Patent Application
20110311808
The present invention relates to a plasma treatment apparatus and a method for treatment of a substrate using an atmospheric pressure glow discharge plasma in a treatment space. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for producing a polymeric substrate using an atmospheric pressure glow discharge plasma in a treatment space formed between two or more opposing electrodes connected to a power supply using a gas composition in the treatment space comprising a precursor and oxygen. In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a plasma treatment apparatus for treating a substrate, the plasma treatment apparatus comprising at least two opposing electrodes and a treatment space between the at least two opposing electrodes, the at least two electrodes being connected to a plasma control unit for generating an atmospheric pressure glow discharge plasma in the treatment space, and a gas supply device being arranged to provide a gas mixture in the treatment space in operation. In an even further aspect, the present invention relates to a polymeric substrate having a dual layer barrier provided on its surface.
The present invention is amongst others applicable to the enveloping and/or supporting substrate of an electronic device comprising a conductive polymer with e.g. an electronic device, a photovoltaic cell and/or semi-conductor devices.
Optical glass has been previously used in electronic display applications as substrate because it is able to meet the optical and flatness requirements and has thermal and chemical resistance and good barrier properties. Main disadvantage of the use of glass is related to its weight, inflexibility and fragility. For this reason flexible plastic materials have been proposed as replacement for glass.
Disadvantages of the use of polymeric substrates are their lower chemical resistance and inferior barrier properties. There is no polymeric substrate alone which can meet the requirements of a water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) in the order of 10−6 g/m2*day or less and oxygen transmission rate in the order of 10−5 cc/m2*day or lower, which are needed in case of use of these substrates in electronic devices.
One of the draw-backs here is the stability of the atmospheric plasma's. To improve this stability, various solutions have been provided for example those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,774,569, EP-A-1383359, EP-A-1547123 and EP-A-1626613. Another drawback is dust formation upon using an atmospheric glow discharge plasma for deposition purposes. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,576,076 teaches the deposition of silicon oxide on a substrate using an atmospheric glow discharge plasma in the presence of a silane in which the deposition of silicon oxide tends to be in the form of a powder.
International patent application WO2005049228 describes a process for depositing a coating on a substrate, using tetraalkylorthosilicate and an atmospheric glow discharge plasma, where allegedly dust formation is prevented. In this publication a perforated electrode is used.
Another method to prevent dust formation is to use glow discharge plasma's at low pressure as described for example in Japanese patent application abstract 07-074110.
In the article ‘Formation Kinetics and Control of Dust Particles in Capacitively-Coupled Reactive Plasmas’ by Y. Watanabe et al., Physica Scripta, Vol. T89, 29-32, 2001, a description is given of a study at reduced pressure of the influence of both the pulse on-time (ton) and pulse off-time (toff) in capacitively coupled RF discharges (13.56 MHz). It was shown that an increase in ton duration increases the size and volume fraction of clusters, though the most significant increase occurs above pulse on-time of 10 ms and longer.
It is a known fact, that atmospheric pressure glow discharge plasma's used for deposition of a chemical compound or chemical element suffer from dust formation by which formation of a smooth surface cannot be obtained and the used equipment will accumulate the dust in a short period of time resulting in products with worse barrier properties as the roughness of the barrier layer.
In the article “Deposition of dual-layer of SiOx/SiOxCyNwHz by Townsend dielectric barrier discharge” by Maechler et al. it is described that a dual layer barrier is formed on a polymer substrate. The method uses an atmospheric pressure Townsend discharge mode (different from Glow discharge mode) in a treatment space. A first (shield) layer is deposited of organic material SiOxCyNwHz after which a SiOx barrier layer is deposited. The article also discloses that a SiOx coating directly deposited on a polymer in the atmospheric pressure Townsend discharge induces damages of the polymer resulting in poorer barrier properties than for uncoated polymer. The best result reported to be achieved is a 10-fold improvement of the barrier properties (Barrier Improvement factor BIF=10).
In the international patent application WO2007139379, filed by applicant, describes the process for depositing inorganic layers on a substrates using a predefined ton time and a predefined gas-composition for preventing the formation of dust in the treatment space.
Further WO2006/097733 describes a method of making a composite film with a barrier by applying a planarising coating composition first and than providing a barrier film by high-energy vapour deposition.
