Fused protein comprising lymphotoxin

TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a fused protein comprising a polypeptide containing an antibody binding site of protein A and a polypeptide of lymphotoxin, DNA coding for the fused protein, plasmids containing the DNA, Escherichia coli transformed with the plasmid, and a process for production of the fused protein using the E. coli.
BACKGROUND ART
Recently, studies have been made of targeting therapy, wherein a monoclonal antibody specific to cancer cells is linked to a anticancer substance to focus the anticancer substance onto the cancer tissue using the specificity of the monoclonal antibody.
Although, as anticancer substances used in such an approach, a plant toxin ricin, diphtheria toxin and the like have been studied, the use of lymphotoxin as a anticancer substance for the targeting therapy has not been attempted.
As methods of linking a cancer-specific antibody and an anticancer substance wherein they are directly covalently linked, a method wherein a liposome encapsulating an anticancer substance is linked to a cancer-specific antibody, and the like, is known.
Nevertheless, an attempt wherein an affinity of protein A to an antibody is used to link a cancer-specific antibody and an anticancer substance for the targeting therapy has not been made.
Although it is already known to prepare a fused protein comprising protein A and a physiologically active peptide (WO 84/03103), this approach is mainly directed to an affinity purification of the physiologically active peptide and the preparation of an antigen for immunization.
A conventional approach wherein an anticancer substance is chemically linked to a cancer-specific antibody for the targeting therapy is disadvantageous in that it is difficult to make the anticancer substance enter cancer cells. Conversely, it is known that lymphotoxin selectively and directly kills cancer cells via receptors on a surface of the cancer cell. Accordingly, the present invention is intended to provide a means of an effective cancer therapy such as a targeting therapy using lymphotoxin having such an advantageous property.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
To attain the above-mentioned object, the present invention provides a fused protein comprising a polypeptide containing an antibody binding site of protein A and a polypeptide of lymphotoxin, and having both a biological activity originally exhibited by the lymphotoxin, i.e., anticancer action, and an ability to bind to the antibody originally exhibited by protein A; as well as a process for production of the fused protein, and DNA coding for the fused protein necessary for that production process, plasmids containing the DNA and E. coli transformed with the plasmid.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows the construction of plasmid pLTM1;
FIG. 2 shows the construction of plasmid pLTM2;
FIGS. 3-1 and 3-2 show a nucleotide sequence of DNA coding for a native lymphotoxin in a starting plasmid pLTM2 for the construction of plasmids of the present invention, and an amino acid sequence of a corresponding polypeptide;
FIGS. 4-1 and 4-2 show a part relating to the present invention of a nucleotide sequence of DNA coding for protein A in plasmid pRIT2T, and an amino acid sequence of a corresponding polypeptide;
FIG. 5 shows the construction of plasmid pLTM9;
FIG. 6 shows the construction of plasmid pPRALT1 of the present invention; and,
FIG. 7 shows a nucleotide sequence at a junction of the present fused protein and a corresponding amino acid sequence.

BEST MODE OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Since the present fused protein exhibits an anticancer action at the lymphotoxin protein thereof and has an ability to bind to an antibody at the protein A portion thereof due to its affinity therewith, the fused protein can bond to an antibody specific to a cancer, for example, a monoclonal antibody, to form a complex. Therefore, when such a complex is parenterally administered, it is expected to concentrate at cancer cells, where the fused protein is given to the cancer cells by the affinity between lymphotoxin receptors on a surface of the cancer cell and the fused protein.
A. Fused protein and DNA codinc therefor
The present fused protein comprises a polypeptide containing an antibody binding site of protein A and a polypeptide of lymphotoxin, and optionally, containing an oligopeptide between these polypeptides.
(1) Polypeptide containing an antibody binding site of protein A and DNA coding therefor
The length of this protein is not critical as long as it possesses an antibody binding ability. An amino acid sequence of protein A has been already determined, and a plasmid containing a DNA coding the protein A is commercially available, and therefore, such a plasmid can be used in the present invention, as a starting plasmid. One of these plasmids, for example, plasmid pRIT2T, is available from Pharmacia (FIG. 5). In a nucleotide sequence coding for an amino acid sequence of protein A in this plasmid, a portion relating to the present invention is shown in FIGS. 4-1 and 4-2.
(2) Polypeptide of lymphotoxin and DNA coding therefor
A polypeptide of any length can be used as this portion, as long as it exhibits a biological activity of lymphotoxin in the form of a fused protein. As an embodiment of the present invention, a full length peptide of human lymphotoxin is used.
A series of plasmids pLT1, pLTM1, and pLTM2 containing a cDNA for native lymphotoxin have already been obtained, and the construction processes thereof are described in detail in Japanese Patent Application No. 61-123700. Escherichia coli X 1776/pLT1, which contains the plasmid pLT1, was deposited with the Fermentation Research Institute Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (FRI) as FERM P-8784, and Escherichia coli X 1776/pLTM2, which contains the plasmid pLTM2, was deposited with the FRI as FERM P-8785. The processes for the construction of these plasmids are described hereinafter in Reference Examples, and summarized in FIGS. 1 and 2. Accordingly, construction of the plasmids of the present invention can be started from the above-mentioned plasmids. Note, the DNA sequence coding for lymphotoxin in the starting plasmid of the present invention, and a corresponding amino acid sequence, are set forth in FIGS. 3-1 and 3-2.
(3) Linker oligonucleotide and DNA sequence coding therefor
In the present invention, an oligonucleotide sequence such as a consensus SD sequence is optionally inserted between a DNA coding for a polypeptide containing an antibody binding site of protein A and a DNA coding for a polypeptide of lymphotoxin, during the construction of an expression plasmid coding for the present fused protein. Therefore, the present fused protein includes, in addition to those wherein a polypeptide containing an antibody binding site of protein A is directly linked to a polypeptide of lymphotoxin, those wherein they are linked via an oligonucleotide linker encoded by the above-mentioned oligonucleotide.
B. Plasmid
The plasmids of the present invention are those containing the above-mentioned DNA coding region under the control of appropriate control sequences, and capable of expressing the DNA code sequence in E. coli. As a promoter, for example, a P.sub.L promoter, tac promoter, trp promoter, lacUV5 promoter or the like can be used, and as an SD sequence, for example, an SD sequence of a metapyrocatechase gene and a consensus SD sequence can be used.
