Patent Application
20200237930
This invention relates to the fields of recombinant coagulation factor production and the treatment of medical disorders associated with aberrant hemostasis. More particularly, the invention provides methods for administering a nucleic acid encoding Factor VIII (FVIII) protein, and hemophilia A treatment methods.
Several publications and patent documents are cited throughout the specification in order to describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Each of these citations is incorporated herein by reference as though set forth in full.
Hemophilia is an X-linked bleeding disorder present in 1 in 5,000 males worldwide. Therapies aimed at increasing clotting factor levels just above 1% of normal are associated with substantial improvement of the severe disease phenotype. Recent clinical trials for AAV-mediated gene transfer for hemophilia B (HB) have demonstrated sustained long-term expression of therapeutic levels of factor IX (FIX) but established that the AAV vector dose may be limiting due to anti-AAV immune responses to the AAV capsid. While these data relate to hemophilia B, 80% of all hemophilia is due to FVIII deficiency, hemophilia A (HA).
Current treatment for this disease is protein replacement therapy that requires frequent infusion of the Factor VIII protein. There is an immediate need to achieve sustained therapeutic levels of Factor VIII expression so that patients no longer require such frequent protein treatments. Indeed, continuous Factor VIII expression would prevent bleeding episodes and may ensure that immune tolerance to the protein is established.
In accordance with the invention, methods of treating a human having hemophilia A or in need of Factor VIII (FVIII) are provided. In one embodiment, a method includes administering a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector wherein the vector genome comprises a nucleic acid variant encoding Factor VIII (FVIII) having a B domain deletion (hFVIII-BDD), wherein the nucleic acid variant has 95% or greater identity to SEQ ID NO:7. In another emdiment, a method includes administering a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector wherein the vector genome comprises a nucleic acid variant encoding Factor VIII (FVIII) having a B domain deletion (hFVIII-BDD), wherein the nucleic acid variant has no more than 2 cytosine-guanine dinucleotides (CpGs).
In a further emdiment, a method of treating a human having hemophilia A or in need of Factor VIII (FVIII) includes administering a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector wherein the vector genome comprises a nucleic acid encoding Factor VIII (FVIII) or encoding Factor VIII (FVIII) having a B domain deletion (hFVIII-BDD), wherein the dose of rAAV vector administered to the human is less than 6×1012 vector genomes per kilogram (vg/kg).
Embodiments of the methods and uses include administering to the human a dose of rAAV vector between about 1×109 to about 1×1014 vg/kg, inclusive.
Embodiments of the methods and uses include administering to the human a dose of rAAV vector between about 1×1010 to about 6×1013 vg/kg, inclusive.
Embodiments of the methods and uses include administering to the human a dose of rAAV vector between about 1×1010 to about 1×1013 vg/kg, inclusive.
Embodiments of the methods and uses include administering to the human a dose of rAAV vector between about 1×1010 to about 6×1012 vg/kg, inclusive.
Embodiments of the methods and uses include administering to the human a dose of rAAV vector between about 1×1010 to about 5×1012 vg/kg, inclusive.
The method of any of claims 1-3, wherein the dose of rAAV vector administered to the human is between about 1×1011 to about 1×1012 vg/kg, inclusive.
Embodiments of the methods and uses include administering to the human a dose of rAAV vector between about 2×1011 to about 9×1011 vg/kg, inclusive.
Embodiments of the methods and uses include administering to the human a dose of rAAV vector between about 3×1011 to about 8×1012 vg/kg, inclusive.
12. The method of any of claims 1-3, wherein the dose of rAAV vector administered to the human is between about 3×1011 to about 7×1012 vg/kg, inclusive.
Embodiments of the methods and uses include administering to the human a dose of rAAV vector between about 3×1011 to about 6×1012 vg/kg, inclusive.
Embodiments of the methods and uses include administering to the human a dose of rAAV vector between about 4×1011 to about 6×1012 vg/kg, inclusive.
Embodiments of the methods and uses include administering to the human a dose of rAAV vector between about 5×1011 vg/kg or about 1×1012 vg/kg.
Embodiments of the methods and uses include providing greater than expected amount of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD in humans based upon data obtained from non-human primate studies administered the rAAV vector. Amounts of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expressed in the human, as reflected by clotting activity, for example, can be greater than predicted based upon a liner regression curve derived from non-human primate studies administered the rAAV vector.
In certain embodiments, the amount of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expressed in the human, as reflected by clotting activity, is greater than predicted based upon data obtained from non-human primate studies administered the rAAV vector.
In certain embodiments, the amount of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expressed in the human, as reflected by clotting activity, is 1-4 fold greater than predicted expression based upon a liner regression curve derived from non-human primate studies administered the rAAV vector.
In certain embodiments, the amount of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expressed in the human, as reflected by clotting activity, is 2-4 fold greater than predicted based upon a liner regression curve derived from non-human primate studies administered the rAAV vector.
In certain embodiments, the amount of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expressed in the human, as reflected by clotting activity, is 2-3 fold greater than predicted based upon a liner regression curve derived from non-human primate studies administered the rAAV vector.
In certain embodiments, the amount of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expressed in the human, as reflected by clotting activity, is 1-2 fold greater than predicted based upon a liner regression curve derived from non-human primate studies administered the rAAV vector.
Non-human primates include the genus of Macaca. In a particular embodiment, a non-human primate is a cynomologus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for a period of time that provides a short term, medium term or longer term improvement in hemostasis. In certain embodiments, the period of time is such that no supplemental FVIII protein or recombinant FVIII protein need be administered to the human in order to maintain hemostasis.
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for at least about 14 days after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for at least about 21 days after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for at least about 28 days after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for at least about 35 days after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for at least about 42 days after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for at least about 49 days after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for at least about 56 days after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for at least about 63 days after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for at least about 70 days after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for at least about 77 days after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for at least about 84 days after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for at least about 91 days after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for at least about 98 days after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for at least about 105 days after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for at least about 112 days after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for at least about 4 months after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for at least about 154 days.
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for at least about 210 days.
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for at least about 6 months after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed for at least about 12 months after rAAV vector administration.
FVIII or hFVIII-BDD can be expressed in certain amounts for a period of time after rAAV vector administration. In certain embodiments, the amount is such that there is detectable FVIII or hFVIII-BDD or an amount of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD that provides a therapeutic benefit.
In certain embodiments, the amount of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expressed in the human, as reflected by clotting activity, is about 3% or greater at 14 or more days after rAAV vector administration, is about 4% or greater at 21 or more days after rAAV vector administration, is about 5% or greater at 21 or more days after rAAV vector administration, is about 6% or greater at 21 or more days after rAAV vector administration, is about 7% or greater at 21 or more days after rAAV vector administration, is about 8% or greater at 28 or more days after rAAV vector administration, is about 9% or greater at 28 or more days after rAAV vector administration, is about 10% or greater at 35 or more days after rAAV vector administration, is about 11% or greater at 35 or more days after rAAV vector administration, is about 12% or greater at 35 or more days after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the amount of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expressed in the human, as reflected by clotting activity, averages over a continuous 14 day period, about 10% or greater.
In certain embodiments, the amount of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expressed in the human, as reflected by clotting activity, averages over a continuous 4 week period, about 10% or greater.
In certain embodiments, the amount of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expressed in the human, as reflected by clotting activity, averages over a continuous 8 week period, about 10% or greater.
In certain embodiments, the amount of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expressed in the human, as reflected by clotting activity, averages over a continuous 12 week period, about 10% or greater.
In certain embodiments, the amount of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expressed in the human, as reflected by clotting activity, averages over a continuous 16 week period, about 10% or greater.
In certain embodiments, the amount of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expressed in the human, as reflected by clotting activity, averages over a continuous 6 month period, about 10% or greater.
In certain embodiments, the amount of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expressed in the human, as reflected by clotting activity, averages over a continuous 7 month period, about 10% or greater.
In certain embodiments, the amount of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expressed in the human, as reflected by clotting activity, averages over a continuous 14 day period, about 12% or greater.
In certain embodiments, the amount of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expressed in the human, as reflected by clotting activity, averages from about 12% to about 100% for a continuous 4 week period, for a continuous 8 week period, for a continuous 12 week period, for a continuous 16 week period, for a continuous 6 month period, for a continuous 7 month period, or for a continuous 1 year period.
In certain embodiments, the amount of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expressed in the human, as reflected by clotting activity, averages from about 20% to about 80% for a continuous 4 week period, for a continuous 8 week period, for a continuous 12 week period, for a continuous 16 week period, for a continuous 6 month period, or for a continuous 1 year period.
Steady-state FVIII expression can also be achieved after a certain period of time, e.g., 4-6, 6-8 or 6-12 weeks or longer, e.g., 6-12 months or even years after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is produced in the human at a steady state wherein FVIII activity does not vary by more than 5-50% over 4, 6, 8 or 12 weeks or months.
In certain embodiments, FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is produced in the human at a steady state wherein FVIII activity does not vary by more than 25-100% over 4, 6, 8 or 12 weeks or months.
rAAV vector can be administered at doses that would be expected to provide expression of FVIII at certain amounts and for certain periods of time to provide sustained expression after administration.
In certain embodiments, rAAV vector is administered at a dose of between about 1×109 to about 1×1014 vg/kg inclusive to the human, and FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is produced in the human at levels averaging about 12% to about 100% activity for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 continuous days, weeks or months after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, rAAV vector is administered at a dose of between about 5×109 to about 6×1013 vg/kg inclusive to the human, and FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is produced in the human at levels averaging about 12% to about 100% activity for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 continuous days, weeks or months after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, rAAV vector is administered at a dose of between about 1×1010 to about 6×1013 vg/kg inclusive to the human, and FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is produced in the human at levels averaging about 12% to about 100% activity for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 continuous days, weeks or months after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, rAAV vector is administered at a dose of between about 1×1010 to about 1×1013 vg/kg inclusive to the human, and FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is produced in the human at levels averaging about 12% to about 100% activity for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 continuous days, weeks or months after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, rAAV vector is administered at a dose of between about 1×1010 to about 6×1012 vg/kg inclusive to the human, and FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is produced in the human at levels averaging about 12% to about 100% activity for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 continuous days, weeks or months after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, rAAV vector is administered at a dose of less than 6×1012 vg/kg to the human, and FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is produced in the human at levels averaging about 12% to about 100% activity for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 continuous days, weeks or months after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, rAAV vector is administered at a dose of about 1×1010 to about 5×1012 vg/kg, inclusive to the human, and FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is produced in the human at levels averaging about 12% to about 100% activity for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 continuous days, weeks or months after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, rAAV vector is administered at a dose of about 1×1011 to about 1×1012 vg/kg, inclusive to the human, and FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is produced in the human at levels averaging about 12% to about 100% activity for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 continuous days, weeks or months after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, rAAV vector is administered at a dose of about 2×1011 to about 9×1011 vg/kg, inclusive to the human, and FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is produced in the human at levels averaging about 12% to about 100% activity for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 continuous days, weeks or months after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, rAAV vector is administered at a dose of about 3×1011 to about 8×1012 vg/kg, inclusive to the human, and FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is produced in the human at levels averaging about 12% to about 100% activity for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 continuous days, weeks or months after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, rAAV vector is administered at a dose of about 3×1011 to about 7×1012 vg/kg, inclusive to the human, and FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is produced in the human at levels averaging about 12% to about 100% activity for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 continuous days, weeks or months after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, rAAV vector is administered at a dose of about 3×1011 to about 6×1012 vg/kg, inclusive to the human, and FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is produced in the human at levels averaging about 12% to about 100% activity for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 continuous days, weeks or months after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, rAAV vector is administered at a dose of about 4×1011 to about 6×1012 vg/kg, inclusive to the human, and FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is produced in the human at levels averaging about 12% to about 100% activity for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 continuous days, weeks or months after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, rAAV vector is administered at a dose of about 5×1011 vg/kg or about 1×1012 vg/kg and FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is produced in the human at levels averaging about 12% to about 100% activity for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 continuous days, weeks or months after rAAV vector administration.
Humans according to the methods and uses include those that are sero-negative for or do not have detectable AAV antibodies.
In certain embodiments, AAV antibodies in the human are not detected prior to rAAV vector administration or wherein said human is sero-negative for AAV.
In certain embodiments, AAV antibodies against the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD are not detected for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or months or longer after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, AAV antibodies against the rAAV vector are not detected for at least about 14 days, or for at least about 21 days, or for at least about 28 days, or for at least about 35 days, or for at least about 42 days, or for at least about 49 days, or for at least about 56 days, or for at least about 63 days, or for at least about 70 days, or for at least about 77 days, or for at least about 84 days, or for at least about 91 days, or for at least about 98 days, or for at least about 105 days, or for at least about 112 days, after rAAV vector administration.
Humans according to the methods and uses include those that have detectable AAV antibodies.
In certain embodiments, AAV antibodies in the human are at or less than about 1:5 prior to rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, AAV antibodies in the human are at or less than about 1:3 prior to rAAV vector administration.
In certain methods and uses, a human administered the rAAV vector does not produce a cell mediated immune response against the rAAV vector.
In certain embodiments, the human administrated the rAAV vector does not produce a cell mediated immune response against the rAAV vector for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 continuous weeks or months after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the human administered the rAAV vector does not develop a humoral immune response against the rAAV vector sufficient to decrease or block the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD therapeutic effect.
In certain embodiments, the human administered the rAAV vector does not produce detectable antibodies against the rAAV vector for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 months after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the human administered the rAAV vector is not administered an immunusuppresive agent prior to, during and/or after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, the human administered the rAAV vector FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expressed in the human is achieved without administering an immunusuppresive agent.
In the case of a pre-existing or an immune response that develops after rAAV vector administration, a human may be administered an immunosuppressive agent prior to or after rAAV vector administration.
In certain embodiments, a method or use includes administering an immunosuppressive agent prior to administration of the rAAV vector.
In certain embodiments, a method or use includes administering an immunosuppressive agent after administration of the rAAV vector.
In certain embodiments, an immunosuppressive agent is administered from a time period within 1 hour to up to 45 days after the rAAV vector is administered.
