Patent Application
20240213013
The present invention relates to a time of flight (“TOF”) mass spectrometer.
A mass spectrometer is a well-known instrument commonly used for identifying a compound from the molecular or atomic masses of its constituents and/or to elucidate the structure of a molecule, by recording ions produced by ionising the compound/molecule.
An example TOF mass spectrometer 100 is shown in
In the example TOF mass spectrometer of
In use, the MALDI ion source 110 is operated to produce ions having a plurality of m/z values by using the laser 112 to fire a pulse of light at a sample under test, which is located on a sample plate 116. Typically, prior to analysis the sample under test is kept at a constant high voltage of several kilovolts, normally up to 30 kilovolts. When the laser is focused onto a compound sample (typically to a width of 100 um±50 um), the compound sample ionizes, and the ions leave the surface with a large spread of initial velocities. Focusing widths may vary for different applications from a few microns to a few hundred microns.
In the depicted example, the acceleration/extraction electrodes 114 are used to accelerate the ions produced by the ion source towards the detector 150 such that ions having different m/z values strike the detector at different times. Typically this is achieved creating a potential difference between the sample and acceleration/extraction electrodes 114 by application of a high voltage pulse to the acceleration/extraction electrodes 114 and/or sample plate 116, which preferably occurs at an optimised moment in order to reduce the initial spread in velocities for ions having m/z values of interest. Normally the high voltage pulse is applied at some time interval after ions are initially produced by the ion source 110, i.e. after the laser pulse. Typically this interval is of several 10 s of nanoseconds to several microseconds after the laser pulse. The accelerated ions then exit the MALDI ion source 110, typically through an exit electrode in the ion source (usually held at ground potential), to form an ion beam emerging into the field free drift region 130 towards the detector 150.
The ion optic components may include one or more sets of electrodes as necessary along the ion beam path, e.g. for providing directional correction and/or collimation. The collimating elements 120 are an example of such additional sets of electrodes. An ion gate (e.g. ion gate 280 as shown in
Normally ions produced by the ion source 110 will have almost the same kinetic energy, so that their velocity will be mass dependant. When ions have almost the same kinetic energy, the ions having different m/z values will have different times of flight according to their m/z value (this is illustrated by
The example TOF mass spectrometer 100′ of
For a conventional TOF mass spectrometer, the detector 150 will normally include a secondary electron multiplier (SEM) detector, such as a discrete dynode electron multiplier detector (“EM detector” herein) or a microchannel plate detector (“MCP detector” herein).
Most SEM detectors work by converting ions striking an impact surface into (“primary”) electrons, which are then amplified into a larger number of (“secondary”) electrons in a cascade manner, which are subsequently collected by a collector. In case of an EM detector, the average number of secondary electrons that is produced from a single primary electron determines the gain at each dynode stage, and the total gain of the detector is a result of the electron amplification efficiency over all dynodes in the chain. The electron amplification efficiency depends on for example the material composition of the surface of the dynodes and the voltage between successive dynodes (the gain voltage). In order to detect ions with low abundance, it is usually necessary to operate an EM detector at a higher gain value.
A characteristic of detectors typically used in TOF mass spectrometers is the dependence of the detector sensitivity not only on ion abundance, but also on the energy and speed of the ions at the impact surface or first dynode of the detector (where ions are converted to electrons to be multiplied in the subsequent gain stages). For ions produced by a MALDI ion source, ions impacting the detector are produced by the laser desorption method. Accelerated groups of ions strike the impact surface of the detector with different impact velocities, depending on the mass of the ions and the accelerating voltages. The effective gain of the detector is therefore strongly dependant on the mass range and is not constant, i.e. the effective gain is higher for the lower mass ions, which have a relatively high impact velocity, and lower for the higher mass ions, which have a significantly lower impact velocity.
The detector is typically one of the most stressed parts of a TOF mass spectrometer and the lifetime of a detector is strongly affected e.g. by the operating voltage used (which as noted above impacts the gain of the detector), the output current and the operating pressure levels. High use can result in sensitivity deterioration and/or contamination on the secondary emissive surface, an effect which is sometimes referred to as detector “ageing”. Therefore, detectors in TOF mass spectrometers often require frequent attention, such as gain tuning (i.e. adjusting the operating voltage applied to the detector), in order to maintain instrument performance. This can be done by the user, by a service engineer or by automated gain adjustments (between acquisition cycles) via software. In newer generation instruments, where operational speed and throughput have increased markedly, detector failure is a more frequent occurrence, incurring substantial cost due to the need to replace the detector.
