Patent Application
20210398790
The present invention relates to a surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization method, a mass spectrometry method and a mass spectrometry device.
As a technique for ionizing a sample such as a biological sample in order to perform mass spectrometry or the like, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has been known thus far. MALDI is a technique for ionizing a sample by mixing the sample with a low-molecular weight organic compound, called a matrix, absorbing an ultraviolet laser beam, and applying the laser beam to the mixture. According to this technique, a heat-labile substance or a high-molecular weight substance can be subjected to non-destructive ionization (so-called soft ionization). However, MALDI generates background noise derived from the matrix.
As a technique for performing ionization without using such a matrix, surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI) for ionizing a sample by using a substrate whose surface has an uneven microstructure is known. For example, as an ionization method of a sample according to SALDI, there is a method of using a surface having anodized porous alumina, anodized porous silicon, or the like having fine concavities as a sample holding surface (see Patent Literatures 1 and 2 below). In this ionization method, a sample to be analyzed is dropped onto the sample holding surface having the fine concavities, and a laser beam is applied after drying the sample to ionize the sample.
[Patent Literature 1] Japanese Patent No. 5129628
[Patent Literature 2] U.S. Pat. No. 6,288,390
However, in the above ionization method, since a positional deviation of the sample with respect to the substrate occurs when dropping the sample, it is difficult to ionize the sample while maintaining original position information of the sample (a two-dimensional distribution of molecules composing the sample). For this reason, it is difficult to measure what kind of and how many molecules are present at each position of a sample region and use the ionization method in imaging mass spectrometry or the like imaging a two-dimensional distribution map of the sample molecules. Even when a method of transferring the sample to the substrate instead of dropping the sample onto the substrate is adopted, there is a problem in that a positional deviation of the sample with respect to the substrate occurs when transferring the sample or an uneven transfer of the sample occurs.
Therefore, an aspect of the present invention is directed to providing a surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization method capable of ionizing a sample while maintaining positional information of the sample, a mass spectrometry method, and a mass spectrometry device.
A surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization method according to an aspect of the present invention includes: a first process of preparing a sample support having a substrate in which a plurality of through-holes passing from one surface thereof to the other surface thereof are provided and a conductive layer that is formed of a conductive material and covers at least the one surface; a second process of placing a sample on a sample stage and arranging the sample support on the sample such that the other surface faces the sample; and a third process of applying a laser beam to the one surface and ionizing a sample moved from the other surface side to the one surface side via the through-holes due to a capillary phenomenon.
According to the surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization method, the substrate in which the plurality of through-holes are provided is arranged on the sample, and thereby the sample can be raised from the other surface side toward the one surface side of the substrate via the through-holes due to the capillary phenomenon. Thereby, the sample can be moved from the other surface side to the one surface side of the substrate while positional information of the sample (two-dimensional distribution of molecules composing the sample) is maintained. The laser beam is applied to the one surface of the substrate, and energy thereof is transmitted to a sample moved to the one surface side via the conductive layer. Thereby, the sample is ionized. As a result, the sample can be ionized while the positional information of the sample is maintained. Therefore, according to the aforementioned method, the sample can be ionized by a simple operation in which the substrate in which the plurality of through-holes are provided is placed on the sample while the positional information of the sample is maintained.
The substrate may be formed by anodizing a valve metal or silicon. The valve metal or silicon is anodized, and thereby the sample support having the substrate in which the plurality of through-holes are provided is used. Thereby, the movement of the sample caused by the aforementioned capillary phenomenon can be properly realized.
Each of the through-holes may have a width of 1 to 700 nm. The substrate having the through-holes each having the hole width of 1 to 700 nm is used, and thereby the movement of the sample caused by the aforementioned capillary phenomenon can be more smoothly performed. Sufficient signal intensity can be obtained in mass spectrometry using the surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization method.
The substrate may have a thickness of 5 to 10 μm. Thereby, strength of the substrate can be ensured, and sufficient signal intensity can be obtained in mass spectrometry using the surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization method.
