Patent Application
20200190218
This invention relates to the production of immunoglobulin molecules, including the production of bispecific antibodies in transgenic animals for the development of human therapeutics.
In the following discussion certain articles and methods are described for background and introductory purposes. Nothing contained herein is to be construed as an “admission” of prior art. Applicant expressly reserves the right to demonstrate, where appropriate, that the articles and methods referenced herein do not constitute prior art under the applicable statutory provisions.
Monoclonal antibodies have emerged as an important class of therapeutic molecules for the treatment of human diseases of various etiologies. In humans as well as most vertebrate animals, antibodies exist as dimers of two identical heavy (H) chains that are each paired with an identical light (L) chain. The N-terminus of each H and L chain consists of a variable domain (VH and VL, respectively) that together provides the H-L pair with its unique antigen-binding specificity. Thus, each antibody consists of two identical antigen-binding sites and is monospecific.
The exons that encode the antibody VH and VL domains do not exist in the germline DNA. Instead, each VH exon is generated by the recombination of randomly selected V, D, and J genes present in the H chain locus; likewise, individual VL exons are produced by the chromosomal rearrangements of randomly selected V and J genes in the light chain locus. The human genome contains two alleles that can express the H chain (one allele from each parent), two alleles that can express the kappa (κ) L chain, and two alleles that can express the lambda (λ) L chain. There are multiple V, D, and J genes at the H chain locus as well as multiple V and J genes at both L chain loci. Downstream of the J genes at each immunoglobulin locus exists one or more exons that encode the constant region of the antibody. In the heavy chain locus, exons for the expression of different antibody classes (isotypes) also exist. Despite the presence of multiple immunoglobulin alleles in the genome, each B cell is prevented from expressing more than one functional heavy chain and one functional light chain at a time by a process called allelic exclusion.
During B cell development, V(D)J gene recombination occurs first on one of the two homologous chromosomes that contain the H chain genes. The resultant VH exon is subsequently spliced at the RNA level to the exons that encode the constant regions of the H chain (CH). A full-length H chain can now be expressed only if the VH exon formed following VDJ gene rearrangement is in-frame with the CH exons. Once the H chain polypeptides are translated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), they form membrane-bound homodimers and pair with the VpreB and λ5 proteins to form the pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) complex. VpreB and λ5 together act as surrogate L chains, and only properly folded pre-BCRs can traffic to the cell surface from the ER. Once a sufficient number of pre-BCRs reach the cell surface, by mechanisms that are still incompletely understood, a signaling cascade is triggered to prevent enzymes of the recombinase activating genes (RAGs) from proceeding to recombine the V, D, and J genes of the second heavy chain allele on the homologous chromosome. By contrast, if a non-functional heavy chain gene is generated from the first heavy chain allele, no pre-BCRs are formed and the second H chain allele is now permissive for VDJ recombination. Thus, H chain allelic exclusion is mediated by signaling from the cell surface pre-BCRs. This is best exemplified by B cells in which the loss of Cμ heavy chain transmembrane exons results in severely compromised heavy chain allelic exclusion (Kitamura and Rajewsky, Nature 356:154-156 (1992)).
Upon successful completion of the VDJ gene rearrangements for the production of a functional H chain, VJ recombination occurs at one of the L chain loci in a similar orderly fashion. In both humans and mice, the κL chain locus tends to rearrange before the λL chain locus. The VJ rearrangements occur on one L chain allele at a time until a functional L chain is produced, after which the L chain polypeptides can now associate with the H chain homodimers. As in the case of the pre-BCR assembly, only a functional B cell receptor (BCR) consisting of homodimeric H chains that are each paired to an L chain can traffic to the plasma membrane to mediate the signals necessary for further B cell development. The cell surface BCR signals also effectively turn off RAG expression to prevent any further L chain rearrangements. Thus, heavy chain expression on the plasma membrane is required to mediate allelic exclusion at both the H and L chain loci.
Because of allelic exclusion at the H and L chain loci, each B lymphocyte is capable of producing only monospecific antibodies. Therapeutically, however, artificially engineered antibodies that harbor two different antigen-binding sites per antibody molecule have been proven to be efficacious as treatments for a number of diseases. The generation of such bispecific antibodies typically involves time-consuming separate efforts to screen, identify, and isolate the monospecific antibodies against each the two distinct antigens of interest. Subsequently, the genes encoding the H and L chains of each candidate monoclonal antibody to be engineered as one half of a bispecific antibody are cloned and modified for permissive heterotypic associations between H chains or between H and L chains. To obtain bispecific antibodies for further evaluation, a cell line must be transfected with the modified H and/or L chain genes from the two original monoclonal antibodies. Thus, a method for more efficient production of bispecific antibodies, particularly during the initial phases of drug development, is an important unmet need. The methods and compositions provided by the present specification meet this important need.
This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Other features, details, utilities, and advantages of the claimed subject matter will be apparent from the following written Detailed Description, including those aspects illustrated in the accompanying drawings and defined in the appended claims.
The present specification describes processes for the isolation of bispecific antibodies. It also describes transgenic animals, including transgenic mammals, carrying modified immunoglobulin alleles or other transgenes in their genomes. The modifications to the alleles interfere with the normal mechanisms of allelic exclusion following VDJ and/or VJ rearrangements. B cells in these genetically modified animals acquire the ability to produce antibodies with two or more antigen-binding specificities. Suppressing allelic exclusion to facilitate the production of bispecific antibodies from an immunized host is a novel aspect of the invention.
In some exemplary embodiments, the invention introduces modifications to the immunoglobulin alleles to impinge on the normal allelic exclusion processes such that an in-frame V(D)J rearrangement does not prevent the successive V(D)J rearrangement of the other immunoglobulin allele(s). By interfering with the signals that mediate allelic exclusion during B cell development, the invention described herein provides methods and compositions for modifying the genomic contents of animals so that their B cells are capable of expressing more than one functional VH domain and/or or more than one functional VL domain per cell.