Another problem with the detectors typically used in TOF mass spectrometers is saturation. Saturation of a detector can occur when the output current (which can be referred to as the “ion signal”) produced by the detector for ions having a particular m/z in a given acquisition cycle depletes the active (electron multiplication) surfaces of the detector and/or the current from the power supply so that the effective gain of the detector reduces, and therefore becomes lower for following masses with higher m/z values. Detector saturation is a particular problem for samples with low analyte concentration, or those with a high degree of impurities, or for samples with a wide mass range of interest (e.g. above 1000 Da). Some samples may require high laser fluence, which can significantly increase the background chemical noise (especially in the low mass range <800 Da), causing the detector to saturate and underperform.
Due to the nature of MALDI sample preparation and ion production by a MALDI ion source, very large ion signals are produced in the low mass range, due to high-impact high-velocity ions at low masses, especially the ions from sample matrices; this significantly contributes to the ageing process and/or saturation of the electron multiplier. In addition, MALDI TOF mass spectrometers normally operate lasers with a power that is within a very small window around an optimum laser power, the so called ‘laser threshold’, and any increase in the laser power above this threshold tends to produce excessive ion signal that saturates the detector.
In view of the above, the present inventors believe that it would be desirable to reduce significantly the effects of mass dependence and saturation in the detector and hence reduce the effect of low mass ions on the detector gain.
A common solution to the problem of detector saturation is to use an ion gate to blank out the low mass signals so that they are not detected. This allows the detector to be set at gain appropriate for the higher masses without the low mass peaks causing saturation (because they do not reach the detector). Such a scheme is very effective for dealing with unwanted low mass peaks such as MALDI matrix ions and has been in common use for many years. However, in very complex samples such as for microbiology, the low mass peaks are important because the masses useful for identification of the micro-organisms cover a very wide mass range. Ion blanking cannot be used in such applications and the problem of mass dependent sensitivity and saturation are therefore much more significant.
Our previous patent application GB2537148 disclosed a method for correcting the detector gain characteristic of a TOF mass spectrometer by applying different voltages to a detector at different times during an acquisition cycle. Typically, to compensate for a gain characteristic of a detector, a gain voltage of around 2500V will be adjusted by 10% over a period of 100 us.
However, the present inventor has observed that internal capacitance and resistance of the detector limits the speed with which the detector gain characteristics can be corrected. Another drawback of the method taught by GB2537148 observed by the present inventor is that , in practice, a non-standard detector might be required to supply the dynamic gain voltage internally to the detector to achieve the necessary speed of response and make it possible to adjust the intensity of narrow m/z regions (with high or low intensity). This may in turn make the supply electronics more complicated, particularly for micro-channel plate (“MCP”) detectors (compared with, for example, discrete dynode EM detectors).
Another document which teaches a dynamic gain method similar to that taught by GB2537148 is U.S. Pat. No. 8,890,086B1
The present invention has been devised in light of the above considerations.
In a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a time of flight (“TOF”) mass spectrometer having:
An advantage of controlling the amount of ions reaching the detector using potentials applied to the ion gate in the manner described herein (compared with GB2537148 discussed above) is that the capacitance of an ion gate is typically much lower than that of a detector (pF vs nF), and therefore the state of the ion gate can be switched between states with a good speed of response, without the need for a non-standard detector, and regardless of the type of detector (unlike GB2537148 discussed above). This makes it possible to adjust the intensity of narrow m/z regions (with high or low intensity) which cannot be achieved with the dynamic gain method of GB2537148. Also, with the present invention, the gain of the detector can potentially be fixed at a value suitable for the lowest intensity peaks and these can be transmitted at 100% efficiency to the detector and with no loss of sensitivity.
There may be a plurality of acquisition cycles. Preferably, the dynamic potential difference is the same within each acquisition cycle.
In a typical TOF mass spectrometer, ions are produced and emitted by the ion source and travel towards the detector at a speed dependent on their m/z value. When the ions reach the detector an output current is produced representative of ions having different m/z values.
The TOF mass spectrometer would typically include at least one field free region on the path extending between the ion source and the detector. The TOF mass spectrometer would typically be configured to operate at a vacuum level of 10−2 Pa or lower, more typically 10−3 or lower, noting such ranges are typical for a TOF mass spectrometer.