The sample support may further include a frame mounted on an outer edge of the one surface of the substrate. Bending of the substrate is suppressed by the frame, and the sample support is easily handled when supported or moved. As a result, an arrangement of the sample support on the sample in the second process can be easily performed.
In the second process, the sample support may be fixed to the sample stage. As the sample support is fixed to the sample stage, the sample and the sample support are brought into close contact with each other, and movement of the sample caused by the capillary phenomenon can be smoothly performed. Sideslippage of the sample support arranged on the sample can be prevented, and a positional deviation of the sample caused by the sideslippage of the sample support can be suppressed.
A surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization method according to another aspect of the present invention includes: a first process of preparing a sample support having a substrate which is formed of a conductive material and in which a plurality of through-holes passing from one surface thereof to the other surface thereof are provided; a second process of placing a sample on a sample stage and arranging the sample support on the sample such that the other surface is in contact with the sample; and a third process of applying a laser beam to the one surface and ionizing a sample moved from the other surface side to the one surface side via the through-holes due to a capillary phenomenon.
In the surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization method, the substrate formed of a conductive material is used. Thereby, the conductive layer can be omitted, and the same effects as when the sample support having the aforementioned conductive layer is used can be obtained.
A mass spectrometry method according to an aspect of the present invention includes: each of the processes of the surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization method; and a fourth process of detecting the sample ionized in the third process, wherein the application of the laser beam in the third process and the detection of the ionized sample in the fourth process are performed at each application position while changing application positions of the laser beam.
According to the mass spectrometry method, the sample can be ionized by a simple operation in which the sample support is arranged on the sample while positional information of the sample is maintained. While changing the application positions of the laser beam, the ionized sample is detected at each application position, and thereby two-dimensional distribution of sample molecules can be perceived. Therefore, according to the mass spectrometry method, imaging mass spectrometry for imaging a two-dimensional distribution map of the sample molecules can be performed by a simple operation.
A mass spectrometry device according to an aspect of the present invention includes: a sample stage on which a sample is placed; a laser beam application unit configured to, in a state in which a sample support, which has a substrate in which a plurality of through-holes passing from one surface thereof to the other surface thereof are provided and a conductive layer that is formed of a conductive material and covers at least the one surface, is arranged on the sample placed on the sample stage such that the other surface faces the sample, apply a laser beam to the one surface while changing application positions thereof; and a detection unit configured to detect a sample ionized by the application of the laser beam at each of the application positions.
According to the mass spectrometry device, the sample can be ionized by a simple operation in which the sample support is arranged on the sample while positional information of the sample is maintained. The laser beam application unit applies the laser beam while changing the application positions of the laser beam, and the detection unit detects the ionized sample at each application position. Thereby, two-dimensional distribution of sample molecules can be perceived. Therefore, according to the mass spectrometry device, imaging mass spectrometry for imaging a two-dimensional distribution map of the sample molecules can be performed by a simple operation.
A mass spectrometry device according to another aspect of the present invention includes: a sample stage on which a sample is placed; a laser beam application unit configured to, in a state in which a sample support, which has a substrate which is formed of a conductive material and in which a plurality of through-holes passing from one surface thereof to the other surface thereof are provided, is arranged on the sample placed on the sample stage such that the other surface is in contact with the sample, apply a laser beam to the one surface while changing application positions thereof; and a detection unit configured to detect a sample ionized by the application of the laser beam at each of the application positions.
According to the mass spectrometry device, the substrate formed of a conductive material is used. Thereby, the conductive layer can be omitted, and the same effects as when the sample support having the aforementioned conductive layer is used can be obtained.
According to the present invention, a surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization method capable of ionizing a sample while maintaining positional information of the sample, a mass spectrometry method, and a mass spectrometry device can be provided.
Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. Note that the same or equivalent portions are denoted by the same reference signs in each of the drawings, and duplicate descriptions thereof will be omitted. Dimensions of each member (or region) illustrated in the drawings or a ratio of the dimensions may be different from actual dimensions or a ratio of the actual dimensions in order to facilitate an understanding of the description.
An outline of a mass spectrometry method (including a surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI) method) according to the present embodiment will be described using
Here, the sample 10 to be subjected to spectrometry is a thin film-like biological sample (a hydrous sample) such as a tissue section.