In certain embodiments, an immunosuppressive agent immunosuppressive agent comprises a steroid, cyclosporine (e.g., cyclosporine A), mycophenolate, Rituximab or a derivative thereof.
In certain embodiments, nucleic acid variants have 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5% or greater sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs:1-18. In certain embodiments, nucleic acid variants have 90-95% sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs:1-18. In certain embodiments, nucleic acid variants have 95%-100% sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs:1-18.
In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid variant encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD has a reduced CpG content compared to wild-type nucleic acid encoding FVIII. In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid variant has at least 20 fewer CpGs than wild-type nucleic acid encoding FVIII (SEQ ID NO:19). In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid variant has no more than 10 CpGs, has no more than 9 CpGs, has no more than 8 CpGs, has no more than 7 CpGs, has no more than 6 CPGs, has no more than 5 CpGs, has no more than 4 CpGs; has no more than 3 CpGs; has no more than 2 CpGs; or has no more than 1 CpG. In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid variant has at most 4 CpGs; 3 CpGs; 2 CpGs; or 1 CpG. In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid variant has no CpGs.
In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid variant encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD has a reduced CpG content compared to wild-type nucleic acid encoding FVIII, and such CpG reduced nucleic acid variants have 90% or greater sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs:1-18. In certain embodiments, CpG reduced nucleic acid variants have 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5% or greater sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs:1-18. In certain embodiments, CpG reduced nucleic acid variants have 90-95% sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs:1-18. In certain embodiments, CpG reduced nucleic acid variants have 95%-100% sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOs:1-18. In certain embodiments, FVIII encoding CpG reduced nucleic acid variants are set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs:1-18.
In certain embodiments, nucleic acid variants encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD protein are at least 75% identical to wild type human FVIII nucleic acid or wild type human FVIII nucleic acid comprising a B domain deletion. In certain embodiments, nucleic acid variants encoding FVIII protein are about 75-95% identical (e.g., about 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95% identical) to wild type human FVIII nucleic acid or wild type human FVIII nucleic acid comprising a B domain deletion.
In certain embodiments, nucleic acids and variants encoding FVIII protein are mammalian, such as human. Such mammalian nucleic acids and nucleic acid variants encoding FVIII protein include human forms, which may be based upon human wild type FVIII or human wild type FVIII comprising a B domain deletion.
In certain embodiments, a recombinant adenovirus-associated virus (sAAV) vector comprises an AAV vector comprises an AAV serotype or an AAV pseudotype, such as AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, Rh10, Rh74 or AAV-2i8 AAV. In certain embodiments, an rAAV vector comprises any of SEQ ID Nos:1-18, or comprises SEQ ID NO: 23 or 24.
In certain embodiments, an expression control element comprises a constitutive or regulatable control element, or a tissue-specific expression control element or promoter. In certain embodiments, an expression control element comprises an element that confers expression in liver. In certain embodiments, an expression control element comprises a TTR promoter or mutant TTR promoter, such as SEQ ID NO:22. In further particular aspects, an expression control element comprises a promoter set forth in PCT publication WO 2016/168728 (U.S. Ser. Nos. 62/148,696; 62/202,133; and 62/212,634), which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
In certain embodiments, a rAAV vector comprises an AAV serotype or an AAV pseudotype comprising an AAV capsid serotype different from an ITR serotype. In additional embodiments, a rAAV vector comprises a VP1, VP2 and/or VP3 capsid sequence having 75% or more sequence identity (e.g., 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, etc.) to any of AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, Rh10, Rh74 or AAV-2i8 AAV serotypes.
In certain embodiments, a rAAV vector comprises a VP1, VP2 and/or VP3 capsid sequence having 75% or more sequence identity (e.g., 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, etc.) to any SEQ ID NO:27 or SEQ ID NO:28. In certain embodiments, a rAAV vector comprises a VP1, VP2 and/or VP3 capsid 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:27 or SEQ ID NO:28.
In certain embodiments, a rAAV vector further includes an intron, an expression control element, one or more AAV inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) (e.g., any of: AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, Rh10, Rh74 or AAV-2i8 AAV serotypes, or a combination thereof), a filler polynucleotide sequence and/or poly A signal.
In certain embodiments, an intron is within or flanks a nucleic acid or nucleic acid variant encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD, and/or an expression control element is operably linked to a nucleic acid or nucleic acid variant encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD, and/or an AAV ITR(s) flanks the 5′ or 3′ terminus of the nucleic acid or nucleic acid variant encoding FVIII, and/or a filler polynucleotide sequence flanks the 5′ or 3′ terminus of the a nucleic acid or nucleic acid variant encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD.
In particular embodiments, an expression control element comprises a constitutive or regulatable control element, or a tissue-specific expression control element or promoter. In certain embodiments, an expression control element comprises an element that confers expression in liver (e.g., a TTR promoter or mutant TTR promoter).
In certain embodiments, a rAAV comprises a pharmaceutical composition. Such pharmaceutical compositions optionally include empty capsid AAV (e.g., lack vector genome comprising FVIII or hFVIII-BDD encoding nucleic acid or nucleic acid variant).
In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid or nucleic acid variant encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD protein, vectors, expression vectors, or virus or AAV vectors are encapsulated in a liposome or mixed with phospholipids or micelles.
Methods of the invention also include treating mammalian subjects (e.g., humans) such as humans in need of FVIII (the human produces an insufficient amount of FVIII protein, or a defective or aberrant FVIII protein) or that has hemophilia A.
In one embodiment, a human produces an insufficient amount of FVIII protein, or a defective or aberrant FVIII protein. In another embodiment, a human has mild, moderate or severe hemophilia A.
In certain embodiments, FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expressed by way of a rAAV vector administered is expressed at levels having a beneficial or therapeutic effect on the mammal.
Candidate subjects (e.g., a patient) and mammals (e.g., humans) for administration (e.g., delivery) of a rAAV comprising a nucleic acid or nucleic acid variant encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD include those having or those at risk of having a disorder such as: hemophilia A, von Willebrand diseases and bleeding associated with trauma, injury, thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, stroke, coagulopathy, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or over-anticoagulation treatment disorder.
Candidate subjects (e.g., a patient) and mammals (e.g., humans) for administration (e.g., delivery) of a a nucleic acid or nucleic acid variant encoding FVIII include those or sero-negative for AAV antibodies, as well as those having (seropositive) or those at risk of developing AAV antibodies. Such subjects (e.g., a patient) and mammals (e.g., humans) may be sero-negative or sero-positive for an AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV-Rh10 or AAV-Rh74 serotype.
In certain embodiments, empty capsid of AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV-12, AAV-Rh10 and/or AAV-Rh74 serotype is further administered to the mammal or patient alone or in combination with an rAAV vector comprising a nucleic acid or nucleic acid variant encoding FVIII.
Methods of administration (e.g., delivery) in accordance with the invention include any mode of contact or delivery, ex vivo or in vivo. In particular embodiments administration (e.g., delivery) is: intravenously, intraarterially, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intra-cavity, intubation, or via catheter.
In certain embodiments, FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is expressed at levels without substantially increasing risk of thrombosis.
In certain embodiments, thrombosis risk is determined by measuring fibrin degradation products.
In certain embodiments, activity of the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD is detectable for at least 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks, or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11 months, or at least 1 year in the human.
In certain embodiments, a human is further analyzed or monitored for one or more of the following: the presence or amount of AAV antibodies, an immune response against AAV, FVIII or hFVIII-BDD antibodies, an immune response against FVIII or hFVIII-BDD, FVIII or hFVIII-BDD amounts, FVIII or hFVIII-BDD activity, amounts or levels of one or more liver enzymes or frequency, and/or severity or duration of bleeding episodes.
ε=Development of inhibitors against FVIII.
Disclosed herein are methods of treating a human having hemophilia A or in need of Factor VIII (FVIII) are provided. Such methods can be achieved using rAAV vectors with a genome comprising nucleic acid or nucleic acid variants encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD, which can be expressed in cells and/or humans, which in turn can provide increased FVIII or hFVIII-BDD protein levels in vivo. Exemplary nucleic acid variants encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD can have reduced CpGs compared with a reference wild-type mammalian (e.g., human) FVIII or hFVIII-BDD and/or less than 100% sequence identity with a reference wild-type mammalian (e.g., human) FVIII or hFVIII-BDD. Such methods can also be achieved by administering a rAAV vector dose amount less than 6×1012 vrAAV vector genomes per kilogram (vg/kg). rAAV vectors administered at dose amounts less than 6×1012 vrAAV vector genomes per kilogram (vg/kg) can comprise a vector genome comprising a nucleic acid or nucleic acid variant encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD.
The terms “polynucleotide” and “nucleic acid” are used interchangeably herein to refer to all forms of nucleic acid, oligonucleotides, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Polynucleotides include genomic DNA, cDNA and antisense DNA, and spliced or unspliced mRNA, rRNA tRNA and inhibitory DNA or RNA (RNAi, e.g., small or short hairpin (sh)RNA, microRNA (miRNA), small or short interfering (si)RNA, trans-splicing RNA, or antisense RNA). Polynucleotides include naturally occurring, synthetic, and intentionally modified or altered polynucleotides (e.g., variant nucleic acid). Polynucleotides can be single, double, or triplex, linear or circular, and can be of any length. In discussing polynucleotides, a sequence or structure of a particular polynucleotide may be described herein according to the convention of providing the sequence in the 5′ to 3′ direction.
As used herein, the terms “modify” or “variant” and grammatical variations thereof, mean that a nucleic acid, polypeptide or subsequence thereof deviates from a reference sequence. Modified and variant sequences may therefore have substantially the same, greater or less expression, activity or function than a reference sequence, but at least retain partial activity or function of the reference sequence. A particular example of a modification or variant is a CpG reduced nucleic acid variant encoding FVIII.
A “nucleic acid” or “polynucleotide” variant refers to a modified sequence which has been genetically altered compared to wild-type. The sequence may be genetically modified without altering the encoded protein sequence. Alternatively, the sequence may be genetically modified to encode a variant protein. A nucleic acid or polynucleotide variant can also refer to a combination sequence which has been codon modified to encode a protein that still retains at least partial sequence identity to a reference sequence, such as wild-type protein sequence, and also has been codon-modified to encode a variant protein. For example, some codons of such a nucleic acid variant will be changed without altering the amino acids of the protein (FVIII) encoded thereby, and some codons of the nucleic acid variant will be changed which in turn changes the amino acids of the protein (FVIII) encoded thereby.
The term “variant Factor VIII (FVIII)” refers to a modified FVIII which has been genetically altered as compared to unmodified wild-type FVIII (e.g., SEQ ID NO:19) or FVIII-BDD. Such a variant can be referred to as a “nucleic acid variant encoding Factor VIII (FVIII).” A particular example of a variant is a CpG reduced nucleic acid encoding FVIII or FVIII-BDD protein. The term “variant” need not appear in each instance of a reference made to CpG reduced nucleic acid encoding FVIII. Likewise, the term “CpG reduced nucleic acid” or the like may omit the term “variant” but it is intended that reference to “CpG reduced nucleic acid” includes variants at the genetic level.
FVIII and hFVIII-BDD constructs having reduced CpG content can exhibit improvements compared to wild-type FVIII or FVIII-BDD in which CpG content has not been reduced, and do so without modifications to the nucleic acid that result in amino acid changes to the encoded FVIII or FVIII-BDD protein. When comparing expression, if the CpG reduced nucleic acid encodes a FVIII protein that retains the B-domain, it is appropriate to compare it to wild-type FVIII expression; and if the CpG reduced nucleic acid encodes a FVIII protein without a B-domain, it is compared to expression of wild-type FVIII that also has a B-domain deletion.
A “variant Factor VIII (FVIII)” can also mean a modified FVIII protein such that the modified protein has an amino acid alteration compared to wild-type FVIII. Again, when comparing activity and/or stability, if the encoded variant FVIII protein retains the B-domain, it is appropriate to compare it to wild-type FVIII; and if the encoded variant FVIII protein has a B-domain deletion, it is compared to wild-type FVIII that also has a B-domain deletion.
A variant FVIII can include a portion of the B-domain. Thus, FVIII-BDD includes a portion of the B-domain. Typically, in FVIII-BDD most of the B-domain is deleted.
A variant FVIII can include an “SQ” sequence set forth as SFSQNPPVLKRHQR (SEQ ID NO:29). Typically, such a variant FVIII with an SQ (FVIII/SQ) has a BDD, e.g., at least all or a part of BD is deleted. Variant FVIII, such as FVIII-BDD can have all or a part of the “SQ” sequence, i.e. all or a part of SEQ ID NO:29. Thus, for example, a variant FVIII-BDD with an SQ sequence (SFSQNPPVLKRHQR, SEQ ID NO:29) can have all or just a portion of the amino acid sequence SFSQNPPVLKRHQR. For example, FVIII-BDD can have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 or 13 amino acid residues of SFSQNPPVLKRHQR included. Thus, SFSQNPPVLKRHQR with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 or 13 internal deletions as well as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 or 13 amino- or carboxy terminal deletions are included in the variant FVIII proteins set forth herein.
The “polypeptides,” “proteins” and “peptides” encoded by the “nucleic acid” or “polynucleotide” sequences,” include full-length native (FVIII) sequences, as with naturally occurring wild-type proteins, as well as functional subsequences, modified forms or sequence variants so long as the subsequence, modified form or variant retain some degree of functionality of the native full-length protein. For example, a CpG reduced nucleic acid encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD protein can have a B-domain deletion as set forth herein and retain clotting function. In methods and uses of the invention, such polypeptides, proteins and peptides encoded by the nucleic acid sequences can be but are not required to be identical to the endogenous protein that is defective, or whose expression is insufficient, or deficient in the treated mammal.