The present invention seeks to provide a method allowing the control of generation of specific species in the gas composition used in an atmospheric pressure glow discharge plasma, to enable controlled reactant processes in the plasma, by which deposition of inorganic layers on a polymeric substrate can be achieved under less restricted control as previously reported in the prior art for instance due to formation of dust.
According to the present invention, a method according to the preamble defined above is provided, comprising
The measure of energy in J/cm2 expresses the specific energy directed at the substrate, not the power (W/m2).
The measure of Rt is in nm and is the maximum peak to valley height of the profile of the substrate.
By controlling the at least two depositions according to this method substrates can be obtained from low-grade substrates having excellent barrier properties in comparison to results achieved in prior art systems and methods.
In a further embodiment, the first layer is deposited using a gas composition wherein the oxygen has a concentration of 2% or less, and the power supply is controlled to provide an energy across the gap between the two or more opposing electrodes of 30 J/cm2 or less. This results in a well controllable layer deposition of good quality. In a further embodiment, the oxygen concentration when depositing the first layer is 0.5% or less, resulting in a further improvement of the barrier properties of the final substrate.
The energy provided during deposition of the first layer is 10 J/cm2 or less in a further embodiment, providing an even better end result. To further improve the resulting barrier layer, the energy provided during deposition of the second layer is 80 J/cm2 or higher in an even further embodiment.
In a further embodiment, the oxygen concentration when depositing the second layer is 4% or higher. This results in further improved properties of the barrier layer.
The substrate is a moving substrate in a further embodiment, which substrate is moved through the treatment space. This allows even and uniform formation of layers on the substrate, even for bigger areas. The treatment space may be a single treatment space used for depositing both the first and second layer, or a separate treatment space may be provided for each of the two layers.
In a further aspect, a plasma treatment apparatus is provided as defined in the preamble above, wherein the plasma control unit and gas supply device are arranged to execute the method according to any one of the embodiments mentioned above. In a further embodiment, the plasma treatment apparatus further comprises a substrate movement arrangement.
The power supply provides the energy with a duty cycle between 90 and 100%, e.g. a duty cycle of 100%, in a further embodiment, allowing high growth rates of the layers.
In an even further aspect, the present invention relates to a polymeric substrate having a dual layer barrier provided on its surface, in which a first layer comprises an inorganic buffer layer having Si-, O-, and C-content, and a second layer comprises an inorganic barrier layer of SiO2. In a further embodiment, the first layer has a thickness of at least 100% of an Rt-value of the polymeric substrate, the Rt value being defined as the maximum peak to valley height of the profile of the polymeric substrate measured substantially perpendicular to the surface of the polymeric substrate. In an even further embodiment, the second layer has a thickness of at least 40 nm.
In still further aspects, the present invention relates to the use of the substrate according to any one of the embodiments described, as obtained by the method or apparatus embodiments described above, to provide an organic light emitting diode (OLED) or photovoltaic (PV) cells.
The present invention will be discussed in more detail below, using a number of exemplary embodiments, with reference to the attached drawings, in which
Both electrodes 2, 3 may have the same configuration being flat orientated (as shown in
A roll-electrode 2, 3 is e.g. implemented as a cylinder shaped electrode, mounted to allow rotation in operation e.g. using a mounting shaft or bearings. The roll-electrode 2, 3 may be freely rotating, or may be driven at a certain angular speed, e.g. using well known controller and drive units.
Both electrodes 2, 3 can be provided with a dielectric barrier layer 2a, 3a (see the detailed schematic view in
In a further embodiment, both d1 and d2 are 0 and the only dielectric material forming the dielectric barrier is the substrate 6, 7. In case of two substrates 6 and 7, the total dielectric thickness in this case is d=f1+f2.
In still another embodiment both d1 and d2 are 0 and only one substrate 6 is used. In this embodiment the total dielectric thickness equals f1, so d=f1. Also in this embodiment in which electrode 2 is not covered with a dielectric material it is possible to obtain a stable atmospheric glow discharge plasma.
