Patent Grant
7250606
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for evaluating natural resources, etc. including crude oil, natural gas and the like existing underground or for evaluating a stratum structure by using radiation, and for monitoring a building interior by using radiation.
2. Description of the Related Art
A radiation analyzing system by which radiation of hard X-rays, γ-rays or the like is detected so that an image information is generated is actually used in a variety of technological fields. For example, by detecting a radiation field from a certain heavenly body, a physical state or special structure of that heavenly body can be known. Also, by radiating X-rays to the human body or the like and investigating transmission waves thereof, a tomogram image of that human body or the like can be obtained. The radiation analyzing system is otherwise widely used, such as for a nuclear power field (i.e., a vitrification test of radioactive waste, a radiation monitoring device, etc.), a non-destructive inspection field (i.e., a semi-conductor inspection device, etc.), a resources exploring field (an exploration of underground resources, etc.) and the like.
Recently, a new hard X-ray sensor by which weak hard X-rays or the like can be detected with a high resolution has been developed (i.e., Japanese patent applications 2002-261262 and 2003-142670). This hard X-ray sensor is a semi-conductor detector in which CdTe (cadmium telluride) or the like having a relatively large photon blocking power as compared with Si or the like is implemented by a technology called a micro-bump. This sensor has a resolution of about 20 times or more and a detecting time of 1/10 or less than conventional technology. In this way, this sensor has various advantages so that it has a large possibility to be applied to various technological fields.
Nevertheless, a method for effectively using the above-mentioned hard X-ray sensor for each of the technological fields is not established yet and a prompt development thereof is being desired.
In view of the above-mentioned circumstances, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for using the hard X-ray sensor by which weak hard X-rays or the like can be detected with a high resolution, for example, a method for accurately evaluating natural resources of crude oil, natural gas and the like existing underground.
In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the present invention provides the following.
A first aspect of the present invention is a buried object evaluating method is including a first step of arranging a radiation detector to be opposed to a radiation source radiating a first radiation of hard X-rays or γ-rays with at least a portion of a buried object buried in a first substance being interposed between the radiation detector and the radiation source and, by using the radiation detector, detecting a second radiation transmitted through at least the portion of the buried object out of the first radiation, and a second step of evaluating the buried object based on a strength of the second radiation detected by the radiation detector and a strength of the first radiation.
A second aspect of the present invention includes the buried object evaluating method of the first aspect wherein the second step includes estimating a second substance constituting the buried object based on a strength relative to a propagation distance of the first radiation in each of a plurality of substances and the strength of the second radiation.
A third aspect of the present invention includes the buried object evaluating method of the second aspect wherein the first step includes detecting the second radiation at a plurality of positions different from each other and a third radiation not transmitted through the buried object out of the first radiation and the second step includes estimating a propagation distance of the second radiation in the buried object based on the strength relative to the propagation distance of the first radiation and the strength of the second radiation and quantitatively evaluating the buried object based on at least one of the propagation distance of the second radiation and a detection distribution representing a distribution of the second radiation detected at the plurality of positions different from each other.
A fourth aspect of the present invention is an underground resources evaluating method which include a first step of arranging a radiation detector to be opposed to a radiation source radiating a first radiation of hard X-rays or γ-rays with at least a portion of underground resources buried underground being interposed between the radiation detector and the radiation source and, by using the radiation detector, detecting a second radiation transmitted through at least the portion of the underground resources out of the first radiation, and a second step of evaluating the underground resources based on a strength of the second radiation detected by the radiation detector and a strength of the first radiation.
A fifth aspect of the present invention includes the underground resources evaluating method of the fourth aspect wherein the underground resources are crude oil and the second step includes estimating an existence of an oil field based on a strength relative to a propagation distance of the first radiation in the crude oil and the strength of the second radiation.
A sixth aspect of the present invention includes the underground resources evaluating method of the fourth aspect wherein the underground resources are natural gas and the second step includes estimating an existence of a natural gas field based on a strength relative to a propagation distance of the first radiation in the natural gas and the strength of the second radiation.
A seventh aspect of the present invention includes the underground resources evaluating method of the fourth aspect wherein the underground resources are coal and the second step includes estimating an existence of a coal field based on a strength relative to a propagation distance of the first radiation in the coal and the strength of the second radiation.
An eighth aspect of the present invention includes the underground resources evaluating method of the fourth aspect wherein the underground resources are a predetermined metal and the second step includes estimating an existence of an ore deposit of the predetermined metal based on a strength relative to a propagation distance of the first radiation in the predetermined metal and the strength of the second radiation.
A ninth aspect of the present invention includes the underground resources evaluating method of any one of the fourth to the eighth aspects wherein the first step includes detecting the second radiation at a plurality of positions different from each other and a third radiation not transmitted through the underground resources out of the first radiation and the second step includes estimating a propagation distance of the second radiation in the underground resources based on a strength relative to a propagation distance of the first radiation and the strength of the second radiation and quantitatively evaluating the underground resources based on at least one of the propagation distance of the second radiation and a detection distribution representing a distribution of the second radiation detected at the plurality of positions different from each other.
A tenth aspect of the present invention is an underground waste evaluating method including a first step of arranging a radiation detector to be opposed to a radiation source radiating a first radiation of hard X-rays or γ-rays with at least a portion of waste disposed underground being interposed between the radiation detector and the radiation source and, by using the radiation detector, detecting a second radiation transmitted through at least the portion of the waste out of the first radiation, and a second step of evaluating the waste based on a strength of the second radiation detected by the radiation detector and a strength of the first radiation.
An eleventh aspect of the present invention includes the underground waste evaluating method of the tenth aspect wherein the waste is an injected carbon dioxide and the second step includes estimating an existence of the injected carbon dioxide based on a strength relative to a propagation distance of the first radiation in the injected carbon dioxide and the strength of the second radiation.
A twelfth aspect of the present invention includes the underground waste evaluating method of the tenth or eleventh aspect wherein the first step includes detecting the second radiation at a plurality of positions different from each other and a third radiation not transmitted through the waste out of the first radiation and the second step includes estimating a propagation distance of the second radiation in the waste based on a strength relative to a propagation distance of the first radiation and the strength of the second radiation and quantitatively evaluating the waste based on at least one of the propagation distance of the second radiation and a detection distribution representing a distribution of the second radiation detected at the plurality of positions different from each other.
