian species. For example, some commonly known PrP sequences are described in Schätzl et al., J. Mol. Biol. 245, 362-374 (1995); Wopfner et al., J. Mol. Biol. 289, 1163-1178 (1999), and the corresponding sequences are deposited at Genbank accessible via the Public Medline database. The protein expressed by such a gene can assume either a PrPc (non-disease) or PrPSc (disease) form.
The terms “prion protein PrPC” or “PrPC” in short designate the naturally occurring form of the mature Prnp gene product. PrPC is processed into a mature form by removal of its amino terminal secretory signal sequence, glycosylation, and replacement of its carboxy-terminal signal sequence with a GPI residue. Its presence in a given cell type is necessary, but not sufficient for prion replication.
The term PrPSc designates an “abnormal” form of the mature Prnp gene product found in tissues of TSE sufferers. This form is defined as being partially resistant to protease digestion under standardized conditions (see Schaller et al., Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 98: 437-443 (1999)). PrPSc is believed to differ from PrPc only (or mainly) conformationally.
The hybrid proteins according to the present invention are useful for in vitro and in vivo applications such as diagnosis, prophylaxis, and therapy.
The hybrid proteins are capable of binding stably to the PrPSc form of a prion protein. The hybrid bound PrPSc form of prion protein is thus labeled for further diagnostic measures or for being detected by a mammals immune system.
For therapeutic and prophylactic in vivo applications, it is preferred that the hybrid protein of the invention is one, which is resistant to conversion to the PrPsc form when binding to PrPsc.
In a preferred embodiment the hybrid proteins according to the invention form multimeric hybrid proteins, preferably dimers or pentamers, more preferably dimers. Multimeric hybrid proteins are more stable in structure and/or binding than monomeric hybrid proteins.
Preferably, it is the second polypeptide sequence that is capable of forming a covalent linkage (such as disulfide bridge) or alternative binding (e.g. chemical cross linking) to at least one further second polypeptide sequence of at least one further hybrid protein to form multimeric hybrid proteins.
For applications in membrane containing environments it is important that the hybrid protein does not comprise a functional membrane anchor moiety so as to avoid immobilization by binding to membranes before reaching the desired binding partner.
As referred herein, the term “functional membrane anchor moiety” refers to an amino acid sequence that attaches a given polypeptide containing the same to lipid membranes in vitro and/or in vivo, preferably to cell membranes in vitro and/or in vivo.
More preferably, the hybrid protein comprises a first polypeptide sequence that does not comprise the GPI-(Glycosyl-phosphatidyl-Inositol) residue and/or the carboxy-terminal signal sequence of the wild type PrPc prion protein.
In a preferred embodiment the present invention is directed to a multimeric hybrid protein, comprising dimers or oligomers of any one of the hybrid proteins of the invention, preferably dimers or pentamers.
In the multimeric hybrid protein the first and the second polypeptide sequence of a hybrid protein can be derived from the same or different species. For example, the first polypeptide sequence can be derived from one mammal and the second polypeptide sequence can be derived from another. More preferably, both polypeptide sequences are derived from the same mammals; most preferably, both sequences are of human origin.
Also, in the multimeric hybrid proteins the monomeric units can be derived from the same (homo multimer) or different (hetero multimer) species. For example, one hybrid monomer can be of bovine (or of bovine and a further origin, see section above) origin while another hybrid monomer is of human (or of human and a further origin, see section above) origin. Preferably, the monomeric units of the multimeric hybrid proteins are derived from the same species.
In a more preferred embodiment of the present invention the hybrid protein of the invention is one, wherein the first polypeptide sequence is a full length prion protein (PrPc), more preferably a full-length prion protein (PrPc) that does not comprise the GPI-(Glycosyl-phosphatidyl-Inositol) residue and/or the carboxy-terminal signal sequence of the wild type PrPc prion protein.
The term “full length prion protein (PrPc)” refers to the amino acid sequence encoded by a naturally occurring PrnP gene after removal of the amino terminal secretory signal sequence with or without further glycosylation.
The second polypeptide sequence of the hybrid proteins is preferably linked by a peptidic bond to the first polypeptide sequence but other linkers can also be employed for this purpose (e.g. formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde). Non peptidic polypeptide linkers are commonly known among those skilled in the art, e.g. the streptavidin-biotin linkage system.
