Patent Grant
9594556
The invention is generally related to data processing, and in particular to processor architectures and floating point execution units incorporated therein.
Modern computer processor architectures typically rely on multiple functional units to execute instructions from a computer program. An instruction or issue unit typically retrieves instructions and dispatches, or issues, the instructions to one or more execution units to handle the instructions. A typical computer processor may include, for example, a load/store unit that handles retrieval and storage of data from and to a memory, and a fixed point execution unit, or arithmetic logic unit (ALU), to handle logical and arithmetic operations.
Whereas earlier processor architectures utilized a single ALU to handle all logical and arithmetic operations, demands for increased performance necessitated the development of superscalar architectures that utilize multiple execution units to handle different types of computations. Doing so enables multiple instructions to be routed to different execution units and executed in parallel, thereby increasing overall instruction throughput.
One of the most common types of operations that can be partitioned into a separate execution unit is floating point arithmetic. Floating point calculations involve performing mathematical computations using one or more floating point values. A floating point value is typically represented as a combination of an exponent and a significand. The significand, which may also be referred to as a fraction or mantissa, represents the digits in a floating point value with a predetermined precision, while the exponent represents the relative position of the binary point for the floating point value. A floating point execution unit typically includes separate exponent and significand paths, with a series of adders incorporated into the exponent path to calculate the exponent of a floating point result, and a combination of multiplier, alignment, normalization, rounding and adder circuitry incorporated into the significand path to calculate the significand of the floating point result.
Floating point execution units may be implemented as scalar execution units or vector execution units. Scalar execution units typically operate on scalar floating point values, while vector execution units operate on vectors comprising multiple scalar floating point values. Vector floating point execution units have become popular in many 3D graphics hardware designs because much of the data processed in 3D graphics processing is readily vectorizable (e.g., coordinates of objects in space are often represented using 3 or 4 floating point values).
When a separate floating point execution unit is utilized in a computer processor, other arithmetic and logical operations are typically handled in a smaller, less complex fixed point execution unit. Fixed point arithmetic, in contrast with floating point arithmetic, presumes a fixed binary point for each fixed point value. Arithmetic operations are typically performed more quickly and with less circuitry than required for floating point execution units, with the tradeoff being reduced numerical precision. Floating point operations can also be compiled into multiple fixed point operations capable of being executed by a fixed point execution unit; however, a floating point execution unit often performs the same operations much more quickly and using less instructions, so the incorporation of a floating point execution unit into a processor often improves performance for many types of computationally-intensive workloads.
Most high performance processors have therefore migrated to an architecture in which both fixed point and floating point execution units, and in some instances, both scalar and vector fixed point and/or floating point execution units, are incorporated into the same processor, thereby enabling a processor to optimally handle many different types of workloads. For other types of computer processors such as mobile processors, embedded processors, low power processors, etc., however, the inclusion of multiple execution units may be problematic, often increasing cost and requiring excessive circuitry and power consumption.
Nonetheless, a number of different types of calculations still present performance problems for conventional processors. For example, image recognition is fast becoming an important feature in many computer applications. Image recognition, however, often requires substantial processing power, and as a result, the implementation of high performance image recognition algorithms can be a challenge, particularly for mobile devices and other low power devices where power consumption and costs can be paramount concerns.
One commonly used operation used in many image recognition algorithms, for example, is a packed sum of absolute differences operation. A sum of absolute differences algorithm, for example, may be used to measure the similarity between image blocks by taking the absolute difference between corresponding pixels in two blocks being compared with one another. The differences are then summed to create an indication of block similarity.
The “packed” in a packed sum of absolute differences operation refers to how colors are stored in a packed format in memory. A common format is R8G8B8A8, which is 32 bits per pixel, where there is 8 bits for the red channel, 8 bits for the green channel, 8 bits for the blue channel, and 8 bits for the alpha channel (typically a transparency mask). Images are often loaded from memory in packed format, then converted to floating point where high precision algorithms can be performed (e.g., filtering), with the results converted back to a packed format and stored back to memory. Where a processor architecture supports a packed sum of absolute differences operation, however, the sum of absolute differences is calculated while the data is still in a packed format, thereby eliminating the need to first convert the data to floating point and then re-pack, often yielding a substantial performance improvement.