To enhance the expression of lymphotoxin in E. coli, the present inventors constructed three plasmids, pLTM7, pLTM9, and pLTM11, from a plasmid pLTM2. In the plasmid pLTM7, the 3'-non-translation region of lymphotoxin in the plasmid pLTM2 has been deleted, and therefore, due to a lack of a region present in the deleted region, which destabilizes the mRNA, the expression level can be increased by about two times. The plasmid pLTM9 comprises the plasmid pLTM7 provided with an ideal consensus SD sequence, and due to the improvement of an SD region, the expression level is further increased by about two times. The plasmid pLTM11 is a plasmid wherein codons for leucine and proline following the N-terminal methionine in the plasmid pLTM9 have been improved in a manner which is preferable for the transcription of mRNA, and the expression level is increased by a further about two times.
(1) Construction process for plasmid pLTM7
A DNA fragment containing the lymphotoxin gene is obtained from the starting plasmid pLTM2 containing a lymphotoxin gene, using EcoRI, and inserted to M13 phage at the EcoRI site, and a specific nucleotide replacement mutagenesis is carried out using an oligonucleotide primer to insert an EcoRI site downstream of a translation stop codon of the lymphotoxin gene, to thus obtain a mutant phage LTM61.
A double-stranded DNA of the mutant phage is cut with EcoRI to obtain the lymphotoxin gene, which is then inserted to an EcoRI vector fragment of plasmid pLTM2 from which the lymphotoxin gene has been deleted, to obtain a plasmid pLTM7. This process is described in detail in Example 1.
(2) Construction process for plasmid pLTM9
Next, the plasmid pLTM7 is cleaved with a restriction enzyme XcyI to generate a DNA fragment containing the lymphotoxin gene, and the above-mentioned linker is attached to this fragment, and by an additional cleavage with EcoRI, an EcoRI-EcoRI DNA fragment of 537 bp comprising the lymphotoxin gene and the linker nucleotide is obtained. This DNA fragment is inserted to an EcoRI vector of the plasmid pLTM2 from which the lymphotoxin gene has been deleted, to obtain a plasmid pLTM9. The detailed process and sequence of an oligonucleotide used as a linker are set forth in Example 2.
(3) Construction process for plasmid pLTM11
A phage LTM18 and plasmid pLTM11 are obtained from the plasmid pLTM9, by a procedure similar to the construction process for the plasmid pLTM7. This process is described in detail in Example 3.
(4) Construction process for plasmid pPRALT1
The plasmid pLTM9 containing lymphotoxin gene is cut with EcoRI to obtain a DNA fragment containing lymphotoxin gene, which is then inserted to an EcoRI site of a plasmid pRIT2T coding for the above-mentioned protein A to obtain a plasmid pPRALT1 containing a gene coding for a fused protein of the present invention. This process is described in detail in Example 4. Escherichia coli X 1776/pPRALT1, which contain the above-mentioned plasmid pPRALT1, was deposited with the Fermentation Research Institute Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, 1-3, Higashi 1 chome Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 305, Japan, as FERM BP-1899 (original national deposition FERM P-9389).
C. E. coli to be transformed
According to the present invention, any strain of E. coli conventionally used for production of a polypeptide by a gene engineering technique can be used and, for example, N48301, RRl, RB791, SM32, HB101, N99, JM103 and the like are mentioned.
D. Expression of desired polypeptide
To express a desired protein, E. coli transformed with the above-mentioned plasmid is cultured in, for example, an LB medium by a conventional method, and an induction is applied in accordance with a promoter used. Next, the produced polypeptide is recovered from the cells of E. coli to obtain the desired polypeptide. This method is hereinafter described in detail in the Examples.
E. Cytotoxic activity
Cytotoxic activity of the polypeptide obtained as described above can be measured by, for example, a microplate method. This measuring method and the results obtained are described hereinafter in detail in the Examples.
The present fused protein maintains the cytocidal activity originally exhibited by lymphotoxin.
F. Affinity of fused protein to antibody
As described in detail in the Examples, the present fused protein has an affinity to an antibody, and can complex with the antibody.
The present invention is now more specifically described in the Examples.
EXAMPLE 1
Construction of Plasmid pLMTM7
(1) Introduction of EcoRI site to a position immediately downstream of a stop codon
The plasmid pLTM2 was cleaved with the restriction enzyme EcoRI, and a fragment containing a lymphotoxin gene was recovered from 0.8% agarose.
Then, 0.5 pmole of this DNA fragment was mixed with 0.5 pmole of double-stranded DNA of phage M13mp10 which had been cleaved with EcoRI, and the mixture was ligated in 20 .mu.l of a solution containing 66 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 5 mM DTT and 1 mM ATP using 100 units of T4 DNA ligase at 12.degree. C. for 16 hours. After the reaction, the reaction mixture was used to transform E. coli JM103 by a procedure of Messing et al., Methods in Enzymology, 101, 20-78, 1983, and the mixture was plated with soft agar containing 0.02% X-gal and 1 mM IPTG, and cultured at 37.degree. C. overnight. A single stranded template DNA was prepared from a white plaque formed by transformant. Namely, the white plaque was picked up with a toothpick, and suspended in 1.5 ml of 2XYT culture medium (1.6% Bacto trypton, 1% yeast extract and 0.5% NaCl) in which E. coli JM103 was growing, and culturing was carried out at 37.degree. C. for five hours. A single-stranded recombinant phage DNA was recovered from the supernatant by polyethyleneglycol precipitation, phenol treatment, and ethanol precipitation.
The single-stranded DNA thus obtained was used as a template to determine a nucleotide sequence, by a dideoxy method of Messing et al., (supra) to confirm a sequence of the cloned single-stranded DNA. In this manner, a single-stranded DNA comprising an anti-coding strand of lymphotoxin gene was obtained, and this recombinant phage was designated as LTM21.
