Patent Grant
12119359
The present disclosure relates to an imaging device having a three-dimensional structure.
Miniaturization of an area per pixel of an imaging device of a two-dimensional structure has heretofore been achieved by introduction of a miniaturization process and improvement in packaging density. In recent years, in order to achieve still smaller size of the imaging device and higher density of pixels, an imaging device of a three-dimensional structure has been developed. In the imaging device of the three-dimensional structure, for example, a semiconductor substrate including a plurality of sensor pixels and a semiconductor substrate including a signal processing circuit that processes a signal obtained in each sensor pixel are stacked on each other.
PTL 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2010-245506
Incidentally, in the imaging device, for the purpose of reducing a noise in a pixel transistor, which becomes a factor in degradation of image quality, for example, hydrogen atoms may be desorbed from a passivation film (SiN film) to supply hydrogen to the pixel transistor in some cases. However, in the imaging device having the above-described configuration, the hydrogen atoms desorbed from the SiN film are diffused to a semiconductor substrate including a plurality of sensor pixels. The hydrogen atoms may cause depinning of a photodiode PD configuring a sensor pixel, which may possibly result in degradation of imaging characteristics.
It is desirable to provide an imaging device that makes it possible to achieve both noise characteristics and photodiode characteristics.
An imaging device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes: a first substrate including, in a first semiconductor substrate, a sensor pixel that performs photoelectric conversion; a second substrate including, in a second semiconductor substrate, a readout circuit that outputs a pixel signal based on charges outputted from the sensor pixel, in which the second substrate is stacked on the first substrate; and a first hydrogen diffusion prevention layer provided between the first semiconductor substrate and the second semiconductor substrate.
In the imaging device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the hydrogen diffusion prevention layer (a first hydrogen diffusion prevention layer) is provided between the first semiconductor substrate and the second semiconductor substrate, in a stacked body in which the first substrate and the second substrate are stacked, the first substrate being provided with the first semiconductor substrate including the sensor pixel that performs photoelectric conversion, the second substrate being provided with the second semiconductor substrate including the readout circuit that outputs a pixel signal based on charges outputted from the sensor pixel. This allows hydrogen atoms to be selectively diffused to a desired region
Hereinafter, description is given in detail of an embodiment of the present disclosure with reference to the drawings. The following description is merely a specific example of the present disclosure, and the present disclosure should not be limited to the following aspects. Moreover, the present disclosure is not limited to arrangements, dimensions, dimensional ratios, and the like of each component illustrated in the drawings. It is to be noted that the description is given in the following order.
In the imaging device 1, three substrates (the first substrate 10, the second substrate 20, and a third substrate 30) are stacked in this order.
As described above, the first substrate 10 includes, in the semiconductor substrate 11, a plurality of sensor pixels 12 performing photoelectric conversion. The semiconductor substrate 11 corresponds to a specific example of a “first semiconductor substrate” of the present disclosure. The plurality of sensor pixels 12 are provided in matrix inside a pixel region 13 in the first substrate 10. The second substrate 20 includes, in the semiconductor substrate 21, readout circuits 22, which each output a pixel signal based on charges outputted from the sensor pixels 12, with each one provided for every four sensor pixels 12. The semiconductor substrate 21 corresponds to a specific example of a “second semiconductor substrate” of the present disclosure. The second substrate 20 includes a plurality of pixel drive lines 23 extending in a row direction and a plurality of vertical signal lines 24 extending in a column direction. The third substrate 30 includes, in a semiconductor substrate 31, a logic circuit 32 that processes the pixel signal. The semiconductor substrate 31 corresponds to a specific example of a “third semiconductor substrate” of the present disclosure. The logic circuit 32 includes, for example, a vertical drive circuit 33, a column signal processing circuit 34, a horizontal drive circuit 35, and a system control circuit 36. The logic circuit 32 (specifically, the horizontal drive circuit 35) outputs an output-voltage Vout for each sensor pixel 12 to the outside. In the logic circuit 32, for example, a low-resistance region configured by silicide formed using Salicide (Self Aligned Silicide) process such as CoSi2 and NiSi may be formed on a front surface of an impurity diffusion region in contact with a source electrode and a drain electrode.
