Patent Grant
9326421
This application is a 371 of PCT/EP2012/050334, filed on Jan. 11, 2012, which claims priority to German Patent Application No. 10 2011 000140.9, filed on Jan. 14, 2011.
The invention relates to an arrangement for cooling a support having at least one electric and/or electronic component, comprising a housing having an interior space with
The invention also relates to a method for cooling a support having at least one electric and/or electronic component, wherein the support is arranged in a housing having an interior space with
In WO-A-2010/012491, an open encapsulated concentrator system for solar radiation is disclosed. Here, according to an embodiment example, a photovoltaic module is arranged in a box shaped housing which has a double wall through which a cooling fluid flows. On the radiation side, the housing is closed with glass layers. Furthermore, the module is arranged on a cooling element along whose bottom side cooling water flows.
According to WO-A-2003/095922 (EP-A-790 935), cooling water is run in a meandering coil through a housing on whose cover a substrate having semiconductor components can be arranged in order to cool the substrate. The associated arrangement is suitable for cooling, for example, direct copper bonding (DCB) circuit boards, wherein the cooling water is not applied directly to said circuit boards, because otherwise there is a risk of rupture.
A semiconductor module is disclosed in EP-A-0 411 119. For the cooling of the module, the hitter is arranged on a support and covered by a cooling plate along which a cooling fluid runs. The pipes of cooling fluid are surrounded by a housing which is sealed with respect to the support. To prevent the exit of cooling fluid, a gas flows through the housing, whose pressure is greater than that of the cooling fluid.
From US-A-2006/0 138 452, a power semiconductor module with a housing and a semiconductor layer arranged therein is known. The semiconductor layer is arranged between base plates which in turn contact electrically conductive strip-shaped electrode connection elements. In the housing, cooling elements are arranged which are thermally connected to the electrode connection elements in order to cool them.
The aim of the present invention is to prevent the disadvantages of the prior art in the utilization in particular of large-surface supports, for example, supports having an area between 30 cm2 and 200 cm2 or more. In particular, the aim of the invention is to further develop an arrangement and a method of the type mentioned at the start so that a support is subjected directly to a cooling fluid, even if the support is rupture-sensitive, such as, for example, a direct copper bonding (DCB) circuit board on which solar cells, particularly concentrator solar cells, are interconnected to form a module.
To achieve the aim, it is provided substantially that the interior space is subjected to a pressure that is greater than the pressure which is generated by the cooling fluid and is acting upon the support.
The teaching of the invention can be used particularly in cases where electronic components, such as solar cells, that tend to be associated with high power loss, are arranged on a support.
In particular, the invention relates to the cooling of concentrator solar cell modules. Corresponding modules are used in concentrated sunlight generated by parabolic mirrors or heliostatic mirror arrays. As a result, very high light intensities in the range from 10 W/cm2 to 200 W/cm2 are converted into electrical energy. The thermal power loss of these modules is in the range between 5 W/cm2 and 200 W//cm2, and it is similar to that encountered in high-power electronics. However, in the case of high-power electronics, power losses of only a few centimeters squared are generated, whereas, in the case of concentrator photovoltaic modules, the thermal losses are in the range from 30 cm2 to 200 cm2, so that fetal power losses of several kilowatt occur.
Electronic high-power components 101 can be arranged on direct copper bonded ceramic (DCB) circuit boards, as illustrated, for example, in reference to
The housing 103 or the metal or base plate is screwed onto a water cooler 104, wherein a force fit between the housing 103 and the water cooler 104 occurs in such a manner that a good thermal contact is established. In order to improve the contact further, a heat fat is supplied. Through inlet openings 104, water reaches the water cooler 104, flows through the latter through one or more channels 110, in order to remove heat from the support 101 arranged on the plate.
Here, the channels can be designed in such a manner that the surface is increased and turbulence flows are generated. The water is removed through one or more outlet openings 108.