In the first aspect of the invention, the ion gate is preferably positioned on a path extending between the ion source and the detector, such that substantially all of the ions emitted by the ion source pass through the ion gate.
The mass spectrometer may include an ion mirror. In this case, the path may extend between the ion source and the detector via the ion mirror. The ion gate is preferably positioned on a portion of the path which extends from the ion source to the ion mirror.
The dynamic potential difference applied between the at least two electrodes of the ion gate during the/each acquisition cycle preferably controls (at least in part) the proportion of ions emitted from the ion source and passing through the ion gate that reach the detector. As ions pass through the ion gate, the ion gate may, depending on the potential difference applied between the at least two electrodes of the ion gate, deflect the ions, thereby altering their path and preventing some or all of them from reaching the detector. The amount of deflection will typically depend on the magnitude of the potential difference applied between the at least two electrodes of the ion gate (a larger potential difference will in general cause more deflection, and therefore will prevent a larger proportion of ions from reaching the detector) Therefore, as the ions travel at a speed dependent on their m/z value, the proportion of ions reaching the detector can be controlled as a function of m/z value by altering the dynamic potential difference applied between the at least two electrodes of the ion gate, i.e. the proportion of ions of a particular m/z value prevented from reaching the detector can be controlled by applying a particular potential difference between the at least two electrodes of the ion gate at a particular time when ions of that m/z value are passing through the ion gate.
The ion gate is preferably configured to prevent ions from reaching the detector primarily by deflecting ions such that the ions do not reach the detector, rather than annihilating such ions in the ion gate. This configuration is different from an ion gate as used e.g. in ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMS) where ions are typically moving much more slowly (in a buffer gas) and ions are prevented from reaching a detector by annihilation of those ions in the ion gate (typically by using the ion gate to guide ions into an annihilation electrode which forms part of the ion gate). In a MALDI TOF mass spectrometer the kinetic energy of the ions is typically 20 keV which is 10 or 100 times higher than that for IMS and in order to operate in the ion annihilation mode would require the voltages on the electrodes to be similarly very high. The application of a potential of 20 kV or more to ion gate electrodes is impractical due to high voltage breakdown and is made worse by being a dynamic potential. By deflecting the ions with the ion gate it is only necessary to apply potential of up to +/−500V to the electrodes of the ion gate to control the intensity of 20 keV ions reaching the detector. Such a potential will not cause high voltage breakdown and can be produced as a dynamic potential with practical and cost effective power supplies.
The reason the intermediate state is able to prevent some but not all of the ions passing through the ion gate from reaching the detector is that the ion beam passing through the ion gate will have a finite width (several mm diameter) and the ion beam will be steered across the active area of the detector by the potential difference applied between the at least two electrodes such that part of the ion beam misses the active area of the detector such that it is not detected (this is discussed in more detail below with reference to
The first potential difference and the second potential difference should be different in magnitude, such that the first state of the ion gate when the first potential difference applied between the at least two electrodes of the ion gate is different from the second state of the ion gate when the second potential difference is applied between the at least two electrodes of the ion gate.
For avoidance of any doubt, the potential difference applied between the at least two electrodes of the ion gate by the variable voltage unit could, at one or more times during the/each acquisition cycle, be zero. For example, a gate open potential difference (as discussed below) could be 0V (and indeed may preferably be 0V in most cases).
The dynamic potential difference applied between the at least two electrodes of the ion gate during the/each acquisition cycle preferably controls (at least in part) the proportion of ions emitted from the ion source and passing through the ion gate that reach the detector so as to compensate for a gain characteristic of the detector (ideally to result in the mass spectrometer acting as if the detector has a substantially constant gain, i.e. such that the output current produced by the detector reflects ion abundance in substantially the same way at all m/z values in the range of m/z values for which the TOF mass spectrometer is configured for use). This might be achieved at least in part by having the magnitude of the first potential difference larger than the magnitude of the second potential difference, e.g. as discussed below in relation to
However, compensating for a gain characteristic is not the only potential use of the present invention. For example, the dynamic potential difference applied between the at least two electrodes of the ion gate during the/each acquisition cycle preferably controls (at least in part) the proportion of ions emitted from the ion source and passing through the ion gate that reach the detector in order to adjust the relative intensities of m/z peaks, e.g. to adjust the intensity of narrow m/z regions (with high or low intensity). Note that this is more easily achievable with the present invention (compared with the dynamic gain method of GB2537148) owing to the lower capacitance of an ion gate compared with a typical detector (as discussed above).