Packed sum of absolute differences operations may be supported in a processor architecture using a dedicated vector fixed point instruction, which may be executed in a single pipeline pass using a vector fixed point execution unit. However, some processor architectures may only have a scalar fixed point and/or scalar floating point execution unit, or may only have a vector floating point execution unit. Alternatively, in some processor architectures, a vector fixed point execution unit may be included, but for performance concerns, a second vector fixed point execution unit may also be needed to ensure that dual instruction issue can be performed. Therefore, in all of these cases, additional circuit area is typically required to support packed sum of absolute differences instructions, which necessarily increases power consumption and chip cost, often precluding many processor designs from incorporating native support for packed sum of absolute differences operations.
A need therefore continues to exist in the art for an improved manner of efficiently and cost-effectively handling packed sum of absolute differences operations in a processor architecture.
The invention addresses these and other problems associated with the prior art by providing a circuit arrangement and program product that provide support for packed sum of absolute difference operations in a floating point execution unit, e.g., a scalar or vector floating point execution unit. In many embodiments consistent with the invention, existing adders in a floating point execution unit may be utilized along with minimal additional logic in the floating point execution unit to support efficient execution of a fixed point packed sum of absolute differences instruction within the floating point execution unit. Doing so may eliminate the need for a separate vector fixed point execution unit in a processor architecture, thereby leading to less logic, lower power consumption and lower cost.
Therefore, consistent with one aspect of the invention, a circuit arrangement includes a processing unit configured to receive an instruction associated with a packed sum of absolute differences operation using first and second operands, and a floating point execution unit coupled to the processing unit and configured to process the instruction by performing the packed sum of absolute differences operation using the first and second operands.
These and other advantages and features, which characterize the invention, are set forth in the claims annexed hereto and forming a further part hereof. However, for a better understanding of the invention, and of the advantages and objectives attained through its use, reference should be made to the Drawings, and to the accompanying descriptive matter, in which there is described exemplary embodiments of the invention.
Embodiments consistent with the invention provide support for packed sum of absolute differences operations in a floating point execution unit. The floating point execution unit may be configured to perform a packed sum of absolute differences operation in response to a dedicated packed sum of absolute differences instruction defined in an instruction set for a processing unit, e.g., within the Power architecture VMX128 instruction set, and may perform such an operation in a single pass through a pipeline defined in the floating point execution unit. The floating point execution unit may be a scalar or vector floating point execution unit, and may support registers, and thus operands, of different sizes.
For example, in some embodiments of the invention, packed sum of absolute differences support may be added to an existing vector floating point execution unit in a processing unit by utilizing existing adders in the exponent calculation logic of each floating point lane, along with additional multiplexors and minimal additional logic for performing an absolute difference operation in each lane in parallel. The sums may then pass through existing compressors and added by existing floating point lane floating point adders in the vector floating point execution unit. The respective results may then be processed by an existing dot product adder in the vector floating point execution unit to yield a final sum. In many embodiments, the additional logic area added to the existing vector floating point unit will be orders of magnitude less than the additional area imposed by adding a full vector fixed point execution unit, resulting in a design with improved performance for applications such as image recognition algorithms or image encoding algorithms that utilize packed sum of absolute differences operations, while maintaining existing performance, cost, and power consumption. It will be appreciated, however, that the invention is not limited to the particular vector floating point execution unit configuration disclosed herein.
Other variations and modifications will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. Therefore, the invention is not limited to the specific implementations discussed herein.
