The present invention relates generally to a technique for improving the transmission of high bit rates or high signal frequencies within a substrate, and more particularly, to a technique for minimizing losses, skin effect, and cross-talk between adjacent signal conductors, and increasing propagation speed.
The present state of the art in multi-layer substrates is to sandwich a conventional rectangular stripline between two substrate layers, which are generally dielectric layers.
Each substrate layer has an associated loss tangent, which indicates the amount of signal loss due to the dielectric effects of the substrate layers that are adjacent to the stripline. At high bit rates or high signal frequencies, the effect of the loss tangent increases, thereby causing more loss. An additional problem inherent in the prior art results from a phenomenon known as “skin effect”. When current is passed through a conductor, the current tends toward the outside of the conductor thereby creating an outer skin of current. The cross-sectional area of the skin is less than the cross-sectional area of the conductor, thereby creating additional losses. The skin effect worsens as the frequency of the transmitted signal increases as shown by the following equation:
skin depth=1/√(fπσμ) (1)
where f is equal to signal frequency, a is equal to the electrical conductivity of the conductor or signal track and μ is equal to the permeability of the conductor or signal track. Accordingly, higher data rates lead to smaller skin depth, which in turn leads to higher losses.
An additional problem in the prior art has been the existence of crosstalk, which is a category of noise induced primarily by the electromagnetic coupling between signal lines. In printed wiring boards, crosstalk can occur by the electrical coupling between nearby conductors in a given layer. Crosstalk increases with longer track coupling distances and smaller separation between tracks. Furthermore, crosstalk becomes a greater problem at higher frequencies. The problems associated with crosstalk are fully discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/443,128, filed Nov. 18, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,444,922, issued Sep. 3, 2002, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The aforementioned application discloses the use of Embedded shielded stripline (ESS) technology.
In view of the foregoing, it would be desirable to provide a technique for improving signal reach and signal integrity during signal transmission at high bit rates or high signal frequencies which overcomes the above-described inadequacies and shortcomings. More particularly, it would be desirable to minimize the losses due to non-uniform current distribution and high dielectric loss tangents. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a technique for manufacturing a multi-layer substrate for improving signal reach and signal integrity in an efficient and cost effective manner.
According to the present invention, a technique for facilitating signal transmission at high signal frequencies is provided. In one embodiment, the technique is realized by providing a multi-layer substrate. The multi-layer substrate comprises a conductor or pair of conductors, a first dielectric layer on a first side of the conductor or pair of conductors, and a second dielectric layer on a second side of the conductor or pair of conductors. An air channel is formed in the first dielectric layer, the air channel formed to be substantially coextensive with the conductor or pair of conductors. An electrically conductive shield surrounds the conductor or pair of conductors, the first dielectric layer, and the second dielectric layer.
In accordance with other aspects of the present invention, a multi-layer substrate comprises an elongated conductor or pair of conductors having a continuous main path and discrete spaced edges protruding from opposing edges of the continuous main path. A first dielectric layer is provided on a first side of the conductor or pair of conductors, the first dielectric layer having an air channel substantially coextensive with the continuous main path and a solid portion overlapping with the discrete spaced edges. A second dielectric layer is provided on a second side of the conductor or pair of conductors, the second dielectric layer having an air channel substantially coextensive with the continuous main path of the conductor or pair of conductors and a solid portion overlapping with the discrete spaced edges. An electrically conductive shield surrounds the conductor or pair of conductors and the first and second dielectric layers.
In accordance with further aspects of the present invention, a supporting layer is provided adjacent to at least one of the dielectric layers. The supporting layer is provided on an opposite side of the dielectric layer from the conductor or pair of conductors.
In accordance with still further aspects of the present invention, the width of the conductor or pair of conductors is increased in order to provide impedance matching in view of the low dielectric constant of the air channel.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for creating embedded shielded stripline structures with air channels. The method comprises forming an air channel within a dielectric layer and placing additional layers on each side of the dielectric layer. The additional layers including at least a top layer, a bottom layer, and at least one signal layer adjacent the air channel. The method further comprises laminating the top layer, bottom layer, dielectric layer, and signal layer and forming trenches from the top layer to the bottom layer and through the dielectric layer and signal layer. Finally, the method comprises applying metallization to the trenches.
The present invention will now be described in more detail with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof as shown in the appended drawings. While the present invention is described below with reference to preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited thereto. Those of ordinary skill in the art having access to the teachings herein will recognize additional implementations, modifications, and embodiments, as well as other fields of use, which are within the scope of the present invention as disclosed and claimed herein, and with respect to which the present invention could be of significant utility.
In order to facilitate a fuller understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the appended drawings. These drawings should not be construed as limiting the present invention, but are intended to be exemplary only.
Referring to
These continuous electrically conductive shields described above are beneficial for reducing or eliminating cross-talk between signals propagating along adjacent signal conductors 16 and 17, as described in related U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/443,128, filed Nov. 18, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,444,922, issued Sep. 3, 2002, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Referring to
In the differential pair embodiment of
The aforementioned dielectric layers 21 and 22 may be formed from any suitable material and may in fact be formed from differing dielectric materials having different dielectric constants, so as to vary propagation speed.
The conductors 26 and 27 and primary and secondary layers 23 and 25 are preferably formed of copper. In an embodiment of the invention, the conductors 26 and 27 and primary and secondary layers 23 and 25 are formed to have a thickness of approximately 0.65 mils and have a width of approximately 9 mils. The width will have a value designed to meet impedance requirements. The larger the air space, the wider the conductors will become in order to achieve the desired impedance.