A single-stranded DNA of LTM21 thus obtained was used as a template, and a synthetic oligonucleotide: ##STR1## was used as a primer, to carry out a repair reaction using a Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase. Namely, 2 pmoles of the primer phosphorylated at the 5'-terminal thereof were added to 0.5 pmole of the single-stranded template DNA, and were maintained in 10 .mu.l of a solution containing 7 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 0.1 mM EDTA, 20 mM NaCl and 7 mM MgCl.sub.2 at 60.degree. C. for 20 minutes, and then at 23.degree. C. for 20 minutes. Next, dATP, dGTP, dTTP and dCTP were added to this mixture to a final concentration of 5 mM to make a total volume of 20 .mu.l, 2 units of DNA polymerase were added thereto, and incubation was carried out at 23.degree. C. for 20 minutes. Next, 1 .mu.l of 10 mM ATP and one unit of T4 DNA ligase were added, and incubation was carried out overnight at 12.degree. C.
The thus obtained 0.1 pmole of a double-stranded DNA was used to transform E. coli JM103 by the Messings method.
The phage plaques thus obtained were screened for mutant phage by plaque hybridization using the above-mentioned oligonucleotide (phosphorylated with .sup.32 P) as a probe. Namely, the plaques were transferred from the soft agar medium to a nitrocellulose filter, by a Benton--Davis method (W.D. Benton and R.W. Davis, Science, 196, 180,1977), and the filter was baked in vacuum at 80.degree. C. for two hours. This nitrocellulose was subjected overnight to hybridization in 6X SSC, 10X Denhardt solution using the primer oligonucleotide labeled with .sup.32 P as a probe at 23.degree. C. Next, this filter was washed in 6X SSC at 59.degree. C., and autoradiographed to isolate a mutant phage plaque exhibiting a positive signal.
A double-stranded phage was prepared by a rapid isolation method from this phage plaque and cleaved with EcoRI to obtain a 715 bp fragment, which was then used as a template for a determination of a nucleotide sequence by the dideoxy method, to confirm that a nucleotide replacement mutation had occurred and a phage having a EcoRI site immediately downstream of the stop codon of lymphotoxin gene was obtained. This mutant phage was designated as JM103/LTM61.
(2) Construction of plasmid and transformation
A double-stranded DNA was prepared from the phage JM103/LTM61 by a conventional procedure, and cleaved with a restriction enzyme EcoRI, and a DNA fragment containing a lymphotoxin gene was recovered by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis and purified by Elutip-d. Then 0.5 pmole of the above-mentioned DNA fragment was ligated with 0.5 pmole of an EcoRI fragment not containing a lymphotoxin gene of a plasmid pLTM2 in 40 mM HEPES (pH 7.8), 10 mM MgCl.sub.2, 10 mM DTT, 0.4 mM ATP, using 100 units of T4 ligase, at 12.degree. C. for 16 hours.
Subsequently, 10 .mu.l of this reaction mixture was used to transform E. coli RRl, and a transformant resistant to 100 .mu.g/ml ampicillin was selected. Plasmid DNA was extracted from a colony of the transformant, and the nucleotide sequence thereof was confirmed by the dideoxy method. This plasmid was designated as pLTM7.
EXAMPLE 2
Construction of Plasmid pLTM9 (FIG. 5)
First, 24 .mu.g of the plasmid pLTM7 (156.mu.l ) was incubated with 60 units of restriction enzyme XcyI (24 .mu.l) and 20 .mu.l of XcyI buffer at 37.degree. C. for four hours, and then 9 .mu.g (20.mu.l ) each of 5'-phosphorylated oligonucleotides #96 and #97: ##STR2## were added to the reaction mixture, the mixture was extracted with phenol and chloroform, and DNA was precipitated with ethanol and dried. This DNA was reacted in 40 mM HEPES (pH 7.8), 10 mM MgCl.sub.2, 10 mM DTT and 0.4 mM ATP, using 100 units of T4 ligase, at 12.degree. C. for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was then extracted with phenol and chloroform, and subsequently, DNA was precipitated with ethanol and dried.
This precipitate was dissolved in 160 .mu.l of distilled water, the solution was mixed with 300 units of EcoRI (20 .mu.l ) and 20 .mu.l of an EcoRI buffer, the mixture was incubated at 37.degree. C. for two hours, and then frozen.
This reaction mixture was separated by electrophoresis using 2% agarose gel, and a gel section containing a 537 bp DNA fraction was cut out and subjected to an electrodialysis in a dialysis membrane. The extract was applied to an Elutip-d column, and after the DNA was adsorbed, the column was washed, and by increasing an ion concentration in an eluent, the DNA was eluted and recovered. The DNA was precipitated with ethanol, and the precipitated DNA was dried and dissolved in 20 .mu.l of distilled water.
Then 0.5 pmole of EcoRI fragment not containing a lymphotoxin gene of plasmid pLTM2 was ligated with 0.5 pmole of the above-mentioned DNA fragment in 40 mM HEPES (pH 7.8), 10 mM MgCl.sub.2, 10 mM DTT, 0.4 mM ATP, using 100 units of T4 ligase, at 12.degree. C. for 16 hours.
Then 10 .mu.l of this reaction mixture was used to transform E. coli RRl, and a transformant resistant to 100 .mu.g/ml ampicillin was selected. Plasmid DNA was extracted from a colony of the transformant, and the nucleotide sequence thereof was confirmed by the dideoxy method. This plasmid was designated as pLTM9.
EXAMPLE 3
Construction of plasmid pLTM11
The plasmid pLTM9 having modified codons for the second leucine and the third proline was cleaved with restriction enzyme EcoRI, and a fragment containing the lymphotoxin gene was recovered from 0.8% agarose gel.
Then 0.5 pmole of this DNA fragment was mixed with 0.5 pmole of a double-stranded DNA of phage M13 mp10 which has been cleaved with EcoRI, and ligation was carried out in 20 .mu.l of a solution containing 66 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 5 mM DTT and 1 mM ATP, using 100 units of T4 DNA ligase, at 12.degree. C. for 16 hours. After the reaction, the reaction mixture was used to transform E. coli JM103 by the Messing et al., Method in Enzymology, 101, 20-78, 1983, and the mixture was plated with soft agar containing 0.02% X-gal and 1 mM IPTG, and culturing was carried out overnight at 37.degree. C. From a white plaque formed by a transformant, a single-stranded DNA was prepared. Namely, a white plaque was picked up with a toothpick, suspended in 1.5 ml of 2X YT medium (1.6% Bacto trypton, 1% yeast extract and 0.5% NaCl) in which E. coli JM103 was growing, and culturing was carried out at 37.degree. C. for five hours to obtain a culture supernatant from which a single-stranded recombinant phage DNA was recovered by polyethyleneglycol precipitation, phenol treatment, and ethanol precipitation.