The vertical drive circuit 33 sequentially selects, for example, the plurality of sensor pixels 12 in a unit of row. The column signal processing circuit 34 performs, for example, correlated double sampling (Correlated Double Sampling: CDS) processing on a pixel signal outputted from each sensor pixel 12 of a row selected by the vertical drive circuit 33. The column signal processing circuit 34 performs, for example, the CDS processing to thereby extract a signal level of the pixel signal and to hold pixel data corresponding to an amount of light reception of each sensor pixel 12. The horizontal drive circuit 35 sequentially outputs, for example, the pixel data held in the column signal processing circuit 34 to the outside. The system control circuit 36 controls, for example, driving of each of the blocks (the vertical drive circuit 33, the column signal processing circuit 34, and the horizontal drive circuit 35) inside the logic circuit 32.
Each sensor pixel 12 includes mutually common components. In
Each sensor pixel 12 includes, for example, a photodiode PD, a transfer transistor TR electrically coupled to the photodiode PD, and a floating diffusion FD that temporarily holds charges outputted from the photodiode PD via the transfer transistor TR. The photodiode PD corresponds to a specific example of a “photoelectric conversion element” of the present disclosure. The photodiode PD performs photoelectric conversion to generate charges corresponding to an amount of light reception. A cathode of the photodiode PD is electrically coupled to a source of the transfer transistor TR, and an anode of the photodiode PD is electrically coupled to a reference potential line (e.g., ground). A drain of the transfer transistor TR is electrically coupled to the floating diffusion FD, and a gate of the transfer transistor TR is electrically coupled to the pixel drive line 23. The transfer transistor TR is, for example, a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) transistor.
The floating diffusions FD of the respective sensor pixels 12 sharing the one readout circuit 22 are electrically coupled to one another and are electrically coupled to an input end of the common readout circuit 22. The readout circuit 22 includes, for example, a reset transistor RST, a selection transistor SEL, and an amplification transistor AMP. It is to be noted that the selection transistor SEL may be omitted as needed. A source of the reset transistor RST (an input end of the readout circuit 22) is electrically coupled to the floating diffusion FD, and a drain of the reset transistor RST is electrically coupled to a power source line VDD and a drain of the amplification transistor AMP. A gate of the reset transistor RST is electrically coupled to the pixel drive line 23 (see
When the transfer transistor TR is brought into an ON state, the transfer transistor TR transfers charges of the photodiode PD to the floating diffusion FD. The gate (a transfer gate TG) of the transfer transistor TR extends to penetrate a p-well layer 42 from a front surface of the semiconductor substrate 11 to such a depth as to reach a PD 41, for example, as illustrated in
It is to be noted that, as illustrated in
The FD transfer transistor FDG is used when switching a conversion efficiency. In general, a pixel signal is small when shooting in a dark place. When performing charge-voltage conversion on a basis of Q=CV, larger capacity of the floating diffusion FD (FD capacity C) causes the value V to be smaller upon conversion to a voltage at the amplification transistor AMP. Meanwhile, the pixel signal becomes large in a bright place; it is therefore not possible, for the floating diffusion FD, to receive the charges of the photodiode PD unless the FD capacity C is large. Further, the FD capacity C needs to be large to allow the value V not to be too large (in other words, to be small) upon the conversion to a voltage at the amplification transistor AMP. Taking these into account, when the FD transfer transistor FDG is turned ON, a gate capacity for the FD transfer transistor FDG is increased, thus causing the entire FD capacity C to be large. Meanwhile, when the FD transfer transistor FDG is turned off, the entire FD capacity C becomes small. In this manner, performing ON/OFF switching of the FD transfer transistor FDG enables the FD capacity C to be variable, thus making it possible to switch the conversion efficiency.