Preferably, the magnitude of the first potential difference is larger than the magnitude of the second potential difference.
Since the second time is later than the first time, ions having the first m/z value will typically have a smaller m/z value compared with ions having the second m/z value, since in a typical TOF mass spectrometer, ions having a smaller m/z value will reach the detector (and the ion gate) more quickly than ions having a larger m/z value. Therefore, by having the first potential difference larger than the second potential difference, a larger proportion of ions having the first m/z value may be prevented from reaching the ion detector compared with the proportion of ions having the second m/z value that is prevented from reaching the ion detector. This may be useful to provide increased sensitivity at the second m/z value relative to the first m/z value, e.g. to compensate for a gain characteristic of the detector or to otherwise adjust the relative intensities of m/z peaks in a desired manner.
However, it is also possible for the magnitude of the first potential difference to be smaller than the magnitude of the second potential difference, e.g. to increase sensitivity at lower m/z values, as might be useful if there is only a small number of lower m/z value ions.
The dynamic voltage waveform may be configured so that, within the/each acquisition cycle:
The phrase “substantially all” is used here because some small fraction of ions passing through the ion gate when the ion gate is in a gate closed state could potentially still reach the detector, e.g. through collisions with other parts of the mass spectroscopy apparatus.
For avoidance of any doubt, the term “gate closed” in “gate closed voltage”, “gate closed state”, “gate closed times” and “gate closed m/z values” is being used as a label, simply to distinguish the voltage, state, times and m/z values being referenced from other voltages, states, times and m/z values referred to herein.
The dynamic voltage waveform may be configured so that, within the/each acquisition cycle:
The phrase “substantially none” is used here because some small fraction of ions passing through the ion gate when the ion gate is in a gate open state could potentially be prevented by the ion gate from reaching the detector, e.g. through collisions with parts of the ion gate.
For avoidance of any doubt, the term “gate open” in “gate open voltage”, “gate open state”, “gate open times” and “gate open m/z values” is being used as a label, simply to distinguish the voltage, state, times and m/z values being referenced from other voltages, states, times and m/z values referred to herein.
A magnitude of a gate closed potential difference will typically be higher than a magnitude of a gate open potential difference. For avoidance of any doubt, the gate open potential difference may be 0V (and indeed may preferably be 0V in some cases).
An intermediate state of the ion gate may be achieved by the variable voltage unit applying an intermediate potential difference between the at least two electrodes of the ion gate, wherein the magnitude of the intermediate potential difference is between that of the gate open potential difference and the gate closed potential difference.
Preferably, the dynamic potential difference is configured so that, within the/each acquisition cycle, the ion gate is put in different intermediate states at different times during the acquisition cycle, whereby each intermediate state prevents a different proportion of ions passing through the ion gate from reaching the detector, wherein each intermediate state may be obtained by the variable voltage unit applying a different intermediate potential difference between the at least two electrodes of the ion gate (preferably whose magnitude is between that of the gate open potential difference and the gate closed potential difference value). Hence, there could be “a first intermediate state”, “a second intermediate state”, and so on (e.g. up to an “nth intermediate state”).
For avoidance of any doubt, the term “intermediate” in “intermediate voltage”, “intermediate state” is being used as a label, simply to distinguish the voltage/state being referenced from other voltages/states referred to herein.
Preferably, the first potential difference is a gate closed potential difference, and the second potential difference is an intermediate potential difference as described above, i.e. such that the first state is a gate closed state and the second state is an intermediate state.
Accordingly, the dynamic potential difference is configured so that, within the/each acquisition cycle;
This may be useful to provide increased sensitivity at the second m/z value relative to the first m/z value, e.g. to compensate for a gain characteristic of the detector or to otherwise adjust the relative intensities of m/z peaks in a desired manner.
In this case, the dynamic voltage waveform may be further configured so that, within the/each acquisition cycle:
This may be useful to provide increased sensitivity at the third m/z value relative to the second m/z value, e.g. to compensate for a gain characteristic of the detector or to otherwise adjust the relative intensities of m/z peaks in a desired manner.
The magnitude of the difference between the magnitude of the gate open potential difference and the magnitude of the gate closed potential difference may be 1000V or less, but could be 500V or less, 200V or less, or in some cases may be 100V or less. The magnitude of the difference between the gate open potential difference and the gate closed potential difference may be 10V or more, 20V or more, more preferably 50V or more. Experiments have shown that the transmission of ions can be affected by potential differences of as little as 10V.