Now turning to the drawings, wherein like numbers denote like parts throughout the several views,
Stored in RAM 14 is an application program 20, a module of user-level computer program instructions for carrying out particular data processing tasks such as, for example, word processing, spreadsheets, database operations, video gaming, stock market simulations, atomic quantum process simulations, or other user-level applications. Also stored in RAM 14 is an operating system 22. Operating systems useful in connection with embodiments of the invention include UNIX™, Linux™, Microsoft Windows XP™, AIX™, IBM's i5/OS™, and others as will occur to those of skill in the art. Operating system 22 and application 20 in the example of
As will become more apparent below, embodiments consistent with the invention may be implemented within Network On Chip (NOC) integrated circuit devices, or chips, and as such, computer 10 is illustrated including two exemplary NOCs: a video adapter 26 and a coprocessor 28. NOC video adapter 26, which may alternatively be referred to as a graphics adapter, is an example of an I/O adapter specially designed for graphic output to a display device 30 such as a display screen or computer monitor. NOC video adapter 26 is connected to processor 12 through a high speed video bus 32, bus adapter 18, and the front side bus 34, which is also a high speed bus. NOC Coprocessor 28 is connected to processor 12 through bus adapter 18, and front side buses 34 and 36, which is also a high speed bus. The NOC coprocessor of
The exemplary NOC video adapter 26 and NOC coprocessor 28 of
Computer 10 of
Computer 10 also includes one or more input/output (‘I/O’) adapters 42, which implement user-oriented input/output through, for example, software drivers and computer hardware for controlling output to display devices such as computer display screens, as well as user input from user input devices 44 such as keyboards and mice. In addition, computer 10 includes a communications adapter 46 for data communications with other computers 48 and for data communications with a data communications network 50. Such data communications may be carried out serially through RS-232 connections, through external buses such as a Universal Serial Bus (‘USB’), through data communications data communications networks such as IP data communications networks, and in other ways as will occur to those of skill in the art. Communications adapters implement the hardware level of data communications through which one computer sends data communications to another computer, directly or through a data communications network. Examples of communications adapters suitable for use in computer 10 include modems for wired dial-up communications, Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) adapters for wired data communications network communications, and 802.11 adapters for wireless data communications network communications.
For further explanation,
In NOC 102, each IP block represents a reusable unit of synchronous or asynchronous logic design used as a building block for data processing within the NOC. The term ‘IP block’ is sometimes expanded as ‘intellectual property block,’ effectively designating an IP block as a design that is owned by a party, that is the intellectual property of a party, to be licensed to other users or designers of semiconductor circuits. In the scope of the present invention, however, there is no requirement that IP blocks be subject to any particular ownership, so the term is always expanded in this specification as ‘integrated processor block.’ IP blocks, as specified here, are reusable units of logic, cell, or chip layout design that may or may not be the subject of intellectual property. IP blocks are logic cores that can be formed as ASIC chip designs or FPGA logic designs.
One way to describe IP blocks by analogy is that IP blocks are for NOC design what a library is for computer programming or a discrete integrated circuit component is for printed circuit board design. In NOCs consistent with embodiments of the present invention, IP blocks may be implemented as generic gate netlists, as complete special purpose or general purpose microprocessors, or in other ways as may occur to those of skill in the art. A netlist is a Boolean-algebra representation (gates, standard cells) of an IP block's logical-function, analogous to an assembly-code listing for a high-level program application. NOCs also may be implemented, for example, in synthesizable form, described in a hardware description language such as Verilog or VHDL. In addition to netlist and synthesizable implementation, NOCs also may be delivered in lower-level, physical descriptions. Analog IP block elements such as SERDES, PLL, DAC, ADC, and so on, may be distributed in a transistor-layout format such as GDSII. Digital elements of IP blocks are sometimes offered in layout format as well. It will also be appreciated that IP blocks, as well as other logic circuitry implemented consistent with the invention may be distributed in the form of computer data files, e.g., logic definition program code, that define at various levels of detail the functionality and/or layout of the circuit arrangements implementing such logic. Thus, while the invention has and hereinafter will be described in the context of circuit arrangements implemented in fully functioning integrated circuit devices, data processing systems utilizing such devices, and other tangible, physical hardware circuits, those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the instant disclosure will appreciate that the invention may also be implemented within a program product, and that the invention applies equally regardless of the particular type of computer readable storage medium being used to distribute the program product. Examples of computer readable storage media include, but are not limited to, physical, recordable type media such as volatile and non-volatile memory devices, floppy disks, hard disk drives, CD-ROMs, and DVDs (among others).