In one exemplary aspect of this embodiment, pre-BCR signaling is impaired by mutations introduced into each of the two H chain alleles to suppress heavy chain allelic exclusion. The mutations are also selected such that they disfavor homodimeric heavy chain formation but are compatible with heterodimerization between the two mutant heavy chains. As a consequence, heavy chain polypeptides expressed from either one of the two mutant heavy chain alleles alone are expected to misfold in the ER and thus be prevented from trafficking to the plasma membrane to mediate signals for allelic exclusion and further B cell development. Thus, successful pre-BCR assembly occurs only when both mutant heavy chain alleles are co-expressed and form complementary heterodimers. The constant regions of the heavy chain locus may also be modified to limit the extent of isotype switching. Although the individual B cells are expected to express two different heavy chains paired to only one kind of light chain, both the heavy and light chain repertoires are expected to be very extensive in the pool of B cells in a host.
In another version of this embodiment, the constant regions of the heavy chain and/or light chain alleles are modified such that an in-frame VDJ or VJ rearrangement on one allele is incapacitated for allelic exclusion but preserved for expression at a later B cell developmental stage. In one specific example, a DNA cassette is inserted downstream of the J genes of one allele in the heavy chain locus to prevent the expression of full-length heavy chains from a productively assembled VDJ exon. Such a DNA cassette may include one or more of the following elements: a splice acceptor, a ribosomal skip sequence or internal ribosomal entry site (IRES), an open reading frame, a poly-adenylation signal sequence, or a stop codon. Thus, an in-frame VDJ exon from this allele cannot mediate allelic exclusion or support further B cell development. However, B cells can still develop normally if an in-frame VDJ gene rearrangement occurs on the second allele. For subsequent reactivation of the silenced heavy chain allele, recognition sequences for a site-specific DNA recombinase, such as Cre, may be introduced to flank the inserted DNA cassette. When the site-specific DNA recombinase is expressed, the DNA cassette is now excised or inverted, allowing the previously silenced VDJ exon to be spliced to the other CH exons downstream for full-length heavy chain expression. Alternatively, the DNA cassette may be inserted at such position that it can be excised from the heavy chain locus via normal isotype switching mechanisms. The downstream constant regions of both heavy chain alleles may be further modified to limit the extent of isotype switching, to favor heterodimerization when both heavy chains are co-expressed, or to allow only one heavy chain to be expressed at a time.
In an alternative embodiment, an analogous strategy to the one just described may be implemented to incapacitate allelic exclusion at the κ or λ light chain locus, wherein the bispecific antibodies produced from an individual B cell consists of heavy chain homodimers or heterodimers paired with two different light chains.
In another alternative embodiment, analogous strategies to those for heavy chain allelic inclusion are employed to produce bispecific antibodies consisting of heavy chains only. In this version of the embodiment, the exon encoding the first heavy chain constant domain (CH1) is removed from each allele. Further genetic modifications may be introduced to both heavy chain alleles such that the proteins they express favor heterodimerization with each other and are less compatible with self-dimerization. Alternatively, the modifications may be introduced to the heavy chain alleles such that the CH1-less heavy chain alleles are expressed sequentially in an inducible manner as described in the preceding embodiment so as to produce bispecific heavy chain-only antibodies.
In yet another alternative embodiment, the immunoglobulin alleles are modified for permissive bispecific antibody production by B cells in animals that are deficient of one or more signaling molecules necessary for allelic exclusion.
Certain modifications introduced to the immunoglobulin alleles that are conducive to bispecific antibody formation have minimal effects on allelic exclusion. For example, heavy chains containing the modifications analogous to the well-known “knob-into-hole” mutations readily form heterodimers; however, the introduced modifications do not completely suppress homodimer formation if each modified heavy chain is expressed alone. Since only one immunoglobulin allele rearranges at a time, the heavy chain homodimers expressed from the first rearranged allele may retain competence for allelic exclusion. The present methods implement such immunoglobulin allele modifications, which on their own have minimal impact on allelic exclusion, in the context of animals or cells in which allelic exclusion is impaired by deficiency of one or more signaling components of the pre-BCR or BCR.
Thus, in some embodiments there is provided a genetically modified animal with compromised immunoglobulin heavy chain gene allelic exclusion enabling selection of B lymphocytes each capable of co-expressing two or more different antigen receptors per cell and/or a bispecific antigen receptor.
In some aspects, exons within one or more of the constant region-encoding parts of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene of the genetically modified animal are changed such that allelic exclusion does not occur following V(D)J rearrangement in developing B lymphocytes. In some aspects, changes to the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene in the genetically modified animal allow for inducible inactivation and/or activation of expression of one or more of the exons in one or more of the constant region-encoding parts of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene; part or all of one or more constant region exons of the genetically modified animal are placed in inverted reading frame orientation relative to rearranged V(D)J gene segments in the same immunoglobulin heavy chain gene; and in some aspects a DNA cassette is inserted into the genetically modified animal to prevent expression of the constant region exons from rearranged V(D)J gene segment on the same chromosome.
Some aspects provide a genetically modified animal that when injected with two different antigens simultaneously, or with one antigen followed by second, different antigen, generates B lymphocytes each capable of co-expressing, or sequentially expressing, two or more different antigen receptors and/or a bispecific antigen receptor. In some aspects, heterodimerization of the two antigen receptors in the B lymphocytes is enabled by a developmental or differentiation event, or can be induced.
Other aspects provide a genetically modified animal where two rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in individual B cells in the animal express gene products that do not homodimerize efficiently with each other; and in some aspects, homodimerization of the two different heavy chain gene products does not occur, or is disfavored relative to heterodimerization.
