Dual-imaging optical system

Abstract

An optical imaging system especially for microlithography includes a first imaging system forming an intermediate image of an object, and a second imaging system forming, on a surface, an image of the intermediate image. A reflective surface directs light from the first imaging system to the second imaging system. An aspherical corrective optical surface is located at or near the location of the intermediate image for correcting aberrations such as high-order distortion, aberrations due to accumulation of manufacturing tolerances, and spherical aberration. The first imaging system comprises a positive power refractive element and a concave mirror. The second imaging system comprises refractive elements and no concave mirror.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention pertains primarily to optical systems used in reduction-type projection-exposure apparatus such as projection steppers and scanners used in the manufacture of semiconductors. The invention is especially directed to such apparatus that employ catadioptric optical systems in their optical systems with resolution in the sub-micron levels of the ultraviolet wavelengths.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

As circuit patterns for semiconductors become finer, higher levels of resolution are demanded of steppers and scanners that expose these patterns. To satisfy demands for higher resolution, the wavelength of the radiation employed must be reduced, and the numerical aperture (NA) of the optical system must be increased.

Only a few optical materials are adequately transmissive at shorter wavelengths. For wavelengths of 300 nm or less, the only currently available materials that can be used effectively are synthetic fused silica and fluorite.

The Abbe numbers of fused silica and fluorite are not sufficiently different from each other to allow complete correction of chromatic aberration. For this reason, at wavelengths of 300 nm or below, it is extremely difficult to correct chromatic aberration in projection-optical systems comprised solely of standard refractive optical systems.

Fluorite itself suffers from certain disadvantages. The refractive index of fluorite changes relatively rapidly with variations in temperature, and fluorite polishes poorly. Thus, many optical systems do not use fluorite, resulting in systems with lenses of fused silica only. Such all-silica systems exhibit uncorrectable chromatic aberration.

Purely reflective optical systems avoid chromatic aberration, but such systems tend to be excessively large, and to require one or more aspheric reflecting surfaces. The production of (large) precision aspheric surfaces is extremely difficult.

As a result, various technologies making use of "catadioptric" optical systems (i.e., optical systems in which refractive elements are combined with a reflective elements) have been proposed for reduction projection-optical systems. Among these have been several that propose the formation of an intermediate image one or more times within the optical system.

Previously proposed reduction projection-optical systems which form only one intermediate image are disclosed in Japanese laid-open patent documents 5-25170 (1993), 63-163319 (1988), 4-234722 (1992), and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,779,966. Among these proposed systems, only those disclosed in Japanese laid-open patent document 4-234722 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,779,966 use just one concave mirror.

Japanese laid-open patent document 4-234722 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,779,966 disclose catadioptric optical projection systems comprising a concave mirror and a double-pass lens group. Incident light propagates through the double-pass lens group in a first direction, strikes the concave mirror, and then propagates, as reflected light, back through the double-pass lens group in a second direction opposite to the first direction. Because the double-pass lens groups of Japanese laid-open patent document 4-234722 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,779,966 use only concave lenses and thus have negative power, the light entering the concave mirror is dispersed, requiring a relatively large-diameter concave mirror.

The double-pass lens group of Japanese laid-open patent document 4-234722 (1992) is completely symmetric, which reduces aberrations to an extreme degree, significantly reducing the aberration correction burden for the downstream refractive optical system. However, the completely symmetric configuration also reduces the distance between the intermediate image and the nearest optical element to such a degree that use of a beam-splitter is necessitated to effectively redirect the reflected light while allowing passage of the incident light.

The optical system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,779,966 comprises a concave mirror in a second imaging system that images an intermediate image onto the wafer. To provide adequate image brightness in this configuration, divergent light enters the concave mirror, requiring a relatively large-diameter mirror.

In optical systems utilizing several mirrors, it is possible to reduce the number of refractive lenses, but other problems arise.

In order to obtain adequate depth of focus with improved resolution, phase-shift reticles are often used. To most effectively use a phase-shift reticle, the ratio .sigma. between the illuminating optical system NA and the imaging optical system NA should be variable. An aperture stop can be installed in the imaging system to provide or increase this variability. But, in a catadioptric imaging system, as, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,779,966, there is often no location for an effective aperture stop.