Subsequently, as illustrated in (b) of
Subsequently, as illustrated in (c) of
The mass spectrometry method according to the present embodiment uses time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) by way of example. An outline of TOF-MS is shown below. In TOF-MS, a ground electrode (not shown) is provided between the sample support 2 and the detector 3, and a predetermined voltage is applied to the sample support 2. Thereby, a potential difference occurs between the sample support 2 and the ground electrode, and the sample ions 11 generated at the upper surface side of the sample support 2 are accelerated and moved toward the ground electrode by the potential difference. Afterward, the sample ions 11 fly in a drift space in which there are no electric and magnetic fields provided from the ground electrode to the detector 3, and finally reach the detector 3. Here, since the potential difference between the sample support 2 and the ground electrode is constant with respect to any of the sample ions 11, energy given to each of the sample ions 11 is constant. For this reason, the sample ions 11 having a smaller molecular weight fly in the drift space at a higher speed and reach the detector 3 within a shorter time. In TOF-MS, mass spectrometry is performed on the basis of differences in arrival time of the sample ions 11 at the detector 3.
Next, the sample support 2 will be described using
As illustrated in
The one surface 21a and the other surface 21b of the substrate 21 have, for instance, square shapes in which a length D1 of one side thereof is 1 cm. A thickness d1 from the one surface 21a to the other surface 21b of the substrate 21 is 1 to 50 μm. In the present embodiment, the substrate 21 is formed of an insulating material by way of example. The substrate 21 is, for instance, an alumina porous film in which the plurality of through-holes S, each of which has a nearly constant hole diameter, are formed by anodizing aluminum (Al). The substrate 21 may be formed by anodizing a valve metal other than Al such as tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), titanium (Ti), hafnium (Hf), zirconium (Zr), zinc (Zn), tungsten (W), bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb), or the like, or by anodizing silicon (Si).
The frame 22 is provided along the outer edge of the one surface 21a of the substrate 21 in a quadrilateral ring shape. A width D2 of the frame 22 is, for instance, 2 mm. A thickness d2 of the frame 22 is, for instance, 10 to 500 μm. An effective region R of the one surface 21a of the substrate 21 which is not covered with the frame 22 is a square region of 0.6 mm squared. The effective region R functions as a region for moving the sample 10 from the other surface 21b to the one surface 21a due to a capillary phenomenon (to be described below). The frame 22 is provided at an outer edge of the substrate 21, and thereby bending of the substrate 21 is suppressed. Since a portion at which the frame 22 is provided can be fixed or grasped, handling thereof is facilitated when the sample support 2 is supported or moved. In the present embodiment, the frame 22 is provided in the quadrilateral ring shape, but it may be provided along the outer edge of the substrate 21 in an annular shape. The frame 22 is provided in the annular shape, and thereby the bending of the substrate 21 is further suppressed than in a case in which the frame 22 is provided in the quadrilateral ring shape.
As illustrated in
The frame 22 has nearly the same coefficient of thermal expansion as the substrate 21. The frame 22 is, for instance, a ceramic member or the like having the same composition as the substrate 21. The frame 22 is formed of, for instance, glass or a metal. In this way, the coefficients of thermal expansion of the substrate 21 and the frame 22 approximate each other, and thereby deformation or the like (for instance, strains of the substrate 21 and the frame 22 during thermal expansion) caused by a change in temperature can be prevented.
As illustrated in
For example, when the conductive layer 23 is formed of a metal such as copper (Cu) having high affinity with the sample 10 such as a protein, the sample 10 may be ionized with Cu atoms attached to sample molecules in a process (to be described below) of ionizing the sample 10. That is, when a molecular weight of the sample ions 11 detected by the detector 3 is measured, the measured weight deviates from an actual molecular weight of the sample 10 by a mass of the attached Cu, and hence accurate measurement is not performed. Therefore, as the material of the conductive layer 23, a metal having low affinity with the sample 10 is preferred.