Non-limiting examples of modifications include one or more nucleotide or amino acid substitutions (e.g., 1-3, 3-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-100, 100-150, 150-200, 200-250, 250-500, 500-750, 750-850 or more nucleotides or residues). An example of a nucleic acid modification is CpG reduction. In certain embodiments, a CpG reduced nucleic acid encoding FVIII, such as human FVIII protein, has 10 or fewer CpGs compared to wild-type sequence encoding human Factor FVIII; or has 5 or fewer CpGs compared to wild-type sequence encoding human Factor FVIII; or has no more than 5 CpGs in the CpG reduced nucleic acid encoding FVIII.
An example of an amino acid modification is a conservative amino acid substitution or a deletion (e.g., subsequences or fragments) of a reference sequence, e.g. FVIII, such as FVIII with a B-domain deletion. In particular embodiments, a modified or variant sequence retains at least part of a function or activity of unmodified sequence.
All mammalian and non-mammalian forms of nucleic acid encoding proteins, including other mammalian forms of the CpG reduced nucleic acid encoding FVIII and hFVIII-BDD disclosed herein are expressly included, either known or unknown. Thus, the invention includes genes and proteins from non-mammals, mammals other than humans, and humans, which genes and proteins function in a substantially similar manner to the FVIII (e.g., human) genes and proteins described herein.
The term “vector” refers to small carrier nucleic acid molecule, a plasmid, virus (e.g., AAV vector), or other vehicle that can be manipulated by insertion or incorporation of a nucleic acid. Such vectors can be used for genetic manipulation (i.e., “cloning vectors”), to introduce/transfer polynucleotides into cells, and to transcribe or translate the inserted polynucleotide in cells. An “expression vector” is a specialized vector that contains a gene or nucleic acid sequence with the necessary regulatory regions needed for expression in a host cell. A vector nucleic acid sequence generally contains at least an origin of replication for propagation in a cell and optionally additional elements, such as a heterologous polynucleotide sequence, expression control element (e.g., a promoter, enhancer), intron, ITR(s), selectable marker (e.g., antibiotic resistance), polyadenylation signal.
A viral vector is derived from or based upon one or more nucleic acid elements that comprise a viral genome. Particular viral vectors include lentivirus, pseudo-typed lentivirus and parvo-virus vectors, such as adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors.
The term “recombinant,” as a modifier of vector, such as recombinant viral, e.g., lenti- or parvo-virus (e.g., AAV) vectors, as well as a modifier of sequences such as recombinant polynucleotides and polypeptides, means that the compositions have been manipulated (i.e., engineered) in a fashion that generally does not occur in nature. A particular example of a recombinant vector, such as an AAV vector would be where a polynucleotide that is not normally present in the wild-type viral (e.g., AAV) genome is inserted within the viral genome. An example of a recombinant polynucleotide would be where a CpG reduced nucleic acid encoding a FVIII or hFVIII-BDD protein is cloned into a vector, with or without 5′, 3′ and/or intron regions that the gene is normally associated within the viral (e.g., AAV) genome. Although the term “recombinant” is not always used herein in reference to vectors, such as viral and AAV vectors, as well as sequences such as polynucleotides, recombinant forms including polynucleotides, are expressly included in spite of any such omission.
A recombinant viral “vector” or “AAV vector” is derived from the wild type genome of a virus, such as AAV by using molecular methods to remove the wild type genome from the virus (e.g., AAV), and replacing with a non-native nucleic acid, such as a CpG reduced nucleic acid encoding FVIII. Typically, for AAV one or both inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences of AAV genome are retained in the AAV vector. A “recombinant” viral vector (e.g., AAV) is distinguished from a viral (e.g., AAV) genome, since all or a part of the viral genome has been replaced with a non-native sequence with respect to the viral (e.g., AAV) genomic nucleic acid such as a CpG reduced nucleic acid encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD. Incorporation of a non-native sequence therefore defines the viral vector (e.g., AAV) as a “recombinant” vector, which in the case of AAV can be referred to as a “rAAV vector.”
A recombinant vector (e.g., lenti-, parvo-, AAV) sequence can be packaged—referred to herein as a “particle” for subsequent infection (transduction) of a cell, ex vivo, in vitro or in vivo. Where a recombinant vector sequence is encapsidated or packaged into an AAV particle, the particle can also be referred to as a “rAAV.” Such particles include proteins that encapsidate or package the vector genome. Particular examples include viral envelope proteins, and in the case of AAV, capsid proteins.
A vector “genome” refers to the portion of the recombinant plasmid sequence that is ultimately packaged or encapsidated to form a viral (e.g., AAV) particle. In cases where recombinant plasmids are used to construct or manufacture recombinant vectors, the vector genome does not include the portion of the “plasmid” that does not correspond to the vector genome sequence of the recombinant plasmid. This non vector genome portion of the recombinant plasmid is referred to as the “plasmid backbone,” which is important for cloning and amplification of the plasmid, a process that is needed for propagation and recombinant virus production, but is not itself packaged or encapsidated into virus (e.g., AAV) particles. Thus, a vector “genome” refers to the nucleic acid that is packaged or encapsidated by virus (e.g., AAV).
A “transgene” is used herein to conveniently refer to a nucleic acid that is intended or has been introduced into a cell or organism. Transgenes include any nucleic acid, such as a gene that encodes a polypeptide or protein (e.g., a CpG reduced nucleic acid encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD).
In a cell having a transgene, the transgene has been introduced/transferred by way of vector, such as AAV, “transduction” or “transfection” of the cell. The terms “transduce” and “transfect” refer to introduction of a molecule such as a nucleic acid into a cell or host organism. The transgene may or may not be integrated into genomic nucleic acid of the recipient cell. If an introduced nucleic acid becomes integrated into the nucleic acid (genomic DNA) of the recipient cell or organism it can be stably maintained in that cell or organism and further passed on to or inherited by progeny cells or organisms of the recipient cell or organism. Finally, the introduced nucleic acid may exist in the recipient cell or host organism extrachromosomally, or only transiently.
A “transduced cell” is a cell into which the transgene has been introduced. Accordingly, a “transduced” cell (e.g., in a mammal, such as a cell or tissue or organ cell), means a genetic change in a cell following incorporation of an exogenous molecule, for example, a nucleic acid (e.g., a transgene) into the cell. Thus, a “transduced” cell is a cell into which, or a progeny thereof in which an exogenous nucleic acid has been introduced. The cell(s) can be propagated and the introduced protein expressed, or nucleic acid transcribed. For gene therapy uses and methods, a transduced cell can be in a subject.
An “expression control element” refers to nucleic acid sequence(s) that influence expression of an operably linked nucleic acid. Control elements, including expression control elements as set forth herein such as promoters and enhancers, Vector sequences including AAV vectors can include one or more “expression control elements.” Typically, such elements are included to facilitate proper heterologous polynucleotide transcription and if appropriate translation (e.g., a promoter, enhancer, splicing signal for introns, maintenance of the correct reading frame of the gene to permit in-frame translation of mRNA and, stop codons etc.). Such elements typically act in cis, referred to as a “cis acting” element, but may also act in trans.
Expression control can be at the level of transcription, translation, splicing, message stability, etc. Typically, an expression control element that modulates transcription is juxtaposed near the 5′ end (i.e., “upstream”) of a transcribed nucleic acid. Expression control elements can also be located at the 3′ end (i.e., “downstream”) of the transcribed sequence or within the transcript (e.g., in an intron). Expression control elements can be located adjacent to or at a distance away from the transcribed sequence (e.g., 1-10, 10-25, 25-50, 50-100, 100 to 500, or more nucleotides from the polynucleotide), even at considerable distances. Nevertheless, owing to the length limitations of certain vectors, such as AAV vectors, expression control elements will typically be within 1 to 1000 nucleotides from the transcribed nucleic acid.
Functionally, expression of operably linked nucleic acid is at least in part controllable by the element (e.g., promoter) such that the element modulates transcription of the nucleic acid and, as appropriate, translation of the transcript. A specific example of an expression control element is a promoter, which is usually located 5′ of the transcribed sequence e.g., a CpG reduced nucleic acid encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD. A promoter typically increases an amount expressed from operably linked nucleic acid as compared to an amount expressed when no promoter exists.
An “enhancer” as used herein can refer to a sequence that is located adjacent to the heterologous polynucleotide. Enhancer elements are typically located upstream of a promoter element but also function and can be located downstream of or within a sequence (e.g., a CpG reduced nucleic acid encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD). Hence, an enhancer element can be located 100 base pairs, 200 base pairs, or 300 or more base pairs upstream or downstream of a CpG reduced nucleic acid encoding FVIII. Enhancer elements typically increase expressed of an operably linked nucleic acid above expression afforded by a promoter element.
An expression construct may comprise regulatory elements which serve to drive expression in a particular cell or tissue type. Expression control elements (e.g., promoters) include those active in a particular tissue or cell type, referred to herein as a “tissue-specific expression control elements/promoters.” Tissue-specific expression control elements are typically active in specific cell or tissue (e.g., liver). Expression control elements are typically active in particular cells, tissues or organs because they are recognized by transcriptional activator proteins, or other regulators of transcription, that are unique to a specific cell, tissue or organ type. Such regulatory elements are known to those of skill in the art (see, e.g., Sambrook et al. (1989) and Ausubel et al. (1992)).
The incorporation of tissue specific regulatory elements in the expression constructs of the invention provides for at least partial tissue tropism for the expression of a CpG reduced nucleic acid encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD. Examples of promoters that are active in liver are the TTR promoter, human alpha 1-antitrypsin (hAAT) promoter; albumin, Miyatake, et al. J. Virol., 71:5124-32 (1997); hepatitis B virus core promoter, Sandig, et al., Gene Ther. 3:1002-9 (1996); alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), Arbuthnot, et al., Hum. Gene. Ther., 7:1503-14 (1996)], among others. An example of an enhancer active in liver is apolipoprotein E (apoE) HCR-1 and HCR-2 (Allan et al., J. Biol. Chem., 272:29113-19 (1997)).
Expression control elements also include ubiquitous or promiscuous promoters/enhancers which are capable of driving expression of a polynucleotide in many different cell types. Such elements include, but are not limited to the cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter/enhancer sequences, the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter/enhancer sequences and the other viral promoters/enhancers active in a variety of mammalian cell types, or synthetic elements that are not present in nature (see, e.g., Boshart et al, Cell, 41:521-530 (1985)), the SV40 promoter, the dihydrofolate reductase promoter, the cytoplasmic β-actin promoter and the phosphoglycerol kinase (PGK) promoter.
Expression control elements also can confer expression in a manner that is regulatable, that is, a signal or stimuli increases or decreases expression of the operably linked heterologous polynucleotide. A regulatable element that increases expression of the operably linked polynucleotide in response to a signal or stimuli is also referred to as an “inducible element” (i.e., is induced by a signal). Particular examples include, but are not limited to, a hormone (e.g., steroid) inducible promoter. Typically, the amount of increase or decrease conferred by such elements is proportional to the amount of signal or stimuli present; the greater the amount of signal or stimuli, the greater the increase or decrease in expression. Particular non-limiting examples include zinc-inducible sheep metallothionine (MT) promoter; the steroid hormone-inducible mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter; the T7 polymerase promoter system (WO 98/10088); the tetracycline-repressible system (Gossen, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:5547-5551 (1992)); the tetracycline-inducible system (Gossen, et al., Science. 268:1766-1769 (1995); see also Harvey, et al., Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2:512-518 (1998)); the RU486-inducible system (Wang, et al., Nat. Biotech. 15:239-243 (1997) and Wang, et al., Gene Ther. 4:432-441 (1997)]; and the rapamycin-inducible system (Magari, et al., J. Clin. Invest. 100:2865-2872 (1997); Rivera, et al., Nat. Medicine. 2:1028-1032 (1996)). Other regulatable control elements which may be useful in this context are those which are regulated by a specific physiological state, e.g., temperature, acute phase, development.
Expression control elements also include the native elements(s) for the heterologous polynucleotide. A native control element (e.g., promoter) may be used when it is desired that expression of the heterologous polynucleotide should mimic the native expression. The native element may be used when expression of the heterologous polynucleotide is to be regulated temporally or developmentally, or in a tissue-specific manner, or in response to specific transcriptional stimuli. Other native expression control elements, such as introns, polyadenylation sites or Kozak consensus sequences may also be used.
The term “operably linked” means that the regulatory sequences necessary for expression of a coding sequence are placed in the appropriate positions relative to the coding sequence so as to effect expression of the coding sequence. This same definition is sometimes applied to the arrangement of coding sequences and transcription control elements (e.g. promoters, enhancers, and termination elements) in an expression vector. This definition is also sometimes applied to the arrangement of nucleic acid sequences of a first and a second nucleic acid molecule wherein a hybrid nucleic acid molecule is generated.
In the example of an expression control element in operable linkage with a nucleic acid, the relationship is such that the control element modulates expression of the nucleic acid. More specifically, for example, two DNA sequences operably linked means that the two DNAs are arranged (cis or trans) in such a relationship that at least one of the DNA sequences is able to exert a physiological effect upon the other sequence.
Accordingly, additional elements for vectors include, without limitation, an expression control (e.g., promoter/enhancer) element, a transcription termination signal or stop codon, 5′ or 3′ untranslated regions (e.g., polyadenylation (polyA) sequences) which flank a sequence, such as one or more copies of an AAV ITR sequence, or an intron.
Further elements include, for example, filler or stuffer polynucleotide sequences, for example to improve packaging and reduce the presence of contaminating nucleic acid. AAV vectors typically accept inserts of DNA having a size range which is generally about 4 kb to about 5.2 kb, or slightly more. Thus, for shorter sequences, inclusion of a stuffer or filler in order to adjust the length to near or at the normal size of the virus genomic sequence acceptable for AAV vector packaging into virus particle. In various embodiments, a filler/stuffer nucleic acid sequence is an untranslated (non-protein encoding) segment of nucleic acid. For a nucleic acid sequence less than 4.7 Kb, the filler or stuffer polynucleotide sequence has a length that when combined (e.g., inserted into a vector) with the sequence has a total length between about 3.0-5.5 Kb, or between about 4.0-5.0 Kb, or between about 4.3-4.8 Kb.