The nucleotide sequence of the single-stranded DNA thus obtained was determined by the dideoxy method of Messing et al., supra, and a sequence of cloned single-stranded DNA was confirmed. In this way, a single-stranded DNA containing an anti-coding strand of the lymphotoxin gene was obtained. This recombinant phage was designated as LTM71.
A single-stranded DNA of the LTM71 thus obtained was used as a template with a synthetic oligonucleotide: ##STR3## as a primer to carry out a repair reaction using a Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase. Namely, 2 pmoles of the primer phosphorylated at the 5'-terminal thereof were added to 0.5 pmole of the single-stranded template DNA, and were maintained in 10 .mu.l of a solution containing 7 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 0.1 mM EDTA, 20 mM NaCl and 7 mM MgCl.sub.2 at 60.degree. C. for 20 minutes, and then at 23.degree. C. for 20 minutes. Next, dATP, dGTP, dTTP and dCTP were added to this mixture to a final concentration of 5 mM to make a total volume of 20 .mu.l, 2 units of DNA polymeran were added thereto, and incubation was carried out at 23.degree. C. for 20 minutes. Next, 1 .mu.l of 10 mM ATP and one unit of T4 DNA were added, and incubation was carried out overnight at 12.degree. C.
Then 0.1 pmole of a double-stranded DNA thus obtained was used to transform E. coli JM103 by the Messing method.
The phage plaques thus obtained were screened for mutant phage by plaque hybridization using the above-mentioned oligonucleotide (phosphorylated with .sup.32 P) as a probe. Namely, the plaques were transferred from the soft agar medium to a nitrocellulose filter by a Benton --Davis method (W.D. Benton and R.W. Davis, Science, 196, 180, 1977), and the filter was baked in a vacuum at 80.degree. C. for two hours. This nitrocellulose was subjected overnight to hybridization in a 6X SSC, 10X Denhardt solution using the primer oligonucleotide labeled with .sup.32 P as a probe at 23.degree. C. Next, this filter was washed in 6X SSC at 59.degree. C., and autoradiographed to isolate a mutant phage plague exhibiting a positive signal.
A double-stranded phage was prepared from this phage plaque, by a rapid isolation method, and cleaved with EcoRI to obtain a 537 bp fragment, which was then used as a template for a determination of the nucleotide sequence in the dideoxy method to confirm that a nucleotide replacement mutation had occurred and codons for the second leucine and the third proline of the lymphotoxin gene were modified. This mutant phage was designated as JM103/LTM81.
A double-stranded DNA was prepared from the phage JM103/LTM81 by a conventional procedure, and cleaved with a restriction enzyme EcoRI, and a DNA fragment containing a lymphotoxin gene was recovered by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis and purified by Elutip-d.
Then 0.5 pmole of the above-mentioned DNA fragment was ligated with 0.5 pmole of an EcoRI fragment not containing a lymphotoxin gene of plasmid pLTM2 in 40 mM HEPES (pH 7.8), 10 mM MgCl , 10 mM DTT, 0.4 mM ATP, using 100 units of T4 ligase, at 12.degree. C. for 16 hours.
Subsequently, 10 .mu.l of this reaction mixture was used to transform E. coli RRl, and a transformant resistant to 100 .mu.g/ml ampicillin was selected. A plasmid DNA was extracted from a colony of the transformant, and the nucleotide sequence thereof was confirmed by the dideoxy method. This plasmid was designated as pLTM11.
EXAMPLE 4
Construction of clasmid pPRALT1 (FIG. 6)
First, 5 .mu.g of plasmid pRIT2T (obtained from Pharmacia (1.mu.l ) was digested with 15 units of EcoRI (1.mu.l ) at 37.degree. C. for 5 hours, 40 .mu.l of 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) and 10.mu.l of alkaline phosphatase (E. coli C75) (1/10 dilution) were added to the reaction mixture, and the reaction was carried out at 65.degree. C. for 40 minutes.
The reaction mixture was extracted with phenol and chloroform, and DNA was recovered by ethanol precipitation, and dried.
Then 0.5 pmole of the DNA precipitate and 0.5 pmole of EcoRI fragment of the plasmid pLTM9 containing lymphotoxin gene were reacted in 40 mM HEPES (pH 7.8), 10 mM MgCl.sub.2, 10 mM DTT and 0.4 mM ATP, using 100 units of T.sub.4 ligase, at 12.degree. C. for 16 hours.
Subsequently, 10 .mu.l of this reaction mixture was used to transform E. coli RRl, and a transformant resistant to 100 .mu.g/ml ampicillin was selected. Then plasmid DNA was extracted from a colony of the transformant, and the nucleotide sequence thereof was confirmed by the dideoxy method. This plasmid was designated as pPRALT1.
EXAMPLE 5
Confirmation of expression product by in vitro translation
Expression products obtained by in vitro translation of the present plasmid pPRALT1 coding for a fused protein comprising lymphotoxin and protein A and of plasmid pRIT2T coding for protein A were tested using a DNA expression kit (Amersham). The expression product was separated by SDS-PAGE using 10%-26% gradient, and apparent molecular weight was obtained by comparing the position of a band of the expression product and the position of bands of molecular weight standards. As a result, it was found that an expression product of pPRALT1 had a molecular weight of about 48K, and an expression product of pPIT2T had a molecular weight of about 30K, and therefore, it was confirmed that the plasmid pPRALTl expressed a fused protein of the present invention.