A thirteenth aspect of the present invention is an underground preserved object evaluating method including a first step of arranging a radiation detector to be opposed to a radiation source radiating a first radiation of hard X-rays or γ-rays with at least a portion of a preserved object preserved underground being interposed between the radiation detector and the radiation source and, by using the radiation detector, detecting a second radiation transmitted through at least the portion of the preserved object out of the first radiation, and a second step of evaluating the preserved object based on a strength of the second radiation detected by the radiation detector and a strength of the first radiation.
A fourteenth aspect of the present invention includes the underground preserved object evaluating method of the thirteenth aspect wherein the preserved object is natural gas and the second step includes estimating an existence of the natural gas based on a strength relative to a propagation distance of the first radiation in the natural gas and the strength of the second radiation.
A fifteenth aspect of the present invention includes the underground preserved object evaluating method of the thirteenth or fourteenth aspect wherein the first step includes detecting the second radiation at a plurality of positions different from each other and a third radiation not transmitted through the preserved object out of the first radiation and the second step includes estimating a propagation distance of the second radiation in the preserved object based on a strength relative to a propagation distance of the first radiation and the strength of the second radiation and quantitatively evaluating the preserved object based on at least one of the propagation distance of the second radiation and a detection distribution representing a distribution of the second radiation detected at the plurality of positions different from each other.
A sixteenth aspect of the present invention is an underground buried object evaluating method including a first step of arranging a radiation detector to be opposed to a radiation source radiating a first radiation of hard X-rays or γ-rays with at least a portion of a buried object buried underground being interposed between the radiation detector and the radiation source and, by using the radiation detector, detecting a second radiation transmitted through at least the portion of the buried object out of the first radiation, and a second step of evaluating the buried object based on a strength of the second radiation detected by the radiation detector and a strength of the first radiation.
A seventeenth aspect of the present invention, the underground buried object evaluating method of the sixteenth aspect wherein the buried object is a mine, nuclear weapon or other military weapons or other buried objects and the second step includes estimating an existence of the mine, nuclear weapon or other military weapons or other buried objects based on a strength relative to a propagation distance of the first radiation in the mine, nuclear weapon or other military weapons or other buried objects and the strength of the second radiation.
A eighteenth aspect of the present invention includes the underground buried object evaluating method of the sixteenth or seventeenth aspect wherein the first step includes detecting the second radiation at a plurality of positions different from each other and a third radiation not transmitted through the buried object out of the first radiation and the second step includes estimating a propagation distance of the second radiation in the buried object based on a strength relative to a propagation distance of the first radiation and the strength of the second radiation and quantitatively evaluating the buried object based on at least one of the propagation distance of the second radiation and a detection distribution representing a distribution of the second radiation detected at the plurality of positions different from each other.
A nineteenth aspect of the present invention is a volcanic activity evaluating method including a first step of arranging a radiation detector to be opposed to a radiation source radiating a first radiation of hard X-rays or γ-rays with at least a portion of a volcano being interposed between the radiation detector and the radiation source and, by using the radiation detector, detecting a second radiation transmitted through at least the portion of the volcano out of the first radiation, and a second step of evaluating an activity of the volcano based on a strength of the second radiation detected by the radiation detector and a strength of the first radiation.
A twentieth aspect of the present invention includes the volcanic activity evaluating method of the nineteenth aspect wherein the first step includes detecting the second radiation at a plurality of positions different from each other and a third radiation not transmitted through magma of the volcano out of the first radiation and the second step includes estimating a propagation distance of the second radiation in the magma based on a strength relative to a propagation distance of the first radiation and the strength of the second radiation and quantitatively evaluating the activity of the volcano based on the propagation distance of the second radiation and a detection distribution representing a distribution of the second radiation detected at the plurality of positions different from each other.
A twenty-first aspect of the present invention is an object interior evaluating method including a first step of arranging a test system comprising a radiation detector opposed to a radiation source radiating a first radiation of hard X-rays or γ-rays with at least a portion of a test object being interposed between the radiation detector and the radiation source and, while moving the test system along an external shape of the test object, detecting a second radiation transmitted through the test object out of the first radiation, and a second step of evaluating a physical state of an interior of the test object based on a strength of the second radiation detected by the radiation detector and a strength of the first radiation.
A twenty-second aspect of the present invention includes the object interior evaluating method of the twenty-first aspect wherein the test object is any one of a concrete building, an iron frame building, a stone building, a piping and a liquid reservoir and the second step includes estimating an existence of a crack or foreign matter in the test object based on at least one of a strength relative to a propagation distance of the first radiation in each of a plurality of substances and the strength of the second radiation.
A twenty-third aspect of the present invention includes the object interior evaluating method of the twenty-first aspect wherein the test object is any one of a piping and a fluid reservoir and the second step includes estimating a flow state of fluid in the test object based on at least one of a strength relative to a propagation distance of the first radiation in each of a plurality of substances and the strength of the second radiation.
A twenty-fourth aspect of the present invention is a buried object evaluating method including a first step of radiating a neutron beam to a buried object buried in a first substance to thereby cause a second substance constituting the buried object and a neutron to interact with each other so that a radiation of hard X-rays or γ-rays is released from the second substance, a second step of, by using a radiation detector, detecting the radiation released from the second substance, and a third step of evaluating the buried object based on a strength of the radiation detected by the radiation detector.
A twenty-fifth aspect of the preset invention includes the buried object evaluating method of the twenty-fourth aspect wherein the third step includes estimating the second substance constituting the buried object based on a spectrum of the radiation detected by the radiation detector.
A twenty-sixth aspect of the present invention includes the buried object evaluating method of the twenty-fourth aspect wherein the third step includes quantitatively evaluating the buried object based on a generation quantity of the radiation detected by the radiation detector.