Each IP block 104 in the example of
Routers 110, and the corresponding links 118 therebetween, implement the network operations of the NOC. The links 118 may be packet structures implemented on physical, parallel wire buses connecting all the routers. That is, each link may be implemented on a wire bus wide enough to accommodate simultaneously an entire data switching packet, including all header information and payload data. If a packet structure includes 64 bytes, for example, including an eight byte header and 56 bytes of payload data, then the wire bus subtending each link is 64 bytes wide, 512 wires. In addition, each link may be bi-directional, so that if the link packet structure includes 64 bytes, the wire bus actually contains 1024 wires between each router and each of its neighbors in the network. In such an implementation, a message could include more than one packet, but each packet would fit precisely onto the width of the wire bus. In the alternative, a link may be implemented on a wire bus that is only wide enough to accommodate a portion of a packet, such that a packet would be broken up into multiple beats, e.g., so that if a link is implemented as 16 bytes in width, or 128 wires, a 64 byte packet could be broken into four beats. It will be appreciated that different implementations may used different bus widths based on practical physical limits as well as desired performance characteristics. If the connection between the router and each section of wire bus is referred to as a port, then each router includes five ports, one for each of four directions of data transmission on the network and a fifth port for adapting the router to a particular IP block through a memory communications controller and a network interface controller.
Each memory communications controller 106 controls communications between an IP block and memory. Memory can include off-chip main RAM 112, memory 114 connected directly to an IP block through a memory communications controller 106, on-chip memory enabled as an IP block 116, and on-chip caches. In NOC 102, either of the on-chip memories 114, 116, for example, may be implemented as on-chip cache memory. All these forms of memory can be disposed in the same address space, physical addresses or virtual addresses, true even for the memory attached directly to an IP block. Memory addressed messages therefore can be entirely bidirectional with respect to IP blocks, because such memory can be addressed directly from any IP block anywhere on the network. Memory 116 on an IP block can be addressed from that IP block or from any other IP block in the NOC. Memory 114 attached directly to a memory communication controller can be addressed by the IP block that is adapted to the network by that memory communication controller—and can also be addressed from any other IP block anywhere in the NOC.
NOC 102 includes two memory management units (‘MMUs’) 120, 122, illustrating two alternative memory architectures for NOCs consistent with embodiments of the present invention. MMU 120 is implemented within an IP block, allowing a processor within the IP block to operate in virtual memory while allowing the entire remaining architecture of the NOC to operate in a physical memory address space. MMU 122 is implemented off-chip, connected to the NOC through a data communications port 124. The port 124 includes the pins and other interconnections required to conduct signals between the NOC and the MMU, as well as sufficient intelligence to convert message packets from the NOC packet format to the bus format required by the external MMU 122. The external location of the MMU means that all processors in all IP blocks of the NOC can operate in virtual memory address space, with all conversions to physical addresses of the off-chip memory handled by the off-chip MMU 122.
In addition to the two memory architectures illustrated by use of the MMUs 120, 122, data communications port 126 illustrates a third memory architecture useful in NOCs capable of being utilized in embodiments of the present invention. Port 126 provides a direct connection between an IP block 104 of the NOC 102 and off-chip memory 112. With no MMU in the processing path, this architecture provides utilization of a physical address space by all the IP blocks of the NOC. In sharing the address space bi-directionally, all the IP blocks of the NOC can access memory in the address space by memory-addressed messages, including loads and stores, directed through the IP block connected directly to the port 126. The port 126 includes the pins and other interconnections required to conduct signals between the NOC and the off-chip memory 112, as well as sufficient intelligence to convert message packets from the NOC packet format to the bus format required by the off-chip memory 112.
In the example of
In NOC 102 of
Each memory communications execution engine 140 is enabled to execute a complete memory communications instruction separately and in parallel with other memory communications execution engines. The memory communications execution engines implement a scalable memory transaction processor optimized for concurrent throughput of memory communications instructions. Memory communications controller 106 supports multiple memory communications execution engines 140 all of which run concurrently for simultaneous execution of multiple memory communications instructions. A new memory communications instruction is allocated by the memory communications controller 106 to a memory communications engine 140 and memory communications execution engines 140 can accept multiple response events simultaneously. In this example, all of the memory communications execution engines 140 are identical. Scaling the number of memory communications instructions that can be handled simultaneously by a memory communications controller 106, therefore, is implemented by scaling the number of memory communications execution engines 140.
