Patent Grant
11875132
This application is related to co-pending U.S. non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/320,176, “AUTOMATED MANAGEMENT OF REVISED IVR PROMPT TRANSLATIONS,” which was filed on the same day and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Interactive Voice Response (IVR) is a telephony technology allows a human to interact with a computer through the use of voice and touch tone inputs. In some cases, an IVR application may output pre-recorded audio as well as dynamically generated audio that is based on words, or database information collected from a user on the call. For example, an IVR prompt may request a user to repeat or verify a previously spoken input by repeating the same input. IVR uses prompts (e.g., voice prompts) to provide users with information such as instructions and directions for accessing data. For example, an IVR application may include a sequence of prompts which each include sentences, phrases, and individual words that provide greetings and informational messages.
In many cases, the IVR prompts are created in a first language (e.g., English, etc.) and then translations are provided in other languages (e.g., Spanish, German, French, etc.) The translation process can require a number of rounds of revisions in which translator makes changes or otherwise modifies the text content of the translated version of the IVR prompt. Here, the newly translated text may be inserted into a form or other document. Each time the translation is revised, the accuracy of such a revision must be verified by a person. This requires the user to perform a crude stare and compare process which consumes a significant amount of time especially when multiple rounds of revisions are implemented. Accordingly, what is needed is a more efficient mechanism for updating revised translations and verifying the accuracy of the revised translations.
One example embodiment may provide an apparatus that includes a memory, and a processor communicably coupled to the memory and configured to one or more of transfer a copy of a plurality of revised translation data sets to be added to an interactive voice response (IVR) application into a grid structure, where each revised translation data set comprises a prompt name in a first field, an IVR prompt in a second field, a translation of the IVR prompt into a different language in a third field, and a timestamp in a fourth field, execute an accuracy validation on the plurality of revised translation data sets, wherein, for each revised translation data set, the processor identifies whether a respective translation in a different language in a third field is an accurate translation of a respective IVR prompt in a second field based on attributes of the respective translation and the respective IVR prompt, and display results of the accuracy validation via a user interface.
Another example embodiment may provide a method that includes one or more of transferring a copy of a plurality of revised translation data sets to be added to an interactive voice response (IVR) application into a grid structure, each revised translation data set comprising a prompt name in a first field, an IVR prompt in a second field, a translation of the IVR prompt into a different language in a third field, and a timestamp in a fourth field, executing, via a processor, an accuracy validation on the plurality of revised translation data sets, wherein, for each revised translation data set, the processor identifies whether a respective translation in a different language in a third field is an accurate translation of a respective IVR prompt in a second field based on attributes of the respective translation and the respective IVR prompt, and displaying results of the accuracy validation via a user interface.
A further example embodiment may provide a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising instructions, that when read by a processor, cause the processor to perform one or more of transferring a copy of a plurality of revised translation data sets to be added to an interactive voice response (IVR) application into a grid structure, each revised translation data set comprising a prompt name in a first field, an IVR prompt in a second field, a translation of the IVR prompt into a different language in a third field, and a timestamp in a fourth field, executing, via a processor, an accuracy validation on the plurality of revised translation data sets, wherein, for each revised translation data set, the processor identifies whether a respective translation in a different language in a third field is an accurate translation of a respective IVR prompt in a second field based on attributes of the respective translation and the respective IVR prompt, and displaying results of the accuracy validation via a user interface.
It will be readily understood that the instant components, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of at least one of a method, apparatus, non-transitory computer readable medium and system, as represented in the attached figures, is not intended to limit the scope of the application as claimed but is merely representative of selected embodiments.
The instant features, structures, or characteristics as described throughout this specification may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. For example, the usage of the phrases “example embodiments”, “some embodiments”, or other similar language, throughout this specification refers to the fact that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment. Thus, appearances of the phrases “example embodiments”, “in some embodiments”, “in other embodiments”, or other similar language, throughout this specification do not necessarily all refer to the same group of embodiments, and the described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
In addition, while the term “message” may have been used in the description of embodiments, the application may be applied to many types of network data, such as, packet, frame, datagram, etc. The term “message” also includes packet, frame, datagram, and any equivalents thereof. Furthermore, while certain types of messages and signaling may be depicted in exemplary embodiments they are not limited to a certain type of message, and the application is not limited to a certain type of signaling.