It has been found that the second polypeptide sequence stabilizers the structural conformation of the first sequence. Furthermore, the second polypeptide sequence may also function to tag the protein so that specific diagnostic reagents can interact with said tag to detect and/or separate the hybrid protein and also to detect and/or separate its binding partner PrPsc. For example, the second sequence polypeptide can comprise a reactive moiety, such as, e.g. a biotin, that can be captured by a reactive counterpart, such as, e.g. a streptavidin containing diagnostic reagent, to detect and/or bind said hybrid protein alone or together with its binding partner PrPsc. Hybrid proteins with or without PrPsc binding partners can be differentiated by standard protein techniques, e.g. by the difference in size in a PAGE gel system in the presence of known molecular weight markers. Moreover, in in vivo systems, i.e. in a mammal, the tag can elicit an immunological response to the hybrid protein so that is sequestered together with any bound PrPsc by the immune system and thus assists the destruction of dangerous PrPsc prion proteins.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the second polypeptide sequence according to the invention is derived from an immunoglobulin. Preferably, said derived immunoglobulin is a functional derivative of an immunoglobulin.
The function of said derivative may be one that is typical for immunoglobulines such as multimer formation, epitope binding and/or complement activation. Preferably, the derivative should not induce an immune response.
The term “functional derivative” of an immunoglobulin encompasses polypeptides that are preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of a biologically active and naturally occurring, fully functional immunoglobulin, i.e. a wild-type mammalian immunoglobulin or a functional fragment (a partial immunoglobulin amino acid sequence with immunoglobulin binding and/or complement related activity) thereof, preferably the human immunoglobulin gamma or mu heavy chain (Canfield et al., J Exp Med 173: 1483-1491 (1991), Lund et al., J Immunol 147: 2657-2662 (1991) and Tao et al., J Exp Med 178: 661-667 (1993)), and which retain at least some, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 50%, and most preferably at least 90% of the immunoglobulin binding activity (i.e. binding activity towards other immunoglobulins or fragments thereof, and/or complement factors, preferably binding towards other immunoglobulins for multimer formation) and/or complement related activity and wild-type immunoglobulin.
The above polypeptide based immunoglobulin derivatives include functional fragments (partial immunoglobulin amino acid sequence with immunoglobulin binding and/or complement related activity) and variants (e.g., structurally and biologically similar to the wild-type immunoglobulin and having at least one biologically equivalent domain of an immunoglobulin). Furthermore, the term “immunoglobulin derivative”, also includes immunoglobulin analogs (e.g., a protein or fragment thereof substantially similar in biological function to the wild-type protein or fragment thereof), chemical derivatives of an immunoglobulin (e.g., contains additional chemical moieties, such as polyethyleneglycol and derivatives thereof, and peptidomimetics of an immunoglobulin (e.g., a low molecular weight compound that mimics a peptide in structure and/or function (see, e.g., Abell, Advances in Amino Acid Mimetics and Peptidomimetics, London: JAI Press (1997); Gante, Peptidmimetica—massgeschneiderte Enzyminhibitoren Angew. Chem. 106: 1780-1802 (1994); and Olson et al., J. Med. Chem. 36: 3039-3049 (1993)), all of which retain at least some, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 50%, and most preferably at least 90% of the immunoglobulin binding and/or complement related function of the wild-type immunoglobulin.
More preferably, in the second polypeptide sequence the binding sites for Fcγreceptors and for complement are inactivated.
Even more preferably, the hybrid protein according to the invention is one, wherein said second polypeptide sequence is derived from an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region, most preferably is derived from a mammalian immunoglobulin gamma heavy chain, preferably from the human immunoglobulin gamma heavy chain.
Also more preferred is a hybrid protein, wherein said second polypeptide sequence is derived from a mammalian immunoglobulin mμ heavy chain, preferably from the human immunoglobulin mμ heavy chain.
Further, the second polypeptide sequence may contain a FK506-binding protein (FKBP)-domain promoting the binding to at least one further second polypeptide sequence of at least one further hybrid protein to form dimeric/multimeric hybrid proteins (Briesewitz et al., 1999).
Preferably, the hybrid is one, wherein said second polypeptide sequence is fused directly to the carboxy-terminal side of the first polypeptide sequence.
In a preferred embodiment, the hybrid protein is one that is bound to a solid support. Thus the hybrid protein and optionally its binding partner PrPsc may easily be isolated from other compounds and analyzed. Suitable solid support materials for proteins are well known among those skilled in the art.
Because the hybrid proteins bind stably to PrPsc they are particularly useful for diagnosis.
Therefore, in a further aspect the present invention relates to the use of a hybrid protein according to the invention for the diagnosis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).
The present invention further provides diagnostic kits for the use in the diagnosis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).
In another aspect the present invention relates to a process for the detection of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Preferably, said process comprises the steps of
The present invention also relates to a process for identifying and/or isolating molecules capable of directly or indirectly binding to PrPsc and/or PrPc. Preferably, said process comprises the following steps:
The hybrid protein according to the invention can further be used for the identification of molecules interacting with PrPSc and/or PrPc.