Meanwhile, a metal having high conductivity can give a constant voltage in an easy and stable way. For this reason, when a metal having high conductivity is used as the conductive layer 23, a constant voltage is easily applied to the substrate 21 in order to generate a constant potential difference between the aforementioned ground electrode and the substrate 21. In addition, since a metal having higher conductivity shows a tendency to have higher thermal conductivity, the energy of the laser beam applied to the substrate 21 can be efficiently transmitted to the sample 10 via the conductive layer 23. Therefore, as the material of the conductive layer 23, a metal having high conductivity is preferred.
From the above viewpoint, for example, gold (Au), platinum (Pt), or the like is used as the material of the conductive layer 23. For example, the conductive layer 23 can be formed by forming a film of Au or Pt on the one surface 21a and the other surface 21b of the substrate 21, the inner surfaces of the through-holes S, and the surface of the frame 22 using a plating method, an atomic layer deposition (ALD) method, a vapor deposition method, a sputtering method, or the like. In addition to Au and Pt, for example, chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), etc. can be used as the material of the conductive layer 23.
As illustrated in
Next, a process of manufacturing the sample support 2 will be described using
After the substrate 21 is manufactured in this way, the frame 22 is mounted on an outer edge of the substrate 21 via the bonding layer G such as low-melting-point glass or an adhesive for a vacuum. Thereby, the thing which is in a state before the conductive layer 23 is formed in the sample support 2 illustrated in
In the anodization of Al, the substrate 21 is adjusted to have the thickness d1 of 1 to 50 μm, and each of the through-holes S is adjusted to have the width d3 of 1 to 700 nm. To be specific, a thickness of the Al substrate 50 prepared first or conditions such as a temperature, a voltage, etc. in the anodization of the Al substrate 50 are properly set, and thereby the thickness d1 of the substrate 21 and the width d3 of each of the through-holes S are formed to have predetermined sizes (sizes included in the above range).
Next, a procedure of the mass spectrometry method using the sample support 2 will be described using
First, a mass spectrometry device 100 for performing mass spectrometry using the sample support 2 will be described using
In a state in which the sample support 2 is arranged on the sample 10 placed on the sample stage 1, the laser beam application unit 4 applies a laser beam L to the one surface 21a while changing application positions thereof. Here, the sample support 2 is placed on the sample 10 such that the other surface 21b comes into contact with the sample 10 via the conductive layer 23. The laser beam L applied by the laser beam application unit 4 is, for instance, an ultraviolet laser beam such as a nitrogen laser beam (an N2 laser beam) having a wavelength of 337 nm or the like.
The detector 3 detects the sample 10 (the sample ions 11), which is ionized by the laser beam L being applied from the laser beam application unit 4 at each application position. To be specific, the laser beam application unit 4 performs two-dimensional scanning on the effective region R of the sample support 2 according to a predetermined movement width and a predetermined moving direction, and applies the laser beam L at each scanning position. The detector 3 detects the sample ions 11 generated by the laser beam L being applied at each scanning position. Thereby, mass spectrometry can be performed at each position on the effective region R. Results of the mass spectrometry at each position of the sample 10 obtained in this way are synthesized, and thereby imaging mass spectrometry for imaging a two-dimensional distribution map of sample molecules can be performed. A procedure of the mass spectrometry performed by the mass spectrometry device 100 will be described below in detail using
First, the aforementioned sample support 2 is prepared (a first process). The sample support 2 may be prepared by a person who performs the mass spectrometry and manufactures the sample support 2 in person using the mass spectrometry device 100, or by acquiring the sample support 2 from a manufacturer, a seller, or the like of the sample support 2.