Next, description is given of a cross-sectional configuration in the vertical direction of the imaging device 1 with reference to
The first substrate 10 has a configuration in which an insulating layer 46 is stacked on a front surface (a surface 11S1, one surface) of the semiconductor substrate 11. The first substrate 10 includes the insulating layer 46 as a portion of an interlayer insulating film 51. The insulating layer 46 is provided between the semiconductor substrate 11 and the semiconductor substrate 21 described later. The semiconductor substrate 11 is configured by a silicon substrate. The semiconductor substrate 11 includes, for example, the p-well layer 42 in a portion of the front surface and in the vicinity thereof, and includes the PD 41 of an electric conductivity type different from that of the p-well layer 42 in another region (a region deeper than the p-well layer 42). The p-well layer 42 is configured by a p-type semiconductor region. The PD 41 is configured by a semiconductor region of an electric conductivity type (specifically, n-type) different from that of the p-well layer 42. The semiconductor substrate 11 includes, inside the p-well layer 42, the floating diffusion FD as the semiconductor region of an electric conductivity type (specifically, n-type) different from that of the p-well layer 42.
In the present embodiment, the first substrate 10 further includes the hydrogen diffusion prevention layer 71 on the insulating layer 46. For example, the hydrogen diffusion prevention layer 71 serves to prevent diffusion of hydrogen atoms diffused from a hydrogen supplying layer 72 described later to the semiconductor substrate 11. Specifically, the hydrogen diffusion prevention layer 71 physically separates the photodiode PD configuring the sensor pixel 12 and a pixel transistor such as the reset transistor RST, the selection transistor SEL and the amplification transistor AMP provided in the second substrate 20 from each other. Providing the hydrogen diffusion prevention layer 71 suppresses deactivation of boron (B) due to hydrogen in a P-type layer that is formed by doping of an acceptor such as B on a surface of the photodiode PD, thus suppressing occurrence of pinning. The hydrogen diffusion prevention layer 71 is preferably formed by, for example, a silicon nitride film having a film density in a range from 2.7 g/cm to 3.5 g/cm. A film having a high film density as described above may be formed by using LP-CVD (low pressure-chemical vapor deposition), for example. The hydrogen diffusion prevention layer 71 has a film thickness in the vertical direction (hereinafter, simply referred to as thickness), for example, in a range preferably from 10 nm to 200 nm, and more preferably from 50 nm to 100 nm.
The first substrate 10 includes, for each sensor pixel 12, the photodiode PD, the transfer transistor TR, and the floating diffusion FD. The first substrate 10 has a configuration in which the transfer transistor TR and the floating diffusion FD are provided in a portion of the semiconductor substrate 11 on side of the surface 11S1 (on side of the second substrate 20 on side opposite to the light incident surface). The first substrate 10 includes an element separation section 43 that separates the sensor pixels 12 from each other. The element separation section 43 is formed to extend in a normal direction of the semiconductor substrate 11 (a direction perpendicular to the front surface of the semiconductor substrate 11). The element separation section 43 is provided between two sensor pixels 12 adjacent to each other. The element separation section 43 electrically separates the adjacent sensor pixels 12 from each other. The element separation section 43 is configured by, for example, silicon oxide. The element separation section 43 penetrates the semiconductor substrate 11, for example. The first substrate 10 further includes, for example, a p-well layer 44, which is a side surface of the element separation section 43 and is in contact with a surface on side of the photodiode PD. The p-well layer 44 is configured by a semiconductor region of an electric conductivity type (specifically, p-type) different from that of the photodiode PD. The first substrate 10 further includes, for example, a fixed-charge film 45 in contact with a back surface (a surface 11S2, the other surface) of the semiconductor substrate 11. The fixed-charge film 45 has negative fixed charges in order to suppress generation of a dark current due to an interface state of the semiconductor substrate 11 on side of a light-receiving surface. The fixed-charge film 45 is formed by, for example, an insulating film having negative fixed charges. Examples of a material of such an insulating film include hafnium oxide, zircon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, and tantalum oxide. An electric field induced by the fixed-charge film 45 forms a hole accumulation layer at an interface of the semiconductor substrate 11 on the side of the light-receiving surface. This hole accumulation layer suppresses generation of electrons from the interface. The color filter 40 is provided on the side of the back surface of the semiconductor substrate 11. The color filter 40 is provided in contact with the fixed-charge film 45, for example, and is provided at a position opposed to the sensor pixel 12 with the fixed-charge film 45 interposed therebetween. The light-receiving lens 50 is provided in contact with the color filter 40, for example, and is provided at a position opposed to the sensor pixel 12 with the color filter 40 and the fixed-charge film 45 interposed therebetween.