In catadioptric optical systems in which a double-pass lens system is employed in a demagnifying portion of the optical system, the demagnification reduces the allowable distance between the reflecting element and the wafer, so that few lenses can be placed in the optical path between the reflective element and the wafer. This necessarily limits the numerical aperture (NA), and thus the maximum brightness, of the optical system. Even if it were possible to realize an optical system with a high NA, many optical elements would have to be placed along a limited optical path length, so that the distance between the wafer and the tip surface of the object lens (i.e., the working distance WD) would be undesirably short.

In conventional catadioptric optical systems, the optical path must be eccentric over at least a portion of its length. The adjustment procedure for the eccentric sections of such optical systems is difficult and makes the realization of precision systems essentially impossible.

The applicant has previously proposed a dual-imaging optical system which is designed with a first imaging system comprising a two-way optical system having a concave mirror and a double-pass lens group that allows light both incident to, and reflected from, the concave mirror to pass through the lens group. An intermediate image is formed by the first imaging system and an image of the intermediate image is formed by a second imaging system. A reflecting surface is provided to direct the light flux from the first imaging system toward the second imaging system.

This dual-imaging optical system allows a smaller diameter concave mirror, and provides an effective aperture-stop placement position, allowing a variable ratio .sigma. based on the illuminating optical system NA and the imaging system NA for use with phase-shift reticles for resolution enhancement. It also allows for sufficient optical system brightness and an optical system where the working distance WD, the distance between the wafer and the nearest surface of the object imaging system, can be relatively long. It also makes the adjustment of the eccentric section of the optical system easy, enabling the practical realization of a precision optical system.

While this dual-imaging optical system has many superior features, attempts to reduce the size of the optical system while maintaining image-forming performance results in increased distortion. That is, the optical system is not symmetric, so even if other aberrations are corrected, distortion will remain.

Also, when trying to correct distortion, astigmatism correction may be affected, and it is well known that it is extremely difficult to correct both types of aberration at the same time.

It is desirable to leave other types of well-corrected aberration as-is, and correct only the distortion or astigmatism aberration, especially the higher-order distortion.

In the manufacturing of high-precision optical systems, variance from product to product inevitably arises due to manufacturing tolerances. This variance results in different aberration levels for each optical system produced. Such manufacturing-error-induced aberrations are normally corrected by adjusting sections of the optical system. However, when there is asymmetric aberration of differing amounts across the image surface due to manufacturing tolerances, or when the generated aberration amounts are too great, it is often impossible to fully correct the system for manufacturing tolerances solely by adjusting sections of the optical system. In this case, corrections can sometimes be made by inserting an aspheric, aberration-correcting plate near the final focused image. While such a correcting plate is effective in correcting "angle-of-view" aberrations (such as distortion and/or astigmatism) when placed as close as possible to the image surface, in practice, the presence of other adjusting devices or measuring equipment near the image surface normally requires that such plates be placed a sufficient distance away from the image surface such that other types of aberration (related to aperture) are also affected. This complicates the correction process.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides a dual-imaging optical system that can effectively correct distortion to a high degree while providing a compact optical system, maintaining imaging performance, and correcting for manufacturing tolerances.

The invention comprises a dual-imaging optical system including a first imaging system that forms an intermediate image, and a second imaging system that forms an image of the intermediate image.

A reflecting surface directs light flux from the first imaging system to the second imaging system in this dual-imaging optical system.

A correcting optical system for correcting distortion, astigmatism, and/or accumulated manufacturing tolerances is placed at or near the intermediate image. The correcting optical system includes at least one aspheric surface. The aspheric optical surface may be a lens surface of a lens near the reflecting surface, or the reflecting surface itself may be made aspheric.

The shape of the aspheric optical surface can be axially symmetric. Alternatively, the aspheric optical surface can be a circular or non-circular cylindrical surface. Further alternatively, the surface can be completely asymmetric. Using the symmetric configuration, at least distortion, spherical aberration of the pupil, and accumulated manufacturing tolerances of the optical system can be corrected.