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention soluble hybrid prion protein, preferably produced in cultured cells and preferably affinity-immobilized onto beads, efficiently captures PrPsc from tissue homogenates of TSE-infected mammals, preferably humans.
It is an important advantage of the diagnostic TSE assay of the present invention that no protease treatment is necessary to distinguish the disease related conformation of the prion protein PrPsc from its normal homologue PrPc.
Preferably, a tissue sample is derived from brain or other tissues known to express the prion protein, like lymphoid tissues, e.g. tonsils. Also preferred are samples from body fluids like blood, saliva, urine or cerebrospinal fluid.
The parameters for the diagnostic application of the hybrid proteins such as the auxiliary reagents (e.g. solid phase, tag recognition reagent, etc.), buffer solutions, pH, temperature, incubation time, method of detection, etc. will vary with each hybrid system, the specific tag, and the assayed tissue or fluid. The skilled person is capable of determining and optimizing these parameters through routine experimentation in view of the abundant prior art on polypeptide diagnostic methods. Additionally, the appended examples assist the skilled person to determine and optimize these parameters.
For detection purposes, the hybrid protein according to the invention may contain any label, such as radioisotopes, fluorescent dyes, and luminescent dyes including electrochemoluminescent dyes.
A further aspect of the present invention relates to the nucleic acid molecules encoding a hybrid protein according to the invention. The nucleic acid sequence of the hybrid proteins may be directly deduced from the amino acid sequence, or more conveniently, be already available because the hybrid proteins are produced recombinantly. For recombinant production the DNA encoding the first and second polypeptide sequence can be obtained and modified as desired by chemical DNA synthesis or DNA amplification or molecular cloning directly from a tissue, cell culture, or cloned DNA using standard molecular biology techniques (Sambrook et al. 1989, Molecular Cloning—A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York).
The present invention also enables for the preparation of soluble prion proteins in cultured cells in vitro.
In addition, the present invention relates to vectors comprising a nucleic acid according to the invention.
The cloned fusion protein can be inserted into a suitable vector for expression of the gene. A variety of expression vectors may be used for the expression of the fusion protein, including, but not limited to, plasmids, cosmids, phages, phagemids or viruses. Examples include bacteriophages such as lambda derivatives, or plasmids such as pBR322 or pUC plasmids. Typically, such expression vectors comprise a functional origin of replication for propagation of the vector in an appropriate host cell, one or more restriction endonuclease sites for insertion of the prion protein fusion gene sequence into the vector, regulatory elements such as promoters, enhancers and heterologous intron sequences and one or more selection markers for prokaryotic and eukaryotic selection. Expression of the desired fusion protein can be achieved in any host-vector system known to the person skilled in the art.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to host cells, comprising a nucleic acid and/or a vector according to the invention.
Preferred are eukaryotic expression systems such as yeast, insect, mammalian cells and transgenic animals. Preferred mammalian host cells include but are not limited to those derived from human, monkeys and rodents, (see, for example, Kriegler M. in Gene Transfer and Expression: A Laboratory Manual, Freeman & Co, New York, 1990), such as monkey kidney cell line transformed with SV40 (COS-7, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) CRL 1651), human embryonic kidney cells (293, 293-EBNA), baby hamster kidney cells (BHK, ATCC, CCL10), Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO). For long term, high yield production of properly processed soluble prion protein, stable expression in mammalian or insect cells is preferred over transient expression.
Purification of the soluble fusion protein can be performed by standard protein purification methods. For example, a number of methods are known that are based on the specific molecular interaction of a tag and its binding partner. Examples for this are protein A or protein G affinity chromatography, a method that is generally applicable to purifying recombinant proteins that are fused to the constant regions of immunoglobulins. Supernatants of transfected cells which contain the secreted product of the recombinant fusion gene can be directly applied to e.g. a protein A column and the bound protein can be eluted by various buffer systems known in the art.
Those hybrid proteins that are resistant to conversion to the PrPsc form are useful for prophylactic and/or therapeutic applications in mammals.
In an additional aspect the present invention therefore also relates to the use of a hybrid protein according to the invention, a nucleic acid encoding said hybrid protein, a vector, and/or a host cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding said hybrid protein for the preparation of a medicament for the prevention and/or treatment of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).
In contrast to anti-PrP antibodies (Heppner et al., 2001), soluble lymphotoxin-β receptor (Montrasio et al., 2000), and other compounds that exert antiprion activity only after peripheral inoculation thereof (Aguzzi et al., 2001a), the hybrid proteins of the invention have already been demonstrated to be efficacious after both intracerebral and intraperitoneal challenge with prions (see the examples below).