For avoidance of any doubt, it is not necessary for the first potential difference to be a gate closed potential difference, or for the second potential difference to be an intermediate potential difference. For example, in other examples, the first potential difference could be an intermediate potential difference with the second potential difference being a gate open potential difference (or indeed a different intermediate potential difference).
Preferably, the dynamic voltage waveform is configured to vary the potential difference applied between the at least two electrodes of the ion gate such that the potential difference changes continuously, e.g. from the first potential difference to the second potential difference (optionally also from the second potential difference to the third potential difference). However, it is also possible for the dynamic voltage waveform to be configured to vary the potential difference applied between the at least two electrodes of the ion gate such that the potential difference changes discretely (step-wise), e.g. from the first potential difference to the second potential difference (optionally also from the second potential difference to the third potential difference).
Preferably, the dynamic voltage waveform could be configured to vary the potential difference applied between the at least two electrodes of the ion gate such that the potential difference progressively changes in one direction only (e.g. only increasing or only decreasing in magnitude with time). However, it is also possible for the dynamic voltage waveform to be configured to vary the potential difference applied between the at least two electrodes of the ion gate in a more complex manner (e.g. with numerous rises and falls in magnitude), depending e.g. on the desired effect on ions passing through the ion gate being sought at different m/z values. Note that this is more easily achievable with the present invention (compared with the dynamic gain method of GB2537148) owing to the lower capacitance of an ion gate compared with a typical detector (as discussed above). Indeed, the present inventor believes the maximum speed of gain variation achieved using a detector is perhaps 10× less than that achieved using an ion gate owing to this difference in capacitance.
From an implementation perspective, the dynamic voltage waveform should change at a rate which matches the rate of change of m/z of the ions passing through the ion gate. Effectively, the gate has an inherent mass selection resolution limit defined by the relative size of the effective length of the ion gate to the distance from the ion source. This will determine the maximum rate of change of the dynamic voltage waveform for an effect to be seen.
The ion gate is preferably configured such that it permits a greater proportion of ions with larger m/z values to reach the detector than ions with smaller m/z values. This configuration is particularly desirable when examining biological samples as it prevents the ions with smaller m/z values from saturating the detector and improves detector sensitivity. In addition, the gain of the detector can remain constant which extends the lifetime of the detector.
For example, in some examples the dynamic voltage waveform may be configured to vary the potential difference applied between the at least two electrodes of the ion gate such that the potential difference progressively decreases in magnitude with time within the/each acquisition cycle.
Preferably, operating the variable voltage unit to apply the dynamic potential difference between the at least two electrodes of the ion gate includes applying voltages of opposite polarity to different electrodes of the ion gate. The voltages of opposite polarity are preferably equal in magnitude. For example, if the ion gate includes two electrodes (e.g. two plate electrodes as described below), then operating the variable voltage unit to apply the dynamic potential difference between the two electrodes may include applying voltages of opposite polarity (preferably voltages equal in magnitude but of opposite polarity, e.g. +V and −V) to the two electrodes. For example, if the ion gate includes more than two electrodes (e.g. a set of parallel wires as described below), then operating the variable voltage unit to apply the dynamic potential difference between the more than two electrodes may include applying voltages of opposite polarity (preferably voltages equal in magnitude but of opposite polarity, e.g. +V and −V) to alternate electrodes in the more than two electrodes.
Preferably, the at least two electrodes of the ion gate are distributed along an axis that is locally transverse to the path extending between the ion source and the detector.
In a simple arrangement, the ion gate may include two electrodes (e.g. two plate electrodes) distributed at different positions along a lateral axis that is transverse (preferably perpendicular) with respect to the path extending between the ion source and the detector, wherein the dynamic potential difference is applied between the two electrodes, preferably by applying voltages of opposite polarity (preferably voltages equal in magnitude but of opposite polarity, e.g. +V and −V) to the two electrodes, i.e. with one of the two electrodes having a voltage of a first polarity (e.g. +V) applied to it and with the other of the two electrodes having a voltage of a second polarity (e.g. −V) applied to it. However, a simple arrangement of two plate electrodes is less useful than a BN ion gate as discussed below, as the effective length of the ion gate is much bigger.