A twenty-seventh aspect of the present invention is an underground resources evaluating method including a first step of radiating a neutron beam to underground resources buried underground to thereby cause a first substance constituting the underground resources and a neutron to interact with each other so that a radiation of hard X-rays or γ-rays is released from the first substance, a second step of, by using a radiation detector, detecting the radiation released from the first substance, and a third step of evaluating the underground resources based on a strength of the radiation detected by the radiation detector.
A twenty-eighth aspect of the present invention includes the underground resources evaluating method of the twenty-seventh aspect wherein the third step includes estimating the first substance based on a spectrum of the radiation detected by the radiation detector and thereby evaluating an existence of the underground resources.
A twenty-ninth aspect of the present invention includes the underground resources evaluating method of the twenty-eighth aspect wherein the underground resources are crude oil and the third step includes estimating liquid hydrocarbon for the first substance and thereby evaluating that the underground resources are an oil field.
A thirtieth aspect of the present invention includes the underground resources evaluating method of the twenty-eighth aspect wherein the underground resources are natural gas and the third step includes estimating gas hydrocarbon for the first substance and thereby evaluating that the underground resources are a natural gas field.
A thirty-first aspect of the present invention includes the underground resources evaluating method of the twenty-eighth aspect wherein the underground resources are coal and the third step includes estimating carbon for the first substance and thereby evaluating that the underground resources are a coal field.
A thirty-second aspect of the present invention includes the underground resources evaluating method of the twenty-eighth aspect wherein the underground resources are a predetermined metal and the third step includes estimating the predetermined metal for the first substance and thereby evaluating that the underground resources are a metal ore deposit.
A thirty-third aspect of the present invention including the underground resources evaluating method of any one of the twenty-seventh to the thirty-second aspects is characterized in that the third step includes quantitatively evaluating the underground resources based on a generation quantity of the radiation detected by the radiation detector.
As a thirty-fourth aspect of the present invention is an underground waste evaluating method including a first step of radiating a neutron beam to waste disposed underground to thereby cause a first substance constituting the waste and a neutron to interact with each other so that a radiation of hard X-rays or γ-rays is released from the first substance, a second step of, by using a radiation detector, detecting the radiation released from the first substance, and a third step of evaluating the waste based on a strength of the radiation detected by the radiation detector.
A thirty-fifth aspect of the present invention includes the underground waste evaluating method of the thirty-fourth aspect wherein the third step includes estimating the first substance based on a spectrum of the radiation detected by the radiation detector and thereby evaluating an existence of the waste.
A thirty-sixth aspect of the present invention includes the underground waste evaluating method of the thirty-fourth or thirty-fifth aspect wherein the waste is an injected carbon dioxide.
A thirty-seventh aspect of the present invention includes the underground waste evaluating method of any one of the thirty-fourth to the thirty-sixth aspects is characterized in that the third step includes quantitatively evaluating the waste based on a generation quantity of the radiation detected by the radiation detector.
A thirty-eighth aspect of the present invention is an underground preserved object evaluating method including a first step of radiating a neutron beam to a preserved object preserved underground to thereby cause a second substance constituting the preserved object and a neutron to interact with each other so that a radiation of hard X-rays or γ-rays is released from the first substance, a second step of, by using a radiation detector, detecting the radiation released from the first substance, and a third step of evaluating the preserved object based on a strength of the radiation detected by the radiation detector.
A thirty-ninth aspect of the present invention including the underground preserved object evaluating method of the thirty-eighth aspect wherein the third step includes estimating the first substance based on a spectrum of the radiation detected by the radiation detector.
A fortieth aspect of the present invention includes the underground preserved object evaluating method of the thirty-eighth or thirty-ninth aspect wherein the preserved object is natural gas and the third step includes estimating gas hydrocarbon for the first substance and thereby evaluating that the preserved object is a natural gas field.
A forty-first aspect of the present invention includes the underground preserved object evaluating method of any one of the thirty-eighth to the fortieth aspects wherein the third step includes quantitatively evaluating the preserved object based on a generation quantity of the radiation detected by the radiation detector.
A forty-second aspect of the present invention is a flow state evaluating method including a first step of radiating a neutron beam to fluid reserved in a vessel to thereby cause the fluid and a neutron to interact with each other so that a radiation of hard X-rays or γ-rays is released from the fluid, a second step of, by using a radiation detector, detecting the radiation released from the fluid, and a third step of evaluating a flow state of the fluid based on a strength of the radiation detected by the radiation detector.
A forty-third aspect of the present invention includes the flow state evaluating method of the forty-second aspect wherein the third step includes estimating a density of the fluid based on a spectrum of the radiation detected by the radiation detector and thereby evaluating the flow state of the fluid.
A forty-fourth aspect of the present invention includes the flow state evaluating method of the forty-second or forty-third aspect wherein the third step includes quantitatively evaluating the flow state of the fluid based on a generation quantity of the radiation detected by the radiation detector.
A forty-fifth aspect of the present invention is a flow state evaluating method including a first step of radiating a neutron beam to an area including a flow path of volcanic magma to thereby cause a substance existing in the area and a neutron to interact with each other so that a radiation of hard X-rays or γ-rays is released from the substance, a second step of, by using a radiation detector, detecting the radiation released from the substance, and a third step of evaluating a flow state of the volcanic magma based on a strength of the radiation detected by the radiation detector.
A forty-sixth aspect of the present invention includes the flow state evaluating method of the forty-fifth aspect wherein the third step includes estimating a density of the substance based on a spectrum of the radiation detected by the radiation detector and thereby evaluating the flow state of the volcanic magma.
A forty-seventh aspect of the present invention includes the flow state evaluating method of the forty-fifth aspect wherein the third step includes quantitatively evaluating the flow state of the volcanic magma based on a generation quantity of the radiation detected by the radiation detector.
A forty-eighth aspect of the present invention is a stratum structure evaluating method including a first step of arranging a radiation detector to be opposed to a radiation source radiating a first radiation of hard X-rays or γ-rays with a stratum being interposed between the radiation detector and the radiation source and, by using the radiation detector, detecting a second radiation transmitted through the stratum out of the first radiation, and a second step of evaluating a fault or active fault existing in the stratum based on a strength of the second radiation detected by the radiation detector and a strength of the first radiation.