An arrangement to this effect is suitable for high performance electronics, but not for high concentrator solar cell modules having an area in the range between 20 cm2 and 200 cm2 in comparison to high performance electronics arrangements of a few cm2.
In high performance electronics, the DCB circuit boards are connected by soldering to the base plate made, for example, of copper, to remove the heat. Since the heat expansion coefficient of copper is substantially greater than that of ceramics, in the case of alternating temperature stressing with large-surface contacts, damage to the soldered layer can be observed. Therefore, it is not possible to solder, for example the ceramic layer-containing DCB circuit boards with an area of 10 cm×10 cm, onto a solid copper plate.
An additional disadvantage in the case of large-surface contacts between a support and a housing or plate is the fact that a surface contact between the housing and the support is not ensured to the extent required; instead gaps occur, which reduce the heat transfer with the consequence that an irregular temperature distribution occurs.
Based on the teaching according to the invention, it is not necessary for the support to be connected by material connection to a housing or to a plate in the area of the components. Instead, the possibility exists of subjecting the support directly to cooling fluid, such as cooling water or other cooling liquids, such as a glycerol/water mixture, without any risk of the support breaking due to the pressure of the cooling fluid, since the pressure that is exerted from above onto the support is at least equal to, but in particular greater than, the force exerted by the cooling fluid on the support.
Using procedures of simple design, the possibility exists of cooling large-surface supports directly by exposure to a cooling fluid, without any risk of rupture.
Here, it is provided in particular that the pressure in the interior space of the housing is between 0.2 bar and 1 bar above the pressure exerted by the cooling fluid on the support. The cooling fluid, such as a liquid, is introduced, preferably at a pressure between 0.2 bar and 1 bar above atmospheric pressure, into the interstice between the support and the base plate forming the bottom wall of the housing, wherein it is preferable to use flow rates in the range between 0.3 m/sec and 1 m/sec.
The cooling fluid flows through the interstice between the base plate and the support through channels which are delimited in particular by strip-shaped protrusions that originate from the base plate. Alternatively or additionally, corresponding protrusions can also originate from the bottom side of the support. For this purpose, the support has a corresponding design. In particular, the protrusions of the support are formed from sections of a metallization present on the bottom side of the support or from protrusions applied to the bottom side of the support.
In the case of DCB circuit boards, a design to that effect is possible without problems, wherein, depending on the shape and manufacture of the protrusions, also referred to as fins, the metallization has different thicknesses, or protrusions are formed on the metallization, particularly using the masking technique, which protrude into the interstice between the support and the base plate. As a result, the area of the support that allows the heat transfer is increased. At the same time, the cooling fluid flowing through the channels becomes turbulent, so that the cooling effect is increased.
Possible procedures for forming corresponding protrusions on the bottom side of the support are:
Since the support is subjected directly to the cooling fluid and thus the support has to be sealed with respect to said support and the housing, the possibility would exist for cooling fluid to penetrate into the interior space of the housing. However, based on the teaching according to the invention, this is ruled out in principle, since the pressure in the interior space is in principle higher than the pressure of the cooling fluid exerted on the support.
However, the diffusion of components of the cooling medium through the seal cannot be prevented completely. Thus, there is a risk of a slow but steady increase in moisture in the volume to the point of condensation of moisture with decreasing temperature.
To prevent moisture accumulation, it is possible to cause the gas, such as air or nitrogen, to which the interior space is subjected, to flow through the interior space, as a result of which any moisture present can be transported away. For this purpose, the housing, in particular the circumferential wall of the housing, has a corresponding ventilation valve.
The excess pressure within the volume is maintained by feeding in gas, preferably nitrogen, through an inlet opening. In addition, it is possible to connect the volume to a pressure compensation container which lessens pressure variations in the case of varying temperature in the volume.
The gas should be dried or have a relative air humidity between 0% and 60%.
A method of the type mentioned at the start is characterized particularly in that the interior space is subjected to a gas at a pressure P2 where P2≧P1.