The air channel 28 is preferably laser milled into the dielectric layer 21. The air channel 28 may be formed by alternative methods such as by the manufacturing of trenches using microvia technology or by using mechanical routing of the air channel 28 in the dielectric layer 21. The dielectric constant of the air channel is 1.0 and the thickness dimension of the air channel preferably corresponds to the thickness of the dielectric layer 21, which is approximately 6 mils in the provided embodiment. The top two layers are approximately 4 and 6 mils.
The conductors 26, 27 are bordered on one side by the dielectric layer 22, having a given dielectric constant which is greater than 1.0, and on an opposite side by the air channel 28, which has a dielectric constant of approximately 1.0. Regardless of the material chosen for the dielectric layers, the air channel 28 will always have a lower dielectric constant of approximately 1.0, thereby enhancing propagation speed. The exact propagation speed achieved will depend upon the characteristics of the dielectric material.
A conductive shield 24 (formed by conductive shielding components 24a, 24b, and 24c) is provided, along with secondary layer 25, to surround the entire structure in order to minimize cross-talk between conductors. The conductive shield 24 is preferably formed of copper.
In order to construct the substrate shown in
In the embodiment shown in
Castled edges can be obtained by subtracting or removing the electrical conductor material from the transmission lines of uniform width described in the previous embodiments such as in
Z=√(L/C) (2)
where Z is equal to characteristic impedance, L is equal to inductance, and C is equal to capacitance. With castled edges, an impedance Z′ can be created as follows:
Z′=√(L/(C−ΔC)) (3)
wherein ΔC represents the change in capacitance caused by the reduced surface area of the castled edges. Thus, a higher impedance Z′ results. This now permits increasing the width of the conductor in the region between the castled edges in order to restore the characteristic impedance to its original design value. This action results in a lower conductor resistance which lowers the conductor loss. In addition, the presence of the castled edges increases the path length along the conductor edges where the current concentration is high due to skin effect at high frequencies; this suppresses the flow of edge currents and aids in redistributing the current flow over a greater portion of the central conductor region, thereby reducing losses due to skin effect. A further benefit of the castled edges is that a greater portion of the conductor capacitance is formed by an air dielectric as opposed to the solid and potentially lossier dielectric of the supporting structure; since the dielectric loss of air is virtually zero, a net reduction of the total dielectric loss occurs.
As shown in
An alternative embodiment is provided in
In general, in the embodiments of both
A further measure for controlling impedance includes controlling the width of the above-disclosed striplines. For a given substrate layer thickness, lowering the dielectric constant means that the width of the stripline needs to be increased in order to provide the correct impedance. In a single ended embodiment, 50 ohms is a preferred impedance and in the single ended embodiment and 100 ohms is the preferred impedance in the differential pair embodiment. When wider conductors and air channels are used to achieve a design impedance, benefits are derived including greater signal reach and no dielectric loss. These features are extremely important at high bit rates or high signal frequencies such as 10 Gb, because signal integrity becomes difficult with longer track lengths.
Typically, a differential pair stripline, designed for 100 ohms differential impedance may be disposed adjacent a dielectric material having a dielectric constant of approximately 3.1. The dielectric material is approximately 4 mils thick above the conductors and 6 mils thick below the conductors. In such an embodiment, using a dielectric loss tangent of 0.006, the track or conductor widths should be approximately 5 mils, with a 5 mil spacing between the inside edges of the conductors. Alternatively, if a width of 5.5 mils is used, a spacing of 7.5 mils is optimal. The resultant signal loss in this instance is 0.34 dB per inch.
In another embodiment, with air as the dielectric, the loss tangent is equal to zero and the dielectric constant is equal to 1.0. Accordingly the conductors must be made even wider to obtain 100 ohms. Specifically, the conductors must have a width of 12 mils and a spacing of 14 mils assuming the dielectric spacing of 4 mils and 6 mils as specified above. The resultant signal loss is 0.24 dB per inch. The decrease in loss is due to the use of air channels to increase signal reach. Calculation of loss as related to the width of a transmission line is fully explained in S. B. Cohn, “Characteristic Impedance of the Shielded-Strip Transmission Lines”, IRE Trans., Vol. MTT-3, March 1955, p. 119–126 and in H. A. Wheeler, “Transmission-Line Properties of Parallel Wide Strips by a Conformal-Mapping Approximation”, IEEE Trans., Vol. MTT-12, May 1964, p. 280–289.
The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the present invention, in addition to those described herein, will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying drawings. Thus, such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the following appended claims. Further, although the present invention has been described herein in the context of a particular implementation in a particular environment for a particular purpose, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that its usefulness is not limited thereto and that the present invention can be beneficially implemented in any number of environments for any number of purposes. Accordingly, the claims set forth below should be construed in view of the full breadth and spirit of the present invention as disclosed herein.
This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/749,412, filed Dec. 28, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,600,395, issued Jul. 29, 2003, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. This patent application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/749,435, entitled “Technology Implementation of Suspended Stripline Within Multi-layer Substrate Used to Vary Time Delay and to Maximize the Reach of Signals with High Data Rates or High Frequencies”, filed on Dec. 28, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,621,384, issued Sep. 16, 2003, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. This patent application is additionally related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/749,411, entitled “Suspended Stripline Structures to Reduce Skin Effect and Dielectric Loss to Provide Low Loss Transmission of Signals with High Data Rates or High Frequencies”, filed on Dec. 28, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,603,376, issued Aug. 5, 2003, which is also hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. This patent application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/443,128 entitled “Zero Cross-Talk Signal Line Design”, filed on Nov. 18, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,444,922, issued Sep. 3, 2002, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
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4673904 | Landis | Jun 1987 | A |
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Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 09749412 | Dec 2000 | US |
Child | 10420733 | US |