Subsequently, as illustrated in (a) of
Subsequently, as illustrated in (a) of
Here, when the sample stage 1 has conductivity, the sample stage 1 and the sample support 2 are electrically connected by the adhesive tape T having conductivity. Therefore, a predetermined current is applied to the sample stage 1 in the state in which the sample support 2 is fixed to the sample stage 1 by the adhesive tape T as illustrated in (a) of
As illustrated in (b) of
Subsequently, as illustrated in
According to the SALDI method (the first to third processes), the substrate 21 in which the plurality of through-holes S are provided is arranged on the sample 10, and thereby the sample 10 can be raised from the other surface 21b side toward the one surface 21a side of the substrate 21 via the through-holes S due to a capillary phenomenon. Thereby, the sample 10 can be moved from the other surface 21b side to the one surface 21a side of the substrate 21 while the positional information of the sample 10 (the two-dimensional distribution of the molecules composing the sample 10) is maintained. The laser beam L is applied to the one surface 21a of the substrate 21, and energy is transmitted to the sample 10 moved to the one surface 21a side via the conductive layer 23. Thereby, the sample 10 is ionized. As a result, the sample 10 can be ionized while the positional information of the sample 10 is maintained. Therefore, according to the aforementioned method, the sample 10 can be ionized by a simple operation in which the substrate 21, in which the plurality of through-holes S are provided, is placed on the sample 10 while the positional information of the sample 10 is maintained.
Al is anodized, and thereby the sample support 2 having the substrate 21 in which the plurality of through-holes S are provided is used. Thereby, the movement of the sample 10 caused by the aforementioned capillary phenomenon can be properly realized. Here, even when the sample support 2 having the substrate 21 obtained by anodizing a valve metal other than Al or Si instead of Al is used, the same effects are obtained.
The substrate 21 having the through-holes S, each of which has the hole width d3 of 1 to 700 nm, is used, and thereby the movement of the sample 10 caused by the aforementioned capillary phenomenon can be more smoothly performed.
Since the sample support 2 has the frame 22 mounted on the outer edge of the one surface 21a of the substrate 21, the bending of the substrate 21 is suppressed by the frame 22, and the sample support 2 is easily handled when supported or moved. For this reason, the arrangement of the sample support 2 on the sample 10 in the second process can be easily performed.
According to the mass spectrometry method (the first to fourth processes), the sample 10 can be ionized by a simple operation in which the sample support 2 is arranged on the sample 10 while the positional information of the sample 10 is maintained. While changing the application positions of the laser beam L, the ionized sample 10 (the sample ions 11) is detected at each application position, and thereby the two-dimensional distribution of the sample molecules can be perceived. Therefore, according to the mass spectrometry method, the imaging mass spectrometry for imaging the two-dimensional distribution map of the sample molecules can be performed by the simple operation.
According to the mass spectrometry device 100, the sample 10 can be ionized by a simple operation in which the sample support 2 is arranged on the sample 10 while the positional information of the sample 10 is maintained. The laser beam application unit 4 applies the laser beam L while changing the application positions, and the detector 3 detects the ionized sample 10 (the sample ions 11) at each application position, and thereby the two-dimensional distribution of the sample molecules can be perceived. Therefore, according to the mass spectrometry device 100, imaging mass spectrometry for imaging a two-dimensional distribution map of sample molecules can be performed by the simple operation.
While the embodiment of the present invention has been described, the present invention is not limited to the embodiment and can be modified in various ways without departing from the gist thereof.
For example, the substrate 21 may be formed of a conductive material such as a semiconductor. In this case, the sample support 2 can omit the conductive layer 23 for giving conductivity to the substrate 21. When the sample support 2 is not provided with the conductive layer 23, the sample support 2 is arranged on the sample 10 such that the other surface 21b comes into direct contact with the sample 10 in the second process. Even when the substrate 21 is formed of a conductive material in this way and the sample support 2 from which the conductive layer 23 is omitted is used, the same effects as when the sample support 2 having the aforementioned conductive layer 23 is used can be obtained.
The ionization of the sample 10 caused by the SALDI method (the first to third processes) can also be used for other measurements and experiments such as ion mobility measurement as well as the imaging mass spectrometry of the sample 10 which is described in the present embodiment.
The conductive layer 23 may be provided by vapor deposition or the like to cover at least the one surface 21a of the substrate 21. That is, the conductive layer 23 may not be provided on the other surface 21b of the substrate 21 and the inner surfaces of the through-holes S. In this case, the sample support 2 is arranged on the sample 10 such that the other surface 21b faces the sample 10 in the second process, and the other surface 21b comes into direct contact with the sample 10. If the conductive layer 23 is provided to cover the surface of the frame 22 and at least the one surface 21a of the substrate 21, the contact between the substrate 21 and the electrode can be made on the frame 22.