In order to correct distortion or astigmatism, correct accumulated manufacturing tolerances, and not create other types of distortion, a correcting optical system in the form of at least one aspheric optical surface is placed near the intermediate image. The placement of an aspheric correcting optical system near the intermediate image is especially effective for correcting higher-order distortion or astigmatism. A lens with an aspheric surface may be used for this purpose. On the other hand, since the reflecting surface is near the intermediate image, the reflecting surface itself may be made aspheric and used as the correcting optical system. The reflecting surface can be placed very close to or even at the intermediate image, so that making the reflecting-surface aspheric allows designating the desired distortion or astigmatic aberration correction in a straightforward manner, with little effect on other types of aberration.

The aspheric surface is preferably axially symmetric. Alternatively, an aspheric lens surface could be combined with a rectangular reflecting surface shaped so that change occurred only longitudinally in the reflecting surface. For the same sort of effect, the aspheric lens surface can be a circular or non-circular cylindrical (toric) surface. In other words, the effect that the shape of the aspheric surface has on distortion would be primarily dependent upon changes in the longitudinal inclination of the aspheric surface, and changes in the inclination in the shorter direction would not change the image height significantly, so it would not have that great an effect on distortion. A completely asymmetric aspheric surface may also be used as a lens surface or a reflecting surface.

From the point of view of machining the aspheric surface, simplicity is preferred, such that an axially symmetric surface or one which can change in a longitudinal direction only (a circular or non-circular cylindrical surface) would be better.

An axially asymmetric aspheric surface may be produced by performing aspheric surface machining symmetrically around the optical axis. A circular or non-circular cylindrical surface may be reproduced with a single-direction aspheric surface machining device.

When there are different levels of aberration across the image surface due to manufacturing error, a completely asymmetric aberration-correction surface can be used, depending upon the amount of aberration. Naturally, it would be placed close to the intermediate image, so that just the corrections pertaining to the angle of view could be prioritized as necessary.

The above-summarized invention allows near-perfect correction of the particular aberrations which increase with reductions in the size of the optical system, and even near-perfect correction of hard-to-correct higher-order aberration and distortion and aberration due to manufacturing, while avoiding almost all effects on other aberrations, such as spherical aberration, coma aberration, sine conditions, and axial chromatic aberration.

The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of example embodiments which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1(a)-1(c) are a schematic diagram of a first representative embodiment of the catadioptric reduction optical system of the present invention. FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b) are plan views, respectively, of the reticle and wafer FIG. 1(c);

FIGS 2(a)-2(c) are a schematic diagram of a second representative embodiment of the catadioptric reduction optical system of the present invention. FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) are plan views, respectively, of the reticle and wafer of FIG. 2(c);

FIG. 3 is an optical diagram of the catadioptric reduction optical system of Example Embodiment 1, employing in imaging system B a lens element L having an aspheric surface;

FIG. 4 is an expanded optical path diagram of Example Embodiment 1;

FIGS. 5(a), 5(b), 5(c), 5(d), and 5(e) are, respectively, graphical representations of spherical aberration, astigmatic aberration, distortion, coma, and (chromatic) magnification aberration exhibited by Example Embodiment 1;

FIG. 6 is an optical diagram of the catadioptric reduction optical system of Example Embodiment 2, in which the reflecting surface M.sub.2 is aspheric;

FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of the transverse abberation exhibited by Example Embodiment 2; and

FIG. 8 is a graphical representation of the distortion exhibited by Example Embodiment 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIGS. 1(a)-1(c) show a first representative embodiment of the invention employed in a projection-optical system wherein a circuit pattern on a reticle R is reduced and transferred onto a semiconductor wafer W. This projection-optical system has a first imaging system A that forms an intermediate image of the pattern defined by the reticle R, a reflecting surface M.sub.2 placed close to the intermediate image, and a second imaging system B that forms an image of the intermediate image on the wafer W.