Yet other embodiments provide a genetically modified animal with compromised immunoglobulin light chain gene allelic exclusion enabling selection of B lymphocytes each capable of co-expressing two or more different antigen receptors per cell and/or a bispecific antigen receptor. In some aspects, the constant region-encoding exons within one or more of the animal's immunoglobulin light chain genes are changed such that allelic exclusion does not occur following VJ rearrangement in developing B lymphocytes; and in other aspects, changes to one or more of the genetically modified animal's immunoglobulin light chain genes allow for inducible inactivation and/or activation of expression of constant region-encoding parts of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene.
Other embodiments provide an immunoglobulin light chain gene in the genetically modified animal, wherein part or all of one or more constant region exons are placed in inverted reading frame orientation relative to rearranged VJ gene segments in the same immunoglobulin light chain gene; an immunoglobulin light chain gene in the genetically modified animal, wherein a DNA cassette is inserted to prevent expression of a constant region exon from the rearranged VJ gene segment on the same chromosome; and an immunoglobulin light chain gene in the genetically modified animal, wherein a constant region exon is modified to be compatible for association with one but not both heavy chain alleles in the same B cell.
Other embodiments provide primary B cells, immortalized B cells, or hybridomas derived from the genetically modified animal.
Yet other embodiments provide a genetically modified animal, wherein changes to the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene allow for production of bispecific antibodies consisting of heavy chains only.
Other embodiments include a part or whole immunoglobulin protein transcribed from the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes from the engineered portion of the genetically modified animal; and part or whole engineered immunoglobulin proteins derived from the cells of the genetically modified animal.
These and other aspects, objects and features of the invention are described in more detail below.
The terms used herein are intended to have the plain and ordinary meaning as understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. The following definitions are intended to aid the reader in understanding the present invention, but are not intended to vary or otherwise limit the meaning of such terms unless specifically indicated.
The term “transgene” is used herein to describe genetic material which has been or is about to be artificially inserted into the genome of a cell, and particularly a cell of a vertebrate host animal.
“Transgenic animal” is meant a non-human animal, usually a mammal such as a rodent, particularly a mouse or rat, although other mammals are envisioned, having an exogenous nucleic acid sequence present as a chromosomal or extrachromosomal element in a portion of its cells or stably integrated into its germ line DNA (i.e., in the genomic sequence of most or all of its cells).
A “vector” includes plasmids and viruses and any DNA or RNA molecule, whether self-replicating or not, which can be used to transform, transduce or transfect a cell.
“Cell surface” refers to the plasma membrane of the cell, i.e., that part of the cell most directly exposed to extracellular spaces and available for contact both with cells and proteins in the extracellular (including intercellular) space.
A “bispecific antibody” is one that comprises two physically separable antigen-binding surfaces which differ from each other in their antigen specificity. Normal antibodies have two physically separable antigen-binding surfaces that are structurally identical and thus have the same antigen specificity. A preferred version of a bispecific antibody is one that resembles a normal IgG antibody molecule with two physically separable antigen-binding surfaces, but instead of these surfaces being structurally identical, they differ from each other. In the context of this invention, both of these surfaces may be comprised of the same heavy chain protein but they would differ from each other in the light chain proteins they comprise. Alternatively, the two surfaces may be comprised of the same light chain protein but they would differ from each other in the heavy chain proteins they comprise.
As used herein, “productive rearrangement” is a VDJ or VJ rearrangement that is in frame and enables variable region domain translation. The variable domain of a heavy chain or light chain is considered “functional” if it can be expressed in-frame with the downstream constant region exons(s). A heavy chain or light chain protein translated from a productive VDJ or VJ rearrangement, respectively, is referred to as “functional” if it can be expressed on the cell surface.
An immunoglobulin “allele” described herein refers to a chromosome segment at the heavy chain or light chain locus that may include the variable gene segments, an intronic enhancer, constant regions genes, and other sequences of endogenous or exogenous sources.
“Allelic exclusion” refers to the fact that the vast majority of B cells in vertebrate species such as rodents or humans carry a productively rearranged heavy chain gene on only one of two homologous autosomes. Similarly, allelic exclusion at light chain loci would refer to an analogous scenario. In a more general sense, allelic exclusion applies whenever productive V(D)J rearrangement at any heavy or light chain locus inhibits further rearrangement of other heavy or light chain V(D)J gene segments, respectively, no matter where their chromosomal location. For example, if two or more sets of heavy chain VDJ linkage groups are inserted in the same chromosome, productive rearrangement at one of the heavy chain linkage groups prevents further V(D)J rearrangement at any of the other heavy chain linkage groups. The same principle applies to light chain linkage groups. In principle, this type of “allelic” exclusion would occur by the same mechanism as conventional allelic exclusion
“Allelic inclusion” refers to a loss of allelic exclusion, and thus, to the ability of B cells to produce two or more functional heavy chain variable domains and/or two or more functional light chain variable domains.
A genomic “locale” is any region of the genome, preferably a gene, which is associated with one particular functional aspect. The term locale is used here to refer to parts of immunoglobulin loci. For example, it can refer to that part of an immunoglobulin locus that primarily contains one kind of gene segment, such as a V gene segment locale, or a D gene segment locale, or a J gene segment locale, or more broadly, the variable locale, which includes all of the V, D and J gene segments. The constant region locale, is that part of an immunoglobulin locus that contains constant region exons.