The second substrate 20 has a configuration in which an insulating layer 52 is stacked on the semiconductor substrate 21. As for the insulating layer 52, the second substrate 20 includes the insulating layer 52 as a portion of the interlayer insulating film 51. The insulating layer 52 is provided between the semiconductor substrate 21 and the semiconductor substrate 31. The semiconductor substrate 21 is configured by a silicon substrate. The second substrate 20 includes one readout circuit 22 for every four sensor pixels 12. The second substrate 20 has a configuration in which the readout circuit 22 is provided in a portion of the semiconductor substrate 21 on side of a front surface (a surface 21S1 opposed to the third substrate 30, one surface). The second substrate 20 is attached to the first substrate 10, with a back surface (a surface 21S2, the other surface) of the semiconductor substrate 21 being opposed to the front surface (the surface 11S1) of the semiconductor substrate 11. That is, the second substrate 20 is attached to the first substrate 10 in a face-to-back manner. The second substrate 20 further includes an insulating layer 53 that penetrates the semiconductor substrate 21, in the same layer as the semiconductor substrate 21. The second substrate 20 includes the insulating layer 53 as a portion of the interlayer insulating film 51. The insulating layer 53 is provided to cover the side surface of a through-wiring line 54 described later.
A stacked body including the first substrate 10 and the second substrate 20 includes the interlayer insulating film 51 and the through-wiring line 54 provided inside the interlayer insulating film 51. The through-wiring line 54 corresponds to a specific example of a “first through-wiring line” of the present disclosure. The stacked body includes one through-wiring line 54 for each sensor pixel 12. The through-wiring line 54 extend in a normal direction of the semiconductor substrate 21, and is provided to penetrate a location, of the interlayer insulating film 51, including the insulating layer 53. The first substrate 10 and the second substrate 20 are electrically coupled to each other by the through-wiring line 54. Specifically, the through-wiring line 54 is electrically coupled to the floating diffusion FD and a coupling wiring line 55 described later. It is to be noted that the through-wiring line 54 preferably includes, for example, a metal layer including a metal having an oxygen absorption effect between the through-wiring line 54 and each of the surrounding insulating layers 46, 52, and 53. This makes it possible to prevent ingress of oxygen via an opening formed due to formation of the through-wiring line 54.
The stacked body including the first substrate 10 and the second substrate 20 further includes through-wiring lines 47 and 48 (see
The second substrate 20 includes, for example, inside the insulating layer 52, a plurality of coupling sections 59 electrically coupled to the readout circuit 22 and the semiconductor substrate 21. The second substrate 20 further includes, for example, a wiring layer 56 on the insulating layer 52. The wiring layer 56 includes, for example, an insulating layer 57, and the plurality of pixel drive lines 23 and the plurality of vertical signal lines 24 provided inside the insulating layer 57. The wiring layer 56 further includes, inside the insulating layer 57, for example, a plurality of coupling wiring lines 55, with each one provided for every four sensor pixels 12. The coupling wiring line 55 electrically couples respective through-wiring lines 54 electrically coupled to the floating diffusions FD included in the four sensor pixels 12 sharing the readout circuit 22. Here, the total number of the through-wiring lines 54 and 48 is more than the total number of the sensor pixels 12 included in the first substrate 10, and is twice the total number of the sensor pixels 12 included in the first substrate 10. In addition, the total number of the through-wiring lines 54, 48, and 47 is more than the total number of the sensor pixels 12 included in the first substrate 10, and is three times the total number of the sensor pixels 12 included in the first substrate 10.