EXAMPLE 6
Expression of polypeptide and purification
E. coli HB101 containing the above-mentioned plasmid pPRALT1 was incubated overnight in 30 ml of LB medium at 37.degree. C., inoculated to 3 l of LB medium, and the culturing was carried out in a jar fermenter (Iwashiya) at 37.degree. C. for 7 hours. After the culturing, the culture broth was centrifuged to collect microbial cells. The collected cells were thoroughly suspended in phosphate buffer (10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.2, 1 mM EDTA), and the suspension was passed three times through a Gaulin Homogenizer at 8000 psi to disrupt the cells. The disruptant was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 30 minutes to obtain a supernatant.
To this supernatant was added ammonium sulfate to 5% (w/v) to carry out ammonium sulfate precipitation, and a resulting supernatant was purified by a butyl Toyopearl column (Toso). Namely, 20 ml of the supernatant was applied to 20 ml of butyl Toyopearl 650 M which has been equilibrated with phosphate buffer (10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.2, 0.02% Tween 20) containing 5% (w/v) ammonium sulfate, and the column was immediately washed with 100 ml of the same buffer as used for equilibrating the column, and protein adsorbed to the column was eluted with phosphate buffer not containing ammonium phosphate. The eluted fraction contained the desired polypeptide.
EXAMPLE 7
Confirmation of antibody binding ability of desired polypeptide
It was confirmed that the desired polypeptide binds to an antibody and that the binding relied on the affinity of the protein A portion. Namely, the desired polypeptide obtained in Example 6 was subjected to SDS-PAGE, and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane using a electroblotting apparatus (Biometra). After blocking the membrane with phosphate buffer containing 1% BSA, the membrane was treated with a peroxidase-labeled bovine anti-rabbit IgG (Bethyl Laboratory), and after washing 4-chloro-1-naphthol solution and an aqueous hydrogen peroxide were used to develop a color. As a result, a band of a dark violet was found at a position corresponding to a molecular weight of 44,000. The desired polypeptide bound to a peroxidase-labeled bovine antibody.
Cell extracts (supernatants) obtained from E. coli N48301 containing plasmid pPRALTl and E. coli RR1 containing plasmid pLTM7 according to a procedure of Example 2 were diluted with phosphate buffer to 1 .times.10.sup.4 U/ml, and a culture supernatant from HUT-102 cells was diluted with phosphate buffer to 1.times.10.sup.3 U/ml. To 300 .mu.l of the solution was added 10.mu.l of a column carrier, IgG Sepharose 6 fast flow (Pharmacia), and the whole was gently shaken at a room temperature for one hours. The mixture was centrifuged at 6000 rpm to obtain a supernatant A, and the precipitated carrier was washed three times with 200 .mu.l each of phosphate buffer. After the carrier was separated from the washing solution by centrifugation at 6000 rpm, 300 .mu.l of phosphate buffer containing 1 mg/ml protein A (Sigma) was added to the carrier, and the whole was gently shaken at a room temperature for one hour. The mixture was centrifuged at 6000 rpm to obtain a supernatant B.
Lymphotoxin activity of the supernatants A and B thus obtained was measured by the above-mentioned procedures, and the following result was obtained.
______________________________________ Super- Super-Plasmid/E. coli natant A natant B______________________________________pPRALT1/N48301 1 .times. 10.sup.2 6 .times. 10.sup.2pLTM7/RR1 1 .times. 10.sup.3 2HUT-102 Supernatant 1 .times. 10.sup.2 0Distilled water 0 0______________________________________
From the above-mentioned result, it was found that a product from E. coli containing the present plasmid pPRALT1, i.e., the supernatant B from an extract containing a fused protein comprising lymphotoxin and protein A exhibits lymphotoxin activity. This means that the fused protein was adsorbed to the carrier via an antibody (IgG) immobilized to the carrier, and then eluted by exchange with the added protein A.
Accordingly, it was proved by this experiment that the present polypeptide which is a fused protein comprising protein A and lymphotoxin can form a complex with an antibody.
EXAMPLE 8
Cytocidal activity
Cytocidal activity of the desired polypeptide was measured by a method of B.B. Aggarwal, J. Biological Chemistry, 260, 2345-2354. Mouse L-M cells were cultured in Eagle's MEM containing 5% fetal calf serum, 0.5% penicillin, 0.5% streptomycin and 1 .mu.g/ml actinomycin D, and 3.times.10.sup.4 cells/100 .mu.l were put into a well of a plate in which 100 .mu.l of the above-mentioned diluted sample was added, and culturing was carried out at 37.degree. C. under an atmosphere of 5% CO.sub.2 for 24 hours. After washing the plate, to which 100 .mu.l of a formalinethanol solution containing 0.05% crystal violet was added to stain cells for 30 minutes. Next, the dyestuff was eluted with 100 .mu.l of 0.05M NaH in ethanol, and absorbance at 570 nm was measured using a photometer (Minireader II, Dynatech).
The absorbance (normal scale) and dilution ratio (logarithmic scale) were plotted on a semilogarithmic coordinates, and the cytocidal activity in a sample, expressed in unit, was calculated defining an activity necessary to kill 50% of cells as one unit. The value of the cytocidal activity was corrected using TNF (Gene zyme) as an internal standard.
A cytocidal activity of the desired polypeptide obtained in Example 6 was 8.8.times.10.sup.5 units per 1 mg protein. Accordingly, the present fused protein expressed by plasmid pPRALT1 has lymphotoxin activity.
Reference Example 1.
Preparation and screening of cDNA
(1) Preparation of mRNA
Human T lymphatic leukemia cell line HUT-102 was suspended in 20 ml of RPMI-1640 medium containing 5% fetal calf serum, and cultured in a 5% CO.sub.2 incubator at 37.degree. C. for two to three days. A volume of the medium was then increased two-fold every two or three days during the culture, to finally obtain 1 l of the culture broth. The culture broth thus obtained was centrifugated at 4.degree. C. and 3000 rpm for 10 minutes to collect the cells which were then suspended in 50 ml of a phosphate buffer (10 mM sodium phosphat, pH 7.2, 0.15 M NaCl) to wash the cells, and the suspension was centrifuged to obtain a pellet of T cells.