The gap distance g indicates the smallest gap between the electrodes 2, 3 where an atmospheric pressure glow discharge plasma can exist in operation (i.e. in the treatment space 5), also called the free inter-electrode space. The dimensions of the electrodes 2, 3, dielectric barrier layers 2a, 3a, and gap g between the electrodes 2, 3 are predetermined in order to generate and sustain a glow discharge plasma at atmospheric pressure in the treatment space 5, in combination with the plasma control unit 4. The electrodes 2, 3 are connected to a power supply 4, which is arranged to provide electrical power to the electrodes for generating the glow discharge plasma under an atmospheric pressure in the treatment space 5 having a controlled energy supply.
In the treatment space 5, oxygen-gas and optionally other gasses are introduced using gas supply device 8, including a pre-cursor. The gas supply device 8 may be provided with storage, supply and mixing components as known to the skilled person. The purpose is to have the precursor decomposed in the treatment space 5 to a chemical compound or chemical element which is deposited on the substrate 6, 7. When using such embodiments in general dust formation is observed after very short deposition times and a smooth dust-free deposition cannot be obtained. In plasmas used for high quality applications (microelectronics, permeation barrier, optical applications) dust formation is a serious concern. For such applications the dust formation can compromise the quality of the coating e.g. in poor barrier properties.
Alternatively, a plurality of opposing electrodes 2, 3 is provided in the plasma treatment apparatus 10. The electrode 2, 3 which may be roll electrode implemented as cylinder shaped electrode mounted to allow rotation in operation e.g. using mounting shafts or bearings are connected to a power supply, being a part of the plasma control unit 4 as described with reference to
Surprisingly it has been found that substrates 6, 7 can be made with excellent barrier properties after deposition of at least two layers of inorganic material 6a, 6b on a (moving) substrate 6, as shown schematically in
This is accomplished in one embodiment by controlling in the treatment space 5 the first inorganic layer 6a deposition to a thickness d3 of at least 100% of the roughness Rt-value of the (initial) polymeric substrate (in nm) and the second layer deposition using a gas composition comprising an oxygen concentration of 3% or more across a gap formed between the two or more opposing electrodes 2, 3 and a controlled energy supply of 40 J/cm2 or more being supplied by the plasma control unit 4 to the substrate 6 in the treatment space 5.
By applying the first layer thickness in an amount (in nm) of at least 100% the intrinsic Rt-value of the substrate 6, in general the roughness profile of the intrinsic substrate has been masked, allowing a good and robust deposition of the second layer 6b.
In another embodiment the first deposition is done using a gas composition comprising a controlled oxygen concentration of 2% or less across a gap formed between the two or more opposing electrodes 2, 3 and a controlled energy supply of 30 J/cm2 or lower being supplied by the plasma control unit 4 to the substrate 6 in the treatment space 5.
The deposition of the first (buffer) layer 6a in general does not result in a substrate producing having any significant barrier property improvement compared to the barrier property of the polymeric substrate alone. Therefore the first layer deposition can be done in an environment having a very high deposition rate (DR). As a result the deposition method of the first layer 6a can be done quick and from cost-point of view at low costs.
When in addition a second deposition is applied to obtain a second inorganic layer 6b (with a thickness d4 as indicated in
In a further embodiment the oxygen concentration during deposition of the first layer 6a is controlled to 0.5% or less. This provides an even better result, as will be shown in more details using the examples described below. Furthermore, it has been found that keeping the energy supplied to a value of 10 J/cm2 or less, also improves the barrier properties of the finished two-layer barrier product. Reduction of the energy to a value of 5 J/cm2 even provided further improvement.
Without being bound to theory it is believed that by keeping said oxygen concentration and energy supply during the first layer 6a deposition at the indicated levels, the interaction with the interface of the polymeric substrate surface remains low by less etching of oxygen radicals on the polymeric surface of substrate 6. As a result of the first inorganic deposition a buffer layer 6a is obtained having poor barrier properties. During deposition of the second inorganic layer 6b this polymeric substrate etching phenomenon is prevented by the first layer 6a and higher oxygen-concentrations and/or energy supply may be used creating layered substrates having excellent barrier properties for the resulting combination of substrate 6 and inorganic layers 6a, 6b in total.
The Rt-value of the initial substrate 6 may vary between 50 and 500 nm (i.e. 60 nm or 75 nm or 100 nm or 200 or 300 nm).
In preferred embodiments the substrate is a polyester film, such as a poly-ethylene terephthalate (PET) or poly-ethylene naphthalate (PEN).