An intron can also function as a filler or stuffer polynucleotide sequence in order to achieve a length for AAV vector packaging into a virus particle. Introns and intron fragments that function as a filler or stuffer polynucleotide sequence also can enhance expression.
The phrase “hemostasis related disorder” refers to bleeding disorders such as hemophilia A, hemophilia A patients with inhibitory antibodies, deficiencies in coagulation Factors, VII, VIII, IX and X, XI, V, XII, II, von Willebrand factor, combined FV/FVIII deficiency, vitamin K epoxide reductase C1 deficiency, gamma-carboxylase deficiency; bleeding associated with trauma, injury, thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, stroke, coagulopathy, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC); over-anticoagulation associated with heparin, low molecular weight heparin, pentasaccharide, warfarin, small molecule antithrombotics (i.e. FXa inhibitors); and platelet disorders such as, Bernard Soulier syndrome, Glanzman thromblastemia, and storage pool deficiency.
The term “isolated,” when used as a modifier of a composition, means that the compositions are made by the hand of man or are separated, completely or at least in part, from their naturally occurring in vivo environment. Generally, isolated compositions are substantially free of one or more materials with which they normally associate with in nature, for example, one or more protein, nucleic acid, lipid, carbohydrate, cell membrane.
With reference to nucleic acids of the invention, the term “isolated” refers to a nucleic acid molecule that is separated from one or more sequences with which it is immediately contiguous (in the 5′ and 3′ directions) in the naturally occurring genome (genomic DNA) of the organism from which it originates. For example, the “isolated nucleic acid” may comprise a DNA or cDNA molecule inserted into a vector, such as a plasmid or virus vector, or integrated into the DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote.
With respect to RNA molecules of the invention, the term “isolated” primarily refers to an RNA molecule encoded by an isolated DNA molecule as defined above. Alternatively, the term may refer to an RNA molecule that has been sufficiently separated from RNA molecules with which it would be associated in its natural state (i.e., in cells or tissues), such that it exists in a “substantially pure” form (the term “substantially pure” is defined below).
With respect to protein, the term “isolated protein” or “isolated and purified protein” is sometimes used herein. This term refers primarily to a protein produced by expression of an isolated nucleic acid molecule. Alternatively, this term may refer to a protein which has been sufficiently separated from other proteins with which it would naturally be associated, so as to exist in “substantially pure” form.
The term “isolated” does not exclude combinations produced by the hand of man, for example, a recombinant vector (e.g., rAAV) sequence, or virus particle that packages or encapsidates a vector genome and a pharmaceutical formulation. The term “isolated” also does not exclude alternative physical forms of the composition, such as hybrids/chimeras, multimers/oligomers, modifications (e.g., phosphorylation, glycosylation, lipidation) or derivatized forms, or forms expressed in host cells produced by the hand of man.
The term “substantially pure” refers to a preparation comprising at least 50-60% by weight the compound of interest (e.g., nucleic acid, oligonucleotide, protein, etc.). The preparation can comprise at least 75% by weight, or about 90-99% by weight, of the compound of interest. Purity is measured by methods appropriate for the compound of interest (e.g. chromatographic methods, agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, HPLC analysis, and the like).
The phrase “consisting essentially of” when referring to a particular nucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence means a sequence having the properties of a given SEQ ID NO. For example, when used in reference to an amino acid sequence, the phrase includes the sequence per se and molecular modifications that would not affect the basic and novel characteristics of the sequence.
The term “oligonucleotide,” as used herein refers to primers and probes, and is defined as a nucleic acid molecule comprised of two or more ribo- or deoxyribonucleotides, such as more than three. The exact size of the oligonucleotide will depend on various factors and on the particular application for which the oligonucleotide is used.
The term “probe” as used herein refers to an oligonucleotide, polynucleotide or nucleic acid, either RNA or DNA, whether occurring naturally as in a purified restriction enzyme digest or produced synthetically, which is capable of annealing with or specifically hybridizing to a nucleic acid with sequences complementary to the probe. A probe may be either single-stranded or double-stranded. The exact length of the probe will depend upon many factors, including temperature, source of probe and method of use. For example, for diagnostic applications, depending on the complexity of the target sequence, the oligonucleotide probe typically contains 15-25 or more nucleotides, although it may contain fewer nucleotides.
The probes herein are selected to be “substantially” complementary to different strands of a particular target nucleic acid sequence. This means that the probes must be sufficiently complementary so as to be able to “specifically hybridize” or anneal with their respective target strands under a set of pre-determined conditions. Therefore, the probe sequence need not reflect the exact complementary sequence of the target. For example, a non-complementary nucleotide fragment may be attached to the 5′ or 3′ end of the probe, with the remainder of the probe sequence being complementary to the target strand. Alternatively, non-complementary bases or longer sequences can be interspersed into the probe, provided that the probe sequence has sufficient complementarity with the sequence of the target nucleic acid to anneal therewith specifically.
The term “specifically hybridize” refers to the association between two single-stranded nucleic acid molecules of sufficiently complementary sequence to permit such hybridization under pre-determined conditions generally used in the art (sometimes termed “substantially complementary”). In particular, the term refers to hybridization of an oligonucleotide with a substantially complementary sequence contained within a single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule of the invention, to the substantial exclusion of hybridization of the oligonucleotide with single-stranded nucleic acids of non-complementary sequence.
The term “primer” as used herein refers to an oligonucleotide, either RNA or DNA, either single-stranded or double-stranded, either derived from a biological system, generated by restriction enzyme digestion, or produced synthetically which, when placed in the proper environment, is able to act functionally as an initiator of template-dependent nucleic acid synthesis. When presented with an appropriate nucleic acid template, suitable nucleoside triphosphate precursors of nucleic acids, a polymerase enzyme, suitable cofactors and conditions such as a suitable temperature and pH, the primer may be extended at its 3′ terminus by the addition of nucleotides by the action of a polymerase or similar activity to yield a primer extension product.
The primer may vary in length depending on the particular conditions and requirements of the application. For example, in diagnostic applications, the oligonucleotide primer is typically 15-25 or more nucleotides in length. The primer must be of sufficient complementarity to the desired template to prime the synthesis of the desired extension product, that is, to be able to anneal with the desired template strand in a manner sufficient to provide the 3′ hydroxyl moiety of the primer in appropriate juxtaposition for use in the initiation of synthesis by a polymerase or similar enzyme. It is not required that the primer sequence represent an exact complement of the desired template. For example, a non-complementary nucleotide sequence may be attached to the 5′ end of an otherwise complementary primer. Alternatively, non-complementary bases may be interspersed within the oligonucleotide primer sequence, provided that the primer sequence has sufficient complementarity with the sequence of the desired template strand to functionally provide a template-primer complex for the synthesis of the extension product.
The term “identity,” “homology” and grammatical variations thereof, mean that two or more referenced entities are the same, when they are “aligned” sequences. Thus, by way of example, when two polypeptide sequences are identical, they have the same amino acid sequence, at least within the referenced region or portion. Where two polynucleotide sequences are identical, they have the same polynucleotide sequence, at least within the referenced region or portion. The identity can be over a defined area (region or domain) of the sequence. An “area” or “region” of identity refers to a portion of two or more referenced entities that are the same. Thus, where two protein or nucleic acid sequences are identical over one or more sequence areas or regions they share identity within that region. An “aligned” sequence refers to multiple polynucleotide or protein (amino acid) sequences, often containing corrections for missing or additional bases or amino acids (gaps) as compared to a reference sequence.
The identity can extend over the entire length or a portion of the sequence. In certain embodiments, the length of the sequence sharing the percent identity is 2, 3, 4, 5 or more contiguous nucleic acids or amino acids, e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, etc. contiguous nucleic acids or amino acids. In additional embodiments, the length of the sequence sharing identity is 21 or more contiguous nucleic acids or amino acids, e.g., 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, etc. contiguous nucleic acids or amino acids. In further embodiments, the length of the sequence sharing identity is 41 or more contiguous nucleic acids or amino acids, e.g. 42, 43, 44, 45, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, etc., contiguous nucleic acids or amino acids. In yet further embodiments, the length of the sequence sharing identity is 50 or more contiguous nucleic acids or amino acids, e.g., 50-55, 55-60, 60-65, 65-70, 70-75, 75-80, 80-85, 85-90, 90-95, 95-100, 100-150, 150-200, 200-250, 250-300, 300-500, 500-1,000, etc. contiguous nucleic acids or amino acids.
As set forth herein, nucleic acid variants such as CpG reduced variants encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD will be distinct from wild-type but may exhibit sequence identity with wild-type FVIII protein with, or without B-domain. In CpG reduced nucleic acid variants encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD, at the nucleotide sequence level, a CpG reduced nucleic acid encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD will typically be at least about 70% identical, more typically about 75% identical, even more typically about 80%-85% identical to wild-type FVIII encoding nucleic acid. Thus, for example, a CpG reduced nucleic acid encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD may have 75%-85% identity to wild-type FVIII encoding gene, or to each other, i.e., X01 vs. X02, X03 vs. X04, etc. as set forth herein.
At the amino acid sequence level, a variant such as a variant FVIII or hFVIII-BDD protein will be at least about 70% identical, more typically about 75% identical, or 80% identical, even more typically about 85 identity, or 90% or more identity. In other embodiments, a variant such as a variant FVIII or hFVIII-BDD protein has at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identity to a reference sequence, e.g. wild-type FVIII protein with or without B-domain.
To determine identity, if the FVIII (e.g., CpG reduced nucleic acid encoding FVIII) retains the B-domain, it is appropriate to compare identity to wild-type FVIII. If the FVIII (e.g., CpG reduced nucleic acid encoding hFVIII-BDD) has a B-domain deletion, it is appropriate to compare identity to wild-type FVIII that also has a B-domain deletion.
The terms “homologous” or “homology” mean that two or more referenced entities share at least partial identity over a given region or portion. “Areas, regions or domains” of homology or identity mean that a portion of two or more referenced entities share homology or are the same. Thus, where two sequences are identical over one or more sequence regions they share identity in these regions. “Substantial homology” means that a molecule is structurally or functionally conserved such that it has or is predicted to have at least partial structure or function of one or more of the structures or functions (e.g., a biological function or activity) of the reference molecule, or relevant/corresponding region or portion of the reference molecule to which it shares homology.
The extent of identity (homology) or “percent identity” between two sequences can be ascertained using a computer program and/or mathematical algorithm. For purposes of this invention comparisons of nucleic acid sequences are performed using the GCG Wisconsin Package version 9.1, available from the Genetics Computer Group in Madison, Wis. For convenience, the default parameters (gap creation penalty=12, gap extension penalty=4) specified by that program are intended for use herein to compare sequence identity. Alternately, the Blastn 2.0 program provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (found on the world wide web at ncbi nlm nih.gov/blast/; Altschul et al., 1990, J Mol Biol 215:403-410) using a gapped alignment with default parameters, may be used to determine the level of identity and similarity between nucleic acid sequences and amino acid sequences. For polypeptide sequence comparisons, a BLASTP algorithm is typically used in combination with a scoring matrix, such as PAM100, PAM 250, BLOSUM 62 or BLOSUM 50. FASTA (e.g., FASTA2 and FASTA3) and SSEARCH sequence comparison programs are also used to quantitate extent of identity (Pearson et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444 (1988); Pearson, Methods Mol Biol. 132:185 (2000); and Smith et al., J. Mol. Biol. 147:195 (1981)). Programs for quantitating protein structural similarity using Delaunay-based topological mapping have also been developed (Bostick et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 304:320 (2003)).
Nucleic acid molecules, expression vectors (e.g., vector genomes), plasmids, including nucleic acids and nucleic acid variants encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD of the invention may be prepared by using recombinant DNA technology methods. The availability of nucleotide sequence information enables preparation of isolated nucleic acid molecules of the invention by a variety of means. For example, CpG reduced nucleic acid variants encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD can be made using various standard cloning, recombinant DNA technology, via cell expression or in vitro translation and chemical synthesis techniques. Purity of polynucleotides can be determined through sequencing, gel electrophoresis and the like. For example, nucleic acids can be isolated using hybridization or computer-based database screening techniques. Such techniques include, but are not limited to: (1) hybridization of genomic DNA or cDNA libraries with probes to detect homologous nucleotide sequences; (2) antibody screening to detect polypeptides having shared structural features, for example, using an expression library; (3) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on genomic DNA or cDNA using primers capable of annealing to a nucleic acid sequence of interest; (4) computer searches of sequence databases for related sequences; and (5) differential screening of a subtracted nucleic acid library.
Nucleic acids of the invention may be maintained as DNA in any convenient cloning vector. In a one embodiment, clones are maintained in a plasmid cloning/expression vector, such as pBluescript (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.), which is propagated in a suitable E. coli host cell. Alternatively, nucleic acids may be maintained in vector suitable for expression in mammalian cells. In cases where post-translational modification affects coagulation function, nucleic acid molecule can be expressed in mammalian cells.
Nucleic acids and nucleic acid variants encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD include cDNA, genomic DNA, RNA, and fragments thereof which may be single- or double-stranded. Thus, this invention provides oligonucleotides (sense or antisense strands of DNA or RNA) having sequences capable of hybridizing with at least one sequence of a nucleic acid of the invention. Such oligonucleotides are useful as probes for detecting FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expression.
Vectors such as those described herein (rAAV) optionally comprise regulatory elements necessary for expression of the DNA in the host cell positioned in such a manner as to permit expression of the encoded protein in the host cell. Such regulatory elements required for expression include, but are not limited to, promoter sequences, enhancer sequences and transcription initiation sequences as set forth herein and known to the skilled artisan.