In NOC 102 of
In NOC 102 of
Many memory-address-based communications are executed with message traffic, because any memory to be accessed may be located anywhere in the physical memory address space, on-chip or off-chip, directly attached to any memory communications controller in the NOC, or ultimately accessed through any IP block of the NOC—regardless of which IP block originated any particular memory-address-based communication. Thus, in NOC 102, all memory-address-based communications that are executed with message traffic are passed from the memory communications controller to an associated network interface controller for conversion from command format to packet format and transmission through the network in a message. In converting to packet format, the network interface controller also identifies a network address for the packet in dependence upon the memory address or addresses to be accessed by a memory-address-based communication. Memory address based messages are addressed with memory addresses. Each memory address is mapped by the network interface controllers to a network address, typically the network location of a memory communications controller responsible for some range of physical memory addresses. The network location of a memory communication controller 106 is naturally also the network location of that memory communication controller's associated router 110, network interface controller 108, and IP block 104. The instruction conversion logic 150 within each network interface controller is capable of converting memory addresses to network addresses for purposes of transmitting memory-address-based communications through routers of a NOC.
Upon receiving message traffic from routers 110 of the network, each network interface controller 108 inspects each packet for memory instructions. Each packet containing a memory instruction is handed to the memory communications controller 106 associated with the receiving network interface controller, which executes the memory instruction before sending the remaining payload of the packet to the IP block for further processing. In this way, memory contents are always prepared to support data processing by an IP block before the IP block begins execution of instructions from a message that depend upon particular memory content.
In NOC 102 of
Each network interface controller 108 in the example of
Each router 110 in the example of
In describing memory-address-based communications above, each memory address was described as mapped by network interface controllers to a network address, a network location of a memory communications controller. The network location of a memory communication controller 106 is naturally also the network location of that memory communication controller's associated router 110, network interface controller 108, and IP block 104. In inter-IP block, or network-address-based communications, therefore, it is also typical for application-level data processing to view network addresses as the location of an IP block within the network formed by the routers, links, and bus wires of the NOC.
In NOC 102 of
Each virtual channel buffer 156 has finite storage space. When many packets are received in a short period of time, a virtual channel buffer can fill up—so that no more packets can be put in the buffer. In other protocols, packets arriving on a virtual channel whose buffer is full would be dropped. Each virtual channel buffer 156 in this example, however, is enabled with control signals of the bus wires to advise surrounding routers through the virtual channel control logic to suspend transmission in a virtual channel, that is, suspend transmission of packets of a particular communications type. When one virtual channel is so suspended, all other virtual channels are unaffected—and can continue to operate at full capacity. The control signals are wired all the way back through each router to each router's associated network interface controller 108. Each network interface controller is configured to, upon receipt of such a signal, refuse to accept, from its associated memory communications controller 106 or from its associated IP block 104, communications instructions for the suspended virtual channel. In this way, suspension of a virtual channel affects all the hardware that implements the virtual channel, all the way back up to the originating IP blocks.
One effect of suspending packet transmissions in a virtual channel is that no packets are ever dropped. When a router encounters a situation in which a packet might be dropped in some unreliable protocol such as, for example, the Internet Protocol, the routers in the example of
The example NOC of
Each router 110 illustrated in
IU 162 also includes a dependency/issue logic block 178 dedicated to each hardware thread, and configured to resolve dependencies and control the issue of instructions from instruction buffer 168 to XU 164. In addition, in the illustrated embodiment, separate dependency/issue logic 180 is provided in AXU 166, thus enabling separate instructions to be concurrently issued by different threads to XU 164 and AXU 166. In an alternative embodiment, logic 180 may be disposed in IU 162, or may be omitted in its entirety, such that logic 178 issues instructions to AXU 166.
XU 164 is implemented as a fixed point execution unit, including a set of general purpose registers (GPR's) 182 coupled to fixed point logic 184, branch logic 186 and load/store logic 188. Load/store logic 188 is coupled to an L1 data cache (dCACHE) 190, with effective to real translation provided by dERAT logic 192. XU 164 may be configured to implement practically any instruction set, e.g., all or a portion of a 32b or 64b PowerPC instruction set.