More preferred embodiments are low-grade and cheaper polymeric substrates 6 which have non smooth roughness properties, e.g. having intrinsic Rt-value values above 100 nm. In particular, in comparison to prior art methods, the coating application of a planarizing layer can be omitted and as a result much cheaper process of method of manufacturing of film with a deposited barrier can be realized.
According to the present invention method embodiments, it is possible to use low grade polymer sheets having a not very smooth surfaces and a high intrinsic Rt-value (in nm i.e. for example 75, 100, 120, 200, 250, 300 or even 400 nm) and still obtain products with very good barrier properties in an atmospheric glow plasma apparatus which could not be prepared before.
Prior art techniques as e.g. described in WO2006/097733 had to use surface tailored polymers (which are substrates coated with in general a primer layer and a planarizing layer) with as a result high costs compared to the present invention method embodiment.
Furthermore, by using the present method embodiments, products can be obtained having a much better uniformity and affinity (inorganic/inorganic interface) between the masking layer 6a and the barrier layer 6b and as a result it can be produced in a continuous roll-to-roll mode with less defects caused cracking during transport and winding actions.
The precursor used in the deposition steps is e.g. HMDSO used in a concentration from 2 to 500 ppm.
Further the electrical power may be applied using a generator, which provides a sequence of e.g. sine wave train signals as the periodic electrical power supply for the electrodes. The frequency range may be between 10 kHz and 30 MHz, e.g. between 100 kHz and 700 kHz.
In a further embodiment dust formation is prevented by controlling the absolute value of the charge density (product of current density and time) generated during the power on pulse. In one embodiment this value is smaller than 5 micro Coulomb/cm2, e.g. 2 or 1 microCoulomb/cm2.
In order to obtain a deposition layer of uniform thickness and a smooth surface it is important to have a stable plasma e.g. preventing instabilities like streamers, filamentary discharges and the like. In a further embodiment the atmospheric glow discharge plasma is stabilized by stabilization means counteracting local instabilities in the plasma. By the power pulse of the power generator a current pulse is generated which causes a plasma current and a displacement current. The stabilization means are arranged to apply a displacement current change for controlling local current density variations associated with a plasma variety having a low ratio of dynamic to static resistance, such as filamentary discharges. By damping such fast variations using a pulse forming circuit an uniform glow discharge plasma is obtained. In a further embodiment, the displacement current change is provided by applying a change in the applied voltage to the two electrodes, the change in applied voltage being about equal to an operating frequency of the AC plasma energizing voltage, and the displacement current change having a value at least five times higher than the change in applied voltage.
In a further aspect, the present invention relates to the plasma treatment apparatus 10 wherein the gas supply device is arranged such that the gas composition in the treatment space can be controlled i.e. oxygen concentration can be controlled accurately.
For the first deposition step the oxygen concentration may need to be controlled accurately in the treatment space at 2% or even lower (e.g. 1 or even 0.5% or lower) in order to reduce the etching of the polymer substrate. For the second deposition step the oxygen concentration needs to be controlled accurately in the same or different treatment space to above 3% (i.e. 4% or higher).
In a further embodiment, the gas supply device 8 may be arranged to perform the methods according to various embodiments described above.
In a further embodiment the power supply 4 as defined above is arranged as such that during the deposition of the first layer 6a the energy is controlled across the gap between said opposing electrodes 2, 3 to the (moving) substrate 6 to a value of 30 J/cm2 or lower (e.g. 10 J/cm2 or 5 J/cm2 or less). For the deposition step of the second layer 6b the energy needs to be controlled across the gap between said opposing electrodes 2, 3 to the (moving) substrate 6 (in the same or different treatment space 5) to a value of 40 J/cm2 or higher (e.g. 80 J/cm2).
In embodiments where moving substrates 6 are subjected to the deposition process as described above, the line speeds of the moving substrate 6 are in the range from 1 cm/min up to 100 m/min.
Furthermore, the plasma control unit 4 may comprise stabilization means arranged to perform the method according to further embodiments described above.
As mentioned above in relation to the various method embodiments, the present plasma treatment apparatus 10 may be used advantageously for depositing inorganic layers 6a, 6b on a substrate 6. For this, the plasma deposition apparatus may be arranged to receive a gas composition in the treatment space 5 comprising the precursor of a chemical compound or chemical element to be deposited in a concentration from 2 to 500 ppm.