The practice of the techniques described herein may employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques and descriptions of organic chemistry, polymer technology, molecular biology (including recombinant techniques), cell biology, biochemistry, and sequencing technology, which are within the skill of those who practice in the art. Such conventional techniques include polymer array synthesis, hybridization and ligation of polynucleotides, and detection of hybridization using a label. Specific illustrations of suitable techniques can be had by reference to the examples herein. However, other equivalent conventional procedures can, of course, also be used. Such conventional techniques and descriptions can be found in standard laboratory manuals such as Green, et al., Eds. (1999) Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual Series (Vols. I-IV); Weiner, Gabriel, Stephens, Eds. (2007), Genetic Variation: A Laboratory Manual; Dieffenbach, Dveksler, Eds. (2003), PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual; Bowtell and Sambrook (2003), Condensed Protocols from Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual; and Sambrook and Russell (2002), Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual (all from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press); Stryer, L. (1995) Biochemistry (4th Ed.) W.H. Freeman, New York N.Y.; Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry 3rd Ed., W.H. Freeman Pub., New York, N.Y.; and Berg et al. (2002) Biochemistry, 5th Ed., W.H. Freeman Pub., New York, N.Y.; Nagy, et al., Eds. (2003) Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual (3rd Ed.) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., all of which are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference for all purposes.
Note that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “an immunoglobulin” refers to one or more such immunoglobulins, and reference to “the method” includes reference to equivalent steps and methods known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing devices, formulations and methodologies that may be used in connection with the presently described invention.
Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in the smaller ranges, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the invention.
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a more thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one of skill in the art that the present invention may be practiced without one or more of these specific details. In other instances, well-known features and procedures well known to those skilled in the art have not been described in order to avoid obscuring the invention.
The present invention provides methods and compositions for the rapid isolation of bispecific antibodies from animals. B lymphocytes present in the immune system are normally prevented from expressing more than one functional heavy chain and one functional light chain by a process called allelic exclusion. The certain embodiments of the present invention provide modifications to the genomic contents of animals such that allelic exclusion is incapacitated at one or more of the immunoglobulin loci in developing B cells. The methods described herein provide B cells the ability to express more than one functional VH domain and/or more than one functional VL domain per cell.
In certain embodiments, the invention implements modifications to the immunoglobulin alleles to impinge on the normal allelic exclusion processes such that an in-frame V(D)J rearrangement of one allele does not inhibit V(D)J rearrangement of the other allele. Certain embodiments also implement two general strategies to isolate bispecific antibodies from transgenic animals. The first strategy involves concurrent immunization regimens with two or more antigens of interest. The second strategy involves sequential immunizations with the different antigens of interest.
Allelic exclusion following both heavy and light chain rearrangements requires the trafficking of heavy chains to the cell surface. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention exploits the likelihood that, if improperly folded, newly synthesized heavy chain polypeptides are retained in the ER and lack the ability to mediate allelic exclusion. Following VDJ recombination of the heavy chain—in addition to the requisite VH domain pairing with the surrogate light chain complex—dimerization of the heavy chain polypeptides is required to achieve proper protein folding. Heavy chain homodimerization for all isotypes, except IgM and IgE, is initiated by symmetric protein interactions between two CH3 domains. IgM and IgE heavy chains initiate homodimerization via protein interactions between their CH4 domains.
In one aspect of this embodiment, the heavy chain alleles are modified to limit the extent of isotype switching, with exons encoding the CH3 or CH4 dimerization domains on both alleles being modified to be less compatible with homodimerization but complementary to each other for heterodimerization. The heavy chain polypeptides expressed from in-frame VDJ rearrangements on either allele alone inefficiently achieve proper protein folding, and therefore cannot traffic to the cell surface to mediate allelic exclusion.
In addition to the VH-VL pairing, light chain allelic exclusion requires proper protein folding of the heavy chain CH1 domains, which are prone to misfolding (see, e.g., Feige, et al., Mol Cell 34: 569-579 (2009)). To achieve proper protein folding, each heavy chain CH1 domain must associate with a constant region of the light chain (Cκ or Cλ). In an extended aspect of the methods of the invention, genetic modifications to the exons encoding the CH1 domains of both heavy chain alleles as well as the exons of the light chain constant region domains are implemented, such that each light chain can associate with a heavy chain expressed from only one allele and not both.
The transgenic mice harboring the aforementioned CH3 modifications, with or without the aforementioned CH1 modifications, are immunized with the two antigens of interest simultaneously. Repeated immunizations may be employed to maximize clonal expansion of B cells recognizing both antigens. After the immunization regimen has been completed, standard hybridoma or other techniques are employed to isolate B cells producing bispecific antibodies to both antigens of interest.
In another version of the embodiment, a transgenic animal such as a transgenic mouse carries engineered versions of the heavy chain alleles on both chromosomes, wherein modifications are introduced in the heavy chain locales that express the constant domains of the heavy chain molecules. Both engineered alleles are capable of undergoing VDJ rearrangement to create heavy chain diversity during B cell development. One of the engineered alleles is also capable of expressing a full-length transmembrane heavy chain protein that can generate a pre-BCR signal. The other engineered allele is disabled in this regard.
In one aspect of this embodiment, the two engineered alleles carry recognition sequences (wild-type or mutated) for one or more site-specific recombinases such as Cre or Flp. The recognition sites are placed in such a way that site-specific recombination changes the functionality of the constant domain-encoding part of the locus. That is, if the allele is capable of expressing a fully functional heavy chain protein, then site-specific recombination deprives the locus of this property. Similarly, if the allele is incapable of expressing a fully functional heavy chain protein, then site-specific recombination confers the ability to express a functional heavy chain on the locus.
The site-specific recombinase-mediated changes just summarized are accomplished either by deleting or inverting pieces of DNA in the constant domain-encoding part of the heavy chain locus on the two homologous chromosomes. In certain embodiments of the invention, site-specific recombinase-dependent loss of constant domain full functionality on one chromosome is accompanied by synchronous, or near synchronous, gain of full functionality on the other chromosome. In a favored aspect, expression of this site-specific recombinase is under the control of a promoter from a gene that is induced during B cell activation such as Cγ1 or Aicda (activation-induced deaminase).