In the Example Embodiments described below, as seen in FIGS. 3, 4, and 6, the first imaging system A preferably comprises four refractive lenses and one concave mirror M.sub.1. Light from the reticle R passes through the first imaging system A in both directions. The reflecting surface M.sub.2 is placed to direct the light returning from the first imaging system A into the second imaging system B. This reflecting surface M.sub.2 may be aspheric.

In the Example Embodiments described below, the second imaging system B preferably comprises 17 refractive lenses. An aperture stop S is placed inside the second imaging system B. Of the lens surfaces in the second imaging system B, the surface closest to the reflecting surface M.sub.2 may be aspheric as an alternative to, or in addition to, the reflecting surface M.sub.2 being aspheric.

By way of example, the projection-optical system of FIGS. 1(a)-1(c) is a lens system with a magnification ratio of 1/4.times., an image-side numerical aperture NA of 0.6, a maximum object height of 72 mm, and a rectangular aperture a. The rectangular aperture corresponds to a rectangular illumination field, with a vertical length of 16 to 40 mm, preferably 24 mm, and a horizontal length of 120 mm. The refractive lenses can be made of fused silica (SiO.sub.2) or calcium fluoride (CaF.sub.2). At the 193-nm wavelength from an ultraviolet excimer laser, the chromatic axial and magnification aberration is corrected for wavelength widths of .+-.0.1 nm.

FIGS. 2(a)-2(c) show a schematic diagram of a second representative embodiment, in which a reflecting surface M.sub.3 is placed inside the second imaging system B, and the direction of travel of the light illuminating the reticle R is aligned with the direction of travel of the light exposing the wafer W. Other aspects of this embodiment are the same as for the first embodiment, and as such, it has the same imaging performance as the first embodiment.

EXAMPLE EMBODIMENT 1

FIG. 3 shows an optical path diagram of Example Embodiment 1 of a catadioptric optical system according to the present invention. The optical system of FIG. 3 can be used with the embodiment of FIGS. 1(a)-1(c) or 2(a)-2(c). In FIG. 3, the reflecting surface M.sub.2 is planar and the surface of lens element L in the optical system B nearest to the reflecting surface M.sub.2 is aspheric.

FIG. 4 shows an expanded optical path diagram of Example Embodiment 1. That is, in order to avoid the complications of reflected light in the drawings, the light rays are shown in FIG. 4 as always propagating in the same direction.

Table 1 below lists the surface data of Example Embodiment 1. The optical path of FIG. 4 is taken in Table 1, with the reflecting surface M.sub.3 omitted, and with a flat reflecting surface inserted, as surface 10, to represent the unfolding of the optical path as shown in FIG. 4. In Table 1, the first column lists the surface number from the reticle R, the second column, labeled "r," lists the radius of curvature for each of the surfaces, the third column, labeled "d," lists the axial distance from each surface to the adjacent surface, the fourth column lists the material for each lens, and the fifth column lists the group designation for each optical element. The lens surface featuring an asterisk (*) in the first column is aspheric. An asterisk in column 5 indicates a return path.

The shape of the aspheric surface in Example Embodiment 1 is represented by the following equation, ##EQU1## wherein y is the height perpendicular to the optical axis, S(y) is the amount of sag parallel to the optical axis at height y, r is the radius of curvature on the optical axis, .kappa. is the conic coefficient, and C.sub.n is the nth aspheric surface coefficient. The conic coefficient .kappa. and the aspheric surface coefficients for Example Embodiment 1 are shown Table 2 (entitled Example Embodiment 1 Aspheric Surface Data), below.

The refractive index n and the Abbe number .nu..+-.0.1 nm of the standard wavelength in relation to the standard wavelength used for fused silica (SiO.sub.2) and calcium fluoride (CaF.sub.2) are as follows.