At atmospheric pressure high duty cycles could not be obtained until now. Pulsing at atmospheric pressure is one option as described in WO2007/139379, filed by applicant, to suppress dust formation but has the disadvantage of a slower treatment of a surface. Surprisingly it was found however by arrangement of the plasma apparatus in this invention that the duty cycle at atmospheric pressure can be increased significantly to values between 90 and 100%, even up to a value of 100%. As stated before in the treatment space 5 a combination of gases is introduced comprising a precursor and oxygen and optionally a combination of other gasses.
In another embodiment the substrate 6 is heated during the plasma treatment. By heating the substrate 6 slightly, e.g. by heating electrode 2, 3 slightly, it was surprisingly found that the dust formation was reduced, or even eliminated, while still obtaining good deposition results on the substrate 6. When treating a polymer substrate 6, the temperature of, e.g., the electrode 2, 3 can be controlled to a temperature which is higher than normal in inorganic layer deposition on substrate 6 using uniform glow plasma discharges. The temperature may be raised up to the glass transition temperature of the material (e.g. a polymer) of the substrate 6, and in some cases even higher, up to the annealing temperature of the polymer substrate 6. Some commercially available polymer substrates are dimensionally stable above the glass transition temperature, i.e. after heating to a temperature above the glass transition temperature and then cooling down, no change in dimension is observed. In some instances this is even possible almost up to the temperature at which the polymer substrate starts to decompose. E.g. heat stabilized PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) is available which is dimensionally stable up to 150° C., while the glass transition temperature is 80° C. Also, heat stabilized PEN (PolyEthylene Naphtalate) is available which is dimensionally stable up to more than 200° C., while its glass transition temperature is 120° C.
In order to raise the temperature in treatment space 5 various other embodiments may be used. Examples of such embodiments but are not limited thereto may be found in WO2008147184 from applicant, which is herein incorporated by reference.
Because of the fact, that pulsing reduces the formation of dust the power supply (as part of the plasma control unit 4) may be arranged to provide a periodic electrical signal with an on-time ton and an off-time toff, the sum of the on-time and off-time being the period or cycle of the periodic electrical signal. The on-time may vary from very short, e.g. 20 μs, to short, e.g. 500 μs. The on-time effectively results in a pulse train having a series of sine wave periods at the operating frequency, with a total duration of the on-time (e.g. 10 to 30 periods of a sine wave) of 0.1 to 0.3 ms. However good results have been obtained using a duty cycle of 90% up to 100% and an advantageous embodiment for the plasma apparatus arrangement for this invention has no off-time at all (duty cycle=100%).
The power supply can be a power supply providing a wide range of frequencies. For example it can provide a low frequency (f=10-700 kHz) electrical signal during the on-time. It can also provide a high frequency electrical signal for example f=700 kHz-30 MHz. Also other frequencies can be provided like from 450 kHz-1 MHz or from 1 to 20 MHz and the like.
Although oxygen as a reactive gas in this illustrative example has many advantages also other reactive gases might be used like for example hydrogen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, oxides of nitrogen, and the like.
The formation of a glow discharge plasma may be stimulated by controlling the displacement current (dynamic matching) using the plasma control unit 4 connected to the electrodes 2, 3, leading to a uniform activation of the surface of substrate 6 in the treatment space 5. The plasma control unit 4 e.g. comprises a power supply and associated control circuitry as described in the pending international patent application PCT/NL2006/050209, and European patent applications EP-A-1381257,
EP-A-1626613 of applicant, which are herein incorporated by reference.
The formation of a glow discharge may be stimulated further by controlling the gap distance (g) which is the free distance in the treatment space between the at least 2 opposing electrodes and the total dielectric distance (d) which is the total dielectric thickness of the dielectric barrier and in which the product of gap distance and the total dielectric distance is less than or equal to 1.0 mm2 or even more preferred less than 0.5 mm2 as described in the not yet published EP08151765.8, EP08165019.4 and EP08168741.0 of same applicant, which are herein incorporated by reference.