The transgenic mice just described are immunized with an antigen allowing for clonal expansion of B cells expressing antibody molecules specific for the antigen. Because of the heavy chain gene modifications they carry, the antibodies specific for this antigen are comprised of heavy chains encoded by rearranged versions of only one of the two heavy chain alleles; namely, the allele defined by full functionality in its constant domain-encoding part. The other allele lacks such functionality and because of this will not encode heavy chains capable of participating in the signaling process necessary for antigen-specific clonal expansion. Repeated immunizations may be employed to maximize clonal expansion and antigen-specific antibody diversity.
After the immunization regimen has been completed, site-specific recombination is induced resulting in a switch of heavy chain constant domain functionality from one chromosome to the other. As a result of this switch, the alleles encoding the heavy chains in antibodies specific for the antigen used in the immunization are deprived of constant domain full functionality. At the same time, or near to it, the alleles that have been previously deprived of constant domain full functionality now gain this functionality. Through this switch in functionality, cells that participate in clonal expansion in response to the antigen used in the immunization regimen gain expression of new heavy chain proteins.
Subsequent to the induced site-specific recombinase-dependent switch just described, the mice are immunized with a second antigen. Clonal expansion in response to the second antigen depends on antibodies comprised of heavy chains encoded by the second allele; i.e., the one that gains constant domain functionality due to the induced site-specific recombinase event. As in the first case, the second immunization may be repeated to maximize clonal expansion and antigen-specific antibody diversity.
The clonally expanded cells expressing antibodies specific for the second antigen include those that have previously been involved in clonal expansion in response to the first antigen. During the second clonal expansion, these cells do not express the heavy chain proteins that have specificity for the first antigen but instead express different heavy chain proteins from the second allele. The heavy chain proteins they express that contribute specificity for the second antigen are encoded by the heavy chain allele that gained constant domain full functionality as a consequence of the induced site-specific recombination event.
After the second immunization regimen has been completed, hybridoma or other techniques are employed to isolate B cells specific for both the first and second antigens. A second site-specific recombinase event may be induced to restore full functionality on the allele that carries antigen specificity for the first antigen. For example, expression of the second site-specific recombinase may be under the control of an inducible system, such as those inducible by Tamoxifen or doxycycline. Through this modification, the capacity of the cells to express two different antibody molecules may be assessed: one specific for the antigen used in the first immunization regimen, and the other specific for the antigen used in the second immunization regimen.
Following the second site-specific recombination, the assembled VDJ exon on each heavy chain allele is now expressed with a protein, or a protein domain, which is a complementary half of a heterodimer (termed a heterodimerizer). In a favored aspect, the heterodimerizers are mutant IgG1 alleles, in which the fourth exons that encode the CH3 domains of both alleles are mutated such that they promote heterodimerization with each other and suppress homodimerization. Alternatively, the heterodimerizer pair may be non-immunoglobulin proteins such as c-Fos and c-Jun (which physiologically heterodimerize to form the AP-1 transcription factor), leucine zippers, or similar proteins that form heterodimers.
In another embodiment of the invention, rather than allelic exclusion being compromised at the heavy chain locus, it is instead compromised at a light chain locus. In this version of the invention, heavy chain allelic exclusion is normal. The light chain allelic inclusion version of the invention is conceptually similar to that of the heavy chain allelic inclusion version, featuring analogous modifications in the constant domain-encoding part of the relevant homologous light chain genes. It is exploited using a similar double immunization scheme combined with an appropriately-staged inducible site-specific recombination step. Bispecific B cells are identified and/or isolated in a similar fashion to what has been described for the heavy chain allelic inclusion version of the invention. This light chain allelic inclusion version of the invention yields bispecific antibodies each comprised of two light chain proteins and one heavy chain protein, whereas the heavy chain allelic inclusion version yields bispecific antibodies each comprised of one light chain protein and two heavy chains.
In an alternative embodiment, strategies analogous to those just described for heavy chain allelic inclusion are implemented to generate B cells that produce bispecific antibodies consisting of heavy chains only. In this embodiment, exons encoding the CH1 domains are removed from both heavy chain alleles. The CH1-less polypeptides expressed from each heavy chain allele should exhibit little, if any, dependence on the presence of light chains or surrogate light chains for proper protein folding as well as trafficking to the cell surface (see, e.g., Feige, et al., Mol Cell 34: 569-579 (2009)). The variable gene segments of both heavy chain alleles may be derived from animals that naturally express single-chain antibodies, such as camelids, or from other animals with or without modifications to improve the thermo-stability of the VH domains when expressed without light chains.
In one version of this embodiment, the heavy chain alleles are further modified to limit the extent of isotype switching, with exons encoding the CH3 or CH4 dimerization domains on both alleles being mutated to be less compatible with homodimerization but complementary to each other for heterodimerization. The CH1-less heavy chain polypeptides expressed from either mutant allele alone should not traffic to the cell surface to mediate allelic exclusion because the mutations suppress efficient heavy chain homodimerization. Therefore, successful B cell development depends on the concurrent expression of CH1-less heavy chains from both mutant heavy chain alleles.
Transgenic mice lacking the aforementioned CH1 domain-encoding exons and harboring the aforementioned CH3 modifications are immunized with the two antigens of interest simultaneously. Repeated immunizations may be employed to maximize clonal expansion of B cells recognizing both antigens. After the immunization regimen has been completed, standard hybridoma or other techniques are employed to isolate B cells producing bispecific antibodies to both antigens of interest.