The example embodiments are directed towards a process of managing revisions of translations for IVR prompts using a grid structure (e.g., a table, spreadsheet, etc.) via a software program. A baseline translation may already be built for the IVR prompts. However, revisions may be made to the baseline translations over time. Rather than update the baseline translation at each revision interval, the example embodiments store revised translations of IVR prompts in a grid structure. When triggered, the software can The software can identify an IVR prompt that has multiple revisions and carry forward only the most recent (i.e., the newest) revision into the baseline translation document. Here, the grid structure allows multiple rounds of revisions to the IVR prompt translations to be stored. Furthermore, grid structure also provides storage of the baseline translations (from a previous interval). The software automates the filtering and the comparing process thereby relieving a user from having to manually perform such activities. Furthermore, the software can also extract and store the revised translations from different documents into the grid structure.
Furthermore, errors and omissions within the revised translations and the baseline translations may create incorrect content that can cause inconsistencies in the speech of the IVR application leading to caller frustration or confusion during playback/reading of the voice prompts. To address this, the example embodiments also provide a software that performs an automated accuracy validation of the IVR prompt translations. For example, the software can identify when an audio file from the IVR application is missing, identify when a translation has too many characters or not enough characters, identify when English duplicates are present but translated duplicates are not present (indicating the likelihood of a user error), and the like. By automatically performing an accuracy check, the software can ensure that errors do not occur in the IVR application when the revised translations are integrated into the application.
IVR systems are examples of computer-telephone integration (CTI). For example, a phone may communicate with a computer through the tones that are generated by each key on a telephone keypad. The tones are referred to as dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signals. A computer may use hardware referred to as a telephony board or telephony card to understand DTMF signals produced by a phone. An IVR system may include a computer hooked up to a phone line through a telephony board/card and IVR software. The IVR software allows for pre-recorded greetings that are spoken during the call and menu options that a caller can select. In some cases, the IVR system may also provide video. Furthermore, the IVR system may implement dynamic concatenation which records phrases spoken by a user during the call and plays them back to the caller (e.g., dates, times, monetary amounts, account numbers, etc.)
An example use case of an IVR application is to route calls within an organization. Instead of relying on a receptionist to answer and route calls, the application can answer incoming calls and route the calls to a correct extensions within an organization. The application can present the user with a list of menu options and questions about the nature of the call. In some cases, the application may answer frequently asked questions. There are many different IVR applications, and the examples herein should not be construed as being limited to any particular type of IVR application.
During generation of the prompt content of an IVR application, a user may generate a spreadsheet, document, or other file which includes a list of IVR prompts for the IVR application. The user may upload the file to the system described herein. For example, the system may be a software tool running on a computing system such as a server, a user device, or the like. The system may receive the file, run different checks on the list of prompts, modify prompts, and output a modified file that is in a format that can be played by the application. Furthermore, the IVR prompts may also receive a translation into another language. The first request to translate the IVR prompts within the IVR application is referred to as a baseline translation. Over time, the baseline translation may go through multiple/frequent rounds of revisions.
With numerous translation revisions taking place, there is a need for a process that efficiently carries forward only the most current revised prompt translations into a master translation file. In the example embodiments, when a translation is revised, the most current translation is added to a temporary grid structure (e.g., a translation template) which is stored in memory. The temporary grid structure may have a two-dimensional format that includes columns representing different attributes of a revised IVR prompt (name, IVR prompt content, translation content, timestamp, etc.) and rows representing individual prompts by name. The software may compare and filter the revised translations in the temporary grid structure to remove any translations that have become outdated and carry forward only the most recent revised translation into the master translation file.
Prior to integrating the master translation file into the IVR application, the master translation file may be verified/validated for accuracy. Translations often happen at different times and by different users. As a result, some translations may be duplicated or may be missing. Also, some translations may be generated but may be missing an identifier of a corresponding audio file name in the IVR application. All of these issues can be checked, and warnings/alerts can be output by the software when a problem is found. As a result, a user can cure any issues prior to the master translations being added to the IVR application.
IVR data can be extracted from the IVR application 110 and stored in a template, as further described in the examples of
The host platform 120 may store a copy of the audio file names 112 and the baseline translation file 114. In addition, the host platform 120 may store and manage a temporary revision grid 128 which is a temporary storage structure (e.g., a table, a document, a spreadsheet, an array, etc.) that stores revised translations to be added to the baseline translation file 114. The temporary revision grid 128 may include some (or all) of the same columns and rows as the baseline translation file 114. Revised translation data sets may be generated by one or more users (e.g., via a user device). The revised translations may be stored in the temporary revision grid 128 and then deleted once they have been stored in the master translation file 130 and/or the IVR application 110.