Methods and uses of the invention of the invention include delivering (transducing) nucleic acid (transgene) into host cells, including dividing and/or non-dividing cells. The nucleic acids, rAAV vector, methods, uses and pharmaceutical formulations of the invention are additionally useful in a method of delivering, administering or providing a FVIII or hFVIII-BDD to a subject in need thereof, as a method of treatment. In this manner, the nucleic acid is transcribed and the protein may be produced in vivo in a subject. The subject may benefit from or be in need of the FVIII or hFVIII-BDD because the subject has a deficiency of FVIII, or because production of FVIII in the subject may impart some therapeutic effect, as a method of treatment or otherwise.
rAAV vectors comprising a genome with a nucleic acid or nucleic acid variant encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD permit the treatment of genetic diseases, e.g., a FVIII deficiency. For deficiency state diseases, gene transfer can be used to bring a normal gene into affected tissues for replacement therapy, as well as to create animal models for the disease using antisense mutations. For unbalanced disease states, gene transfer could be used to create a disease state in a model system, which could then be used in efforts to counteract the disease state. The use of site-specific integration of nucleic acid sequences to correct defects is also possible.
In particular embodiments, rAAV vectors comprising a genome with a nucleic acid or nucleic acid variant encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD may be used, for example, as therapeutic and/or prophylactic agents (protein or nucleic acid) which modulate the blood coagulation cascade or as a transgene in gene. For example, an encoded FVIII or hFVIII-BDD may have similar coagulation activity as wild-type FVIII, or altered coagulation activity compared to wild-type FVII. Cell-based strategies allow continuous expression of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD in hemophilia A patients. As disclosed herein, certain modifications of FVIII molecules (nucleic acid and protein) result in increased expression at the nucleic acid level, increased coagulation activity thereby effectively improving hemostasis.
Administration of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD-encoding rAAV vectors to a patient results in the expression of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD protein which serves to alter the coagulation cascade. In accordance with the invention, expression of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD protein as described herein, or a functional fragment, increases hemostasis.
rAAV vectors may be administered alone, or in combination with other molecules useful for modulating hemostasis. According to the invention, rAAV vectors or a combination of therapeutic agents may be administered to the patient alone or in a pharmaceutically acceptable or biologically compatible compositions.
deno-associated viruses” (AAV) are in the parvovirus family AAV are viruses useful as gene therapy vectors as they can penetrate cells and introduce nucleic acid/genetic material so that the nucleic acid/genetic material may be stably maintained in cells. In addition, these viruses can introduce nucleic acid/genetic material into specific sites, for example. Because AAV are not associated with pathogenic disease in humans, rAAV vectors are able to deliver heterologous polynucleotide sequences (e.g., therapeutic proteins and agents) to human patients without causing substantial AAV pathogenesis or disease.
rAAV vectors possess a number of desirable features for such applications, including tropism for dividing and non-dividing cells. Early clinical experience with these vectors also demonstrated no sustained toxicity and immune responses were minimal or undetectable. AAV are known to infect a wide variety of cell types in vivo and in vitro by receptor-mediated endocytosis or by transcytosis. These vector systems have been tested in humans targeting retinal epithelium, liver, skeletal muscle, airways, brain, joints and hematopoietic stem cells.
It may be desirable to introduce a rAAV vector that can provide, for example, multiple copies of a desired gene and hence greater amounts of the product of that gene. Improved rAAV vectors and methods for producing these vectors have been described in detail in a number of references, patents, and patent applications, including: Wright J. F. (Hum Gene Ther 20:698-706, 2009) a technology used for the production of clinical grade vector at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
Accordingly, the invention provides virmethods for delivery of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD by way of a rAAV vector. For example, a recombinant AAV vector can include a nucleic acid variant encoding FVIII, where the encoded FVIII protein optionally has B-domain deletion. rAAV vector delivery or administration to a subject (e.g., mammal) therefore provides FVIII to a subject such as a mammal (e.g., human).
Direct delivery of vectors or ex-vivo transduction of human cells followed by infusion into the body will result in FVIII or hFVIII-BDD expression thereby exerting a beneficial therapeutic effect on hemostasis. In the context of invention Factor VIII described herein, such administration enhances pro-coagulation activity.
AAV vectors vectors do not typically include viral genes associated with pathogenesis. Such vectors typically have one or more of the wild type AAV genes deleted in whole or in part, for example, rep and/or cap genes, but retain at least one functional flanking ITR sequence, as necessary for the rescue, replication, and packaging of the recombinant vector into an AAV vector particle. For example, only the essential parts of vector e.g., the ITR elements, respectively are included. An AAV vector genome would therefore include sequences required in cis for replication and packaging (e.g., functional ITR sequences)
Recombinant AAV vector, as well as methods and uses thereof, include any viral strain or serotype. As a non-limiting example, a recombinant AAV vector can be based upon any AAV genome, such as AAV-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -rh74, -rh10 or AAV-2i8, for example. Such vectors can be based on the same strain or serotype (or subgroup or variant), or be different from each other. As a non-limiting example, a recombinant AAV vector based upon one serotype genome can be identical to one or more of the capsid proteins that package the vector. In addition, a recombinant AAV vector genome can be based upon an AAV (e.g., AAV2) serotype genome distinct from one or more of the AAV capsid proteins that package the vector. For example, the AAV vector genome can be based upon AAV2, whereas at least one of the three capsid proteins could be a AAV1, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, Rh10, Rh74 or AAV-2i8 or variant thereof, for example.
In particular embodiments, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors include AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, Rh10, Rh74 and AAV-2i8, as well as variants (e.g., capsid variants, such as amino acid insertions, additions, substitutions and deletions) thereof, for example, as set forth in WO 2013/158879 (International Application PCT/US2013/037170), WO 2015/013313 (International Application PCT/US2014/047670) and US 2013/0059732 (U.S. Pat. No. 9,169,299, discloses LK01, LK02, LK03, etc.).
AAV variants include variants and chimeras of AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, Rh10, Rh74 and AAV-2i8 capsid. Accordingly, AAV vectors and AAV variants (e.g., capsid variants) that include (encapsidate or package) nucleic acid or nucleic acid variant encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD.
AAV and AAV variants (e.g., capsid variants) serotypes (e.g., VP1, VP2, and/or VP3 sequences) may or may not be distinct from other AAV serotypes, including, for example, AAV1-AAV12, Rh74 or Rh10 (e.g., distinct from VP1, VP2, and/or VP3 sequences of any of AAV1-AAV12, Rh74 or Rh10 serotypes).
As used herein, the term “serotype” is a distinction used to refer to an AAV having a capsid that is serologically distinct from other AAV serotypes. Serologic distinctiveness is determined on the basis of the lack of cross-reactivity between antibodies to one AAV as compared to another AAV. Such cross-reactivity differences are usually due to differences in capsid protein sequences/antigenic determinants (e.g., due to VP1, VP2, and/or VP3 sequence differences of AAV serotypes). Despite the possibility that AAV variants including capsid variants may not be serologically distinct from a reference AAV or other AAV serotype, they differ by at least one nucleotide or amino acid residue compared to the reference or other AAV serotype.
Under the traditional definition, a serotype means that the virus of interest has been tested against serum specific for all existing and characterized serotypes for neutralizing activity and no antibodies have been found that neutralize the virus of interest. As more naturally occurring virus isolates of are discovered and/or capsid mutants generated, there may or may not be serological differences with any of the currently existing serotypes. Thus, in cases where the new virus (e.g., AAV) has no serological difference, this new virus (e.g., AAV) would be a subgroup or variant of the corresponding serotype. In many cases, serology testing for neutralizing activity has yet to be performed on mutant viruses with capsid sequence modifications to determine if they are of another serotype according to the traditional definition of serotype. Accordingly, for the sake of convenience and to avoid repetition, the term “serotype” broadly refers to both serologically distinct viruses (e.g., AAV) as well as viruses (e.g., AAV) that are not serologically distinct that may be within a subgroup or a variant of a given serotype.
AAV vectors therefore include gene/protein sequences identical to gene/protein sequences characteristic for a particular serotype. As used herein, an “AAV vector related to AAV1” refers to one or more AAV proteins (e.g., VP1, VP2, and/or VP3 sequences) that has substantial sequence identity to one or more polynucleotides or polypeptide sequences that comprise AAV1. Analogously, an “AAV vector related to AAV8” refers to one or more AAV proteins (e.g., VP1, VP2, and/or VP3 sequences) that has substantial sequence identity to one or more polynucleotides or polypeptide sequences that comprise AAV8. An “AAV vector related to AAV-Rh74” refers to one or more AAV proteins (e.g., VP1, VP2, and/or VP3 sequences) that has substantial sequence identity to one or more polynucleotides or polypeptide sequences that comprise AAV-Rh74. Such AAV vectors related to another serotype, e.g., AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, Rh10, Rh74 or AAV-2i8, can therefore have one or more distinct sequences from AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, Rh10, Rh74 and AAV-2i8, but can exhibit substantial sequence identity to one or more genes and/or proteins, and/or have one or more functional characteristics of AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, Rh10, Rh74 or AAV-2i8 (e.g., such as cell/tissue tropism). Exemplary non-limiting AAV variants include capsid variants of any of VP1, VP2, and/or VP3.
In various exemplary embodiments, an AAV vector related to a reference serotype has a polynucleotide, polypeptide or subsequence thereof that includes or consists of a sequence at least 80% or more (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, etc.) identical to one or more AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, Rh10, Rh74 or AAV-2i8 (e.g., such as an ITR, or a VP1, VP2, and/or VP3 sequences).
Compositions, methods and uses of the invention include AAV sequences (polypeptides and nucleotides), and subsequences thereof that exhibit less than 100% sequence identity to a reference AAV serotype such as AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, Rh10, or AAV-2i8, but are distinct from and not identical to known AAV genes or proteins, such as AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, Rh10, Rh74 or AAV-2i8, genes or proteins, etc. In one embodiment, an AAV polypeptide or subsequence thereof includes or consists of a sequence at least 75% or more identical, e.g., 80%, 85%, 85%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, etc., up to 100% identical to any reference AAV sequence or subsequence thereof, such as AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, Rh10, Rh74 or AAV-2i8 (e.g., VP1, VP2 and/or VP3 capsid or ITR). In certain embodiments, an AAV variant has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20 or more amino acid substitutions.
Recombinant AAV vectors, including AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, Rh10, Rh74 or AAV-2i8 and variant, related, hybrid and chimeric sequences, can be constructed using recombinant techniques that are known to the skilled artisan, to include one or more nucleic acid sequences (transgenes) flanked with one or more functional AAV ITR sequences.
In one embodiment of the invention, rAAV vector comprising a nucleic acid or variant encoding FVIII or hFVIII-BDD, may be administered to a patient via infusion in a biologically compatible carrier, for example, via intravenous injection. The rAAV vectors may optionally be encapsulated into liposomes or mixed with other phospholipids or micelles to increase stability of the molecule.
In accordance with the invention, rAAV veectors may be administered alone or in combination with other agents known to modulate hemostasis (e.g., Factor V, Factor Va or derivatives thereof).
Accordingly, rAAV vectors and other compositions, agents, drugs, biologics (proteins) can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions. Such pharmaceutical compositions are useful for, among other things, administration and delivery to a subject in vivo or ex vivo.
In particular embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions also contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. Such excipients include any pharmaceutical agent that does not itself induce an immune response harmful to the individual receiving the composition, and which may be administered without undue toxicity.
As used herein the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” and “physiologically acceptable” mean a biologically acceptable formulation, gaseous, liquid or solid, or mixture thereof, which is suitable for one or more routes of administration, in vivo delivery or contact. A “pharmaceutically acceptable” or “physiologically acceptable” composition is a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, e.g., the material may be administered to a subject without causing substantial undesirable biological effects. Thus, such a pharmaceutical composition may be used, for example in administering a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle or protein to a subject.
Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, liquids such as water, saline, glycerol, sugars and ethanol. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can also be included therein, for example, mineral acid salts such as hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates, sulfates, and the like; and the salts of organic acids such as acetates, propionates, malonates, benzoates, and the like. Additionally, auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering substances, and the like, may be present in such vehicles.
The pharmaceutical composition may be provided as a salt and can be formed with many acids, including but not limited to, hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetic, lactic, tartaric, malic, succinic, etc. Salts tend to be more soluble in aqueous or other protonic solvents than are the corresponding, free base forms. In other cases, a preparation may be a lyophilized powder which may contain any or all of the following: 1-50 mM histidine, 0.1%-2% sucrose, and 2-7% mannitol, at a pH range of 4.5 to 5.5, that is combined with buffer prior to use.
Pharmaceutical compositions include solvents (aqueous or non-aqueous), solutions (aqueous or non-aqueous), emulsions (e.g., oil-in-water or water-in-oil), suspensions, syrups, elixirs, dispersion and suspension media, coatings, isotonic and absorption promoting or delaying agents, compatible with pharmaceutical administration or in vivo contact or delivery. Aqueous and non-aqueous solvents, solutions and suspensions may include suspending agents and thickening agents. Such pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include tablets (coated or uncoated), capsules (hard or soft), microbeads, powder, granules and crystals. Supplementary active compounds (e.g., preservatives, antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal agents) can also be incorporated into the compositions.
Pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated to be compatible with a particular route of administration or delivery, as set forth herein or known to one of skill in the art. Thus, pharmaceutical compositions include carriers, diluents, or excipients suitable for administration by various routes.
Compositions suitable for parenteral administration comprise aqueous and non-aqueous solutions, suspensions or emulsions of the active compound, which preparations are typically sterile and can be isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient. Non-limiting illustrative examples include water, buffered saline, Hanks' solution, Ringer's solution, dextrose, fructose, ethanol, animal, vegetable or synthetic oils. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran.
Additionally, suspensions of the active compounds may be prepared as appropriate oil injection suspensions. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes. Optionally, the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
Cosolvents and adjuvants may be added to the formulation. Non-limiting examples of cosolvents contain hydroxyl groups or other polar groups, for example, alcohols, such as isopropyl alcohol; glycols, such as propylene glycol, polyethyleneglycol, polypropylene glycol, glycol ether; glycerol; polyoxyethylene alcohols and polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters. Adjuvants include, for example, surfactants such as, soya lecithin and oleic acid; sorbitan esters such as sorbitan trioleate; and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
After pharmaceutical compositions have been prepared, they may be placed in an appropriate container and labeled for treatment. Such labeling could include amount, frequency, and method of administration.