The wiring layer 56 further includes, for example, a plurality of pad electrodes 58 inside the insulating layer 57. Each of the pad electrodes 58 is formed by a metal such as Cu (copper) and Al (aluminum), for example. Each of the pad electrodes 58 is exposed to a front surface of the wiring layer 56. Each of the pad electrodes 58 is used for electric coupling between the second substrate 20 and the third substrate 30 as well as for attaching the second substrate 20 and the third substrate 30 together. The plurality of pad electrodes 58 are provided one by one for the respective pixel drive lines 23 and the respective vertical signal lines 24, for example. Here, the total number of the pad electrodes 58 (or the total number of junctions between the pad electrode 58 and a pad electrode 64 (described later) is less than the total number of the sensor pixels 12 included in the first substrate 10.
In the present embodiment, the wiring layer 56 further includes the hydrogen supplying layer 72 inside the insulating layer 57. The hydrogen supplying layer 72 serves to supply hydrogen atoms terminating dangling bonds of a device interface (a front surface of the surface 21S1 of the semiconductor substrate 21) of the pixel transistor such as the reset transistor RST, the selection transistor SEL, and the amplification transistor AMP provided in the second substrate 20. Providing the hydrogen supplying layer 72 reduces generation of a dark current on the front surface of the surface 21S1 of the semiconductor substrate 21, thus improving a flicker noise and random telegraph noise characteristics of the pixel transistor. The hydrogen supplying layer 72 preferably contains many hydrogens inside the layer, and is preferably formed by a silicon nitride film formed by plasma CVD, for example. The hydrogen supplying layer 72 preferably has a thickness, for example, in a range preferably from 100 to 2000 nm, and more preferably 200 nm to 500 nm.
In the present embodiment, as described above, the hydrogen diffusion prevention layer 71 is provided between the first substrate 10 and the second substrate 20, and the hydrogen supplying layer 72 is further provided on the side closer to the second substrate 20 than the hydrogen diffusion prevention layer 71. This allows the interface (surface 11S1) of the semiconductor substrate 11 in which the transfer gate TG of the transfer transistor TR is formed and the interface (surface 21S1) of the semiconductor substrate 21 in which the amplification transistor AMP or the like is formed to have mutually different interface state densities.
The third substrate 30 has a configuration in which an interlayer insulating film 61 is stacked on the semiconductor substrate 31, for example. It is to be noted that, as described later, the third substrate 30 is attached to the second substrate 20 by the surfaces on the sides of the front surfaces; therefore, in describing the configurations inside the third substrate 30, a vertical relationship to be described is opposite to the vertical direction in the drawing. The semiconductor substrate 31 is configured by a silicon substrate. The third substrate 30 has a configuration in which the logic circuit 32 is provided in a portion of the semiconductor substrate 31 on side of a front surface (a surface 31S1). The third substrate 30 further includes, for example, a wiring layer 62 on the interlayer insulating film 61. The wiring layer 62 includes, for example, an insulating layer 63 and a plurality of pad electrodes 64 provided inside the insulating layer 63. The plurality of pad electrodes 64 is electrically coupled to the logic circuit 32. Each of the pad electrodes 64 is formed by Cu (copper), for example. Each of the pad electrodes 64 is exposed to a front surface of the wiring layer 62. Each of the pad electrodes 64 is used for electric coupling between the second substrate 20 and the third substrate 30 as well as for attaching the second substrate 20 and the third substrate 30 together. In addition, the pad electrode 64 need not necessarily be a plurality of pad electrodes; even one pad electrode is able to be electrically coupled to the logic circuit 32. The second substrate 20 and the third substrate 30 are electrically coupled to each other by junctions between the pad electrodes 58 and 64. That is, the gate (transfer gate TG) of the transfer transistor TR is electrically coupled to the logic circuit 32 via the through-wiring line 54 and the pad electrodes 58 and 64. The third substrate 30 is attached to the second substrate 20, with the front surface (surface 31S1) of the semiconductor substrate 31 being opposed to side of the front surface (surface 21S1) of the semiconductor substrate 21. That is, the third substrate 30 is attached to the second substrate 20 in a face-to-face manner.