______________________________________ SiO.sub.2 : n = 1.56019 .nu. = 1780 CaF.sub.2 : n = 1.50138 .nu. = 2550______________________________________

FIGS. 5(a), 5(b), 5(c), 5(d), and 5(e) depict representative plots of spherical aberration, astigmatic aberration, distortion, coma, and magnification aberration respectively exhibited by Example Embodiment 1. In FIG. 5(a), SC represents deviation from the sine condition. Also, in each of FIGS. 5(a)-5(d), Y is the image height, P is the standard wavelength +0.1 nm, J is the standard wavelength and Q is the standard wavelength -0.1 nm. As is clear from each of FIGS. 5(a)-5(e), spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, and distortion are all corrected to a very high degree, demonstrating the superior performance of this optical system.

Note that, in this example embodiment, a lens having an aspheric surface was placed immediately after the reflecting surface M.sub.2. Alternatively, an aspheric lens surface can be placed immediately in front of the reflecting surface M.sub.2. In Table 1, surfaces 1 and 10 are virtual reflecting surfaces.

TABLE 1______________________________________Example Embodiment 1 Surface DataNo. r d Material Group______________________________________0 -- 160.00000 reticle1 .infin. 98.996332 1140.26480 40.00000 CaF.sub.2 A3 -579.11541 255.011234 1182.85550 15.00000 SiO.sub.2 A5 409.99148 124.159816 1269.25390 30.00000 SiO.sub.2 A7 -1392.04400 366.832298 -269.86608 15.00000 SiO.sub.2 A9 -2727.50700 70.0000010 .infin. 011 443.32063 70.00000 A (M.sub.1) (Concave Mirror)12 2727.50730 15.00000 SiO.sub.2 A*13 269.86608 366.8322914 1392.04380 30.00000 SiO.sub.2 A*15 -1269.25400 124.1598116 -409.99148 15.00000 SiO.sub.2 A*17 -1182.85600 255.0112318 579.11541 40.00000 CaF.sub.2 A*19 -1140.26500 98.9363320 .infin. 73.73678 M.sub.2 (Reflecting Surface)*21 -1617.55100 30.00000 SiO.sub.2 B22 -946.74609 0.1000023 443.20483 30.00000 CaF.sub.2 B24 -613.15563 5.0000025 -1133.72600 24.00000 SiO.sub.2 B26 624.49548 10.9489527 -718.16831 24.00000 SiO.sub.2 B28 413.72496 14.4701229 568.99448 30.00000 CaF.sub.2 B30 -356.83594 2.5462231 -303.66460 35.00000 SiO.sub.2 B32 -748.52031 0.1000033 1067.17910 35.00000 CaF.sub.2 B34 -916.15492 732.1962435 639.63609 40.00000 SiO.sub.2 B36 -1837.83000 1.0000037 -- 32.10226 B (Aperture Stop)38 851.14867 30.00000 SiO.sub.2 B39 596.88123 1.2600040 256.43786 50.00000 CaF.sub.2 B41 4113.75620 18.9485342 -477.89543 88.37165 SiO.sub.2 B43 -606.10781 0.5127244 690.95035 32.52509 CaF.sub.2 B45 -3442.72000 0.3674846 153.43477 69.82314 SiO.sub.2 B47 132.23252 14.6896948 145.32257 45.19542 SiO.sub.2 B49 1541.26430 4.2000050 -1123.78400 22.68000 SiO.sub.2 B51 1762.68930 1.9199352 685.77175 31.14230 SiO.sub.2 B53 958.60472 2.2521254 399.11389 31.27391 SiO.sub.2 B55 5403.63050 15.00000 Wafer______________________________________ TABLE 2______________________________________Example Embodiment 1 Aspheric Surface Data______________________________________Lens Surface Number: 21 .kappa. = 1.0000C.sub.4 = -2.38900 .times. 10.sup.-9 C.sub.6 = -4.71130 .times. 10.sup.-15C.sub.8 = -2.05220 .times. 10.sup.-19 C.sub.10 = 8.36490 .times. 10.sup.-24______________________________________

EXAMPLE EMBODIMENT 2

FIG. 6 shows an optical path diagram of Example Embodiment 2 of a catadioptric optical system according to the present invention. The optical system of FIG. 6 can be used with the embodiment of FIGS. 1(a)-1(c) or 2(a)-2(c). In FIG. 6, the reflecting surface M.sub.2 is aspheric and the optical surface of lens L in the optical system B nearest to the reflecting surface M.sub.2 is spherical.