In the present method precursors can be can be selected from (but are not limited to): W(CO)6, Ni(CO)4, Mo(CO)6, Co2(CO)8, Rh4(CO)12, Re2(CO)10, Cr(CO)6, or Ru3(CO)12, Bis(dimethylamino)dimethylsilane (BDMADMS), Tantalum Ethoxide (Ta(OC2H5)5), Tetra Dimethyl amino Titanium (or TDMAT) SiH4 CH4, B2H6 or BCl3, WF6, TiCl4, GeH4, Ge2H6Si2H6 (GeH3)3SiH, (GeH3)2SiH2, hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO), tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDSO), 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyltrisiloxane, hexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, decamethylcyclopentanesiloxane, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, trimethylethoxysilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane, ethyltriethoxysilane, n-propyltrimethoxysilane, n-propyltriethoxysilane, n-butyltrimethoxysilane, i-butyltrimethoxysilane, n-hexyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, aminomethyltrimethylsilane, dimethyldimethylaminosilane, dimethylaminotrimethylsilane, allylaminotrimethylsilane, diethylaminodimethylsilane, 1-trimethylsilylpyrrole, 1-trimethylsilylpyrrolidine, isopropylaminomethyltrimethylsilane, diethylaminotrimethylsilane, anilinotrimethylsilane, 2-piperidinoethyltrimethylsilane, 3-butylaminopropyltrimethylsilane, 3-piperidinopropyltrimethylsilane, bis(dimethylamino)methylsilane, 1-trimethylsilylimidazole, bis(ethylamino)dimethylsilane, bis(butylamino)dimethylsilane, 2-aminoethylaminomethyldimethylphenylsilane, 3-(4-methylpiperazinopropyl)trimethylsilane, dimethylphenylpiperazinomethylsilane, butyldimethyl-3-piperazinopropylsilane, dianilinodimethylsilane, bis(dimethylamino)diphenylsilane, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane, 1,3-bis(chloromethyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane, hexamethyldisilazane, 1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane, dibutyltin diacetate, aluminum isopropoxide, tris(2,4-pentadionato)aluminum, dibutyldiethoxytin, butyltin tris(2,4-pentanedionato), tetraethoxytin, methyltriethoxytin, diethyldiethoxytin, triisopropylethoxytin, ethylethoxytin, methylmethoxytin, isopropylisopropoxytin, tetrabutoxytin, diethoxytin, dimethoxytin, diisopropoxytin, dibutoxytin, dibutyryloxytin, diethyltin, tetrabutyltin, tin bis(2,4-pentanedionato), ethyltin acetoacetonato, ethoxytin (2,4-pentanedionato), dimethyltin (2,4-pentanedionato), diacetomethylacetatotin, diacetoxytin, dibutoxydiacetoxytin, diacetoxytin diacetoacetonato, tin hydride, tin dichloride, tin tetrachloride, triethoxytitanium, trimethoxytitanium, triisopropoxytitanium, tributoxytitanium, tetraethoxytitanium, tetraisopropoxytitanium, methyldimethoxytitanium, ethyltriethoxytitanium, methyltripropoxytitanium, triethyltitanium, triisopropyltitanium, tributyltitanium, tetraethyltitanium, tetraisopropyltitanium, tetrabutyltitanium, tetradimethylaminotitanium, dimethyltitanium di(2,4-pentanedionato), ethyltitanium tri(2,4-pentanedionato), titanium tris(2,4-pentanedionato), titanium tris(acetomethylacetato), triacetoxytitanium, dipropoxypropionyloxytitanium, dibutyryloxytitanium, monotitanium hydride, dititanium hydride, trichlorotitanium, tetrachlorotitanium, tetraethylsilane, tetramethylsilane, tetraisopropylsilane, tetrabutylsilane, tetraisopropoxysilane, diethylsilane di(2,4-pentanedionato), methyltriethoxysilane, ethyltriethoxysilane, silane tetrahydride, disilane hexahydride, tetrachlorosilane, methyltrichlorosilane, diethyldichlorosilane, isopropoxyaluminum, tris(2,4-pentanedionato)nickel, bis(2,4-pentanedionato)manganese, isopropoxyboron, tri-n-butoxyantimony, tri-n-butylantimony, di-n-butylbis(2,4-pentanedionato)tin, di-n-butyldiacetoxytin, di-t-butyldiacetoxytin, tetraisopropoxytin, zinc di(2,4-pentanedionate), and combinations thereof. Furthermore precursors can be used as for example described in EP-A-1351321 or EP-A-1371752. Generally the precursors are used in a concentration of 2-500 ppm e.g. around 50 ppm of the total gas composition.