The invention proposes preferably that the pressure P2 be set to a value of 1.2 P1 to 2 P1.
In a variant, it is provided that the cooling fluid is introduced at a pressure P where 0.2 bar≦P≦1 bar above atmospheric pressure into the interstice and/or that the flow rate V of the cooling fluid supplied to the interstice is set to 0.3 m/sec≦V≦1 m/sec.
Further details, advantages and characteristics of the invention can be obtained not only from the claims and the features that can be taken from them—separately and/or in combination—, but also from the following description of preferred embodiment examples that can be seen in the drawing.
In
The support 202 is arranged in a housing 200, in particular on a metal plate 204 made of copper or aluminum, for example, which is used as a bottom of the housing 200. To the bottom or metal plate 204, a hood 210 is secured by means of screws, wherein, by means of a sealing element, such as an O ring 212, a sealing between the hood 210 and the base plate 204 occurs. The hood 210 consists of a circumferential wall 220 and a transparent cover 211 extending above and spaced from the support 202. The spacing between the top side of the solar cells 201 and the bottom side of the cover 211 can be in the range between 1 mm and 20 cm.
The area of the support 202, also referred to as a circuit board, is between 3 cm×3 cm and preferably 20 cm×20 cm, although larger supports 202 can also be considered. The solar cells 201 to be interconnected to form a module have a smaller area than that of the support 202. The support 202 is moreover subjected via safety devices, such as clamping elements 203, to a force in the direction of the base plate 204, wherein a seal, such as an O ring 209, extends in the marginal area.
The support 202 is, in particular, a direct copper bonding (DCB) circuit board, which usually has an area of more than 10 cm×10 cm, and which is directly water cooled on the basis of the teaching according to the invention.
As can be seen in the graphic representation, the base plate 204 is penetrated by one or more inlets 207 and one or more outlets 208. Through the inlet, a cooling fluid, such as cooling water or, for example, a glycerol/water mixture, is fed into an interstice extending between the bottom side of the support 202 and the top side of the base plate 204, in order to remove dissipated heat from the support—also referred to as support plate 202. For this purpose, channels 205 delimited by protrusions 206 extend in the interstice between the support plate 202 and the base plate 204, protrusions by means of which the support 203 is supported on the base plate 204. The protrusions 206 can originate from the base plate 205 or from the bottom side of the support 202. However, the possibility also exists that
protrusions originate both from the base plate 205 and also from the support 202, which then mutually engage into each other with mutual spacing.
Furthermore, the possibility exists of inserting spacers into the slit between the base plate 204 and the support 202, spacers which optionally replace or supplement the protrusions.
In particular, it is provided that microfins having a height of 0.5 mm to 5 mm originate from the rear side of the support 202, as protrusions, by means of which the fluid flowing through the channels 205, such as water or a glycerol/water mixture, is distributed, and turbulent flow is generated. At the same time, the area of contact of the rear side of the support 202 with the cooling fluid is increased. It is preferable that the protrusions, such as fins, starting out from the support 202, extend oriented transversely in the direction of the water flow, as a result of which the turbulence effect is increased.
The formation of the protrusions or microfins protruding from the bottom side of the support 202 can occur, for example, in one of the following ways:
The cover 211 can be a white glass or a quartz glass. The cover 211 is mechanically secured in a fixed position relative to the circumferential wall 220 and it is sealed by a high temperature resistant seal, so that the interior space 230 is sealed with respect to the environment.
In order to prevent the support 202 from breaking due to the cooling fluid flowing through the channels 205 and to the associated pressure application, it is provided according to the invention that the interior space 230 is subjected via an opening 214 to a gas, such as nitrogen, in such a manner that the interior space 230 is exposed to excess pressure relative to the pressure exerted by the cooling fluid on the support 202, so that the support 202 cannot rupture. In particular, it is provided that the interior space 230 can be subjected to an excess pressure of 0.2 bar to 1 bar relative to the pressure generated by the cooling fluid.