Pharmaceutical compositions and delivery systems appropriate for the compositions, methods and uses of the invention are known in the art (see, e.g., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (2003) 20th ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.; Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1990) 18th ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.; The Merck Index (1996) 12th ed., Merck Publishing Group, Whitehouse, N.J.; Pharmaceutical Principles of Solid Dosage Forms (1993), Technonic Publishing Co., Inc., Lancaster, Pa.; Ansel and Stoklosa, Pharmaceutical Calculations (2001) 11th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md.; and Poznansky et al., Drug Delivery Systems (1980), R. L. Juliano, ed., Oxford, N.Y., pp. 253-315).
An “effective amount” or “sufficient amount” refers to an amount that provides, in single or multiple doses, alone or in combination, with one or more other compositions (therapeutic or immunosupprosive agents such as a drug), treatments, protocols, or therapeutic regimens agents, a detectable response of any duration of time (long or short term), an expected or desired outcome in or a benefit to a subject of any measurable or detectable degree or for any duration of time (e.g., for minutes, hours, days, months, years, or cured).
Doses can vary and depend upon the type, onset, progression, severity, frequency, duration, or probability of the disease to which treatment is directed, the clinical endpoint desired, previous or simultaneous treatments, the general health, age, gender, race or immunological competency of the subject and other factors that will be appreciated by the skilled artisan. The dose amount, number, frequency or duration may be proportionally increased or reduced, as indicated by any adverse side effects, complications or other risk factors of the treatment or therapy and the status of the subject. The skilled artisan will appreciate the factors that may influence the dosage and timing required to provide an amount sufficient for providing a therapeutic or prophylactic benefit.
The dose to achieve a therapeutic effect, e.g., the dose in vector genomes/per kilogram of body weight (vg/kg), will vary based on several factors including, but not limited to: route of administration, the level of heterologous polynucleotide expression required to achieve a therapeutic effect, the specific disease treated, any host immune response to the viral vector, a host immune response to the heterologous polynucleotide or expression product (protein), and the stability of the protein expressed. One skilled in the art can determine a rAAV/vector genome dose range to treat a patient having a particular disease or disorder based on the aforementioned factors, as well as other factors.
Generally, doses will range from at least 1×108, or more, for example, 1×109, 1×1010, 1×1011, 1×1012, 1×1013 or 1×1014, or more, vector genomes per kilogram (vg/kg) of the weight of the subject, to achieve a therapeutic effect. AAV dose in the range of 1×1010-1×1011 in mice, and 1×1012-1×1013 in dogs have been effective. Doses can be less, for example, a dose of less than 6×1012 vector genomes per kilogram (vg/kg). More particularly, a dose of 5×1011 vg/kg or 1×1012 vg/kg.
Using hemophilia B as an example, generally speaking, it is believed that, in order to achieve a therapeutic effect, a blood coagulation factor concentration that is greater than 1% of factor concentration found in a normal individual is needed to change a severe disease phenotype to a moderate one. A severe phenotype is characterized by joint damage and life-threatening bleeds. To convert a moderate disease phenotype into a mild one, it is believed that a blood coagulation factor concentration greater than 5% of normal is needed.
FVIII levels in normal humans are about 150-200 ng/ml plasma, but may be less (e.g., range of about 100-150 ng/ml) or greater (e.g., range of about 200-300 ng/ml) and still considered normal due to functioning clotting as determined, for example, by an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) one-stage clotting assay. Thus, a therapeutic effect can be achieved by expression of FVIII or hFVIII-BDD such that the total amount of FVIII in the subject/human is greater than 1% of the FVIII present in normal subjects/humans, e.g., 1% of 100-300 ng/ml.
rAAV vector doses can be at a level, typically at the lower end of the dose spectrum, such that there is not a substantial immune response against the FVIII or AAV vector. More particularly, a dose of up to but less than 6×1012 vg/kg, such as about 5×1011 to about 5×1012 vg/kg, or more particularly, about 5×1011 vg/kg or about 1×1012 vg/kg.
The doses of an “effective amount” or “sufficient amount” for treatment (e.g., to ameliorate or to provide a therapeutic benefit or improvement) typically are effective to provide a response to one, multiple or all adverse symptoms, consequences or complications of the disease, one or more adverse symptoms, disorders, illnesses, pathologies, or complications, for example, caused by or associated with the disease, to a measurable extent, although decreasing, reducing, inhibiting, suppressing, limiting or controlling progression or worsening of the disease is a satisfactory outcome.
An effective amount or a sufficient amount can but need not be provided in a single administration, may require multiple administrations, and, can but need not be, administered alone or in combination with another composition (e.g., agent), treatment, protocol or therapeutic regimen. For example, the amount may be proportionally increased as indicated by the need of the subject, type, status and severity of the disease treated or side effects (if any) of treatment. In addition, an effective amount or a sufficient amount need not be effective or sufficient if given in single or multiple doses without a second composition (e.g., another drug or agent), treatment, protocol or therapeutic regimen, since additional doses, amounts or duration above and beyond such doses, or additional compositions (e.g., drugs or agents), treatments, protocols or therapeutic regimens may be included in order to be considered effective or sufficient in a given subject. Amounts considered effective also include amounts that result in a reduction of the use of another treatment, therapeutic regimen or protocol, such as administration of recombinant clotting factor protein (e.g., FVIII) for treatment of a clotting disorder (e.g., hemophilia A).
Accordingly, methods and uses of the invention also include, among other things, methods and uses that result in a reduced need or use of another compound, agent, drug, therapeutic regimen, treatment protocol, process, or remedy. For example, for a blood clotting disease, a method or use of the invention has a therapeutic benefit if in a given subject a less frequent or reduced dose or elimination of administration of a recombinant clotting factor protein to supplement for the deficient or defective (abnormal or mutant) endogenous clotting factor in the subject. Thus, in accordance with the invention, methods and uses of reducing need or use of another treatment or therapy are provided.
An effective amount or a sufficient amount need not be effective in each and every subject treated, nor a majority of treated subjects in a given group or population. An effective amount or a sufficient amount means effectiveness or sufficiency in a particular subject, not a group or the general population. As is typical for such methods, some subjects will exhibit a greater response, or less or no response to a given treatment method or use.
The term “ameliorate” means a detectable or measurable improvement in a subject's disease or symptom thereof, or an underlying cellular response. A detectable or measurable improvement includes a subjective or objective decrease, reduction, inhibition, suppression, limit or control in the occurrence, frequency, severity, progression, or duration of the disease, or complication caused by or associated with the disease, or an improvement in a symptom or an underlying cause or a consequence of the disease, or a reversal of the disease. For HemA, an effective amount would be an amount that reduces frequency or severity of acute bleeding episodes in a subject, for example, or an amount that reduces clotting time as measured by a clotting assay, for example.
Accordingly, pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include compositions wherein the active ingredients are contained in an effective amount to achieve the intended therapeutic purpose. Determining a therapeutically effective dose is well within the capability of a skilled medical practitioner using the techniques and guidance provided in the invention.
Therapeutic doses will depend on, among other factors, the age and general condition of the subject, the severity of the aberrant blood coagulation phenotype, and the strength of the control sequences regulating the expression levels of FVIII. Thus, a therapeutically effective amount in humans will fall in a relatively broad range that may be determined by a medical practitioner based on the response of an individual patient to vector-based FVIII treatment. Such doses may be alone or in combination with an immunosuppressive agent or drug.
Compositions such as pharmaceutical compositions may be delivered to a subject, so as to allow production of Factor VIII (FVIII). In a particular embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions comprising sufficient genetic material to enable a recipient to produce a therapeutically effective amount of a FVIII polypeptide can influence hemostasis in the subject.
The compositions may be administered alone. In certain embodiments, a recombinant AAV particle provides a therapeutic effect without an immunosuppressive agent. The therapeutic effect of FVIII optionally is sustained for a period of time, e.g., 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, 8-10, 10-14, 14-20, 20-25, 25-30, or 30-50 days or more, for example, 50-75, 75-100, 100-150, 150-200 days or more without administering an immunosuppressive agent. Accordingly, in certain embodiments CpG rAAV virus particle provide a therapeutic effect without administering an immunosuppressive agent for a period of time.
The compositions may be administered in combination with at least one other agent. In certain embodiments, rAAV vector is administered in conjunction with one or more immunosuppressive agents prior to, substantially at the same time or after administering a rAAV vector. In certain embodiments, e.g., 1-12, 12-24 or 24-48 hours, or 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, 8-10, 10-14, 14-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-50, or more than 50 days following administering rAAV vector. Such administration of immunosuppressive agents after a period of time following administering rAAV vector if there is a decrease in FVIII after the initial expression levels for a period of time, e.g., 20-25, 25-30, 30-50, 50-75, 75-100, 100-150, 150-200 or more than 200 days following rAAV vector.
In certain embodiments, an immunosuppressive agent is an anti-inflammatory agent. In certain embodiments, an immunosuppressive agent is a steroid. In certain embodiments, an immunosuppressive agent is cyclosporine (e.g., cyclosporine A), mycophenolate, Rituximab or a derivative thereof. Additional particular agents include a stabilizing compound.
Compositions may be administered in any sterile, biocompatible pharmaceutical carrier, including, but not limited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose, and water. The compositions may be administered to a patient alone, or in combination with other agents (e.g., co-factors) which influence hemostasis.
Protocols for the generation of adenoviral vectors and administration to patients have been described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,998,205; 6,228,646; 6,093,699; 6,100,242; and International Patent Application Nos. WO 94/17810 and WO 94/23744, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In particular, for example, AAV vectors are employed to deliver Factor VIII (FVIII) encoded by CpG reduced nucleic acid variants to a patient in need thereof.
Methods and uses of the invention include delivery and administration systemically, regionally or locally, or by any route, for example, by injection or infusion. Delivery of the pharmaceutical compositions in vivo may generally be accomplished via injection using a conventional syringe, although other delivery methods such as convection-enhanced delivery are envisioned (See e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,720,720). For example, compositions may be delivered subcutaneously, epidermally, intradermally, intrathecally, intraorbitally, intramucosally, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intra-pleurally, intraarterially, orally, intrahepatically, via the portal vein, or intramuscularly. Other modes of administration include oral and pulmonary administration, suppositories, and transdermal applications. A clinician specializing in the treatment of patients with blood coagulation disorders may determine the optimal route for administration of the adenoviral-associated vectors based on a number of criteria, including, but not limited to: the condition of the patient and the purpose of the treatment (e.g., enhanced or reduced blood coagulation).
Invention methods and uses can be combined with any compound, agent, drug, treatment or other therapeutic regimen or protocol having a desired therapeutic, beneficial, additive, synergistic or complementary activity or effect. Exemplary combination compositions and treatments include second actives, such as, biologics (proteins), agents (e.g., immunosuppressive agents) and drugs. Such biologics (proteins), agents, drugs, treatments and therapies can be administered or performed prior to, substantially contemporaneously with or following any other method or use of the invention, for example, a therapeutic method of treating a subject for a blood clotting disease such as HemA.
The compound, agent, drug, treatment or other therapeutic regimen or protocol can be administered as a combination composition, or administered separately, such as concurrently or in series or sequentially (prior to or following) delivery or administration of a nucleic acid, vector, recombinant vector (e.g., rAAV), or recombinant virus particle. The invention therefore provides combinations in which a method or use of the invention is in a combination with any compound, agent, drug, therapeutic regimen, treatment protocol, process, remedy or composition, set forth herein or known to one of skill in the art. The compound, agent, drug, therapeutic regimen, treatment protocol, process, remedy or composition can be administered or performed prior to, substantially contemporaneously with or following administration of a nucleic acid, vector, recombinant vector (e.g., rAAV), or recombinant virus particle of the invention, to a subject.
The invention is useful in animals including human and veterinary medical applications. Suitable subjects therefore include mammals, such as humans, as well as non-human mammals. The term “subject” refers to an animal, typically a mammal, such as humans, non-human primates (apes, gibbons, gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, macaques), a domestic animal (dogs and cats), a farm animal (poultry such as chickens and ducks, horses, cows, goats, sheep, pigs), and experimental animals (mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig). Human subjects include fetal, neonatal, infant, juvenile and adult subjects. Subjects include animal disease models, for example, mouse and other animal models of blood clotting diseases such as HemA and others known to those of skill in the art.
Subjects appropriate for treatment in accordance with the invention include those having or at risk of producing an insufficient amount or having a deficiency in a functional gene product (e.g., FVIII protein), or produce an aberrant, partially functional or non-functional gene product (e.g., FVIII protein), which can lead to disease. Subjects appropriate for treatment in accordance with the invention also include those having or at risk of producing an aberrant, or defective (mutant) gene product (protein) that leads to a disease such that reducing amounts, expression or function of the aberrant, or defective (mutant) gene product (protein) would lead to treatment of the disease, or reduce one or more symptoms or ameliorate the disease. Target subjects therefore include subjects having aberrant, insufficient or absent blood clotting factor production, such as hemophiliacs (e.g., hemophilia A).
Subjects can be tested for an immune response, e.g., antibodies against AAV. Candidate henophilia subjects can therefore be screened prior to treatment according to a method of the invention. Subjects also can be tested for antibodies against AAV after treatment, and optionally monitored for a period of time after treatment. Subjects developing antibodies can be treated with an immunosuppressive agent, or can be administered one or more additional amounts of AAV vector.
Subjects appropriate for treatment in accordance with the invention also include those having or at risk of producing antibodies against AAV. rAAV vectors can be administered or delivered to such subjects using several techniques. For example, empty capsid AAV (i.e., AAV lacking a FVIII nucleic acid) can be delivered to bind to the AAV antibodies in the subject thereby allowing the AAV vector bearing nucleic acid or nucleic acid variant encoding FVIII and FVIII-BDD to transform cells of the subject.
Ratio of empty capsids to the rAAV vector can be between about 2:1 to about 50:1, or between about 2:1 to about 25:1, or between about 2:1 to about 20:1, or between about 2:1 to about 15:1, or between about 2:1 to about 10:1. Ratios can also be about 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, or 10:1.