In one embodiment of this invention said precursor used in the deposition step of the first layer 6a is the same as in the deposition step of the second layer 6b.
In another embodiment of this invention said precursor used in the deposition step of the first layer 6a is different from the one as in the deposition step of the second layer 6b.
By this method and apparatus inorganic layers of a chemical compound or chemical element can be deposited on substrates 6 having a relatively low Tg, meaning that also common plastics, like polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), Triacetylcellulose, PEN, PET, polycarbonate (PC) and the like can be provided with a deposition layer. Other substrates which can be chosen are for example UV stable polymer films such as ETFE or PTFE (from the group of fluorinated polymers) or silicone polymer foils. These polymers may even be reinforced by glass fibre to improve impact resistance. The polymer substrate 6 to be used in the embodiments of the present invention may be a non-stretched or a stretched polymer foil and can be produced by usually known method. Non stretched polymer foil which is substantially non-orientated can be produced by raw polymer resin which is melted in an extruder and extruded through a T-shape die and rapidly cooled. A stretched polymer foil can be made by stretching the non-stretched polymer foil by a known technique such as mono-axial stretching or biaxial stretching. A preferred substrate 6 used in embodiments of the present invention are samples which have many defects and/or irregular roughness profiles for example low grade stretched polymer foils. Stretched polymer foils are relatively weak as barrier related to the holes present due to the stretching action during its manufacture. However due to the present invention embodiments defects initiated at the manufacture of the polymers can be masked and as a result excellent barriers can be made which means from economic point if view very cheap polymers may be used.
The substrates 6 provided with the two layers 6a, 6b according to the present invention embodiments can be used in a wide range of applications like wafer manufacturing, they can be used as barrier for plastics or applications where a conductive layer on an isolator is required and the like. The present invention embodiments can be used advantageously for producing substrates having properties suitable for applications in e.g. OLED devices, or more general for substrates in the form of films or foils which are usable for protecting against deterioration by water and/or oxygen and having smooth properties e.g. barrier films in the field of flexible Photo Voltaic-cells.
In order to quantify water vapour transmission rates (WVTR) for barrier films (substrate 6 as treated in the above described plasma treatment apparatus 10) the Mocon Aquatran was used which uses a coulometric cell (electrochemical cell) with a minimum detection limit of 5*10−4 g/m2.day. This method provides a more sensitive and accurate permeability evaluation than the permeation measurement by using IR absorption (known to the person skilled in the art). Measurement conditions can be varied from 10-40° C. and also relative humidity usually from 60-90%.
In order to quantify the surface roughness an AFM from Veeco Nano Scope Ma, Veeco Meterology is used from which the Rt was calculated.
The value of Rt was determined as the absolute distance between the maximum peak heights and the maximum valley depth within an evaluation area of 2 *2 micron and measured from the mean surface profile of the initial substrate 6.
Experiments have been carried out using the deposition embodiments as described above. First test samples were prepared by depositing a first variable amount (in nm) inorganic layer 6a on a PEN substrate 6 (industrial grade Teonex Q83 from Dupont Teijin Films having an intrinsic Rt-value of about 66 nm for samples A1-A9 and a high optical grade PEN substrate Teonex Q65 from Dupont Teijin Films having an intrinsic Rt-value of about 40 nm for samples A10-A11. A precursor was used comprising HMDSN at 10 g/hr. The other process parameters were varied as given in table 1, such as the energy supplied towards the substrate 6 and the oxygen concentration (O2) in the treatment space 5.
As can be clearly seen from Table 1, the application of only a single layer 6a of inorganic material has virtually no influence on the WVTR, and does not provide the barrier improvement factor sought for the applications mentioned before.
The experiments have continued by applying a second layer 6b as specified in the embodiments as described above. The samples obtained with a first layer 6a (referenced as Ann in Table 2) were treated for deposition of a second layer 6b in the substrate treatment apparatus 10 as shown in
Table 2 clearly shows that in many examples, in which the process conditions are within the ranges as specified above, the WVTR is drastically improved, sometimes even below the measurement limit of 5 *10−4. These examples are indicated in table 2 as I (Inventive).
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0915674.9 | Feb 2009 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB10/50208 | 2/10/2010 | WO | 00 | 9/6/2011 |