For therapy and prophylaxis an effective amount of a hybrid protein according to the invention, a nucleic acid encoding said hybrid protein, a vector, and/or a host cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding said hybrid protein is administered to said mammal.
The term “therapy” or “therapeutic” is intended to refer to all processes, wherein there may be a slowing, interrupting, arresting, or stopping of the progression of a TSE related disease or condition, but does not necessarily indicate a total elimination of all symptoms.
The term “prophylaxis” or “prophylactic” as used herein is to be understood in the context of the inhibition or delay of the onset of one or more of the symptoms of a TSE related disease or condition.
As used herein, the term “mammal” refers to a warm blooded animal. It is understood that guinea pigs, dogs, cats, rats, mice, horses, cattle, sheep, monkeys, chimpanzees and humans are examples of mammals and within the scope of the meaning of the term. The application in humans is preferred.
In effecting treatment or prophylaxis of a mammal in need of TSE treatment or prophylaxis, the above mentioned hybrid proteins, vectors, nucleic acids or host cells can be administered in any form or mode which makes these compounds bioavailable in an effective amount, including oral or parenteral routes. For example, products of the present invention can be administered intraperitoneally, intranasally, buccally, topically, orally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, transdermally, rectally, and the like. Preferred administration routes are subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intradermal or mucosal administration. More preferably, hybrid proteins are administered intravenously, intracerebrally, or intraperitoneally.
For example, one may transduce the nucleic acids according to the invention to mammalian subjects using suitable viral vectors, such as lentiviral or adenoviral vectors. Further, in a DNA-vaccination-like approach, the vectors and/or nucleic acids according to the invention may be injected subcutaneously. Also, the host cells expressing the hybrid proteins according to the invention may be transferred to mammals that are at risk for, or are infected with, prions. As such cells one may take bone marrow, “neo organs” made of fibroblasts and goretex fibers (Moullier et al., 1993), or “ravioli” of encapsulated producer cells (Aebischer et al., 1996).
One skilled in the art of preparing formulations can readily select the proper form and mode of administration depending upon the particular characteristics of the product selected, the disease or condition to be treated, the stage of the disease or condition, and other relevant circumstances. (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co. (1990)). The products of the present invention can be administered alone or in the form of a pharmaceutical preparation in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients, the proportion and nature of which are determined by the solubility and chemical properties of the product selected, the chosen route of administration, and standard pharmaceutical practice. For oral application suitable preparations are in the form of tablets, pills, capsules, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, drops, juices, syrups, while for parenteral, topical and inhalative application suitable forms are solutions, suspensions, easily reconstitutable dry preparations as well as sprays. Compounds according to the invention in a sustained-release substance, in dissolved form or in a plaster, optionally with the addition of agents promoting penetration of the skin, are suitable percutaneous application preparations. The products of the present invention, while effective themselves, may be formulated and administered in the form of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, such as acid addition salts or base addition salts, for purposes of stability, modulation of hydrophobicity, increased solubility, and the like.
The amount of active agent, i.e. hybrid protein, to be administered to the patient depends on the patient's weight, on the type of application, symptoms and the severity of the illness. Normally, 0.1 mg/kg to 25 mg/kg of at least one hybrid protein is administered, but when applied locally, e.g. intracoronary administration, much lower total doses are also possible.
A further aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a hybrid protein according to the invention, a nucleic acid encoding said hybrid protein, a vector, and/or a host cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding said hybrid protein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to a process for producing a hybrid protein according to the invention comprising the step of culturing a host cell comprising a nucleic acid and/or a vector according to the present invention under conditions that allow for the expression of said hybrid protein.
The present invention also relates to a transgenic animal, preferably a transgenic mouse, stably expressing a hybrid protein according to the invention.
In this respect, the invention provides methods for the generation of transgenic animals expressing in vivo soluble hybrid prion proteins. Methods for the generation of transgenic animals expressing a protein are well known to the person skilled in the art. In a specific embodiment, the present invention discloses mice that express a soluble hybrid protein. Said hybrid proteins are not converted into a pathogenic form and are safe for administration to humans and other mammals suffering from TSEs. Importantly, soluble hybrid proteins delay the onset of a prion disease after intracerebral or intraperitoneal prion inoculation. The biological significance of this finding is robust, because (1) the delay of pathogenesis occurs in several independently established lines of transgenic mice; (2) the delay is detectable upon both intracerebral and intraperitoneal challenge, (3) the buildup of PrPSc is delayed in spleen and brain of transgenic mice, and (4) the prion infectivity is reduced in transgenic spleens and brains when compared to wild-type brains at equivalent time points.