mRNA was prepared using the guanidinium/CsCl method of Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, p. 196, 1982. Namely, the T cell pellet was suspended in five volumes of guanidium isothiocyanate solution (6M guanidium isothiocyatate, 5 mM sodium citrate, pH 7.0, 0.1 M .beta.-mercaptoethanol and 5% sarcosine), and the suspension was put into a glass homogenizer and homogenized ten times with a Teflon bar. The homogenate was carefully overlaid on 1.5 ml of solution (pH 7.5) containing 5.7M CsCl and 0.1M EDTA in a centrifuge tube (Ultra Clean, trade mark) for SW55 roter, and ultra centrifugation was carried out at 15.degree. C. and 35,000 for 20 hours. Guanidium solution was removed, a wall of the tube was three times washed with the guanidium solution, the wall of the tube was cut at a level over a surface of CsCl solution. After the CsCl solution was removed, the precipitate was washed two times with 80% ethanol, and dissolved in 500 .mu.l of a buffer containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 5 mM EDTA and 10% SDD (TES). The solution was extracted with 500 .mu.l of chloroform/n-buthanol (4:1) mixture, and after an organic layer was extracted again with 500 .mu.l of TES, aqueous layers were combined, and ethanol precipitation was carried out to obtain mRNA.
The mRNA was passed through an oligo (dT) cellulose column by a procedure described in Molecular Cloning, to purify poly (A).sup.+ RNA.
(2) Synthesis of cDNA
First, a strand of a cDNA was synthesized by a Gubler-Hoffman method. Namely, 8.4 .mu.l of water, 1.mu.l of 1M Tris-HCl (pH 8.3) (50 mM), 1.mu.l of 0.6M KCl (30 mM), 1.mu.l of 0.16M MgCl.sub.2 (8 mM), 1.mu.1 of 20 mM DTT (1 mM), 1.6.mu.l of 25 mM dNTP (mixture of 25 mM each dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP) (each 2 mM), 1.mu.l of RNasin (Biotech 30 V/.mu.1), 2.mu.l of oligo (dT) 12-18 (PL) (2.mu.l ), and 3.mu.l of HUT-102 poly(A)+ RNA (1.mu.g/.mu.l ) were mixed to make a total volume of 19.mu.l, and after preincubation of 37.degree. C. for 5 minutes, 1.mu.l of reverse transcriptase (Life Science, 12.5 V/.mu.l ) was added to the mixture, and reaction was carried out at 37.degree. C. for one hour. Note, the values in parentheses represent final concentrations of the salts in the solution. After the reaction was terminated by addition of 1.mu.l of 0.5M EDTA and 0.5.mu.l of 10% SDS, phenol/chloroform extraction, ammonium acetate/ethanol precipitation two times, and washing of the precipitate with 80% ethanol were carried out. the precipitate was dried under a reduced pressure, and dissolved in 50 .mu.l of water. To 5 .mu.l of the solution was added 1 .mu.g of RNase, and the mixture was allowed to stand at a room temperature for 10 minutes and extracted with phenol. A resulting aqueous layer was subjected to 0.7% agarose gel electrophoresis to test an extent of elongation of the first strand.
A second strand was also synthesized according to a condition for synthesis of a second strand in the above-mentioned Gubler-Hoffman method. Namely, 45 .mu.l of the cDNA first strand solution, 33.5 .mu.l of water, 2.mu.l of 1M Tris-HC1 (pH 7.5) (20 mM), 1 .mu.l of 0.5M MgC.sub.2 (5 mM), 1 .mu.l of 1M (NH.sub.4).sub.2 (10 mM), 10 .mu.l of 1M KCl (100 mM), 1 .mu.l of 10 mM .beta.-AND (0.1 mM), 1 .mu.l of 5 mg/ml BSA (50 .mu.g/ml), 1 .mu.l of 4 mM NTP (40 .mu.M), 1 .mu.l of E. coli DNA ligase (PL, 0.5 .mu.g/.mu.l), 2 .mu.l of E. coli DNA polymerase I (PL, 15 V/.mu.l), 0.5 .mu.l of E. coli RNase H (Takara Shuzo, 1.3 V/.mu.l) and 1 .mu.l of .sup.32 P-dCTP (10 .mu.l) were mixed to make a total volume of 100 .mu.l, and a reaction was carried out at 12.degree. C. for one hour, and then at 22.degree. C. for one hour. Before and after the reaction, 1 .mu.l each of a sample was taken and an amount of incorporation of radioactivity was measured by TCA precipitation. After the reaction was terminated by an addition of 4 .mu.l of 0.5M EDTA and 5 .mu.l of 10% SDS to the reaction mixture, phenol/chloroform extraction, ethanol precipitation two times, and washing of the precipitate with 80% ethanol were carried out, and the precipitate was dried under a reduced pressure and dissolved in 10 .mu.l of water.
(3) Preparation of cDNA library
Then 10 .mu.l of cDNA aqueous solution, 2 .mu.l of water, 0.7 .mu.l of 1M Tris-acetate (pH 7.9) (35 mM), 1.3 .mu.l of 1M potassium acetate (65 mM), 2 .mu.l of 0.1M Magnesium acetate (10 mM), 1 .mu.l of 10 mM DTT (1 mM) 1 .mu.l of 5 mg/ml BSA (250 .mu.g/ml), 1 .mu.l of 2 mM dNTP (0.1 mM) and 1 .mu.l of T4 DNA polymerase (Takara Shuzo, 1.5 V/.mu.l ) were mixed to make a total volume 20 , 1l and reacted with 37.degree. C. for 10 minutes. After the reaction was terminated by an addition of 1 .mu.l of 0.5M EDTA and 0.5 .mu.l of 10% SDS, phenol/chloroform extraction, ethanol precipitation two times, and washing the precipitate with 80% ethanol were carried out, and the precipitate was dried under a reduced pressure and dissolved in 10 .mu.l of water.