In an alternative version of this embodiment, allelic inclusion of heavy chains lacking CH1 domains is achieved via sequential expression of each mutant heavy chain allele in an inducible manner analogous to the heavy chain allelic inclusion schemes described in the preceding embodiment. The heavy chain alleles are also modified such that an in-frame VDJ rearrangement on one allele is incapacitated for allelic exclusion and preserved for expression at a later B cell developmental stage. This is similarly achieved via disrupting the open reading frame of one heavy chain allele by a DNA cassette or by inversion of one or more exons that encode the heavy chain constant region. An inducible event of site-specific DNA recombination is likewise introduced to alternate the expression of each mutant heavy chain allele. A similar double immunization scheme followed by a second inducible site-specific recombination step is employed to obtain bispecific B cells. This heavy chain allelic inclusion version of the invention yields bispecific antibodies each comprised of two heavy chains without light chains.
In other alternative embodiments, the immunoglobulin alleles that are modified for permissive bispecific antibody production by B cells are implemented in animals that are deficient of one or more signaling molecules necessary for allelic exclusion.
In certain cases, the methods introduce modifications to the immunoglobulin genes that are designed to be conducive to bispecific antibody formation, but have minimal effects on allelic exclusion. In one specific aspect, heavy chains containing modifications analogous to the well-known “knob-into-hole” mutations are introduced to the exons encoding the CH3 domain of the heavy chains (see, e.g., Ridgway, et al., Protein Eng 9: 617-621 (1996)). The introduced modifications do not completely suppress homodimer formation if each modified heavy chain is expressed alone. As only one immunoglobulin allele rearranges at a time, the heavy chain homodimers expressed from the first rearranged allele may retain competence for allelic exclusion. The present invention implements such immunoglobulin allele modifications, which on their own have minimal impact on allelic exclusion, in animals or cells that have impaired allelic exclusion caused by the deficiency of one or more signaling components of the pre-BCR or BCR. One example of such mutants is the mouse strain deficient of E2A (see, e.g., Hauser, et al., Journal of Immunology 192:2460-2470 (2014)).
The transgenic mice harboring the aforementioned CH3 modifications and a defective pre-BCR or BCR signaling component are immunized with the two antigens of interest simultaneously. Repeated immunizations may be employed to maximize clonal expansion of B cells recognizing both antigens. After the immunization regimen has been completed, standard hybridoma or other techniques are employed to isolate B cells producing bispecific antibodies to both antigens of interest.
Depicted in
The transgenic cells of the invention may be used to produce expression libraries, preferably low complexity libraries, for identification of antibodies of interest on the surface of plasma cells. The present invention thus also includes antibody libraries produced using the cell technologies of the invention for identification of antigen-specific antibodies expressed on plasma cells.
In specific aspects of the invention, the invention provides transgenic animals carrying engineered in heavy chain or light genes.
In certain embodiments, the transgenic animals of the invention further comprise human immunoglobulin regions. For example, numerous methods have been developed for replacing endogenous mouse immunoglobulin regions with human immunoglobulin sequences to create partially- or fully-human antibodies for drug discovery purposes. Examples of such mice include those described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,145,056; 7,064,244; 7,041,871; 6,673,986; 6,596,541; 6,570,061; 6,162,963; 6,130,364; 6,091,001; 6,023,010; 5,593,598; 5,877,397; 5,874,299; 5,814,318; 5,789,650; 5,661,016; 5,612,205; and 5,591,669.
In a particularly preferred aspect, the transgenic animals of the invention comprise chimeric immunoglobulin segments as described in co-pending application US Pub. No. 2013/0219535 by Wabl and Killeen. Such transgenic animals have a genome comprising an introduced partially human immunoglobulin region, where the introduced region comprising human variable region coding sequences and non-coding variable sequences based on the endogenous genome of the non-human vertebrate. Preferably, the transgenic cells and animals of the invention have genomes in which part or all of the endogenous immunoglobulin region is removed.
Culturing cells in vitro has been the basis of the production of numerous therapeutic biotechnology products, and involves the production of protein products in cells and release into the support medium. The quantity and quality of protein production over time from the cells growing in culture depends on a number of factors, such as, for example, cell density, cell cycle phase, cellular biosynthesis rates of the proteins, condition of the medium used to support cell viability and growth, and the longevity of the cells in culture. (See, for example, Fresney, Culture of Animal Cells, Wiley, Blackwell (2010); and Cell Culture Technology for Pharmaceutical and Cell-Based Therapies, Ozturk and Ha, Eds., CRC Press, (2006).)
The invention provides a source of B cells derived from immunization schemes in which animals are challenged with two or more antigens simultaneously, or first with one antigen and then later with another antigen. In both cases, multiple immunizations may be employed to increase antigen-specific antibody titers in individual animals. An inducible site-specific recombination step is included between the two immunization series. Subsequent to the final immunization scheme, B cells are isolated and cultured or used to create hybridomas, or used as a source of RNA for cloning immunoglobulin chain genes. The B cells or the antibody chains they contain are tested for bispecific antigen-binding properties. In the case of hybridomas, this is accomplished by screening hybridomas directly for bispecific antibodies, or for specificity for one kind of antigen and then further analyzing them for whether they carry additional rearranged immunoglobulin chain genes that confer specificity for a second kind of antigen, i.e., they have latent or expressed bi-specificity.
The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention, nor are they intended to represent or imply that the experiments below are all of or the only experiments performed. It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the invention as shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.
Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to terms and numbers used (e.g., vectors, amounts, temperature, etc.) but some experimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight is weight average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees centigrade, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.
Transgenic mice are generated carrying two modified heavy chain alleles that lack the ability to isotype switch (as depicted in
The fourth exons of both IgG1 alleles, which encode the CH3 domains, are mutated such that they promote the formation of heavy chain heterodimers and suppress homodimerization. In preferred methods, the mutations are D276K, E233K, and Q234K on one heavy chain allele; and K286D, K269D, and T247D on the other heavy chain allele (amino acid numbering starts at the first codon of CH1). The mutations at similar positions in the human IgG1 heavy chain have been shown to promote heterodimerization and the secretion of bispecific antibodies in cell lines (see, e.g., Gunasekaran, et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry 285:19637-19646 (2010)).