In a further aspect the present invention relates to bone marrow of a transgenic animal according to the invention.
In this respect, the invention discloses the therapeutic efficacy of soluble hybrid proteins according to the invention in bone marrow reconstituted mammals. In a further specific embodiment it has been demonstrated for mice that wild-type mice that have been reconstituted with bone marrow from a transgenic animal express said soluble hybrid protein. The successful reconstitution of bone marrow with the compounds of the invention can be validated using ELISA or similar immunodiagnostic techniques known to the person skilled in the art. Soluble hybrid protein leads to a dramatic reduction in the amount of PrPSc in the spleens of reconstituted infected mammals.
Alternatively, genetically modified bone marrow expressing a soluble hybrid protein may be generated by genetically modifying bone marrow using a transducing virus (such as lentivirus or murine stem-cell virus) containing the soluble protein, or by other delivery ways known to the person skilled in the art.
In another aspect the present invention relates to the use of said bone marrow for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).
The present invention also relates to compositions comprising the hybrid protein according to the invention, as well as solid phase materials, e.g. magnetic beads, carrying same.
The hybrid protein according to the invention and/or said compositions and/or carriers are further useful for removing and/or inactivating PrPSC from biological material such as body fluids. Accordingly, the hybrid protein according to the invention may be used to capture PrPSC from fluids used for therapeutic purposes (such as coagulation factors, therapeutic proteins derived from humans or cultured cells exposed to fetal calf serum) in order to render the fluids non-infectious.
Still further the present invention provides a process of removing PrPsc from biological materials.
The present inventors have demonstrated in contrast to anti-PrP antibodies (Heppner et al., 2001), soluble lymphotoxin-β receptor (Montrasio et al., 2000), and other compounds that exert antiprion activity only after peripheral inoculation (Aguzzi et al., 2001a), that hybrid proteins according to the invention are efficacious after both intracerebral and intraperitoneal challenge with prions. In one particular embodiment expression analysis established that the hybrid protein: PrPC ratio was vastly substoichiometric (<1:12) in brains and spleens (<1:3.8) of one particular line of transgenic mice analyzed, which demonstrates a remarkable antiprion efficacy. The potency of a soluble hybrid protein in contrasting prion disease pathogenesis demonstrate that soluble hybrid proteins of the invention (or of fragments thereof) represent a new class of antiprion agents. The retardation of lymphoreticular prion replication after peripheral exposure to the hybrid proteins shows that soluble PrP is also useful for post-exposure prophylaxis (Aguzzi, 2003). Variations and refinements of the soluble PrP lead, including the engineering of dominant-negative amino acid substitutions (Perrier et al., 2002), are likely to increase its efficiency even further and are specifically encompassed by the scope of the present invention.
110.6 ± 23.8a
aone mouse did not develop disease after >150 dpi
The following examples further illustrate the best mode contemplated by the inventors in carrying out their invention.
The plasmid CA125 (a kind gift from C. Ambrose, Cambridge) containing a modified IgG1 open reading frame mutated at the Fcγ receptor and complement binding sites (CH2 domain; L234A, L935E, G237A, and P331S) (Canfield and Morrison, 1991; Lund et al., 1991; Tao et al., 1993) was cut with SalI and NotI, blunted, and inserted into pJE14/PrP. The resulting plasmid pJE14/PrP-Fc2 was cut with PinAI and NotI, and inserted into the fused exon 2/3 of the pPrPHG vector (Fischer et al., 1996) thereby replacing the PrP coding region with the murine PrP (lacking the carboxy terminal GPI attachment signal) fused to the Fc portion of a human IgG1 heavy chain. The binding sites for Fcγ receptors and for complement had been inactivated by mutagenesis (Ettinger et al., 1996): this can be helpful since various components of the complement system are important for efficient prion pathogenesis and their binding to PrP-Fc2 might exert unpredictable effects on prion pathogenesis. To allow for conditional and tissue-specific expression of the transgene, a loxP-flanked transcriptional termination cassette was inserted into exon 2/3, immediately upstream of the open reading frame (
Expression of PrP-Fc2 in transgenic mice was assessed by quantitative Western blotting analysis Serial 1:2 dilutions of brain or spleen homogenate in Prnpo/o homogenate were electrophoresed through 12.5% SDS-PAGE gels, blotted; probed with antibody ICSM18 (Heppner et al., 2001), and detected by enhanced chemiluminescence. Signals were quantified with a Kodak ImageStation. The PrP-Fc2:PrPC expression ratio was assessed by determining the homogenate dilution at which the signals for PrP-Fc2 and for PrPc were of equal intensifies. Serum PrP-Fc2 concentration was measured by ELISA: microtiter plates were coated with ICSM18 (1:1500) and incubated with various dilutions (1:50 to 1:2000) of serum derived from tg550 and tg588. Signals were visualized with horseradish peroxidase-coupled goat IgG against human (Rockland) and ABTS. Hypothetical models of PrP-Fc were created using the NMR and X-ray structures murine PrPc (121-231) and scFc connected with the unstructured N-terminus of the latter in an extended conformation. Then, the N-terminus of the scFc was relaxed by performing molecular dynamics simulations with the CHARMM (Brooks et al., 1983) program. Simulations were carried out at 300 K for 1 ns with an implicit treatment of the solvent. We predicted that the PrP-Fc2 molecule would be assembled as a disulfide-bridged dimer (Dwyer et al., 1999) with two PrP moieties facing each other in an arrangement that resembles the Fab portions of immunoglobulins (
PNGase F digestion, which removes glycans, shifted the reduced PrP-FC2 band to a major moiety with the expected molecular weight of 55 kDa, and to a minor band of 40 kDa. The minor band was not detected by an anti-N-terminal PrP antibody (data not shown), suggesting that it represents the N-terminal product of a PrP-FC2 cleavage event.