Table 3 below lists the surface data of Example Embodiment 2. An optical path corresponding to FIG. 1 is taken in Table 3, so that mirror M.sub.3 is omitted. As in Table 1, in Table 3, the first column lists the surface number from the reticle R, the second column, labeled "r," lists the radius of curvature for each of the surfaces, the third column, labeled "d," lists the axial distance from each surface to the next surface, the fourth column lists the material for each lens, and the fifth column lists the group designation for each optical element. The surface featuring an asterisk (*) in the first column is aspheric. An asterisk in column 5 indicates a return path. In contrast with Table 1, negative distances are employed in Table 3 to represent the return path of reflected light, rather than negative radii of curvature. In Table 3, surfaces 1-6, 13, and 26-31 are virtual surfaces that were considered as part of the lens-design process.

The shape of the aspheric surface of Example Embodiment 2 may be represented by the equation presented above relative to Example Embodiment 1. The conic coefficient .kappa. and the aspheric surface coefficients for Example Embodiment 2 are shown in Table 4, (entitled Example Embodiment 2 Aspheric Surface Data), below.

FIG. 7 depicts representative plots of coma exhibited by Example Embodiment 2. In each of the diagrams, Y is the image height. As is clear from these aberration diagrams, the optical system of Example Embodiment 2 provides excellent performance, particularly in that coma is corrected nearly to the point of no aberration. FIG. 8 provides plots of distortion exhibited by Example Embodiment 2. As is clear from the distortion curve, distortion correction is extremely good.

TABLE 3______________________________________Example Embodiment 2 Surface DataNo. r d Material Group______________________________________0 -- 60.000000 reticle1 .infin. 02 .infin. 30.0000003 .infin. 04 .infin. 80.0090005 .infin. 06 .infin. 21.1102017 1363.11994 36.000000 CaF.sub.2 A8 -404.99434 279.6306769 1408.93350 13.500000 SiO.sub.2 A10 376.65770 116.46605511 906.81981 27.000000 SiO.sub.2 A12 -1332.26491 154.96280313 .infin. 175.63503614 -249.08892 13.500000 SiO.sub.2 A15 -3128.27181 63.00000016 -401.41197 -63.000000 A (M.sub.1) (Concave17 -3128.27181 -13.500000 SiO.sub.2 A*18 -249.08892 -175.63503619 .infin. -154.96280320 -1332.26491 -27.000000 SiO.sub.2 A*21 906.81981 -116.46605522 376.65770 -13.500000 SiO.sub.2 A*23 1408.93350 -279.63007624 -404.99434 -36.000000 CaF.sub.2 A**25 1363.11994 -21.110201 M.sub.2 (Reflecting Surface)26 .infin. 027 .infin. 028 .infin. 029 .infin. 030 .infin. 031 .infin. 130.00000032 2229.03311 24.000000 SiO.sub.2 B33 408.22661 3.00000034 569.14187 27.000000 CaF.sub.2 B35 -444.32289 4.50000036 1784.92158 21.600000 SiO.sub.2 B37 -2577.16606 10.72297738 -343.44849 21.600000 SiO.sub.2 B39 1202.96387 12.85959140 1625.87851 47.000000 CaF.sub.2 B41 -195.20517 2.41283442 -193.18029 31.500000 SiO.sub.2 B43 -1287.21632 0.10000044 730.56017 31.500000 CaF.sub.2 B45 -2127.69381 556.23891746 2508.51186 36.000000 SiO.sub.2 B47 -1178.02445 162.012540 (Aperture48 -- 39.867585 Stop)49 303.62383 27.000000 SiO.sub.2 B50 440.67155 1.13400051 249.11054 45.000000 CaF.sub.2 B52 3674.25611 17.04591453 -543.69897 75.048590 SiO.sub.2 B54 -781.60219 0.46144655 611.86734 29.284957 CaF.sub.2 B56 -4354.55637 0.33073357 142.52792 62.831346 SiO.sub.2 B58 128.33358 13.20684659 142.57235 40.662754 SiO.sub.2 B60 754.18207 3.78000061 -1327.11593 20.412000 SiO.sub.2 B62 531.69413 1.72793563 375.03771 28.020164 SiO.sub.2 B64 779.50239 2.02690565 283.45101 25.490979 SiO.sub.2 B66 4863.26742 15.000000 Wafer______________________________________ TABLE 4______________________________________Example Embodiment 2 Aspheric Data______________________________________Surface Number: 25 .kappa. = 1.0000C.sub.4 = -0.162401 .times. 10.sup.-10 C.sub.6 = -0.117682 .times. 10.sup.-15C.sub.8 = -0.123567 .times. 10.sup.-19 C.sub.10 = 0.274232 .times. 10.sup.-25______________________________________