The master translation process may include a step 121 in which revised translation data sets are collected, for example, from various user accounts. The revised translation data sets may be stored in the temporary revision grid 128. The revised translation data sets may include a plurality of fields of data values including a prompt name, an IVR prompt content, a translation of the IVR prompt content, a timestamp, and the like. In step 122, the revised translation data sets may be filtered to identify revised translation data sets that have identical prompt names. When two or more translation data sets have the same prompt name, they are directed to the same IVR prompt in the IVR application 110. Here, duplicate prompt names can be identified, for example, by checking a box or adding a flag to the data set.
When two or more revised translation data sets have been identified as having the same prompt name, in 123, the host platform 120 may delete the oldest revised translation data set from among the two or more revised translation data sets. This allows the host platform to carry forward only the most recent revised translation data set while deleting any intervening translation data sets that are no longer the most up-to-date translations. In 124 an accuracy check can be performed to validate that the translations match the corresponding IVR prompt contents. The validated revised translation data set may be copied from the revision template 128 and stored in a master translation file 130. Furthermore, the master translation file 130 may be integrated into the IVR application 110, or otherwise stored in a repository in memory.
According to various embodiments, multiple revisions may occur to the baseline translation data set. Each revision may modify different translation data sets. However, in some cases, the same translation data set may be modified multiple times. In this case, the host platform may carry forward only the most recent revised translation data set from among the multiple revised translation data sets, before any of the revised translation data sets are incorporated into the IVR application. Here, in 203, the host platform may identify duplicate revised translation data sets in the temporary revision grid. For example, the host platform may identify two or more revised translation data sets that have the same prompt name.
In 204, the host platform may identify which revised translation data set from among the two or more revised translation data sets that have the same prompt name has the oldest timestamp, and label the oldest revised translation data set for deletion. For example, a box may be checked, et. In 205, the host platform may transfer only the most recent translation data sets into a master translation file while the oldest/duplicate revised translation data sets are not transferred. In 206, the master translation file may be stored in memory, such as a document repository or the like.
Referring to
As shown in
The revised translation data sets stored in the temporary translation grid may be added to a master translation file 130 as shown in
In 303, the host platform may identify revised translation data sets that have duplicated IVR prompt content. Here, the host platform may first identify revised translation data sets that have identical original IVR prompt content in a first language (e.g., English). Next, the host platform may identify revised translation data sets that have identical translated prompt content (e.g., Spanish, French, Russian, etc.) In 304, the host platform may identify whether the translation data sets with matching IVR prompt content also include matching translated prompt content. If the IVR prompt content is the same between two translation data sets but the translated IVR prompt content is different, this indicates a potential user error or some other mistake may have occurred. Here, the host platform may generate an alert, for example, by adding a flag or an alert to a visualization of the revision grid.
Next, in 305, the host platform may perform a word count of each IVR prompt content and its corresponding translated prompt content, for each of the revised translation data sets. For any revised translation data sets where the number count differs by a predetermined amount, the host platform may generate another flag or alert to the revision grid. This identifies that a user should manually review these translation data sets for accuracy.
In this case, the host platform may detect when a revised translation data set 342 has a duplicate English prompt content but a different translated prompt content as another revised translation data set 341. Here, the host platform may output an alert inside of a column 352 in the revision grid 300C to indicate that a user should manually view the translation content to ensure it is correct.
In addition, the host platform may perform a word count of the IVR prompt content and the translated prompt content for each revised translation data set. When the word count between the English version of the prompt content and the translated version of the prompt content differs by a predetermined number of characters (e.g., 40% bigger or smaller) the host platform may output an alert such as shown in revised translation data set 345 indicating that a user should manually check the prompt content and the translated prompt content to ensure it is accurate. In revised translation data set 345, the translated prompt content is much bigger than the original IVR prompt content (in English). Once the user has reviewed the alerts shown in
In 412, the method may include identifying two revised translation data sets in the grid structure that comprise a duplicate prompt name in first fields thereof. Here, the IVR prompt name may be identical in each of the two revised translation data sets, while the IVR prompt content and/or the IVR translation may be the same or may be different. In either case, an extra data set is identified. In some embodiments, more than two duplicates are identified (e.g., three or more, etc.)
In 413, the method may include deleting an oldest revised translation data set among the two identified translations data sets from the grid structure. Here, the system may compare the timestamps of the two revised translation data sets to identify which data set is older than the other. The oldest data set can be deleted even though it is yet to be added to the IVR application because it is outdated and has been replaced by the more current revised translation. The deletion process may include deleting the row corresponding to the oldest translation data set from the grid structure and moving the rows underneath the deleted row up by one. In 414, the method may further include storing the grid structure without the deleted oldest revised translation data set in a repository.