A forty-ninth aspect of the present invention includes the stratum structure evaluating method of the forty-eighth aspect wherein the first step includes detecting the second radiation at a plurality of positions different from each other and a third radiation not transmitted through the fault or active fault out of the first radiation and the second step includes estimating a propagation distance of the second radiation in the fault or active fault based on a strength relative to a propagation distance of the first radiation and the strength of the second radiation and quantitatively evaluating the fault or active fault based on the propagation distance of the second radiation and a detection distribution representing a distribution of the second radiation detected at the plurality of positions different from each other.
A fiftieth aspect of the present invention is a building interior monitoring method including a first step of arranging a radiation detector to be opposed to a radiation source radiating a first radiation of hard X-rays or γ-rays with a predetermined space in a building being interposed between the radiation detector and the radiation source and, by using the radiation detector, detecting a second radiation transmitted through the predetermined space out of the first radiation, and a second step of evaluating a human being or thing existing in the predetermined space based on a strength of the second radiation detected by the radiation detector and a strength of the first radiation and thereby monitoring an interior of the building.
A fifty-first aspect of the present invention includes the building interior monitoring method of the fiftieth aspect wherein the first step includes detecting the second radiation at a plurality of positions different from each other and a third radiation not transmitted through the human being or thing out of the first radiation and the second step includes estimating a propagation distance of the second radiation in the human being or thing based on a strength relative to a propagation distance of the first radiation and the strength of the second radiation and quantitatively evaluating the human being or thing based on the propagation distance of the second radiation and a detection distribution representing a distribution of the second radiation detected at the plurality of positions different from each other.
According to the present invention of any one of the above-mentioned aspects, there is provided a method for effectively using a hard X-ray sensor that can accurately detect weak hard X-rays or the like with a high resolution. Thereby, various methods can be realized, for example, for evaluating natural resources including crude oil, natural gas and the like or for evaluating a buried object, underground waste, underground preserved object and stratum structure as well as for monitoring a building interior.
Herebelow, embodiments according to the present invention will be described with reference to the appended drawings. In the description and illustration below, it is to be noted that the constructional elements having substantially the same function and construction are designated with the same reference numerals and repeated description thereof will be omitted except where needed.
(Radiation Analyzing System)
A construction of a radiation analyzing system used in the embodiments according to the present invention will be first described.
The radiation detector 20 detects hard X-rays or γ-rays and comprises a detector plate as a detecting face, as will be described later. If a direction and position of a radiation source are to be detected, a plurality of the detector plates are laminated in the direction of incidence of the radiation so that the respective detector plates are independently movable along this direction of incidence of the radiation. Details of the radiation detector 20 will be described later.
The signal processing part 24 amplifies a detected signal detected by the radiation detector 20 so as to prevent mixing of noises and deterioration of S/N (signal-to-noise) ratio. Also, the signal processing part 24 performs such signal processing as sampling of the detected signal, a further amplification thereof, a generation of a trigger signal, holding of samples, etc.
The detected gamma-rays analyzing unit 26 comprises an A/D converting part 260, a discriminator 261, a trigger signal generating and bit pattern obtaining part 262, a system bus PC translator 263, an MCA (multi-channel analyzer) 264, a high voltage electric source 265, a wave shaping part 266, a system bus 267 and a memory 268.
The A/D converting part 260 converts an inputted analog signal to a digital signal.
The discriminator 261 takes out an original signal wave from a frequency-modulated or phase-modulated signal wave.
The trigger signal generating and bit pattern obtaining part 262 obtains a bit pattern of detected gamma-rays based on the signal wave selected by the discriminator 261. The detected information of the gamma-rays obtained by the trigger signal generating and bit pattern obtaining part 262 is transmitted to the computer 28 for a measurement of a distance and direction to a gamma-ray source, as will be described below. It is to be noted that the construction may be made such that the generation of the trigger signal and obtaining of the bit pattern are carried out by the computer 28.
The system bus PC translator 263 is a transmitter transmitting various signals from the system bus 267 to the computer 28.
The MCA 264 performs a histogram processing of a signal value of the digital signal converted by the A/D converting part 260.
The high voltage electric source 265 generates a high voltage to be charged to an electrode of each of the detector plates of the radiation detector 20. In each of the detector plates having its electrode supplied with the high voltage from the high voltage electric source 265, if the detector plate is a semi-conductor, an electron and positive hole are generated by the incidence of the gamma-rays. Also, if the detector plate is a scintillator, a light in the area of a visible radiation to an ultraviolet radiation is generated by the incidence of the gamma-rays.
The wave shaping part 266 converts a wave shape of an input pulse to a predetermined wave shape on and along an amplitude axis or time axis.
The system bus 267 is a circuit for transmitting and receiving various signals between each of devices in the detected gamma-rays analyzing unit 26.
The memory 268 stores a bit pattern of the gamma-rays obtained by the trigger signal generating and bit pattern obtaining part 262.
The computer 28 is a work station having a function of numerical processing, image processing, etc., or a personal computer or the like. The computer 28 performs a measurement of an energy count distribution of the detected gamma-rays as shown in
It is to be noted that if the detected gamma-rays analyzing unit 26 is constructed to be given with a function of further numerical processing, image processing, etc., the quantitative analysis or the like, to be described later, can be performed by the detected gamma-rays analyzing unit 26 so constructed.
(Radiation Detector)
Next, a construction of the radiation detector 20 will be described in detail.
The sensor part 21 is constructed by a laminate of image sensors 210a, 210b and 210c, as shown in
The image sensors 210a, 210b and 210c are semi-conductor detectors using a semi-conductor of CdTe, CdZnTe (cadmium zinc telluride) or the like. Hereinbelow, for the purpose of concreteness of the description, an example of using the CdTe will be described. CdTe is a compound semi-conductor comprising Cd (cadmium) and Te (tellurium) and its energy gap is about 1.47 eV at room temperature.