Amounts of empty capsid AAV to administer can be calibrated based upon the amount (titer) of AAV antibodies produced in a particular subject. Empty capsid can be of any AAV serotype, for example, AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, Rh10, Rh74 or AAV-2i8.
Alternatively or in addition to, AAV vector can be delivered by direct intramuscular injection (e.g., one or more slow-twitch fibers of a muscle). In another alternative, a catheter introduced into the femoral artery can be used to delivery AAV vectors to liver via the hepatic artery. Non-surgical means can also be employed, such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), to deliver AAV vectors directly to the liver, thereby bypassing the bloodstream and AAV antibodies. Other ductal systems, such as the ducts of the submandibular gland, can also be used as portals for delivering AAV vectors into a subject that develops or has preexisting anti-AAV antibodies.
Administration or in vivo delivery to a subject can be performed prior to development of an adverse symptom, condition, complication, etc. caused by or associated with the disease. For example, a screen (e.g., genetic) can be used to identify such subjects as candidates for invention compositions, methods and uses. Such subjects therefore include those screened positive for an insufficient amount or a deficiency in a functional gene product (e.g., FVIII protein), or that produce an aberrant, partially functional or non-functional gene product (e.g., FVIII protein).
Administration or in vivo delivery to a subject in accordance with the methods and uses of the invention as disclosed herein can be practiced within 1-2, 2-4, 4-12, 12-24 or 24-72 hours after a subject has been identified as having the disease targeted for treatment, has one or more symptoms of the disease, or has been screened and is identified as positive as set forth herein even though the subject does not have one or more symptoms of the disease. Of course, methods and uses of the invention can be practiced 1-7, 7-14, 14-21, 21-48 or more days, months or years after a subject has been identified as having the disease targeted for treatment, has one or more symptoms of the disease, or has been screened and is identified as positive as set forth herein.
A “unit dosage form” as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity optionally in association with a pharmaceutical carrier (excipient, diluent, vehicle or filling agent) which, when administered in one or more doses, is calculated to produce a desired effect (e.g., prophylactic or therapeutic effect). Unit dosage forms may be within, for example, ampules and vials, which may include a liquid composition, or a composition in a freeze-dried or lyophilized state; a sterile liquid carrier, for example, can be added prior to administration or delivery in vivo. Individual unit dosage forms can be included in multi-dose kits or containers. Recombinant vector (e.g., rAAV) sequences, recombinant virus particles, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof can be packaged in single or multiple unit dosage form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.
Subjects can be tested for FVIII and FVIII-BDD amounts or FVIII and FVIII-BDD activity to determine if such subjects are appropriate for treatment according to a method of the invention. Candidate hemophilia subjects can be tested for FVIII and FVIII-BDD amounts or activity prior to treatment according to a method of the invention. Subjects also can be tested for amounts of FVIII and FVIII-BDD or FVIII and FVIII-BDD activity after treatment according to a method of the invention. Such treated subjects can be monitored after treatment for FVIII and FVIII-BDD amounts or FVIII and FVIII-BDD activity, periodically, e.g., every 1-4 weeks or 1-6 months.
Subjects can be tested for one or more liver enzymes for an adverse response or to determine if such subjects are appropriate for treatment according to a method of the invention. Candidate hemophilia subjects can therefore be screened for amounts of one or more liver enzymes prior to treatment according to a method of the invention. Subjects also can be tested for amounts of one or more liver enzymes after treatment according to a method of the invention. Such treated subjects can be monitored after treatment for elevated liver enzymes, periodically, e.g., every 1-4 weeks or 1-6 months.
Exemplary liver enzymes include alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), but other enzymes indicative of liver damage can also be monitored. A normal level of these enzymes in the circulation is typically defined as a range that has an upper level, above which the enzyme level is considered elevated, and therefore indicative of liver damage. A normal range depends in part on the standards used by the clinical laboratory conducting the assay.
Subjects can be monitored for bleeding episodes to determine if such subjects are eligible for or responding to treatment, and/or the amount or duration of responsiveness. Subjects can be monitored for bleeding episodes to determine if such subjects are in need of an additional treatment, e.g., a subsequent AAV vector administration or administration of an immunosuppressive agent, or more frequent monitoring. Hemophilia subjects can therefore be monitored for bleeding episodes prior to and after treatment according to a method of the invention. Subjects also can be tested for frequency and severity of bleeding episodes during or after treatment according to a method of the invention.
The invention provides kits with packaging material and one or more components therein. A kit typically includes a label or packaging insert including a description of the components or instructions for use in vitro, in vivo, or ex vivo, of the components therein. A kit can contain a collection of such components, e.g., a nucleic acid, recombinant vector, virus (e.g., AAV) vector, or virus particle and optionally a second active, such as another compound, agent, drug or composition.
A kit refers to a physical structure housing one or more components of the kit. Packaging material can maintain the components sterilely, and can be made of material commonly used for such purposes (e.g., paper, corrugated fiber, glass, plastic, foil, ampules, vials, tubes, etc.).
Labels or inserts can include identifying information of one or more components therein, dose amounts, clinical pharmacology of the active ingredient(s) including mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Labels or inserts can include information identifying manufacturer, lot numbers, manufacture location and date, expiration dates. Labels or inserts can include information identifying manufacturer information, lot numbers, manufacturer location and date. Labels or inserts can include information on a disease for which a kit component may be used. Labels or inserts can include instructions for the clinician or subject for using one or more of the kit components in a method, use, or treatment protocol or therapeutic regimen. Instructions can include dosage amounts, frequency or duration, and instructions for practicing any of the methods, uses, treatment protocols or prophylactic or therapeutic regimes described herein.
Labels or inserts can include information on any benefit that a component may provide, such as a prophylactic or therapeutic benefit. Labels or inserts can include information on potential adverse side effects, complications or reactions, such as warnings to the subject or clinician regarding situations where it would not be appropriate to use a particular composition. Adverse side effects or complications could also occur when the subject has, will be or is currently taking one or more other medications that may be incompatible with the composition, or the subject has, will be or is currently undergoing another treatment protocol or therapeutic regimen which would be incompatible with the composition and, therefore, instructions could include information regarding such incompatibilities.
Labels or inserts include “printed matter,” e.g., paper or cardboard, or separate or affixed to a component, a kit or packing material (e.g., a box), or attached to an ampule, tube or vial containing a kit component. Labels or inserts can additionally include a computer readable medium, such as a bar-coded printed label, a disk, optical disk such as CD- or DVD-ROM/RAM, DVD, MP3, magnetic tape, or an electrical storage media such as RAM and ROM or hybrids of these such as magnetic/optical storage media, FLASH media or memory type cards.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described herein.
All patents, patent applications, publications, and other references, GenBank citations and ATCC citations cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the specification, including definitions, will control.
Various terms relating to the biological molecules of the invention are used hereinabove and also throughout the specification and claims.
All of the features disclosed herein may be combined in any combination. Each feature disclosed in the specification may be replaced by an alternative feature serving a same, equivalent, or similar purpose. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, disclosed features (e.g., CpG reduced nucleic acid variants encoding FVIII, vector, plasmid, expression/recombinant vector (e.g., rAAV) sequence, or recombinant virus particle) are an example of a genus of equivalent or similar features.
As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “and,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a nucleic acid” includes a plurality of such nucleic acids, reference to “a vector” includes a plurality of such vectors, and reference to “a virus” or “particle” includes a plurality of such viruses/particles.
As used herein, all numerical values or numerical ranges include integers within such ranges and fractions of the values or the integers within ranges unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, to illustrate, reference to 80% or more identity, includes 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94% etc., as well as 81.1%, 81.2%, 81.3%, 81.4%, 81.5%, etc., 82.1%, 82.2%, 82.3%, 82.4%, 82.5%, etc., and so forth.
Reference to an integer with more (greater) or less than includes any number greater or less than the reference number, respectively. Thus, for example, a reference to less than 100, includes 99, 98, 97, etc. all the way down to the number one (1); and less than 10, includes 9, 8, 7, etc. all the way down to the number one (1).
As used herein, all numerical values or ranges include fractions of the values and integers within such ranges and fractions of the integers within such ranges unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, to illustrate, reference to a numerical range, such as 1-10 includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, as well as 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, etc., and so forth. Reference to a range of 1-50 therefore includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, etc., up to and including 50, as well as 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, etc., 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, etc., and so forth.
Reference to a series of ranges includes ranges which combine the values of the boundaries of different ranges within the series. Thus, to illustrate reference to a series of ranges, for example, of 1-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-75, 75-100, 100-150, 150-200, 200-250, 250-300, 300-400, 400-500, 500-750, 750-850, includes ranges of 1-20, 1-30, 1-40, 1-50, 1-60, 10-30, 10-40, 10-50, 10-60, 10-70, 10-80, 20-40, 20-50, 20-60, 20-70, 20-80, 20-90, 50-75, 50-100, 50-150, 50-200, 50-250, 100-200, 100-250, 100-300, 100-350, 100-400, 100-500, 150-250, 150-300, 150-350, 150-400, 150-450, 150-500, etc.
The invention is generally disclosed herein using affirmative language to describe the numerous embodiments and aspects. The invention also specifically includes embodiments in which particular subject matter is excluded, in full or in part, such as substances or materials, method steps and conditions, protocols, or procedures. For example, in certain embodiments or aspects of the invention, materials and/or method steps are excluded. Thus, even though the invention is generally not expressed herein in terms of what the invention does not include aspects that are not expressly excluded in the invention are nevertheless disclosed herein.
A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, one skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. Accordingly, the following examples are intended to illustrate but not limit the scope of the invention claimed in any way.
18 different CpG reduced nucleic acid variants encoding FVIII (SEQ ID NOs:1-18) were produced and assessed in expression assays. CpG reduced human FVIII cDNA constructs were generated with a mutant transthyretin (TTRmut) promoter (SEQ ID NO:22).
AAV-SPK-8011 expression cassette has the CpG reduced FVIII-X07 nucleic acid sequence and the LK03 capsid for packaging. LK03 capsid has substantial homology to AAV3, a non-pathogenic, naturally replication deficient single-stranded DNA virus.
Packaging plasmid pLK03 is a 7,484 bp plasmid construct that carries the AAV2 Rep and AAV-LK03 Cap genes under the control of AAV2 p5 promoter, bacterial origin of replication and gene conferring resistance to Kanamycin in bacterial cells. In this construct, the p5 rep promoter has been moved 3′ of the cap gene to reduce the potential for formation of wild-type or pseudo wild type AAV species, and to increase yield of the vector.
The cloned DNA for gene transfer is a gene expression cassette, packaged into the AAV-LK03 capsid as a single-stranded genome, encoding human coagulation factor VIII (hFVIII) under control of a liver-specific promoter. The expression plasmid is referred to as pAAV-TTRmut-hFVIII-X07. It was modified by the introduction of 4 point mutations in the TTR promoter, and the coding region optimized to increase expression of human FVIII. The AAV expression cassette contains the following elements:
Three DNA plasmid constructs are used to transfect human embryo kidney 293 cells to produce the SPK-8011 vector by a helper virus-free process (Matsushita et al. 1998):
The cell substrate used for AAV vector production is a derivative of primary human embryonic kidney cells (HEK) 293. The HEK293 cell line is a permanent line transformed by sheared human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) DNA (Graham et al. 1977). The Working Cell Bank is derived from a characterized HEK293 Master Cell Bank from the Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics (CCMT) at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP).
FVIII transgene constructs packaged into adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors were delivered to non-human primates (NHPs). Both a pilot study and a GLP study were performed.
In brief, a dose-ranging study in male cynomolgus macaques administered a single intravenous infusion of AAV-SPK-8005 or AAV-SPK-8011 (LK03 capsid) was performed. Expression of hFVIII was evaluated over 8 weeks. The animal groups and dose levels of each vector (pilot study) are shown in
NHPs received an intravenous infusion via the saphenous vein using a calibrated infusion pump over approximately 30 minutes. Macaques were prescreened for neutralizing antibodies against the AAV capsid. All treated animals were initially determined to have a <1:3 titer before vector administration. This was done to ensure successful hepatic transduction, as even low titers inhibit vector uptake by liver cells after systemic delivery (Jiang et al. 2006). All animals were also negative for the presence of neutralizing antibodies against FVIII before gene transfer.
Plasma levels of hFVIII were measured by a human-specific ELISA that does not detect the cynomolgus endogenous FVIII. All the animals in the study, with the exception of one macaque in the mid dose cohort, express hFVIII following vector delivery. Human factor VIII antigen levels peaked at around 1-2 weeks following vector administration. At one week after gene transfer, NHPs transduced with 2×1012 vg/kg of AAV-SPK-8005 expressed hFVIII antigen levels of 13.2±3% (average±standard error of the mean). At one week after gene transfer, average hFVIII levels in two of the three animals in the next treatment cohort (5×1012 vg/kg) were 27±0.2%. Human FVIII could not be detected in the third macaque in that cohort at any time point. Upon re-testing of baseline plasma samples it was determined that this animal was in fact positive for the presence of anti-AAV antibodies and that the initially determined titer of <1:3 was incorrect. Finally, at the highest tested dose of 1×1013 vg/kg, peak hFVIII antigen levels of 54.1±15.6% were observed after AAV infusion.
Human FVIII expression declined in approximately one third of the animals around week 4, concomitant with the appearance of inhibitor antibodies to hFVIII in these 3 macaques (labeled with a c symbol in
To assess potential thrombogenesis due to continuous expression of human FVIII, D-dimer antigen levels were measured in this study. It should be noted that reports on the clinical relevance or even the normal values of D-dimer antigen levels in cynomolgus macaques are scarce; as a reference, the normal range for D-dimers in humans is below 500 ng/ml. Since the animals express endogenous cynomolgus FVIII, production of hFVIII as a result of hepatic gene transfer will result in supraphysiological levels of FVIII activity.
The animal that was dosed at 5×1012 vg/kg but did not express human FVIII had a peak of 863 ng/ml two weeks after AAV infusion. The rest of the animals did not show any significant increase in D-dimer antigen levels compared to baseline values. Taken together, these results suggest that expression of human FVIII, at the levels targeted in this study, is not associated with an increased risk of thrombosis.