Expression of PrP-Fc2 was compared to endogenous PrPC in brain and in spleen by quantitative Western blotting. Serial two-fold dilutions of appropriate tissue homogenates were blotted, and the relative expression levels of the two molecules were calculated from calibration curves obtained by acquisition of chemiluminescence, using a method described previously (Heppner et al., 2001). Brain PrP-Fc2 was expressed approximately 12 and 10-fold less than PrPC in brain of tg550 and tg588, respectively (data not shown). In spleen, PrP-Fc2 expression was found to be 4-fold less than PrPC in tg550 but 1.5-fold more in tg588. Therefore, PrP-Fc2 expression in the brain of tg550 and tg588 was 8% and 10% that of wild-type animals. In spleen, it corresponded to 27% and 150% of PrPc expression (data not shown).
To investigate whether PrP-Fc2 can be converted into a self-propagating “PrP-FcSc” form, the PrP-Fc2 transgene was bred in Prnpo/o mice (Büeler et al., 1992) which are resistant to scrapie (Bueler et al., 1993; Sailer et al., 1994). Adult tg550-Prnpo/o mice (tg5500 for short), which express PrP-Fc2 but lack endogenous PrPc, were inoculated with RML prions intracerebrally (i.c.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 30 μl and 100 μl, respectively, of brain homogenate containing 3×102 to 106 LD50 infectious units of Rocky Mountain Laboratory strain (RML, passage 5.0) scrapie prions prepared as described previously (Klein et al., 1997). In order to uncover possible dose-dependent effects, saturating as well as rate-limiting doses of prions were administered.
Tg550° mice were healthy at >450 days post inoculation (dpi) by the i.p or i.c. route, whereas all Prnp+/+ control mice (129/Sv×C57BL/6) succumbed to scrapie at <206 dpi (
For histological analysis, organs were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS, paraffin-embedded, cut into 2 μm sections and stained with hematoxylin/eosin (HE). Immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was performed using a rabbit-anti-GFAP antiserum (DAKO, 1:300) and visualized with biotinylated swine-anti-rabbit serum (DAKO, 1:250), avidin-peroxidase (DAKO) and diaminobenzidine (Sigma). Histological analysis failed to reveal any vacuolation on brain sections from inoculated tg550° mice following HE staining (
tg550+, tg588+, and their wild-type littermates were inoculated with a low, rate-limiting dose of prions intracerebrally or intraperitoneally. Deposition of PrPSc was analyzed by NaPTA-enhanced Western blotting (Safar et al., 1998). Phosphotungstic acid (NaPTA) precipitation was performed as described (Heppner et al., 2001; Safar et al., 1998) with 500 μg or 1 mg of 10% tissue homogenate (brain and spleen). Precipitates were resuspended in 0.1% Sarcosyl. NaPTA precipitates of brain and homogenates were run on SDS-PAGE (5% stacking and 8, 12 or 16% resolving) and transferred on nitrocellulose (Schleicher & Schuell) by wet blotting. Membranes were blocked with 5% Top-Block (Juro) in Tris-buffered saline-Tween (TBS-T) at room temperature (RT) for 1 hour, incubated in 1% Top-Block in TBS-T with ICSM18 (for PrP) and PrP-FC2 detection or an goatanti-human IgG (Rockland) (for PrP-Fc2) 1 hour at RT or overnight at 4° C., washed three times for 15 min in TBS-T, incubated with 1% Top-Block in TBS-T and rabbit-anti-mouse IgG1-horseradish peroxidase (Zymed, 1:10,000) in case of ICSM18, washed three times for 15 minutes in TBS-T, and developed using enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) detection reagents. PrPSc was analyzed in brains of intracerebrally inoculated mice at 102 dpi (when buildup of prion infectivity is increasing exponentially), and in spleens of i.p. inoculated mice at 48 dpi (a time point at which infectivity and PrPSc should have reached a plateau phase). PrPSc was readily detected at these time points in wild-type brains and spleens, whereas no PrPSc, or just traces thereof, were present in tg550+ and tg588+ organs (
In parallel, prion titers in brains and spleens were determined at 48 and 102 days after inoculation by bioassay with tga20 mice (Fischer et al., 1996). Whereas brains of wild-type mice contained sizeable prion titers of 3.5-4 log LD50/g tissue at 48 days after intracerebral inoculation, infectivity in tg550+ brains was undetectable or barely detectable. At 102 dpi, however, prion titers in tg550+ brains were about to catch up, being only 0.5 log10 units less than wild-type controls (Table 1).