AXU 166 operates as an auxiliary execution unit including dedicated dependency/issue logic 180 along with one or more execution blocks 194. AXU 166 may include any number of execution blocks, and may implement practically any type of execution unit, e.g., a floating point unit, or one or more specialized execution units such as encryption/decryption units, coprocessors, vector processing units, graphics processing units, XML processing units, etc. In the illustrated embodiment, AXU 166 includes a high speed auxiliary interface to XU 164, e.g., to support direct moves between AXU architected state and XU architected state.
Communication with IP block 104 may be managed in the manner discussed above in connection with
Embodiments of the present invention may be implemented within the hardware and software environment described above in connection with
Turning now to
Floating point execution unit 204 is implemented as a vector floating point execution unit that receives floating point instructions from issue logic (not shown in
Floating point execution unit 204 includes a multi-stage execution pipeline capable of processing data stored in register file 202 based upon issued instructions, and storing target data back to the register file. Floating point execution unit 202 may be implemented as a number of different types of execution units, e.g., a generic floating point unit, or a specialized execution unit such as a graphics processing unit, encryption/decryption unit, coprocessor, XML processing unit, or other execution unit incorporating floating point functionality.
In the implementation illustrated in
Given the configuration of execution unit 204 as a floating point unit usable in image processing applications, each processing lane 210 is configured to process floating point instructions. While a wide variety of other floating point architectures may be used in the alternative, execution unit 204 includes a pipelined floating point execution architecture capable of operating on three vector operands, denoted A, B and C. For vector operations, four 32-bit word vectors are supported, with the words in each vector being denoted as x, y, z and w, and as such, each processing lane 210 receives three operand words, one from each vector. Thus, for example, for the processing lane 210 that processes the x word from each vector, the operands fed to that processing lane are denoted as Ax, Bx and Cx.
Each processing lane 210 is configured to perform an operation in parallel with one or more other processing lanes. For example, each processing lane may multiply a pair of operands to perform a cross product or dot product operation. By multiplying different pairs of operands in different processing lanes of the vector unit, vector operations may be performed faster and more efficiently.
Each processing lane 210 is also pipelined to further improve performance. Accordingly, each processing lane 210 includes a plurality of pipeline stages for performing one or more operations on the operands. For example, for a first stage, each processing lane may include a multiplier 212 for multiplying the A and C operands. In one embodiment of the invention, the multiplication of operands may be performed in a first stage of the pipeline as illustrated in
Each processing lane 210 may also include an aligner 214 for aligning operand B with the product computed by multiplier 212, in parallel with the computation of the product. While alignment is shown in the same pipeline stage in
Each processing lane 210 may also include an adder 216 for adding two or more operands. In one embodiment (illustrated in
Each vector processing lane 210 may also include a normalizing stage. Accordingly, a normalizer 218 may be provided in each processing lane. Normalizer 218 may be configured to represent a computed value in a convenient exponential format. For example, normalizer 218 may receive the value 0.0000063 as a result of an operation. Normalizer 218 may convert the value into a more suitable exponential format, for example, 6.3×10−6. A rounding stage, including a rounder 220, may also be provided to round a computed value to a desired number of decimal points.
For the purposes of dot product calculations, execution unit 204 also includes dot product logic 222 including four aligners 224, each coupled to a respective processing lane 210, a 4:2 compressor 226, an adder 228 and normalizer 230 that collectively sum the outputs of the four processing lanes 218 to generate a scalar result value. The output of normalizer 230 is provided as target data, which is written to a destination register in register file 202.
One skilled in the art will recognize that embodiments of the invention are not limited to the particular pipeline stages, components, and arrangement of components described above and in
Each processing lane 210 typically includes fractional logic, illustrated at 238, and exponential logic, illustrated at 240. For example, a 32-bit single precision floating point number typically includes one sign bit, eight exponent bits and 23 significand bits (see
First, for fractional logic 238, the aforementioned multiplier 212, aligner 214, adder 216, normalizer 218 and rounder 220 components are provided, with the fractional portions of the Ax and Bx operands (AxFrac and BxFrac) respectively passed to multiplier 212 and aligner 214. In addition, a multiplexer 242 is provided to pass either the fractional portion of the Cx operand (CxFrac) or a value of “1,” e.g., for use in operations where no multiplication is required.