As illustrated in
The insulating layer 53 is configured by a plurality of blocks extending in the first direction V. The semiconductor substrate 21 extends in the first direction V, and is configured by a plurality of island-shaped blocks 21A arranged side by side in the second direction H orthogonal to the first direction V, with the insulating layer 53 interposed therebetween. Each block 21A is provided with, for example, a plurality of sets of the reset transistors RST, the amplification transistors AMP, and the selection transistors SEL. The one readout circuit 22 shared by the four sensor pixels 12 is configured by, for example, the reset transistor RST, the amplification transistor AMP, and the selection transistor SEL in a region facing the four sensor pixels 12. The one readout circuit 22 shared by the four sensor pixels 12 is configured by, for example, the amplification transistor AMP inside the left adjacent block 21A of the insulating layer 53, and the reset transistor RST and the selection transistor SEL inside the right adjacent block 21A of the insulating layer 53.
Four through-wiring lines 54 adjacent to one another are electrically coupled to the coupling wiring line 55, for example, as illustrated in
The power source line VDD is arranged at positions facing the readout circuits 22 arranged side by side in the second direction H, for example, as illustrated in
Two power source lines VSS are arranged at positions facing the readout circuits 22 arranged side by side in the second direction H, for example, as illustrated in
The vertical signal line 24 is arranged at positions facing the readout circuits 22 arranged side by side in the first direction V, for example, as illustrated in
Next, description is given of a manufacturing method of the imaging device 1.
First, the p-well layer 42, the element separation section 43, and the p-well layer 44 are formed in the semiconductor substrate 11. Next, the photodiode PD, the transfer transistor TR, and the floating diffusion FD are formed in the semiconductor substrate 11 (
Subsequently, the semiconductor substrate 21 with the hydrogen diffusion prevention layer 71 being formed on the surface 21S2 is prepared (
It is to be noted that the hydrogen diffusion prevention layer 71 may be formed on side of the first substrate 10. In a case of forming the hydrogen diffusion prevention layer 71 immediately above the semiconductor substrate 11 across the side surface and the bottom surface of the element separation section 43, for example, an opening is formed in which the element separation section 43 is to be provided, and thereafter ALD, for example, is used to form, as a film, a PSG (Phosphorus Silicon Glass) or a BSG (Boron Silicon Glass), for example, on the semiconductor substrate 11 and on a side surface and a bottom surface of the opening. Subsequently, annealing processing is performed to diffuse phosphorus or boron onto the side surface and the bottom surface of the opening, and then the PSG or BSG is removed. Thereafter, the hydrogen diffusion prevention layer 71 is formed, and then, for example, silicon oxide is buried inside the opening to form the element separation section 43.