Following intraperitoneal inoculation, prions colonize the lymphoreuticular system by a complex process which is dependent on mature follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) (Montrasio et al., 2000) and eventually results in neuroinvasion. It was found that this process is also antagonized by PrP-Fc2. Prion titers in spleens of wild-type mice harvested at 48 dpi after intraperitoneal inoculation reached 4.7-4.9 logLD50 units/g, which corresponds to the maximal plateau levels that are typically reached in lymphoreticular organs. Instead, prion infectivity in the spleen of one tg550+ mouse was 1 log lower (3.7 logLD50 units/g), whereas a second tg550+ spleen contained barely detectable infectivity and induced scrapie in tga20 indicator mice with an attack rate of only ¼ (Table 1). This indicates that PrP-Fc2 not only impairs prion replication within the central nervous system, but also in lymphoreticular organs. It was formally excluded that lymphoreticular slow-down of prion replication may be due to impaired “wash-back” of brain infectivity, since no prions were detectable in brains of intraperitoneally inoculated mice of either genotype at 48 dpi—indicating that prions had not yet reached the central nervous system at this early time point.
In a first experiment, tosyl-activated paramagnetic beads were coupled covalently with (1) antibodies to human Fcγ1, (2) protein A, or (3) antibodies to human IgA. The two former reagents were expected to bind the Fcγ portion of PrP-Fc2, while the third served as a negative control. When incubated with native brain homogenate of scrapie-sick PrP-Fc2 mice, reagents 1 and 2 (but not reagent 3) precipitated a protein complex that contained protease-resistant PrPSc (
To trap PrPSc with PrP-Fc2, bound to a solid-phase matrix in vitro paramagnetic beads were coupled (1) with mouse-anti-human-IgG, (2) with protein A, or (3) with mouse-antihuman-IgA. Beads were incubated with the supernatant of COS-7 cells transfected with a PrP-Fc2 expression construct, washed, and incubated with prion-infected wild-type brain homogenate. The precipitate was digested with PK, blotted and probed with antibodies to PrP or to human IgG.
Immobilized PrP-Fc2 readily captured PrPSc from scrapie-sick wild-type brains, whereas no PrPSc was recovered with beads that had been pre-incubated with mock-transfected cell supernatant (
PrP-Fc2 Interacts with PrPSc in Liquid Phase
Capture of PrPSc by affinity-purified PrP-Fc2 in a highly sensitive pull-down assay may identify weak interactions that are not detectable in vivo: a number of serum proteins including fibrinogen, antithrombin/III, and factor IX can immobilize protease-digested PrPSc in vitro (Fischer et al., 2000), but may not necessarily interact with PrPSc in living cells. This may be because (1) direct covalent linking to paramagnetic beads may partially denature the bait protein and expose hydrophobic patches that interact with PrPSc nonspecifically; (2) because affinity capture of PrP-Fc2 by anti-IgG or protein A beads may result in highly repetitive, anisotropic arrays of very high avidity; or (3) the local concentration of the bait on the surface of the beads may be much higher than that attainable in vivo.
To identify interactions between PrPSc and PrP-Fc2 in the liquid phase it was investigated whether capture would occur also with concentrations of PrP-Fc2 present in transgenic brains.
Equal amounts (100:100 μg) of brain extracts from scrapie-sick wild-type mice and from uninfected PrP-Fc2 mice were co-incubated. Subsequent capture with anti-human-IgG and protein A beads led to the recovery or PrPSc from this brain homogenate mixture, providing further evidence that binding of PrP-Fc2 and PrPSc can occur in vitro (
There was an obvious increase in precipitated PrPSc when the amount of co-incubated uninfected PrP-Fc2 homogenate was increased fivefold (100:500 μg)/, suggesting that availability of PrP-Fc2 is rate-limiting. The latter observation is in line with the fact that the ratio of PrP-Fc2 to PrPc is vastly substoichiometric (data not shown).