Preferably, the ion gate includes a set of parallel wires distributed at different positions along a lateral axis that is transverse (preferably perpendicular) with respect to the path extending between the ion source and the detector, e.g. as in the known “Bradbury Neilson” (or “BN”) ion gate. Preferably, for such an ion gate, the dynamic potential difference is applied between each pair of adjacent wires in the set of parallel wires, preferably by applying voltages of opposite polarity (preferably voltages equal in magnitude but of opposite polarity, e.g. +V and −V) to alternate wires in the set of parallel wires, i.e. with every second one of the set of parallel wires having a voltage of a first polarity (e.g. +V) applied to it and with the others of the set of parallel wires having a voltage of a second polarity (e.g. −V) applied to it.
In some examples, the ion gate may include a first set of parallel wires distributed at different positions along a first lateral axis that is transverse (preferably perpendicular) with respect to the path extending between the ion source and the detector, and a second set of parallel wires distributed at different positions along a second lateral axis that is transverse (preferably orthogonal) with respect to the path extending between the ion source and the detector and is also transverse (preferably orthogonal) with respect to the first lateral axis, e.g. as in a known variant of the “Bradbury Neilson” gate which is referred to herein as a “double BN ion gate”. Preferably, for such an ion gate, the dynamic potential difference is applied between each pair of adjacent wires in each set of parallel wires in each of the first and second sets, preferably by applying voltages of opposite polarity (preferably voltages equal in magnitude but of opposite polarity, e.g. +V and −V) to alternate wires in each set of parallel wires. Here it is noted that the ions are only affected by the ion gate PD for the time that they are within effective range (of the electric field from the wires). For an interleaved wire (BN) ion gate with a wire spacing of 0.5 mm such as ours, this is only 1-2 mm. By having two ion gates 5 mm apart, the effective length becomes 7-9 mm. So in practice, a double BN ion gate might not be quite as effective as a single BN ion gate at controlling the proportion of ions being detected by the detector, because of this slight increase in effective length (since this increase in effective length can cause the mass accuracy to decrease slightly). A single gate may also afford a wider voltage range. Nonetheless, the present inventor has found that the present invention works well with either a single or double BN gate, and a double BN gate is useful to achieve sharper ion blanking (when the ion gate is in a gate closed state). So ultimately, whether a single BN gate or double BN gate is used may vary depending on application requirements.
If the ion gate includes one or more sets of parallel wires (see above), the wires in the/each set may have a thickness (e.g. diameter) of 50 um or less, more preferably 25 um or less.
If the ion gate includes one or more sets of parallel wires (see above), the separation between adjacent wires in the/each set may be 1 mm or less, more preferably 500 um or less.
In practice, the wire spacing may be chosen to be as small as reasonably practical (to produce a short effective length in the direction of travel of the ions) and the thickness of the wires should be as small as reasonably possible to reduce the losses of ions by collision with the wires. The maximum transmission may be calculated as (1-d/D) where d is the wire diameter and D is the spacing. For 25 um wires with 500 um spacing the maximum transmission may thus be calculated as 0.95 (95%)
Preferably, the plurality of conductive wires deflect ions as they pass through the ion gate, wherein the amount of deflection is dependent on the magnitude of the voltage provided to the ion gate by the variable voltage unit.
From an implementation perspective, the ion gate preferably is configured so as to not significantly affect the speed (time-of-flight) and/or the trajectories of the ions that reach the detector, since differences in arrival time at the detector cause the mass accuracy (due to peak position) and/or mass resolution (due to peak shape and/or width) to be adversely affected. The ion gate might reasonably be expected to influence the speed of the ions due to the electric field whilst the ions are physically within the ion gate. The ion gate might also reasonably be expected to influence the arrival time of the ions due to the off axis trajectories of ions that are deflected but still reach the detector. Where high mass resolution and mass accuracy are desired, even small perturbations such as described above would be expected to produce observable (and undesirable) effects.
A BN ion gate has traditionally been used for ion blanking because the characteristics of the electric field due to the bipolar, interleaved wire construction means that the effective physical size of the ion gate in the direction of travel of the ions is very small. An ion gate has an inherent mass selection resolution limit defined by the relative size of the effective length of the ion gate to the distance from the ion source so that the mass selection resolution of a BN ion gate can be very high, especially when used with fast high voltage pulses (for example see our patent GB2413213).