During B cell development, pro-B cells that have rearranged only one heavy chain allele are blocked in development, because the mutant IgG1 heavy chains inefficiently homodimerize to form pre-BCRs. Therefore, insufficient signals are transduced to mediate allelic exclusion, and the second heavy chain allele expressing mutant Cγ1 becomes permissive for VDJ recombination. Developing B cells can progress beyond the pro-B cell stage only when both mutant heavy chains are co-expressed and heterodimerize to form pre-BCRs.
Ultimately, mature B cells in the transgenic mice of the preferred methods harbor two functional heavy chains per cell with one light chain. The transgenic mice may be used for simultaneous immunization with two or more antigens of interest with the subsequent generation of hybridomas using standard methodologies. Hybridomas derived from the transgenic mice are permissive for the direct isolation of bispecific antibodies.
In exemplary embodiments of the heavy chain alleles for this Example 1, the V (203), D (204), and J (205) genes of both heavy chain alleles (201, 202) comprise human coding sequences with mouse regulatory sequences and are described in the co-pending application US Pub. No. 2013/0219535 by Wabl and Killeen. Sequences of the heavy chain “intronic” enhancer (206) as well as all downstream elements, including the heavy chain constant region genes, found in a wild-type mouse are described in LOCUS: NG_005838 (1 . . . 180,971). In this Example 1, the sequence spanning 8,608 . . . 175,134 containing the CH exons of all isotypes is deleted from both heavy chain alleles and is replaced by modified Cγ1 exons (elements 208 and 209 in
Transgenic mice are generated carrying heavy chain alleles that can be switched on or off by site-specific DNA recombination. One of the alleles is capable of expressing full-length heavy chains after a productive VDJ rearrangement, while the other allele lacks this functionality.
Both alleles contain recognition sequences for one or more site-specific recombinases, positioned within the constant domain-encoding locale. Site-specific recombination at these sites causes an inversion of a piece of DNA in both alleles, and as a consequence of this inversion, the constant domain functionality in the alleles is changed.
Site-specific recombination confers the capacity to express a full-length heavy chain protein on the allele that initially lacked this capacity. By contrast, site-specific recombination removes this capacity from the allele that initially has it.
One version of this embodiment is depicted in
Peripheral B cells that develop in the mice carrying the alleles shown in
Immunization of mice carrying the alleles shown in
Transgenic mouse systems exist, or can be readily engineered, to permit inducible expression of particular site-specific DNA recombinases in multiple cell types including B lymphocytes. In yet another embodiment of the present methods, transgenic mice carrying the mutant alleles 401 and 402 depicted in
Following the expression of a site-specific DNA recombinase (415 in
Allele 402 is productively rearranged in some of the B cells that have undergone clonal expansion in response to the immunization. The frequency of such second allele productive rearrangements is typically much higher than is normally the case because this allele does not express full-length heavy chains during B cell development, yet it nonetheless is capable of undergoing VDJ rearrangements.
Immunization of mice carrying the newly activated allele 402 depicted in
B cells specific for the antigen used in the second immunization include some that have not undergone clonal expansion in response to the first antigen. Such B cells are not a desirable source for bispecific antibodies capable of recognizing the antigens used in both of the immunizations.
However, some fraction of the B cells specific for the second antigen have been involved in clonal expansion in response to the first antigen. These B cells are an obvious source for bispecific antibodies since one of their rearranged heavy chain genes carries specificity for the first immunogen, while their other rearranged heavy chain genes carries specificity for the second immunogen. In both cases, individual B cells pair one light chain protein with both heavy chain proteins.
Hybridoma or other cloning technology may be exploited to recover B cells with specificity for the second immunizing antigen. These B cells are then analyzed to determine whether they also carry a rearranged heavy chain gene that confers specificity for the first immunizing antigen.
The methods described here are very similar to those described in Example 2. Transgenic mice are engineered to carry two heavy chain immunoglobulin alleles that can be switched on or off by a site-specific DNA recombinase system. The two alleles are designed for sequential immunization schemes similar to those described in Example 2, and consequently feature largely the same kind of functionality in their constant domain locales. Where the alleles differ is in the inclusion of elements designed to improve the efficiency with which the desired kind of bispecific B cells are isolated.
This embodiment is depicted in
In one embodiment, allele 501 consists of exons 15 and 16 from the murine integrin beta-7 (Itgb7) gene, aligned in the opposite orientation from the VH exon. Both Itgb7 exons contain a splice acceptor. Additionally, Itgb7 exon 15 harbors a stop codon, while Itgb7 exon 16 contains a stop codon as well as a poly-adenylation sequence signal. Because of the inverted transcriptional orientation, this DNA cassette does not interfere with heavy chain expression from an in-frame VDJ recombination on allele 501.
In a preferred configuration, the inserted DNA cassette in allele 502 consists of an open reading frame from a gene that provides survival, functional, or selection advantages to the B cells that have successfully assembled an in-frame VH exon from VDJ recombination. An example of such gene is the anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2). The open reading frame of the advantageous gene is aligned in the same transcriptional orientation as the heavy chain mRNA. To prevent this gene from being expressed as a protein fused to the VH exon, a ribosomal skip sequence such as the 2A peptide from a picornavirus is placed between the splice acceptor and the open reading frame of the advantageous gene. The 2A peptide also ensures that the advantageous gene is only expressed in the B lymphocytes that have successfully assembled an in-frame VH exon, and not in the B cells that lack a productive VDJ rearrangement.