In some embodiments, the grid structure comprises a two-dimensional spreadsheet which includes a plurality of rows assigned to the plurality of revised translation data sets, respectively, and a plurality of columns assigned to the first, second, third, and fourth fields. In some embodiments, the grid structure further comprises an extra column with identifiers of the plurality of translation data sets and an extra row with names of the first, second, third, and fourth fields.
In some embodiments, the transferring may include copying the plurality of translation data sets from a plurality of revision documents, and auto-populating the plurality of copied translation data sets into the grid structure. In some embodiments, the identifying may further include adding a duplicate flag to a fifth field of the oldest translation data set indicating that the oldest translation data set is to be deleted.
In some embodiments, the method may further include transferring a copy of a baseline translation data set currently present within a software application into the grid structure, where each baseline translation data set comprises a prompt name in a first field, an IVR prompt in a second field, a translation of the IVR prompt into a different language in a third field, and a timestamp in a fourth field. In some embodiments, the method may further include matching revised translation data sets in the grid structure with corresponding baseline translation data sets in the grid structure, replacing the matched baseline translation data sets with the updated revised translation data sets in the grid structure to generate an updated translation data set, and storing the updated translation data set in a master translation grid. In some embodiments, the method may further include integrating the updated translation data set stored in the master translation grid into the software application.
In 422, the method may include executing, via a processor, an accuracy validation on the plurality of revised translation data sets, wherein, for each revised translation data set, the processor identifies whether a respective translation in a different language in a third field is an accurate translation of a respective IVR prompt in a second field based on attributes of the respective translation and the respective IVR prompt, and in 423, the method may include displaying results of the accuracy validation via a user interface.
In some embodiments, the grid structure may include a two-dimensional spreadsheet which includes a plurality of rows assigned to the plurality of revised translation data sets, respectively, and a plurality of columns assigned to the first, second, third, and fourth fields, respectively. In some embodiments, the executing may include performing a character count of a respective IVR prompt in a second field and a respective translation of the IVR prompt in a third field of a revised translation data set, and determining whether the respective translation is an accurate translation based on the character counts. In this example, the executing may include identifying that the respective translation of the IVR prompt is an inaccurate translation in response to the character count of the respective translation being greater than the character count of the IVR prompt by a predetermined threshold, and displaying an alert in association with the revised translation data set via the user interface.
In some embodiments, the executing may include identifying two revised translation data sets that comprise identical IVR prompts in second fields thereof, and different translations in third fields thereof, respectively, and displaying an alert in association with at least one of the two revised translation data sets via the user interface. In some embodiments, the method may further include extracting a plurality of audio file names from the IVR application and transferring the plurality of audio file names from the IVR application into the grid structure. In this example, the method may further include matching the plurality of audio file names from the IVR application to corresponding translation data sets from the plurality of translation data sets based on prompt names of the corresponding translation data sets. In addition, the method may further include identifying a revised translation data set that is not matched to any of the plurality of audio file names, determining that an audio file name of the identified revised translation is not found, and displaying an alert identifying that an audio file is not found via the user interface.
The above embodiments may be implemented in hardware, in a computer program executed by a processor, in firmware, or in a combination of the above. A computer program may be embodied on a computer readable medium, such as a storage medium. For example, a computer program may reside in random access memory (“RAM”), flash memory, read-only memory (“ROM”), erasable programmable read-only memory (“EPROM”), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (“EEPROM”), registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a compact disk read-only memory (“CD-ROM”), or any other form of storage medium known in the art.
An exemplary storage medium may be coupled to the processor such that the processor may read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an application specific integrated circuit (“ASIC”). In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components. For example,
In computing node 500 there is a computer system/server 502, which is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with computer system/server 502 include, but are not limited to, personal computer systems, server computer systems, thin clients, thick clients, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computer systems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
Computer system/server 502 may be described in the general context of computer system-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer system. Generally, program modules may include routines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer system/server 502 may be practiced in distributed cloud computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer system storage media including memory storage devices.
As shown in
The bus represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnects (PCI) bus.