To 2 .mu.l of EcoRI linker (Takara Shuzo; GGAATTCC; 1 .mu.g/.mu.l ), were added 5 .mu.l of water, 2 .mu.l of 5X linker kinase buffer (0.33M Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 5 mM ATP, 5 mM spermidine, 50 mM MgC12 , 75 mM DTT, 1 mg/ml BSA) and 1 .mu.l of T4 DNA kinase (Takara Shuzo; 6 V/.mu.l ) to make a total volume of 10 .mu.l, and a reaction was carried out at 37.degree. C. for one hour. To this reaction mixture were added 5 .mu.l of a solution of cDNA previously blunt-ended as described above, 2 .mu.l of 5X linker kinase buffer, 1.5 .mu.l of water, 1 .mu.l of T4 DNA ligase (Takara Shuzo; 175 V/.mu.l), and 0.5 .mu.l of T4 RNA ligase (PL; 0.8 .mu.l ) to make a total volume of 20 .mu.l, and a reaction was carried out at 12.degree. C. overnight or at 22.degree. C. for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was heated at 65.degree. C. for 10 minutes to inactivate the ligases, and to the reaction mixture were added 65 .mu.l of water, 10 .mu.l of 10X EcoRI buffer and 5 .mu.l of EcoRI (Takara Shuzo; 7.5 V/.mu.l) to make a total volume of 100 .mu.l. The reaction was carried out at 37.degree. C. for 3 hours. One tenth volume each of samples were taken before and after the digestion with EcoRI, and subjected to 10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to check whether the EcoRI linker was attached and whether the EcoRI site was cleaved. The reaction mixture was extracted with phenol, and after 5M NaCl was added to a resulting aqueous phase to a final concentration of 0.3M NaCl, the mixture was applied to a Sepharose CL-4B column (2 ml) to eliminate the EcoRI linker. The column was developed with TE (pH 7.6) and 0.3M NaCl, and 4 to 5 drops of fraction of the elute were obtained Fractions exhibiting radioactivity were then subjected to ethanol precipitation, and each precipitated fraction was dissolved in 10 .mu.l of water.
A plasmid pUC9 was cleaved with EcoRI by a conventional procedure and treated with calf intestine alkaline phosphatase (CIP), mixed with 1 .mu.l of the preparation (0.4 .mu.g), 10 .mu.l of the cDNA prepared as above, 20 .mu.l of 5X linker kinase buffer and 64 .mu.l of water, and the mixture heated at 68.degree. C. for 10 minutes. To the mixture was added 5 .mu.l of T4 DNA ligase to make a total volume of 100 .mu.l, and the reaction was carried out at 12.degree. C. overnight. The reaction mixture was heated at 65.degree. C. for 10 minutes, and 10 .mu.l of the reaction mixture was mixed with 210 .mu.l of suspension of E. coli X 1776 competent cells to transform the cells. The transformed cell suspension thus prepared was added to 300 ml of X 1776 medium containing 50 .mu.g/ml ampicillin, and cultured overnight at 37.degree. C. A portion of the culture in the form of a 15% glycerine suspension was frozen at -80.degree. C. and stored.
(4) Screening of cDNA library
First, 20 .mu.l of the frozen glycerine storing suspension of the cDNA-containing transformants was diluted 5,000-fold with X 1776 medium and 100 .mu.l of the diluted suspension was spread on a nitrocellulose sheet placed on an X 1776 agar plate containing ampicillin, and cultured overnight at 37.degree. C. Colonies developed on the nitrocellulose sheet were replicated to two nitrocellulose sheets, and these replicas were cultured on X 1776 medium for three hours. The sheets were transferred onto the medium containing 10 .mu.g/ml chlorophenical, followed by culturing overnight. The filter was subsequently put on 10% SDS, a denaturation solution (0.5N NaOH, 1.5M NaCl), and on a neutralizing solution (1.5M NaCl, 0.5M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0) each for 5 minutes The sheet was reacted in 5 .mu.l of a proteinase K solution 1 mg/ml proteinase K (Merk], 0.5M NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 5 mM EDTA, 0.1% SDS) at 37 .degree. C. for one hour, put between filter papers, strongly rubbed with a roller, twice washed with 2X SSC, and heated at 80.degree. C. for three hours.
The above-mentioned nitrocellulose sheet was hybridized overnight with oligonucleotide probe #71 labeled with .sup.32 P in 6X SSC, 10X Denhardt solution at 42.degree. C. Next, the sheet was washed at 55.degree. C. in 6X SSC, subjected to autoradiography for two days, and as a result, three colonies exhibited positive signals.
Next, this nitrocellulose sheet was washed in 1X SSC solutions at 65.degree. C. for 30 minutes, to wash the positive signal away, dried, and again subjected to hybridization with the oligonucleotide probe #72. The hybridization was carried out overnight in 6X SSC, 10X Denhardt solution with the oligonucleotide probe #72 labeled with .sup.32 P at 42.degree. C. Next, this sheet was washed in 6X SSC at 50.degree. C., and subjected to autoradiography for two days, and as a result, the same three colonies as those which exhibited a positive signal with the probe #71 again exhibited a positive signal.
Plasmid DNA was extracted from each of these three colonies, and the nucleotide sequence thereof was determined by a conventional procedure. As a result, one of these clones contained a coding sequence for an entire lymphotoxin peptide. This plasmid was designated as pLTl (FIG. 1).
REFERENCE EXAMPLE 2
Construction of plasmid pLMTl (FIG. 1)
The above-mentioned plasmid pLMT1 was used to transform E. coli RRl, the transformant was cultured, and plasmid DNA was extracted from the cultured cells.
Then 40 .mu.l (20 .mu.g) of pLT1 plasmid DNA, 20 .mu.l of EcoRI buffer (X10), 140 .mu.l of distilled water and 4 .mu.l of EcoRI enzyme solution (40 units) were mixed, and reacted at 37.degree. C. for three hours. This reaction mixture was extracted with 100 .mu.l each of phenol and chloroform, washed with 200 .mu.l of ether, and the DNA was precipitated with ethanol. After drying, the precipitate was dissolved in 100 .mu.l of an electrophoresis dye solution, and separated by electrophoresis with 1.2% agarose gel in 1X TBE (Tris-Borate-EDTA buffer), and a gel piece containing a desired DNA of about 0.9 kb was cut off. This gel piece was put into a dialysis tube, and subjected to electroelution in lX TBE for two hours. The solution in the dialysis tube was recovered and applied on an Elutip-d column to adsorb the DNA on the column, which was then washed, and the DNA was eluted, by increasing an ion concentration of an eluent, and recovered. After ethanol precipitation, the precipitate was dried for three minutes, and the DNA thus obtained was dissolved in 20 .mu.l of distilled water.