Second, for exponential logic 240, a series of adders 244, 246 and 248 are primarily used to compute the exponent portion of a floating point result value. Adder 244 is typically referred to as a multiply exponent adder that is used to add the exponents of the operands being multiplied, i.e., operands A and C. For floating point operations, adder 244 adds together the A and C exponents (labeled in
To support packed sum of absolute differences operations, only two operand vectors A, B are used (a third operand vector C is not required). Each 32-bit operand word in each operand vector may be configured as illustrated in
For fractional logic 238, packed sum of absolute differences operations may be supported by adding three multiplexers 254, 256 and 258. Likewise, for exponential logic 40, packed sum of absolute differences operations may be supported by adding multiplexers 260, 262, 265, 266, 268 and 270, a 3:2 compressor 272 and an adder 274. For the purposes of simplifying the discussion hereinafter, the left input of each multiplexer 254-270 is selected whenever a packed sum of absolute differences operation is performed, while the right input is selected whenever floating point operations are performed. It will be appreciated, however, that different multiplexer inputs for each multiplexer may be used for each of these modes in other embodiments of the invention.
Multiplexer 254 is interposed between the output of aligner 214 and one input of adder 216, and includes, as the left input, the output of adder 248. Multiplexers 256 and 258 are interposed between multiplier 212 and adder 216, with one of multiplexers 256, 258 receiving in the right input the sum output of multiplier 212, and the other receiving in the right input the carry output of multiplier 212 (in many embodiments, which multiplexer receives the sum, and which receives the carry, is immaterial). Multiplexer 256 includes, as the left input, the output of 3:2 compressor 272, while the left input to multiplexer 258 is a“0” value, which effectively disables this input of adder 216.
For exponential logic 240, result exponent rebiasing adder 248 is repurposed to determine the absolute difference between the Ax0 and Bx0 fields of operand words Ax and Bx through the addition of multiplexers 260, 262. Multiplexer 260 feeds one input of adder 248 and switches between either +Bias (used for rebiasing) or Ax0. Multiplexer 262 feeds the other input of adder 248 and switches between either the output of adder 246 or Bx0, such that when processing floating point operations, multiplexers 260, 262 cause adder 248 to sum ABCxExp, the output of adder 246, with Bias+. However, when processing packed sum of absolute differences operations, multiplexers 260, 262 cause adder 248 to calculate the absolute difference between Ax0 and Bx0 (|Ax0−Bx0|).
B operand exponent unbiasing adder 246 is repurposed to determine the absolute difference between the Ax1 and Bx1 fields of operand words Ax and Bx through the addition of multiplexers 264, 266. Multiplexer 264 feeds one input of adder 246 and switches between either the exponent portion of the Bx operand (BxExp) or Bx1. Multiplexer 266 feeds another input of adder 246 and switches between either the output of adder 244 or Ax1, such that when processing floating point operations, multiplexers 264, 266 cause adder 246 to sum BxExp with ACxExp, the output of adder 244, and either a value of “0” or “−Bias,” selected by multiplexer 252. However, when processing packed sum of absolute differences operations, multiplexers 264, 266 cause adder 246 to calculate the absolute difference between Ax1 and Bx1 (|Ax1−Bx1|). Of note, multiplexer 252 is also used to select the “0” input so as to not affect the calculation.
Multiply exponent adder 244 is repurposed to determine the absolute difference between the Ax2 and Bx2 fields of operand words Ax and Bx through the addition of multiplexers 268, 270. Multiplexer 268 feeds one input of adder 244 and switches between either the exponent portion of the Ax operand (AxExp) or Bx2. Multiplexer 270 feeds another input of adder 244 and switches between either the exponent portion of the Cx operand (CxExp) or Ax2, such that when processing floating point operations, multiplexers 268, 270 cause adder 244 to sum AxExp with CxExp, and either a value of “0” or “−2Bias,” selected by multiplexer 250. However, when processing packed sum of absolute differences operations, multiplexers 268, 270 cause adder 244 to calculate the absolute difference between Ax2 and Bx2 (|Ax2−Bx2|). Of note, multiplexer 250 is also used to select the “0” input so as to not affect the calculation.