The field in a BN ion gate should normally be orthogonal to the direction of travel of the ions and all ions should get the same magnitude of deflection. However, in practice, an ion beam is finite in size and not fully collimated (it can be either slightly divergent or convergent). The exact influence of the field depends on the incident angle as well as the distance of the ions from the wires of the ion gate. Also, the direction of deflection is opposite for the parts of the ion beam passing through adjacent pairs of wires (because they have alternating polarity). The ion beam with a single nominal trajectory may become two ion beams with opposite off axis trajectories after the ion gate. For these reasons the BN ion gate has found use as a digital (on/off) ion gate, i.e. where the ion gate is either fully closed (so that ions do not reach the detector) or fully open (so that ions of certain m/z values can be selected to reach the detector) typically for ion blanking purposes.
However, the present inventor has surprisingly found that by appropriate design of the mass spectrometer and the ion gate (preferably configured as a BN ion gate), the ion gate can be operated in an analogue mode to control the intensity of ions reaching the detector dynamically with m/z without the above effects causing a significant deterioration in for example peak shape or resolution or accuracy. From a practical perspective, the present inventor has found that the best results from the present invention can be obtained where the ion source of the mass spectrometer is capable of producing an adequately collimated ion beam and where the ion gate produces a sufficiently small off axis deflection so as to introduce an effectively negligible change in energy and/or off axis time of flight at the detector. This is achieved most easily if the ion gate is the BN design, since with the BN design the relative size of the ion gate in the direction of flight of the ions is very small and when the ion gate is operated with a low potential difference between the wires.
The mass spectrometer may include a power supply, wherein the variable voltage unit is configured to apply the dynamic potential difference between the at least two electrodes of the ion gate by modulating an operating voltage provided by the power supply.
Alternatively, the variable voltage unit may be a power supply whose output voltage is varied.
The ion source may be a MALDI ion source.
In a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of operating a TOF mass spectrometer according to the first aspect of the invention. The method of the second aspect may include any method step implementing or corresponding to a TOF mass spectrometer described with reference to the first aspect.
A method according to the second aspect of the invention may include a method of operating a TOF mass spectrometer to perform at least one acquisition cycle as set out in the first aspect of the invention. In a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of modifying a TOF mass spectrometer so as to provide a TOF mass spectrometer according to the first aspect of the invention. The TOF mass spectrometer may have (prior to performing the method): an ion source, a detector, a control unit. The method may optionally include adding the ion gate and variable voltage unit to the TOF mass spectrometer (e.g. if these components were not already included in the TOF mass spectrometer). The method may include configuring the control unit of the mass spectrometer to control the TOF mass spectrometer in accordance with the first aspect of the present invention.
The method according to the third aspect of the invention may include installing a variable voltage unit in a TOF mass spectrometer.
The invention includes the combination of the aspects and preferred features described except where such a combination is clearly impermissible or expressly avoided.
Embodiments and experiments illustrating the principles of the invention will now be discussed with reference to the accompanying figures in which:
Aspects and embodiments of the present invention will now be discussed with reference to the accompanying figures. Further aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. All documents mentioned in this text are incorporated herein by reference.
The TOF mass spectrometer 200 of
Ion gates 280 are well-known in the field of mass spectrometry for the purposes of ion blanking and/or ion mass selection.
With reference to
A positive voltage (+Vg) is applied to one plate and a negative voltage (−Vg) is applied to a second plate, thereby applying potential difference between the two plates. Ions passing through the parallel plate ion gate 280a are deflected by the electric field between the two plates, as illustrated.
The deflection angle, θ of singly charged ions deflected from the ion path by the parallel plate ion gate 280a may be given by Equation 1 for small values of θ, where U is the ion kinetic energy of the ions (in eV), Vg is the magnitude of the voltage applied to each of the parallel plates (equating to a potential difference of 2Vg), d is the spacing between pairs of plates, L is the effective length of the ion gate.
For example, in the case of a 20 keV ion beam with a diameter of 5 mm at a detector with active area of 10 mm in diameter and 500 mm away from the ion-gate, the ion beam will completely miss the detector when it is 7.5 mm off axis (e.g. as illustrated pictorially in
Such an ion-gate although having the advantage of a simple construction, has some practical drawbacks. Principally, this is because the electrostatic field extends out from the ion-gate by a distance similar to the spacing of the electrodes; in this case several mm from the ion-gate so that the effective length of the gate is large and its selection mass resolution is poor.
BN gates are typically formed from a set of thin, closely spaced, parallel wires. Voltages of opposite polarities are applied to alternate electrodes in the set to create potential differences between adjacent pairs of wires.