The cooling fluid can be supplied at an excess pressure in the range from preferably 0.2 bar to 1 bar relative to atmospheric pressure via the feed line 207 into the interstice. The flow rate of the fluid should be between 0.3 m/sec and 1 m/sec.
As a result of the excess pressure present in the interior space 230 relative to the pressure generated by the cooling liquid, it is ensured that the liquid cannot penetrate into the interior space 230. In addition, at the time of diffusion of moisture into the interior space, it is ensured that, in spite of this, a dry atmosphere is present in the interior space 230, since gas is continually removed through a ventilation valve 215 from the internal pipe 230.
The counter pressure in the interior space 230 enables water cooling, particularly of large surface ceramic supports, which otherwise would burst unavoidably due to the existing water pressure.
The side walls 202 of the housing 200, which form a portion of the hood, also consist of metal, such as copper or aluminum.
During operation, highly concentrated light passes through the cover 211 and hits the photovoltaic module, which is made from the solar cells 201 and the support 202. The light intensity is sufficient to melt uncooled metal parts. Therefore, it is advantageous to ensure a good heat conductivity between the circumferential wall 220 and the base plate 204. The base plate 204, also referred to as bottom wall, is in direct contact with the water flow and it is therefore cooled actively.
In an embodiment of the invention, as mentioned, the rear side of the support 202, also referred to as ceramic plate, can be designed so that the heat transfer to the water is improved. Usually, the rear side of a corresponding support plate, which comprises a ceramic layer, is designed as a DCB circuit board with a continuous copper layer connected to the ceramic layer.
According to
These fins or protrusions 302 can also be used as support for the support 202, which is as support on the top side of the base plate 204. In this case, it is not absolutely necessary for protrusions 206 to protrude from the base plate 201.
The protrusions or fins protruding from the rear side 301 of the support 202 can be designed according to
After removing the baffle 402, an arrangement of the firms or protrusions remains on the rear side of the support 202.
The course of the procedure can be seen in
According to
The possibility also exists of applying, for example, by welding, soldering, or gluing, sections of, for example, a metal band or a metal wire, onto the rear side metallization 301. Procedures such as electric welding, ultrasound welding, thermocompression welding, soldering, direct copper bonding or other methods can also be used.
Furthermore, the fins can be applied, for example, in a multilayer sieve printing process and then sintered.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2011 000 140 | Jan 2011 | DE | national |
| 10 2011 000 455 | Feb 2011 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2012/050334 | 1/11/2012 | WO | 00 | 8/29/2013 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012/095437 | 7/19/2012 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4248643 | Peters | Feb 1981 | A |
| 4320246 | Russell | Mar 1982 | A |
| 4329246 | Gilbert et al. | May 1982 | A |
| 4361717 | Gilmore et al. | Nov 1982 | A |
| 20090107541 | Linke et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1157784 | Jul 2004 | CN |
| 100404597 | Jul 2008 | CN |
| 102004014911 | Oct 2004 | DE |
| 0411119 | Feb 1991 | EP |
| WO 8909958 | Oct 1989 | WO |
| 9508844 | Mar 1995 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| International Search Report mailed Jul. 3, 2007, corresponding to PCT/DE2007/000107. |
| Bayerer, R., et al.; “Leistungshalbleitermodule in Direkt-Bonding-Technik.” Technische Rundschau, Edition Colibri AG., Wabern, Ch., vol. 80, No. 2, Aug. 5, 1988; pp. 38-41, 43, 45; which was cited in the International Search Report mailed Jul. 3, 2007, corresponding to PCT/DE2007/000107. |
| I. Koch, N. Lescow: “Comparison of different methods of fluid cooling”, Annual Report, 2008, Institute for Electrical Machines, Drive Trains and Rails; Cited on p. 2 of the Specification. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20130333746 A1 | Dec 2013 | US |