As illustrated in
In the measured results, the signal intensity when the thickness d1 of the substrate 21 is 10 μm is of sufficient magnitude for mass spectrometry. As illustrated in
In the embodiment, the form in which the frame 22 of the sample support 2 is fixed to the sample stage 1 by the adhesive tape T has been described, but a form of fixing the sample support 2 to the sample stage 1 is not limited to the form. Hereinafter, a variation of the form of fixing the sample support 2 to the sample stage 1 will be described using
As illustrated in
When the sample stage 1 has conductivity, the sample stage 1 and the sample support 2A (particularly, a conductive layer 23 provided on the one surface 21a of the substrate 21) are electrically connected via the adhesive tape T having conductivity. Therefore, as illustrated in
The sample support 2A may be distributed in a state in which the adhesive tape T is stuck on the outer edge of the substrate 21 and an adhesive protection sheet is provided on the adhesive face Ta of the portion that extends beyond the outer edge of the substrate 21. In this case, a user of the sample support 2A releases the adhesive protection sheet immediately before the sample support 2A is fixed to the sample stage 1, and sticks the adhesive face Ta on the placement surface 1a, and thereby preparation of the mass spectrometry of the sample 10 can be easily performed.
As illustrated in
When the sample stage 1A has conductivity and when the screws 30 have conductivity, the sample stage 1A and the sample support 2B (particularly, a conductive layer 23 formed on the frame 122) are electrically connected via the screws 30. Therefore, as illustrated in
As illustrated in
When the sample stage 1 has conductivity and when the adhesion layer 24 has conductivity, the sample stage 1 and the sample support 2C (particularly, the substrate 21) are electrically connected via the adhesion layer 24. Therefore, as illustrated in
The sample support 2C may be distributed in a state in which the adhesive face 24b of the adhesion layer 24 is stuck on the outer edge of the other surface 21b of the substrate 21 and an adhesive protection sheet is provided for the adhesive face 24a. In this case, a user of the sample support 2C releases the adhesive protection sheet immediately before the sample support 2C is fixed to the sample stage 1, and sticks the adhesive face 24a on the placement surface 1a, and thereby preparation of the mass spectrometry of the sample 10 can be easily performed.
The sample supports 2, 2A, 2B, and 2C according to the embodiment and the modifications may be baked after the conductive layer 23 is formed. The process of manufacturing a sample support in the embodiment may include a baking process of baking the sample support after the conductive layer 23 is formed. When the frame 22 is provided, the baking process is performed on a sample support having the substrate 21, the frame 22, and the conductive layer 23. When the frame 22 is omitted, the baking process is performed on a sample support having the substrate 21 and the conductive layer 23.
By performing this baking process, crystallinity of the conductive layer 23 (for instance, Pt) can be improved, and a sample support that is more suitable for mass spectrometry can be obtained. Here, the baking of the sample support is preferably performed such that a diffraction peak of a crystal of a conductive material (here, Pt) forming the conductive layer 23 is shown in an X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement for the conductive layer 23 (the sample support) after the baking. Here, the expression of the “diffraction peak of the crystal of the conductive material is shown” means that a diffraction pattern (peak intensity or the like) of the crystal of the conductive material is more clearly shown than measured results obtained by the XRD measurement for the sample support before the baking.
(a) of
1 Sample stage
2, 2A, 2B, 2C Sample support
3 Detector
4 Laser beam application unit
10 Sample
11 Sample ion
21 Substrate
21
a One surface
21
b Other surface
22, 122 Frame
23 Conductive layer
24 Adhesion layer
24
a,
24
b Adhesive face
30 Screw
122
a Insertion hole
L Laser beam
S Through-hole
T Adhesive tape
Ta Adhesive face
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2015-173590 | Sep 2015 | JP | national |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16864919 | May 2020 | US |
| Child | 17465173 | US | |
| Parent | 16238250 | Jan 2019 | US |
| Child | 16864919 | US | |
| Parent | 15571568 | Nov 2017 | US |
| Child | 16238250 | US |