Four weeks after vector administration, no vector-related changes were apparent. Liver function tests showed normal values, with minor fluctuations that appeared to be unrelated to vector dose, as they were present prior to dosing in most cases (
D-dimer levels up to week 5 are shown in
For AAV-SPK-8011(LK03 capsid) vector in a pilot study, three cohorts of cynomolgus macaques (n=3) were treated with increasing doses of AAV-SPK-8011(LK03 capsid) (2×1012, 6×1012 and 2×1013 (vg/kg);
A total of 11 NHPs were used in in each study. The pilot study had an observation period of 10 weeks in the absence of immunosuppression. This was followed by a 12-week immunosuppression phase, which was incorporated in order to eradicate the anti-hFVIII antibodies that were generated during the initial 10 weeks of the study. Subsequently, the animals were followed for an additional 20 weeks.
Animals were monitored for clinical observations, body weights clinical pathology (clinical chemistry, hematology, coagulation, urinalysis). In addition, hFVIII antigen levels, FVIII inhibitory antibodies and D-dimer levels were assessed throughout the study.
The hFVIII antigen pilot study data is shown in
In the GLP toxicology study, hepatic gene transfer via peripheral vein infusion of SPK-8011 led to hFVIII expression in all animals as well. At the low dose of 3×1012 vg/kg, hFVIII antigen levels ranged from 5-40% of normal, with an average peak level around week 2 after AAV administration of 20.3±11% (average±SEM). Average hFVIII antigen levels in the 6×1012 vg/kg cohort were 40.7±4% of normal.
Thus, the LK03 AAV capsid serotype efficiently transduces NHP hepatocytes in vivo, unlike mouse liver. Despite the therapeutic hFVIII levels observed soon after gene transfer, in most animals the levels began to decline around week 4.
Humoral response to hFVIII in plasma of cynomolgus macaques was measured following administration of AAV-SPK-8011(LK03 capsid). The animals were assessed for anti-hFVIII IgG antibodies by ELISA at baseline and at the indicated time points.
Most of the vector-treated animals in both pilot and GLP studies developed anti-FVIII neutralizing antibodies, an anticipated outcome based on preclinical cynomolgus macaques studies as well as reports by others (McIntosh, J. et al., Blood 121:3335-44 (2013)). Neutralizing antibodies against the human FVIII protein, which typically appear starting three weeks after AAV infusion in macaques, preclude detection of circulating hFVIII antigen. As a result, peak hFVIII antigen levels around weeks 2-3 (i.e. before the appearance of inhibitory antibodies against hFVIII) can be used to estimate the adequate starting vector dose in human subjects. The dose-response curves of SPK-8011 in the pilot and GLP NHP studies are shown in
FVIII expression levels attained with AAV-SPK-8011(LK03 capsid) were compared to reported levels of FVIII attained with AAV5 and AAV8 capsid based AAV vectors for delivery of FVIII. A comparison revealed that levels of FVIII achieved with AAV-SPK-8011(LK03 capsid) were greater than the reported levels of FVIII delivered by way of AAV vectors with AAV5 and AAV8 capsids (
Biodistribution of the AAV-LK03 capsid in non-human primates was evaluated in a non-GLP study. Intravenous administration of an AAV-LK03-encapsidated vector encoding human coagulation factor IX (AAV-LK03-hFIX) showed that the two main target tissues are the liver and the spleen (
This is the first clinical study to use AAV-LK03, although studies have been conducted using other AAV vectors including several for hemophilia B (NCT02396342, NCT01620801 NCT00076557, NCT02484092, NCT02618915, NCT00979238, NCT01687608) and one for hemophilia A (NCT02576795). A study conducted by St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in collaboration with University College London utilized an AAV8 vector carrying a self-complementary genome encoding a codon-optimized human factor IX cDNA, scAAV2/8-LP1-hFIXco. Ten subjects who received the vector have had stable factor IX levels of 1-6% through a median of 3.2 years and all participants have either discontinued or reduced the use of prophylactic factor replacement (Nathwani et al. 2014). A clinical study for hemophilia A used an AAV5 encapsidated vector encoding human FVIII (NCT02576795). Preliminary data presented in 2016 demonstrate increases in FVIII activity after gene transfer in several subjects ranging from from 2-60% with follow-up of up to 16 weeks (BioMarin, April 2016).
Primary hepatocytes from cynomolgus macaque and human origin were transduced with an AAV-LK03 vector expressing luciferase at four different multiplicities of infection (MOI) ranging from 500 to 62,500 vector genomes per cell. Seventy-two hours after transduction, luciferase expression was analyzed.
The AAV-LK03 capsid uniquely demonstrated significantly higher efficiency in transducing human hepatocytes in culture. In the representative example shown in
Based on hFVIII levels observed in non-human primates (NHPs), an estimate of the expected FVIII levels at the proposed starting dose of 5×1011 vg/kg in humans was determined. Since different vector lots may have slightly different hepatic transduction efficacy, data from both the pilot and the GLP toxicology NHP studies were used to interpolate a range of FVIII concentrations after administration of 5×1011 vg/kg. For this analysis, a linear regression model (
Using the linear regression model shown above, it was estimated that the average FVIII levels when infusing SPK-8011 at a dose of 5×1011 vg/kg would be around 2.6% to 3.0% of normal. However, this linear regression curve appears to underestimate the actual values observed in low- and mid-dose animals when the equation in Table 2 is used to back calculate the expected FVIII expression values at 2×1012 vg/kg, 3×1012 vg/kg and 6×1012 vg/kg (Table 3).
It is possible that hFVIII expression may follow a linear dose response at certain vector doses while reaching saturation as the AAV vector load is increased. The high dose cohort was removed from the previous analysis, the linear regression curve re-calculated and re-evaluated the predicted hFVIII expression levels at an SPK-8011 dose of 5×1011 vg/kg determined (Table 4 and
With the linear regression curves shown in
Eligibility
Criteria: Inclusion Criteria:
Criteria: Exclusion Criteria:
Clinical study NCT03003533 CA Gene Transfer Study for Hemophilia A′) is the first-in-human use of the AAV capsid known as LK03 (SEQ ID NO:27). Studies in non-human primates show that increasing doses of AAV-SPK-8011 (LK03 capsid)-hFVIII result in increasing levels of circulating human FVIII in a dose-dependent manner that, at least for some dose ranges, does not appear to significantly deviate from linearity. Mean steady-state FVIII levels (±standard error of the mean) in the first cohort were approximately 11.7±2.3% of normal. Given the n of two participants in this dose cohort, it is difficult to predict whether the relatively low variability in FVIII levels observed will be maintained as more participants are included in the study.
Recent experience using rAAV vectors to mediate expression of a coagulation factor in the liver, using investigational product rAAV-FIX for the treatment of hemophilia B (NCT02484092), may be a useful reference to estimate variability in a larger cohort of subjects. Steady-state FIX expression was reached by 12 weeks after rAAV-FIX vector infusion, resulting in a mean FIX activity (FIX:C) of approximately 33%. Importantly, the highest levels of FIX:C were around 79% (subject 9) and the lowest levels were around 14% (subject 7). Of note, interpretation of vector potency in subject 7 was confounded by the occurrence of an immune response against the rAAV-FIX vector capsid, which resulted in partial loss of FIX expression before a short course of steroids was initiated. Subject 6, however, in which no cellular immune response was detected, had steady state levels of approximately 18%. Thus, the difference between the highest and the lowest FIX:C levels in study NCT02484092 was approximately 4-fold. Other AAV clinical trials for the treatment of hemophilia have shown significantly higher variability. Pasi, et al. (2017) Thromb Haemost. 117(3):508-518. Table 5 shows the predicted mean FVIII levels at different AAV-SPK-8011 (LK03 capsid)-hFVIII doses assuming a linear dose-response. The observed variability in the hemophilia B study was used as a conservative approach to estimate variability in the hemophilia A trial.
A dose escalation study was performed in twelve men with severe (N=11) or moderately severe (N=1) hemophilia A. Subjects ranged in age from 18-52. Prior to gene therapy, 8 of the 12 subjects were managed with prophylaxis, and 4 of the 12 subjects with episodic treatment. Subjects were enrolled in one of three dosing cohorts, and infused with SPK-8011 (AAV-hFVIII, LK03 capsid) at a dose of 5×1011 vg/kg (N=2, Subjects 1 and 2), 1×1012 vg/kg (N=3, Subjects 3, 4 and 6), or 2×1012 vg/kg (N=7, Subjects 5 and 7-12).
All vector doses led to expression of levels of FVIII sufficient to prevent bleeding and allow cessation of prophylaxis. Across the 12 subjects at 3 doses, there was a 97% reduction in annualized bleeding rate (ABR), and a 97% reduction in annualized infusion rate. The data indicate that the overall kinetics show a gradual rise to a sustained plateau of FVIII.
In the first dose cohort, FVIII levels are 14% and 15%, at 66 and 51 weeks, with no bleeding events, no elevated transaminase levels, and no use of steroids. FVIII expression has remained stable over the period of observation. Data from this low dose cohort indicate that even modest FVIII levels in the range of 15% may be adequate to prevent bleeding over a follow-up period of up to 66 weeks.
In the second dose cohort, FVIII levels are 9%, 26%, and 17% at 33, 46, and 31 weeks post infusion. The first subject in this dose cohort (Subject 3) infused a single dose of factor concentrate for a spontaneous joint bleed at day 159 and the second in this dose cohort (Subject 4) received multiple infusions for a traumatic bleed beginning at day 195. These subjects both received a course of tapering steroids, instituted at 12 and 7 weeks post vector infusion, triggered by a decline in FVIII levels, with resultant stabilization of FVIII levels. The third subject in this dose cohort (Subject 6) has had no bleeding and did not receive factor infusions nor were steroids given.
In the third dose cohort (N=7), five of seven subjects currently have FVIII levels >12%, with a range of 16-49%; for these subjects, the mean FVIII level beginning 12 weeks after vector infusion is 30% and the median is 22%. No bleeds have been reported among these subjects beginning 4 weeks post vector infusion.
Separately, five of the 7 at the 2×1012 vg/kg AAV-LK03 (FVIII) vector dose received a course of steroids, initiated at time points ranging from 6 to 11 weeks after vector infusion, for one or more of the following: declining FVIII levels, rise in ALT above subject baseline, or elevated IFN-γ ELISPOTs to AAV capsid. Initiation of steroids was associated with reduction of ALT to the normal range, and extinguishing of ELISPOT signal in all cases; two subjects out of seven showed limited success in stabilizing FVIII levels, which fell to <5% possibly due to immune responses. For one of these, no bleeds have been reported through 12 weeks of follow up; the other has had 4 bleeds through 37 weeks of observation.
Overall, a favorable safety profile was observed, with only two subjects experiencing ALT elevation above the upper limit of normal. Ninety-one percent (91%) of subjects to date have experienced an ABR of since vector infusion. All subjects experienced a rise in FVIII levels following vector infusion, but limited success in preventing declines in FVIII levels in two subjects suggests that addition of prophylactic steroids may be warranted.
Based on the hFVIII levels seen in non NHPs, and taking into account that different vector lots can have slightly different potency, it was estimated that the average FVIII levels in humans infused with SPK-8011 at a dose of 5×1011 vg/kg might be approximately around 3.4%-5.8%, assuming a linear extrapolation. FVIII activity in the first subject plateaued at approximately 9.15±0.53% of normal and 13.50±0.50% in the second subject. Thus, average FVIII activity in the low dose cohort was approximately 11.3%, which is 2-4-fold higher than expected based upon studies in non-human primates.
The substantial 2-4-fold difference (depending upon the linear regression curve used) in the low dose cohort between predicted FVIII levels based on pre-clinical studies using a phylogenetically close species such as macaques and the actual results in human subjects highlights the limitations of current animal models in determining AAV vector dosages for humans. The data indicating that there was far greater FVIII activity in humans than predicted based upon the FVIII activity in NHPs administered AAV-SPK-8011(LK03 capsid)-hFVIII was not expected.
While a universal preclinical model to determine AAV dosage in humans does not exist, previous experience in non-human primates using AAV2, AAV8 and AAV-Spk vectors to mediate liver-derived expression of coagulation factor IX indicates that macaques are a good but not perfect predictor of AAV vector efficacy in humans More recently, chimeric “humanized” mice with livers partially repopulated with human hepatocytes have become a valuable tool to determine hepatic transduction efficacy of different viral capsids. Two independent studies have been reported that measured transduction in human hepatocytes taking advantage of this mouse model. It was reported that an approximately 10-fold difference in the percent of transduced human hepatocytes between LK03 and AAV8 (43.3±11% and 3.6±1.1% with LK03 and AAV8 vector infusion, respectively was observed (Lisowski L, et al. Nature 506:382-6 (2014)).
In sum, infusion of SPK-8011 in 12 patients with severe or moderately severe Hemophilia A resulted in safe, durable, dose-dependent FVIII activity associated with 97% reduction in ABR and 97% in recombinant FVIII usage for a period of up to 66 weeks post-gene transfer.
The characterization of the transthyretin (TTR) promoter was originally described in Costa and Grayson 1991, Nucleic Acids Research 19(15):4139-4145. The TTR promoter sequence was a modified sequence, from TATTTGTGTAG to TATTGACTTAG.
While certain of the embodiments of the invention have been described and specifically exemplified above, it is not intended that the invention be limited to such embodiments. Various modifications may be made thereto without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention, as set forth in the following claims.
This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/540,053, filed on Aug. 1, 2017; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/583,890, filed on Nov. 9, 2017; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/596,535, filed on Dec. 8, 2017; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/596,670, filed Dec. 8, 2017. The entire content of the foregoing applications is incorporated herein by reference, including all text, tables and drawings.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2018/044892 | 8/1/2018 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62540053 | Aug 2017 | US | |
| 62583890 | Nov 2017 | US | |
| 62596535 | Dec 2017 | US | |
| 62596670 | Dec 2017 | US |