The first electrodes 212 of the hole type are formed such that a plurality of holes are bored in the semi-conductor plate 211 by a drill having an outer diameter of about 100 to 200 μm with a predetermined pitch (i.e., 50 μm) being maintained between each of the holes, and the holes are applied with metallizing of Pt, Hg, Au, InTe, Al or the like. Each of the first electrodes 212 has its one end provided with a second electrode 216 (pad) that functions as an electric connector between the first electrode 212 and an electric wiring leading means to be described below (see
It is to be noted that, generally, as CdTe or CdZnTe is a substance that is brittle and noxious to the human body, the plurality of holes are formed by a special process. Also, in a predetermined mode of use, the first electrode 212 is separated into an anode and a cathode and the separated anode and cathode and a part of the CdTe form a sensor element.
Next, the connecting layer 214 interposed between the semi-conductor plate 211 and the IC substrate 213 will be described with reference to
The stud bump connecting portion 220 is formed on an FC pad 180 formed on the IC substrate 213 and comprises an Au stud bump 220a made of Au or the like and an indium layer 220b formed at a terminal end of the Au stud bump 220a. The Au stud bump 220a is formed by one stage of a projection-shaped bump arranged on the FC pad 180 or by a laminate of two stages or more of the projection-shaped bumps arranged on the FC pad 180. This Au stud bump 220a functions to effect an electric supply between the sensor element and the IC, to reduce a leak current between the sensor elements (especially, if the number of layers is increased to two stages, three stages or more, the leak current can be largely reduced) and to absorb a connecting error in performing the FC implementation. Therefore, the material thereof is preferably a relatively soft metal having a good conductivity and in the present embodiment, Au is used. But other materials having the same or similar function may also be used.
The indium layer 220b comprises a thin film layer provided at the terminal end of the Au stud bump 220a and a portion projecting into the first electrode 212. The indium layer 220b, while in the manufacturing process thereof, is formed in a tapered shape having a predetermined height and, in the FC implementation, is fitted to the second electrode 216 by pressure welding. The indium layer 220b functions to effect a secure electric supply between the sensor element and the IC and to provide a predetermined height that is needed for the FC implementation, as will be described later. As for the material thereof, as the CdTe element is used in the present embodiment, a solder material having a melting point of 100° C. or less is preferable. That is, for example, bismuth other than indium can be used.
(Buried Object Evaluating Method)
Next, a method for qualitatively and/or quantitatively evaluating an object buried in a substance by using the above-mentioned sensor system will be described. This evaluating method mainly includes two types, that is, a transmission wave detecting type and a reaction spectrum detecting type. The principle of each of them will be described below. It is to be noted, however, that a substance specifying method and a quantitative evaluating method of each of the types are only examples and no limitation to these examples is intended.
(Transmission Wave Detecting Type)
The principle of the transmission wave detecting type will be described. This method focuses on the attenuation of hard X-rays based on a density difference of propagation mediums (e.g., the attenuation of hard X-rays and the like that have been propagated in an object buried in a substance and the attenuation of hard X-rays and the like that have not been propagated in the object buried in the substance).
In this state, the hard X-rays are measured at position A and position B and the strengths thereof are compared. That is, the strength of the hard X-rays detected at the position A has an influence of being transmitted through the object O (an influence caused by the density difference between the object O and the substance A).
That is, the strength of the hard X-rays measured at the position B approximately equals a value estimated by the transmission factor of the substance A (=1−the attenuation factor) and the transmission distance thereof. However, as the X-rays measured at the position A have been transmitted through the object O that has a density different from the substance A, the strength thereof deviates by the degree of the influence given by the object O from the value estimated by the transmission factor of the substance A and the transmission distance thereof. Thus, if a deviation of the hard X-ray strength caused by the object O is measured, or more concretely, if a hard X-ray strength deviating by the influence of the object O having a density different from the substance A from an estimated strength of the hard X-rays at the position A if the hard X-rays would have been transmitted only through the substance A is measured, it can be so evaluated that the object O exists on a path connecting the cobalt 60 and the position A.
Also, based on the difference between the estimated strength of the hard X-rays at the position A if the hard X-rays would have been transmitted only through the substance A and the actually measured hard X-ray strength at the position A, it is possible to specify the substance constituting the object O and to quantitatively evaluate the object O.
That is, where the transmission factor of the substance A (=1−the attenuation factor) is f1, the transmission distance of hard X-rays to the position A is x1, the transmission factor of the object O (=1−the attenuation factor) is f2, the transmission distance of hard X-rays to the position A is x2 and the initial value of hard X-rays of the cobalt 60 is Io, the hard X-ray strength IA at the position A can be generally formulated as the following equation (1):
IA=Ioexp[−f1x1]·exp[−f2x2] (1)
Here, if the distance between the cobalt 60 and the position A is L, as L=x1+x2, the following equation can be formed:
IA=Ioexp[−f1L]·exp[−x2(f2−f1)] (2)
In the above equation (2), Ioexp [−f1L] is known and IA can be obtained by the measurement. Hence, value V of exp [−x2 (f2−f1)] can be obtained. Comparisons are made between this value V and various values V′=exp [−x (f−f1)] calculated in advance for each of the transmission distance x with respect to respective transmission factors f of plural substances and a substance and transmission distance that substantially coincide with the comparison result are specified. Thereby, the substance constituting the object O can be evaluated.
Also, by measuring the influence of the object O not only at the position A but also at a plurality of positions on the surface of the substance A, a two dimensional distribution showing the existence of the object O can be grasped. By this distribution and the transmission distance obtained as mentioned above, an approximate volume of the object O can be obtained.
(Reaction Spectrum Detecting Type)
The principle of the reaction spectrum detecting type will be described next. In this method, spectrum of γ-rays radiated from an atomic nucleus or the like of an atom included in a buried object is measured to thereby obtain an information on the structure of the atomic nucleus or other expertise information on that atom and based on such information, evaluation of the buried object is carried out.
Upon occurrence of such reaction, there arises a transition of the energy level of a particle (i.e., a nucleon of a predetermined atom) that has interacted with the neutron and hard X-rays (γ-rays) having a spectrum proper to the element are generated. This spectrum is measured by a radiation detector 20 to be analyzed and thereby the existence of a substance including the specific atom can be evaluated. Also, the strength (frequency of the generation) of the hard X-rays including a predetermined spectrum is measured and thereby the atom corresponding to that spectrum can be quantitatively evaluated.