Computer system/server 502 typically includes a variety of computer system readable media. Such media may be any available media that is accessible by computer system/server 502, and it includes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media. System memory 506, in one embodiment, implements the flow diagrams of the other figures. The system memory 506 can include computer system readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random-access memory (RAM) 510 and/or cache memory 512. Computer system/server 502 may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storage media. By way of example only, storage system 514 can be provided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Although not shown, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided. In such instances, each can be connected to the bus by one or more data media interfaces. As will be further depicted and described below, memory 506 may include at least one program product having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out the functions of various embodiments of the application.
Program/utility 516, having a set (at least one) of program modules 518, may be stored in memory 506 by way of example, and not limitation, as well as an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data or some combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networking environment. Program modules 518 generally carry out the functions and/or methodologies of various embodiments of the application as described herein.
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the present application may be embodied as a system, method, or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present application may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present application may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.
Computer system/server 502 may also communicate with one or more external devices 520 such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display 522, etc.; one or more devices that enable a user to interact with computer system/server 502; and/or any devices (e.g., network card, modem, etc.) that enable computer system/server 502 to communicate with one or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur via I/O interfaces 524 (which may be referred to herein as an output and/or an input). Still yet, computer system/server 502 can communicate with one or more networks such as a local area network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g., the Internet) via network adapter 526. As depicted, network adapter 526 communicates with the other components of computer system/server 502 via a bus. It should be understood that although not shown, other hardware and/or software components could be used in conjunction with computer system/server 502. Examples, include, but are not limited to: microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc.
Although an exemplary embodiment of at least one of a system, method, and non-transitory computer readable medium has been illustrated in the accompanied drawings and described in the foregoing detailed description, it will be understood that the application is not limited to the embodiments disclosed, but is capable of numerous rearrangements, modifications, and substitutions as set forth and defined by the following claims. For example, the capabilities of the system of the various figures can be performed by one or more of the modules or components described herein or in a distributed architecture and may include a transmitter, receiver or pair of both. For example, all or part of the functionality performed by the individual modules, may be performed by one or more of these modules. Further, the functionality described herein may be performed at various times and in relation to various events, internal or external to the modules or components. Also, the information sent between various modules can be sent between the modules via at least one of: a data network, the Internet, a voice network, an Internet Protocol network, a wireless device, a wired device and/or via plurality of protocols. Also, the messages sent or received by any of the modules may be sent or received directly and/or via one or more of the other modules.
One skilled in the art will appreciate that a “system” could be embodied as a personal computer, a server, a console, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a cell phone, a tablet computing device, a smartphone or any other suitable computing device, or combination of devices. Presenting the above-described functions as being performed by a “system” is not intended to limit the scope of the present application in any way but is intended to provide one example of many embodiments. Indeed, methods, systems and apparatuses disclosed herein may be implemented in localized and distributed forms consistent with computing technology.
It should be noted that some of the system features described in this specification have been presented as modules, in order to more particularly emphasize their implementation independence. For example, a module may be implemented as a hardware circuit comprising custom very large-scale integration (VLSI) circuits or gate arrays, off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, or other discrete components. A module may also be implemented in programmable hardware devices such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices, graphics processing units, or the like.
A module may also be at least partially implemented in software for execution by various types of processors. An identified unit of executable code may, for instance, comprise one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions that may, for instance, be organized as an object, procedure, or function. Nevertheless, the executables of an identified module need not be physically located together but may comprise disparate instructions stored in different locations which, when joined logically together, comprise the module and achieve the stated purpose for the module. Further, modules may be stored on a computer-readable medium, which may be, for instance, a hard disk drive, flash device, random access memory (RAM), tape, or any other such medium used to store data.
Indeed, a module of executable code could be a single instruction, or many instructions, and may even be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs, and across several memory devices. Similarly, operational data may be identified and illustrated herein within modules and may be embodied in any suitable form and organized within any suitable type of data structure. The operational data may be collected as a single data set or may be distributed over different locations including over different storage devices, and may exist, at least partially, merely as electronic signals on a system or network.
It will be readily understood that the components of the application, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Thus, the detailed description of the embodiments is not intended to limit the scope of the application as claimed but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the application.
One having ordinary skill in the art will readily understand that the above may be practiced with steps in a different order, and/or with hardware elements in configurations that are different than those which are disclosed. Therefore, although the application has been described based upon these preferred embodiments, it would be apparent to those of skill in the art that certain modifications, variations, and alternative constructions would be apparent.
While preferred embodiments of the present application have been described, it is to be understood that the embodiments described are illustrative only and the scope of the application is to be defined solely by the appended claims when considered with a full range of equivalents and modifications (e.g., protocols, hardware devices, software platforms etc.) thereto.
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