Upon Prion Infection, PrP-Fc2 becomes Precipitable by NaPTA and by Plasminogen.
It was then investigated whether, upon prion infection, PrP-Fc2 would acquire some of the biophysical properties of PrPSc. A remarkable property of PrPSc is that it readily sediments in the presence of 4% sodium phosphotungstate (NaPTA), whereas PrPc remains soluble (Safar et al., 1998). Accordingly, NaPTA precipitations of healthy and scrapie-sick tg550+ and wild-type brain homogenates were performed. Pellets and supernatants were then optionally protease-digested, blotted, and probed with antibodies to human Fcγ or to PrP. As expected, NaPTA precipitates of both wild-type and transgenic scrapie-sick mice contained protease-resistant PrPSc. Moreover, NaPTA pellets from terminally-sick (but not from uninfected) tg550+ yielded strong signals with anti-Fcγ antibodies (
In the presence of high concentrations of detergents, surface-immobilized plasminogen can also be used to differentiate between PrPC and PrPSc (Fischer et al., 2000). It was therefore tested whether PrP-Fc2 would bind plasminogen. Tosyl-activated paramagnetic beads were covalently linked to human plasminogen, and incubated with homogenates of scrapie-sick or uninfected wild-type or tg550+ brains. Prior to the binding assay, homogenates were optionally protease-digested. Blotted eluates of scrapie-sick wild-type and tg550+ brains, but not of healthy brains, were found to contain PrPSc (
Denaturation of PrPSc Abolishes its Capability to Interact with PrP-Fc2
It was then determined whether binding of native PrP-Fc2 is dependent on the conformation of PrPSc. Brain homogenate from terminally sick wild-type mice was denatured by preincubation for 18 hours in increasing concentrations of guanidinium hydrochloride (GdnHCl) or of urea, diluted 50-fold in order to reduce the concentration of chaotropic salts below the denaturation threshold, and incubated with uninfected tg550+ brain homogenate (100 μg:500 μg). Proteins were then captured with protein A beads, digested with PK, and blotted. After denaturation with >1.5M guanidinium hydrochloride (Gdn,
Then an independent, completely unrelated experimental approach was used to confirm the interaction between PrPSc and PrP-Fc2 in vivo. Like other glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchored proteins, PrPSc and is inserted into cholesterol rich membrane microdomains denominated lipid rafts (Naslavsky et al., 1997). Following extraction in cold Triton X-100 and ultracentrifugation on density gradients, proteins associated with lipid rafts float in the uppermost fractions.
When prepared in cold TX-100 and subjected to a “flotation assay” (ultracentrifugation in a Nycodenz gradient), it was found that PrPSc floated with the lower-density fractions of the gradient (
The experiments in example 3 have demonstrated that PrP-Fc2 when expressed in transgenic mice under control of the PrP promoter not only impairs prion replication within the central nervous system, but also in lymphoreticular organs. In these experiments PrP-Fc2 was present in all organs where PrP is normally expressed, particularly in nervous and lymphoid tissues. To assess the therapeutic efficacy of soluble prion proteins in TSEs in which the therapeutic agent, PrP-Fc2, would be administered intravenously or intraperitoneally bone marrow chimeras expressing soluble PrP in the blood were generated. Mice were lethally irradiated and reconstituted with fetal liver cells from donor animals. Briefly, tg588 bone marrow was reconstituted into wild-type mice (1), wild-type bone marrow into tg588 mice (2), wild-type into wild-type (3) and tg588 into tg588 (4). To check if the reconstitution was successful, an ELISA of PrP-Fc2 from the serum of these mice was performed and showed high levels of soluble PrP-Fc2 in all mice except in the group of wild-type bone marrow into wild-type mice. (1): OD=1.2; (2): OD=2.8; (3): OD=0.2 and (4) OD=2.8. The reconstituted mice were inoculated i.p. with a low dose of prions and some mice of all groups except from group 4 were killed 50 days after inoculation (a time point at which infectivity and PrPSc should have reached a plateau phase). PrPSc was readily detected at these time points in spleens of wild-type mice reconstituted with wild-type bone marrow, whereas no PrPSc, or just traces thereof, were present in spleens of mice of the other groups (
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 03005829.1 | Mar 2003 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2004/002617 | 3/12/2004 | WO | 00 | 10/30/2006 |