(Underground Resources Evaluating Method)
Next, a method for evaluating underground resources by using the above-mentioned sensor system will be described, wherein embodiments are shown corresponding to the kind of resources as the evaluation object.
(Oil Field Evaluating Method 1)
In the environment in which such oil field exists, a well 42 is bored passing through at least a portion of the oil reservoir 41 and a hard X-rays generating source, cobalt 60 for example, is arranged therein. The cobalt 60 arranged in the well 42 radiates hard X-rays 48 to be measured by radiation detectors 20 at a plurality of positions (position A to position F in the illustration of
Also, the hard X-rays measured at the position A and the position F are not propagated through the oil reservoir 41 that has a high density and, as compared with the hard X-rays measured at the position B to the position E, have less attenuation so that the strength thereof becomes higher by that degree. Thereby, an approximate two dimensional or three dimensional distribution of the oil reservoir 41 can be evaluated and as the result thereof, not only the existence of the oil field but also the oil reserved in the oil field can be quantitatively evaluated.
(Oil Field Evaluating Method 2)
According to each of the oil field evaluating methods described above, as compared with the prior art method, a large cost reduction can be realized. Herebelow, concrete contents thereof will be described in comparison with the prior art method.
In such seismic prospecting method in the prior art, there are problems as mentioned below, for example:
Firstly, an evaluation of the underground resources cannot be done on the spot. That is, as the object of this method is non-homogenous underground rocks or minerals, large noises are included in the reflecting wave, etc. and hence the underground structure cannot be known on the spot of measurement. Thus, usually, the oscillating ground movement within a predetermined time after the generation of the elastic wave is recorded on a recording medium on the spot and afterwards, in the environment having sufficient research facilities, etc., data processing is carried out. Therefore, a large work and time are needed for the evaluation of the underground resources.
Secondly, a quantitative evaluation cannot be done. That is, in the seismic prospecting method, while an evaluation of whether resources exist or not is possible, a quantitative evaluation of a distribution area, etc. of the resources is impossible.
Thirdly, a large cost is required. That is, from the viewpoint of accuracy, while an approximate underground structure is first grasped by the seismic prospecting method, it is then necessary that a plurality of wells are bored for confirming the existence of the oil field and the quantity of oil. Thus, in some cases, the cost may amount to as large as several hundred million yen to several billion yen.
According to the respective evaluating methods of the embodiments of the present invention, all of the above-mentioned problems can be solved. That is, the radiation detected by the radiation detector 20 is speedily and automatically analyzed by the detected gamma-rays analyzing unit 26 and the computer 28. Hence, a quick and accurate evaluation of resources, especially a quantitative evaluation, becomes possible on the spot. Also, according to the method of the present invention, the number of wells required can be reduced as compared with the seismic prospecting method and as the result thereof, an extremely large cost reduction can be realized.
(Evaluating Method of Natural Gas Field, Coal Field, Metal Ore Deposit, Etc.)
The above-described oil field evaluating method of the transmission wave detecting type as well as oil field evaluating method of the reaction spectrum detecting type can also be applied to the evaluation of a natural gas field, coal field, metal ore deposit, etc. as they are by changing the substance data, such as a transmission factor, etc. and the same effect can be obtained.
(Underground Waste Evaluating Method 1)
Next, a method for evaluating a waste disposed underground by using the above-mentioned sensor system will be described, wherein an example where the waste is atmospheric carbon dioxide that is injected underground as a recent technology under development for preventing the global warming is used.
In such environment, like in the evaluation of the oil field, a well 42 is bored and a hard X-rays generating source, cobalt 60 for example, is arranged therein. The cobalt 60 arranged in the well 42 radiates hard X-rays 48 to be measured by radiation detectors 20 at a plurality of positions. At least at positions C, D and E, the hard X-ray strength estimated at each of the positions if the environment would have no such injected carbon dioxide 50 (e.g., if the environment has the stratum only) is influenced by the existence of the injected carbon dioxide 50, that is, by the density change due to the propagation mediums. Thus, the existence of the injected carbon dioxide can be evaluated.
Also, the hard X-rays measured at positions A, B and F are not propagated through the injected carbon dioxide that has a density different from the stratum and, as compared with the hard X-rays measured at the positions C, D and E, have less attenuation so that the strength thereof changes by that degree. Thereby, an approximate two dimensional or three dimensional distribution of the injected carbon dioxide can be evaluated and as the result thereof, not only the existence of the injected carbon dioxide 50 but also the injected carbon dioxide 50 so preserved can be quantitatively evaluated.
(Underground Waste Evaluating Method 2)
(Underground Preserved Object Evaluating Method)
The above-described underground waste evaluating method of the transmission wave detecting type as well as underground waste evaluating method of the reaction spectrum detecting type can also be applied to the evaluation of an underground preserved object of natural gas, etc. as they are by changing the substance data, such as a transmission factor, etc. and the same effect can be obtained.
(Non-Destructive Test: Evaluating Method of Crack, Etc.)
Next, an example where the above-mentioned sensor system is applied to a non-destructive test of a large size building or the like will be described. In this non-destructive test, the evaluating method of the transmission wave detecting type is used.
For example, as shown in
In the setting so arranged, while the hard X-ray source 60 and the sensor 20 are being opposed to each other, they are moved so as to cover all areas of both sides of the object O, as shown by broken lines in
That is, the strength of the hard X-rays not transmitted through the crack 59 approximately equals a value estimated by the transmission factor (=1−the attenuation factor) of a substance constituting the object O and the transmission distance thereof. However, as the crack 59 has a density different from the substance constituting the object O, the strength of the hard X-rays transmitted through the crack 59 deviates by the degree of the influence given by the crack 59 from the value estimated by the transmission factor of the substance constituting the object O and the transmission distance thereof. Thus, if a deviation of the hard X-ray strength caused by the crack 59 is measured, or more concretely, if a hard X-ray strength deviating by the influence of the crack 59 having a density different from the substance constituting the object O from an estimated strength of the hard X-rays if the hard X-rays would have been transmitted only through the substance constituting the object O is measured, it can be so evaluated that the crack 59 exists on a path connecting the hard X-ray source 60 and the sensor 20.