In a similar way to the parallel plate ion gate 280a above, as ions travel through the pairs of parallel wires of the BN gate 280b, they are deflected from their normal path by the electric field created between the wires. However, because the spacing is much smaller than the diameter of the ion beam, different parts of the beam are deflected in opposite directions as the polarity of the field alternates from one pair of wires to the next. The main reason for using this design is that the field from the ion gate doesn't extend as far as that from the two parallel plates so that the effective length of the ion gate is much smaller and the selection mass resolution can be much higher. Because the length to spacing ratio of the wire electrodes is still about 1:1, the voltage required is similar to the parallel plate design.
Although not shown here, a BN ion gate is envisaged to work in a similar way, albeit that when a non-zero potential difference is applied to the BN ion gate, the ion beam is split in two as shown in
Ion blanking and mass selection as illustrated in
Both parallel plate ion gates such as the ion gate 280a shown in
An ion gate such as the ion gate 280 can be put in an “intermediate” state by setting the potential difference applied between the ion gate electrodes to values in between those for fully on (“gate closed”) or fully off (“gate open”). From Equation 1 for the deflection and the example values given above in relation to the simple parallel plate ion-gate shown in
Referring back now to
In this particular example, the dynamic voltage waveform is configured to vary the potential difference applied between the at least two electrodes of the ion gate 280 such that the potential difference changes continuously from the first potential difference to the second potential difference and from the second potential difference to the third potential difference.
“Gate open”, “gate closed”, and “intermediate” voltages/states have already been discussed in detail above and so this discussion does not need to be repeated here.
A dynamic potential difference exhibiting these characteristics, and the effect of the dynamic potential difference on the proportion of ions reaching the detector 250 (“ion transmission”) is shown in
As shown in
In this way, in the range of m/z values for which the TOF mass spectrometer is configured for use, the intensity of the ions reaching the detector is matched to the effective gain for that mass. With the control unit 290 configured as described above, the ion transmission starts at a low value as low mass ions pass through the ion-gate and gradually increases as high mass ions pass through the ion-gate. In this way the low mass ions are detected with similar intensities to the high mass ions and do not saturate the detector. In other words, the amount of ions reaching the detector can be controlled as a function of m/z value, preferably so as to compensate for a gain characteristic of the detector 250 or to otherwise adjust the relative intensities of m/z peaks in a desired manner with a good speed of response compared with the dynamic gain method as discussed e.g. in GB2537148.
The ion gate 380 of
As noted previously herein, while a double BN gate produces better ion blanking than a single BN gate, it might not be quite as effective as a single BN ion gate at controlling the proportion of ions being detected by the detector in accordance with the present invention. A single gate may also afford a wider voltage range. So ultimately, whether a single BN gate or double BN gate is used may vary depending on application requirements. The selection of a single or double BN gate may therefore vary according to application requirements.
A skilled person would therefore appreciate from the disclosure herein that it is also possible for the ion gate 380 to include just one BN gate, rather than two BN gates as shown here.
As can be seen from
As a skilled person would readily appreciate based on the disclosure herein, a dynamic voltage waveform configured to provide a dynamic potential difference which controls the amount of ions reaching the detector 250 as a function of m/z value can be constructed based on the information shown in
In the example of
In the example of
To obtain the data shown in
The voltage applied to the ion-gate was changed between acquisitions and the transmission of each ion of mass relative to the 0V peak is shown by
From
The features disclosed in the foregoing description, or in the following claims, or in the accompanying drawings, expressed in their specific forms or in terms of a means for performing the disclosed function, or a method or process for obtaining the disclosed results, as appropriate, may, separately, or in any combination of such features, be utilised for realising the invention in diverse forms thereof.
While the invention has been described in conjunction with the exemplary embodiments described above, many equivalent modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art when given this disclosure. Accordingly, the exemplary embodiments of the invention set forth above are considered to be illustrative and not limiting. Various changes to the described embodiments may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
For the avoidance of any doubt, any theoretical explanations provided herein are provided for the purposes of improving the understanding of a reader. The inventors do not wish to be bound by any of these theoretical explanations.
Any section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.
Throughout this specification, including the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise” and “include”, and variations such as “comprises”, “comprising”, and “including” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.
It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by the use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. The term “about” in relation to a numerical value is optional and means for example +/−10%.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2106342.5 | May 2021 | GB | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2022/061389 | 4/28/2022 | WO |