The outputs of adders 244, 246 are also passed to two inputs of a 3:2 compressor. The third input to the 3:2 compressor is fed by an adder 274, which determines the absolute difference between the Ax3 and Bx3 fields of operand words Ax and Bx (|Ax3−Bx3|). Given that, when processing packed sum of absolute differences operations, adders 244 and 246 respectively output the absolute differences |Ax2+Bx2| and |Ax1+Bx1|, 3:2 compressor 272 effectively operates as an adder to sum together |Ax1−Bx1|, |Ax2−Bx2|, |Ax3−Bx3|. This sum is then provided to multiplexer 256 in fractional logic 238.
The absolute difference |Ax0−Bx0|, calculated by adder 248, is provided to multiplexer 254 in fractional logic 238, and as a result, when processing packed sum of absolute differences operations, adder 216 is repurposed to sum the outputs of adder 248 and 3:2 compressor 272, resulting in a sum of absolute differences between operand words Ax and Bx being calculated as:
|Ax0−Bx0|+|Ax1−Bx1|+|Ax2−Bx2|+|Ax3−Bx3|
It will be appreciated that various techniques, which would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the instant disclosure, may be used in order to calculate an absolute difference using each of adders 244, 246, 248 and 274. For example, a subtract mode may be used to configure an adder to subtract, rather than add, two inputs. Alternatively, an inverter may be included to negate one of the inputs to thereby sum one input with the negative of the other input. In addition, to calculate an absolute value of the difference generated by an adder, the sign bit of the output of the adder may be forced to zero or ignored.
In addition, various alternate techniques, which would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the instant disclosure, may be used to sum together absolute difference calculations. For example, a 4:2 compressor may be used in lieu of a 3:2 compressor. In addition, different fields Ax0−Ax3, Bx0−Bx3 may be processed by adders 244-248 and 274, and alternate adder inputs may be used in some embodiments. Further, modifications may be made to adder 216 to support the addition of different numbers of partial calculations. In short, a wide variety of other modifications may be made to a floating point execution unit to provide support for packed sum of absolute differences operations without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Returning briefly to
Thus, assuming 128-bit vectors with four 32-bit words, each processing lane 210 may perform four parallel 8-bit absolute difference operations, with a total of 16 8-bit absolute difference operations being performed by the four processing lanes operating in parallel and in a single pass through the floating point execution unit. Consequently, for packed 32-bit pixels in the R8G8B8A8 format, four packed sum of absolute differences operations may be performed in parallel, thereby enabling, for example, four pixels to be compared to a mask in parallel. In contrast, with a conventional floating point execution unit, each color channel would consume a different floating point processing lane, such that only one pixel could be compared in each pass, and as such a 4× performance improvement would be realized in embodiments consistent with the invention. Furthermore, for monochrome or reduced color depth images where only 8 bits are used for each pixel, each processing lane may operate on four pixels at a time, thereby enabling a total of 16 pixels to be compared to a mask in a single vectorized operation, as compared to a conventional floating point execution unit that could process at most four pixels at a time.
In the illustrated embodiments, one or more specific instruction types in the instruction set supported by processing unit 200 may be dedicated to performing packed sum of absolute differences operations. Decode logic disposed within processing unit 200, in response to receiving an instruction in an instruction stream that matches the dedicated instruction type, may be used to configure the aforementioned logic in vector floating point execution unit 204 to operate in a packed sum of absolute differences mode and perform the desired calculation.
Therefore, embodiments consistent with the invention may be used to repurpose floating point execution unit logic, e.g., in a scalar or vector floating point execution unit, to perform packed sum of absolute differences operations. In many embodiments, this may permit a processor architecture to omit a separate vector fixed point execution unit, thereby saving circuit area, costs and power consumption, while still providing high performance packed sum of absolute differences operations.
Various additional modifications may be made to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, as noted above, support for packed sum of absolute differences operations may be implemented in a scalar floating point execution unit rather than a vector floating point execution unit, e.g., where only a single instance of processing lane 210 of
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20160202973 A1 | Jul 2016 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14838105 | Aug 2015 | US |
| Child | 15074346 | US | |
| Parent | 13688562 | Nov 2012 | US |
| Child | 14838105 | US |