Also, based on the differential value between the estimated strength of the hard X-rays if the hard X-rays would have been transmitted only through the substance constituting the object O and the actually measured hard X-ray strength, it is possible to specify a physical state within the object O or other substances existing in the object O and also to quantitatively evaluate them.
That is, for example, supposing that a bolt 61 exists in the object O, the strength of the hard X-rays transmitted through the bolt 61 deviates from the strength of the hard X-rays not transmitted through the bolt 61. Hence, by obtaining a distribution of positions where the hard X-rays having the deviation of the strength are measured, the size of the bolt 61 can be quantitatively evaluated.
Also, the deviation value of the above-mentioned X-ray strength depends on a substance (or a metal) constituting the bolt 61. Hence, by comparing the deviation value using a table showing the relation between the transmission distance (thickness) and the hard X-ray strength, prepared in advance for each of substances, it is possible to specify a raw material of the bolt 61 existing in the object O and to quantitatively evaluate the thickness thereof.
Next, concrete examples of non-destructive tests using the above-mentioned sensor system will be described for each of buildings included therein as an evaluation object. It is to be noted that, in each of the examples, while the hard X-ray source and the sensor are arranged being opposed to each other, it is necessary that at least one of them is moved along an outer wall, etc. of the building. The mode of this movement is arbitrary but, from the viewpoint of preventing a human body exposure, etc., it is preferable to use an unmanned means using a robot, remote control or the like.
(Non-Destructive Test of Dam)
In this state, the hard X-ray source 60 and the sensor 20, while being opposed to each other with the dam wall 62 being interposed therebetween, are moved so as to cover all surfaces of the dam wall 62, so that the hard X-rays transmitted through the dam wall 62 are detected at each of positions. At this time, the strength of the hard X-rays measured at least in the vicinity of the crack 59 is influenced by the density change due to the crack 59 to deviate from the strength of the hard X-rays measured at the position where no crack 59 exists. Hence, the existence of the crack 59 can be evaluated.
Also, the hard X-rays measured in the vicinity of the crack 59 has less attenuation as compared with the hard X-rays measured in other areas where no crack exists and the strength thereof becomes higher by that degree. Thus, by obtaining a two-dimensional or three-dimensional distribution of the hard X-rays having the less attenuation, an approximate size of the crack 59 can be quantitatively evaluated.
(Non-Destructive Test of Nuclear Reactor)
In this state, the sensor 20, while being opposed to the reactor core 64, is moved so as to cover all portions of the outer wall surface of the nuclear reactor 63, so that the hard X-rays are measured at each of positions. At this time, if there is no problem in the outer wall of the nuclear reactor 63, the sensor 20 detects no abnormality of the hard X-rays. But if the crack 59 exists in the outer wall of the nuclear reactor 63, a portion of the hard X-rays leaks from the crack 59. Hence, by detecting the hard X-rays by the sensor 20, the existence of the crack, etc. and the position thereof can be evaluated. Also, by obtaining a two-dimensional or three-dimensional distribution of the detected hard X-rays, an approximate size of the crack 59 can be quantitatively evaluated.
(Non-Destructive Test of Bridge, Tower, Etc.)
For each of these buildings, the non-destructive test can be carried out by the same method as in the case of the above-mentioned dam and nuclear reactor.
(Non-Destructive Test of Tunnel)
In this state, the hard X-ray source 60 and the sensor 20 are opposed to each other with the tunnel wall 67 and a stratum 68 being interposed therebetween and are moved so as to cover all surface portions of the tunnel wall 67 and the stratum 68, so that the transmitted hard X-rays are detected at each of positions. At this time, the strength of the hard X-rays measured at least in the vicinity of the crack 59 is influenced by the density change due to the crack 59 to deviate from the strength of the hard X-rays measured at the position where no crack 59 exists. Hence, the existence, etc. of the crack 59 can be evaluated.
Also, if a fault 69 exists, the strength of the transmitted hard X-rays is influenced also by the fault 69. Hence, by the degree of attenuation of the strength measured of the hard X-rays, the existence, position and size of the fault 69 in the stratum can be quantitatively evaluated.
According to the present method, a position and size not only of the fault but also of an active fault can be quantitatively evaluated. Moreover, by periodically evaluating the position, size, etc. of the active fault with a predetermined time interval, movement of that active fault also can be evaluated.
(Non-Destructive Test of Interior of Vessel or Piping)
In this state, supposing that a crack 59 exists in a portion of the piping 70a, for example, the hard X-ray source 60 and the sensor 20, while being opposed to each other with the piping 70a being interposed therebetween, are moved so as to cover all portions of an outer surface of the piping device 70, so that the transmitted hard X-rays are detected at each of positions. At this time, the strength of the hard X-rays measured at least in the vicinity of the crack 59 is influenced by the density change due to the crack 59. Hence, by analyzing the occurrence and the position thereof of the strength change of the hard X-rays caused by the density change as well as by analyzing a two-dimensional or three-dimensional distribution of the strength change, the existence, position and size of the crack 59 can be quantitatively evaluated.
Also, according to the present sensor system, thickness of the piping 70a can be measured. That is, the hard X-rays transmitted through the piping 70a are influenced by the thickness of the piping existing at the place of the transmittance so that the attenuation of the hard X-rays changes. For example, the hard X-rays transmitted through the piping having a larger thickness has a larger attenuation as compared with the hard X-rays transmitted through the piping having a smaller thickness. Hence, by analyzing the distribution of the degree of the attenuation, the distribution of the thickness of the piping can be grasped.
Moreover, if the material of the piping 70a is known, a concrete thickness of the piping can be obtained according to the degree of the attenuation. That is, the value of the deviation of the hard X-ray strength depends on the thickness of the piping. Hence, by comparing the deviation value using a table showing the relation between the transmission distance (thickness) and the hard X-ray strength, prepared for the substance constituting the piping, the thickness of the piping can be quantitatively evaluated.
(Non-Destructive Test of Ship, Etc.)