Having illustrated and demonstrated the principles of the invention in example embodiments, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the preferred embodiments can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from such principles. I claim as the invention all that comes within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

1. An optical imaging system for forming an image of an object on a surface, comprising on an optical axis:

(a) a first imaging system that forms an intermediate image of the object;

(b) a second imaging system that forms an image, of said intermediate image, on said surface; and

(c) a first corrective aspheric optical surface, located at or sufficiently near a location of the intermediate image so as to permit correction, by the aspheric optical surface, of distortion without substantially affecting other aberrations.

2. The optical imaging system of claim 1, comprising a reflective surface arranged to direct light flux from the first imaging system to the second imaging system, the reflective surface comprising the first corrective aspheric optical surface.

3. The optical imaging system of claim 1, further comprising a planar reflective surface arranged to direct light flux from the first imaging system to the second imaging system, wherein the first corrective aspheric optical surface comprises a surface of a lens element.

4. The optical imaging system of claim 3, wherein the lens element is adjacent the reflective surface.

5. The optical imaging system of claim 1, further comprising a second corrective aspheric optical surface configured as a reflective surface arranged to direct light flux from the first imaging system to the second imaging system, wherein the first corrective aspheric optical surface comprises a surface of a lens element.

6. The optical imaging system of claim 5, wherein the lens element is adjacent the reflective surface.

7. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the aspheric optical surface is symmetrical about an axis of symmetry.

8. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the aspheric optical surface is a circular or non-circular cylindrical surface.

9. A catadioptric imaging system for forming an image of an object on a surface, comprising:

(a) a first imaging system that forms an intermediate image of the object, the first imaging system comprising

(i) a concave mirror, and

(ii) at least one convex lens arranged such that light from the object propagates through the convex lens to the concave mirror and light reflected from the concave mirror propagates back through the convex lens;

(b) a second imaging system that forms an image of the intermediate image on the surface, the second imaging system comprising one or more refractive lenses;

(c) a reflective surface arranged to guide light flux returning from the first imaging system toward the second imaging system; and

(d) a corrective aspheric optical surface, located at or sufficiently near a location of the intermediate image such that ray-bundles from spaced points on an image plane are substantially non-overlapping at the aspheric surface so as to permit correction, by the aspheric surface, of distortion without substantially affecting other aberrations.

10. The imaging system of claim 9, wherein the reflective surface comprises the aspheric optical surface.

11. The imaging system of claim 9, wherein the aspheric optical surface comprises a lens surface of a lens near the reflective surface.

12. The imaging system of claim 11, wherein the reflective surface is aspheric.

13. The imaging system of claim 9, wherein the image formed on the surface is reduced relative to an actual size of the object.

14. The imaging system of claim 9, comprising at most one concave mirror.

15. The imaging system of claim 9, wherein light from the object enters the first imaging system directly without intervening reflection.

16. The imaging system of claim 9, wherein the second imaging system comprises a planar mirror such that the light leaving the object and the light arriving at the surface travel in the same direction.

17. The imaging system of claim 9, wherein the second imaging system includes no non-planar mirrors.

18. The imaging system of claim 9, wherein the second imaging system comprises fused-silica lenses and fluorite lenses.

19. The imaging system of claim 9, wherein the first imaging system comprises fused-silica lenses and fluorite lenses.