Subsequently, 10 .mu.l of plasmid pKK223-3-containing solution, 5 .mu.l of EcoRI buffer (X10), 36 .mu.l of distilled water and 3 .mu.l of EcoRI (30 units) were mixed, and reacted with 37.degree. C. for three hours. Next, to this reaction mixture were added 50 .mu.l of 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) and 10 .mu.l of bacterial alkaline phosphatase (BAP) C-75 solution (1/10 dilution), and a reaction was carried out at 65.degree. C. for one hour. The reaction mixture was extracted with 100 .mu.l each of phenol and chloroform, washed with 200 .mu.l of ether and ethanol-precipitated, and the precipitate was dried for three minutes and dissolved in 20 .mu.l of distilled water.
5 .mu.l of the above-mentioned pKK223-3 digest, 5 .mu.l of the above-mentioned pLTl digest, 10 .mu.l of 100 mM HEPES (pH 7.8), 10 .mu.l of 30 mM MgCl , 1 .mu.l of 300 mM DTT, 1 .mu.l of 10 mM ATP and 2 .mu.l of T4 DNA ligase solution (20 units) were mixed, and reacted overnight at 12.degree. C.
Then, 10 .mu.l of this reaction mixture and 200 .mu.l of a suspension of E. coli JM103 competent cells were mixed, and the mixture was spread on an H plate, and culturing was carried out overnight at 37.degree. C. Among the many colonies formed, 12 colonies were analyzed by a rapid isolation method, and it was confirmed that three colonies contained a desired plasmid. This plasmid was designated as pLTM1.
REFERENCE EXAMPLE 3
Construction of plasmid pLTM2 (FIG. 2)
First, 100 .mu.l (10 .mu.g) of plasmid pLTM1 solution, 40 .mu.l of Pvu II buffer (X10), 260 .mu.l of distilled water and 4 .mu.l of Pvu II enzyme buffer (40 units) were mixed, and reacted at 37.degree. C. for one day. To this reaction mixture were added 360 .mu.l of distilled water, 40 .mu.l of Pvu I buffer and 4 .mu.l of Pvu I enzyme solution (40 units), and a reaction was carried out for one day at 37.degree. C. The reaction mixture was extracted with 400 .mu.l each of phenol and chloroform, washed with 800 .mu.l ether, and ethanol-precipitated. The precipitate was dried, and dissolved in 100 .mu.l of a dye solution for agarose gel electrophoresis, and subjected to electrophoresis with 1.2% agarose gel in lX TBE. Gel piece containing DNA having lengths of about 1.6 kb and 1.7 kb was cut off. This gel piece was put into a dialysis tube, and electroelution was carried out in lX TBE for two hours, and the solution in the dialysis tube was recovered and applied to an Elutip-d column to absorb DNA to the column. After washing the column, the DNA was eluted, by increasing a concentration of an eluent, and recovered. The DNA was precipitated with ethanol, and the precipitate was dried for three minutes and dissolved in 20 .mu.l of distilled water. To this solution, were added 380 .mu.l of lM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) and 4 .mu.l of BAP C-75 enzyme solution (1/10 dilution), and a reaction was carried out for one hour at 65.degree. C. This reaction mixture was extracted with 300 .mu.l each of phenol and chloroform, and washed with 600 .mu.l of ether.
E. coli JM103 containing plasmid pCTM4 was cultured by a conventional procedure, and plasmid DNA was extracted from the cultured cells by a conventional procedure. DNA was precipitated with ethanol, and the precipitate was dried for three minutes and dissolved in 400 .mu.l of distilled water. This solution was extracted with 300 .mu.l each of phenol and chloroform, and washed with 600 .mu.l of ether.
Then 100 .mu.l of the above-mentioned solution containing DNAs of about 1.6 kb and 1.7 kb, 50 .mu.l of the above-mentioned solution containing DNA of about 1.9 kb, 20 .mu.l (75 .mu.g) each of 5'-phosphorylated oligonucleotides #73 and #74: ##STR4## 10 .mu.g of tRNA and 50 .mu.l of 3M sodium phosphate were mixed, and to the mixture was added 1 ml of ethanol, and the mixture allowed to stand for 20 minutes at -80.degree. C., and centrifuged for ten minutes at 4.degree. C. and 16000 rpm to coprecipitate the DNAs with the tRNA. After removing a supernatant, the precipitate was dried and dissolved in a mixture of 8 .mu.l of 30 mM MgC12 , 4 .mu.l of distilled water, and 100 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), and annealing was carried out at 65.degree. C. for 20 minutes, at 42.degree. C. for 30 minutes, at a room temperature for five minutes, and then for five minutes on ice. To this mixture were added 1 .mu.l of 10 mM ATP, 1 .mu.l of 300 mM DTT, 9 .mu.l of 40% PEG and 2 .mu.l of T4 DNA ligase solution (20 minutes), and a reaction was carried out overnight at 20.degree. C.
Then 10 .mu.l of this ligation mixture was used to transform E. coli RRl by the Hunahan method, and the transformation mixture was spread on an LB ampicillin plate, and culturing was carried out overnight at 37.degree. C. As a result, 55 colonies developed, and among them, 9 colonies were analyzed by a rapid isolation method, and was confirmed that two colonies contains the desired plasmid. This plasmid was designated as pLTM2.
This plasmid was used to transform E. coli JM103 and X 1776 to obtain Escherichia coli JM103/pLTM2, and Escherichia coli X 1776/pLTM2.

Number	Name	Date	Kind
4617266	Fahnertock, Sr.	Oct 1986
4920196	Aggarwal	Apr 1990

Number	Date	Country
8403103	Aug 1964	WOX
8400773	Mar 1984	WOX

Fused protein comprising lymphotoxin

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Wada et al., 1990, J. Biotechnology 13:325-334.
Olsner et al., 1982, Pharmac. Ther. 15:355-381.
Sjodahl et al., 1979, Scand. J. Immunol. 10:593-596.
Chemical Abstracts No. 107: 183548e of Hiroshi et al. JP 62,116,522, May 28, 1987.
Shetie et al., 1986, Molecular Immunology 23(12: 1373-1379.
Kim et al., 1988, Gene 68:315-321.