(Fluid Analysis of Fluid in Vessel)
Next, an example where the above-mentioned sensor system is applied to a fluid analysis of fluid in a vessel will be described. This fluid analysis uses the evaluating method of the transmission wave detecting type and the state of fluid flow in the vessel can be grasped without need of opening or closing the vessel.
a) to 22(e) are schematic views for explaining a fluid analyzing method of fluid in a vessel according to the present sensor system. As shown in
In this state, the hard X-ray source 60 and the sensor 20 are arranged being opposed to each other with the vessel V being interposed therebetween and are moved so as to cover all portions of a side surface of the vessel V, so that the strength of the transmitted hard X-rays is measured at each of positions. In this case, as shown in
While one example has been shown in
(Evaluating Method of Movement of Volcanic Magma)
Next, an example where the above-mentioned sensor system is applied to an evaluation of movement of volcanic magma will be described. This evaluation can be realized by the evaluation method either of the transmission wave detecting type or the reaction spectrum detecting type.
The evaluation method of the transmission wave detecting type will be first described.
In this state, there is caused a difference of the hard X-ray strength between the hard X-rays a and b which are transmitted through magma 73 to be detected by the sensor 20 and the hard X-rays c not transmitted through the magma 73. That is, as compared with the hard X-rays c not transmitted through the magma 73, the hard X-rays a and b which are transmitted through the magma 73 are influenced by the transmission through the magma 73 that has a density (components) different from the surrounding stratum and there arises the difference in the strength. Hence, by investigating the generation of the strength difference and a distribution of the hard X-ray transmission areas where the strength difference is generated, a possibility of eruption of the magma 73 or an area where the magma 73 exists can be evaluated.
Next, the evaluation method of the reaction spectrum detecting type will be described.
Upon occurrence of such reaction, there arises a transition of the energy level of a particle (i.e., a nucleon of a predetermined atom) constituting the magma that has interacted with the neutron and hard X-rays having a spectrum proper to the element are generated. Hence, by measuring this spectrum by the sensor 20 and analyzing it, whether the magma exists or not in the area to which the neutron is radiated can be evaluated. Also, by measuring the strength (frequency of the generation) of the hard X-rays including the predetermined spectrum, the size of the magma 73 can be quantitatively evaluated.
[Evaluation of Buried Object (Ruins, Etc.)]
Next, an example where the above-mentioned sensor system is applied to an evaluation of whether ruins, etc. or a buried object hidden underground exists or not in a predetermined area will be described. This evaluation can be realized by the evaluation method either of the transmission wave detecting type or the reaction spectrum detecting type.
The evaluation method of the transmission wave detecting type will be first described.
In the hard X-rays so measured, there is caused a difference of the strength between the hard X-rays transmitted through a buried object 82 and the hard X-rays not transmitted through the buried object 82. That is, for example, a case where the buried object 82 is constituted by gold (Au) and the ruins building 81 is constituted by stone is considered. In this case, as compared with hard X-rays d transmitted through the ruins building 81 only, hard X-rays e transmitted through the buried object 82 are influenced by a density change of the propagation mediums due to the buried object 82 so that the attenuation of the strength is largely changed. Hence, by investigating the generation of the strength attenuation and a distribution of the transmission areas of the hard X-rays where the strength attenuation is generated, the existence of the buried object 82 and the existing area can be evaluated.
With respect to the evaluation of the reaction spectrum detecting type also, the evaluation can be realized by the same method as the evaluation of movement of the volcanic magma, for example.
(Application to Medical Imaging Diagnosis)
The present sensor system can be applied to the field of a medical imaging diagnosis. Here, specifically, an application to a nuclear medicine diagnosing device will be described in which a medicine marked by a radioisotope element is injected into the human body as a diagnosis object and the radiation (γ-rays) radiated from the medicine that has gathered in a diseased part is detected from outside of the human body to be imaged.
In a prior art nuclear medicine diagnosing device, a scintillation camera is provided as a detector detecting the γ-rays and by secondarily performing a concurrent detection of the radiation radiated from the human body, an image is formed. Generally, a camera of a wide view using a monocrystal Na I scintillator (Anger's camera developed by Anger of USA) is mainly used.
In place of this scintillation camera, the present sensor system can be used. In this case, a detecting face of the present sensor is made as an image sensor in which a detecting element is formed in a two-dimensional matrix shape by a hole type electrode and a semi-conductor (CdTe, for example) as shown in
(Application to Discovery of Military Weapons)
The present sensor system can be applied to a discovery of a place in the ground or in a building where military weapons are hidden. That is, for example, in
(Use as Monitoring Camera)
The present sensor system can be used as a monitoring camera. For example, if an intruder gets under cover in a concrete building, the hard X-ray source and the sensor are arranged being opposed to each other with the building and the intruder being arranged therebetween and the hard X-rays transmitted through the building are detected. In the obtained hard X-rays, there is a difference of the strength between the hard X-rays transmitted through the area where the intruder exists and the hard X-rays not transmitted through the same area. Hence, by evaluating the quantity and area of the change, the existence of the intruder in an area where no infrared camera, etc. can be used is evaluated and the interior of the building can be monitored.
Also, by continuously performing this monitoring, movement of the intruder can be grasped. Moreover, by obtaining hard X-ray transmission data in the angular range of 360° around an outer periphery of the building and by performing an image re-construction processing, a more concrete structure and state of an interior of the building can be grasped.
In the above, while the technological concept of the present invention has been described based on each of the embodiments, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments but may be added with various modifications in the constructional elements within the scope of the appended claims. Also, by appropriately combining the plurality of constructional elements disclosed by the embodiments, various inventions can be formed. For example, some of the constructional elements may be deleted from the entire constructional elements shown in the embodiments. Or, some constructional elements included in the different embodiments may be appropriately combined.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2003-342048 | Sep 2003 | JP | national |
| 2003-398097 | Nov 2003 | JP | national |
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|---|---|---|---|
| 3928765 | Teller | Dec 1975 | A |
| 20040066890 | Dalmijn et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040109532 | Ford et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20050069073 A1 | Mar 2005 | US |