In one exemplary embodiment, the assembled VDJ genes (503, 504) on both heavy chain alleles (501, 502) are derived from individual gene segments comprising human coding sequences with mouse regulatory sequences and are described in the co-pending application US Pub. No. 2013/0219535 by Wabl and Killeen. All endogenous sequences downstream, including the heavy chain constant region genes, are described in LOCUS: NG_005838 (1 . . . 180,971). Sequences of the Itgb7 and Bcl2 DNA cassettes (elements 512 and 514, respectively) are specified at [SEQ ID Nos. 4 and 5] and are inserted at around position 178,000 of the locus, in between the heavy chain “intronic” enhancer and the switch region of the first exon Cμ exon. In this embodiment, recognition sequences for the first site-specific DNA recombinase (elements 509 and 510) are lox66 and lox71 (see, e.g., Oberdoerffer, et al., Nucleic Acids Res 31:e140 (2003)). Also in this embodiment, recognition sequences for the second site-specific DNA recombinase (elements 511) are those used by Flp enzyme (see, e.g., McLeod, et al., Mol Cell Biol 6:3357-3367 (1986)). In this embodiment, the heterodimers (element 513 on each heavy chain allele) are mutant Cγ1 designed to favor heterodimerization with each other over self-dimerization. The mutant Cγ1 cDNA sequences of both heavy chain alleles are specified at [SEQ ID Nos. 1 and 2].
As in Example 2, following the first immunization, allele 501 can respond normally to the antigen because the inverted Itgb7 cassette has no effect on the transcriptional activities of the heavy chain locus. Because the second DNA cassette interrupts the heavy chain open reading frame of allele 502, no specificity for the immunogen is selected from allele 502 following the first immunization.
Upon expression of a site-specific DNA recombinase (516), the DNA cassettes on both heavy chain alleles are inverted. The open reading frame of the Itgb7 gene cassette in allele 501 is now in the same transcriptional orientation as the heavy chain mRNA. Effectively, the stop codons and poly-adenylation signal sequence of the Itgb7 gene prevents the expression of full-length heavy chains from allele 501.
By contrast, allele 502 can now express full-length heavy chains because the open reading frame of the inserted advantageous gene is no longer in the same orientation as the heavy chain mRNA. Allele 502 subsequently can respond to the immunogen in the second the immunization.
Hybridoma or other cloning technology may be exploited to recover B cells with specificity for the second immunizing antigen. These B cells can then be analyzed to determine whether they also carry a rearranged heavy chain gene that confers specificity for the first immunizing antigen.
The scheme for this Example 4 is depicted in
In a preferred configuration, as in Example 3, the inserted DNA cassette in allele 602 comprises an open reading frame from a gene that provides survival, functional, or selection advantages to the B cells that have successfully assembled an in-frame VH exon from VDJ recombination. The DNA cassette also contains a splice acceptor and a 2A peptide sequence preceding the open reading frame of the advantageous gene. Crucially, the 2A peptide also ensures that the advantageous gene is only expressed in the B lymphocytes that have successfully assembled an in-frame VH exon, and not in the B cells that lack a productive VDJ rearrangement.
When expression of a site-specific DNA recombinase is introduced, the intervening DNA segments flanked by the recognition sequences for the site-specific DNA recombinase is excised from both heavy chain alleles. Subsequently, both heavy chains are now competent for full-length heavy chain expression. As described in Example 1, the two mutant IgG1 heavy chains are mutually dependent on each other for cell surface expression and secretion. Expression of either mutant heavy chain allele alone likely results in B cell death, because cell surface expression of the BCR is also required for the survival of mature B cells (see, e.g., Lam, et al., Cell 90:1073-1083 (1997)).
As in Example 1, mature B cells in the transgenic mice of this example harbor two functional heavy chains per cell with one light chain. The transgenic mice may be used subsequently for the simultaneous immunization with two or more antigens of interest. Hybridomas harboring bispecific antibodies are generated using standard methodologies.
For example in an exemplary embodiment, the V (603), D (604), and J (605) genes of both heavy chain alleles (601, 602) comprise human coding sequences with mouse regulatory sequences as described in the co-pending application US Pub. No. 2013/0219535 by Wabl and Killeen. Sequences of the heavy chain “intronic” enhancer (606) as well as all downstream elements, including the heavy chain constant region genes found in a wild-type mouse are described in LOCUS: NG_005838 (1 . . . 180,971). On allele 601, the sequence spanning 8,608 . . . 168,728 that contain Cδ and CH exons of all downstream isotypes is deleted. Additionally, the Cμ exons of allele 601 (171230 . . . 175134 of the locus) are flanked by two directly oriented standard loxP sites. On allele 602, the sequence spanning 8,608 . . . 175,134 of the locus containing the CH exons of all isotypes is deleted. An Itgb7 DNA cassette flanked by two directly oriented loxP sites is inserted at around position 178,000 of the locus. Downstream of the 3′ loxP sites on both alleles are sequences of the modified Cγ1 exons (elements 611, 612). Exon 4 of both elements 611 and 612 are mutated to favor heterodimerization with each other over self-dimerization. The mutant Cγ1 cDNA sequences of both heavy chain alleles are specified at [SEQ ID No. 1 and 2],
The preceding merely illustrates the principles of the invention. It will be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are included within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples and conditional language recited herein are principally intended to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and the concepts contributed by the inventors to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions. Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents and equivalents developed in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure. The scope of the present invention, therefore, is not intended to be limited to the exemplary embodiments shown and described herein. Rather, the scope and spirit of present invention is embodied by the appended claims. In the claims that follow, unless the term “means” is used, none of the features or elements recited therein should be construed as means-plus-function limitations pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 112, 6.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62209267 | Aug 2015 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15246181 | Aug 2016 | US |
| Child | 16802978 | US |