Subsequently, the insulating layer 53 is formed inside the same layer as the semiconductor substrate 21 (
Next, the insulating layer 52 is formed on the semiconductor substrate 21. In this manner, the interlayer insulating film 51 including the insulating layers 46, 52, and 53 is formed. Subsequently, through-holes 51A and 51B are formed in the interlayer insulating film 51 (
Next, embedding an electrically-conductive material in the through-holes 51A and 51B allows for formation of the through-wiring line 54 inside the through-hole 51A as well as formation of the coupling section 59 inside the through-hole 51B (
Next, the second substrate 20 is attached to the third substrate 30 in which the logic circuit 32 and the wiring layer 62 are formed, with the front surface of the semiconductor substrate 21 being opposed to side of the front surface of the semiconductor substrate 31 (
Miniaturization of an area per pixel of an imaging device of a two-dimensional structure has heretofore been achieved by introduction of a miniaturization process and improvement in packaging density. In recent years, in order to achieve still smaller size of the imaging device and the miniaturization of an area per pixel thereof, an imaging device of a three-dimensional structure has been developed. In the imaging device of the three-dimensional structure, for example, a semiconductor substrate including a plurality of sensor pixels and a semiconductor substrate including a signal processing circuit that processes a signal obtained at each sensor pixel are stacked on each other. This enables sensor pixels to have a higher degree of integration and a signal processing circuit to have a larger size, while having a chip size equivalent to an existing chip size.
Incidentally, the imaging device is required to reduce a dark current on a front surface of a semiconductor substrate, which constitutes a factor deteriorating image quality, and to improve a flicker noise and random telegraph noise characteristics of the pixel transistor. In the manufacturing process of the imaging device, an interface level of the semiconductor substrate increases due to plasma damage such as UV-irradiation and charge-up during plasma processing (CVD and dry etching), which constitutes one of factors of the dark current. In order to reduce the dark current and thus to improve pixel characteristics of an image sensor, a method is used, that terminates dangling bonds of a device interface using atoms such as hydrogen and fluorine. For example, there is a technique in which hydrogen is desorbed from a passivation film (SiN film) and is bonded to a dangling bond on a surface of the photodiode, that is a light-receiving element of a semiconductor substrate, to reduce a dark current of the surface.
However, in a typical imaging device, hydrogen desorbed from the SiN film is diffused to a semiconductor substrate including a plurality of sensor pixels, thus causing depinning of a photodiode PD configuring the sensor pixel, which may possibly result in degradation of the characteristics.
In contrast, in the stacked body in which the first substrate 10 and the second substrate 20 are stacked, the imaging device 1 of the present embodiment includes the hydrogen diffusion prevention layer 71 between the semiconductor substrate 11 configuring the first substrate 10 and including the sensor pixel 12 and the semiconductor substrate 21 configuring the second substrate 20 and including the readout circuit. This enables hydrogen atoms used for improvement in the characteristics of the pixel transistor to be selectively diffused to a desired region. Specifically, for example, it is possible to prevent the diffusion of hydrogen atoms to the semiconductor substrate 11 including the sensor pixel 12 from the hydrogen supplying layer 72 provided on the side of the front surface (surface 21S1) of the semiconductor substrate 21 on side opposite to the back surface (surface 21S2) facing the first substrate 10.
As described above, in the present embodiment, the hydrogen diffusion prevention layer 71 is provided between the semiconductor substrate 11 including the sensor pixel 12 and the semiconductor substrate 21 including the readout circuit 22 that outputs an image signal based on charges outputted from the sensor pixel 12, in the stacked body in which the first substrate 10 and the second substrate 20 are stacked, thus allowing hydrogen atoms used for improvement in the characteristics of the pixel transistor to be selectively diffused to a desired region. This makes it possible to reduce the depinning of the photodiode PD provided in the semiconductor substrate 11. Therefore, it is possible to achieve both of the reduction in the dark current on the front surface of the semiconductor substrate 21, which constitutes a factor of degradation of the image quality as well as the improvement in the flicker noise and random telegraph noise characteristics of the pixel transistor, and the reduction in the depinning of the photodiode PD. This makes it possible to achieve both the noise characteristics and the photodiode characteristics. Thus, it becomes possible to provide the imaging device 1 having superior imaging characteristics.
Further, in the present embodiment, the gate (transfer gate TG) of the transfer transistor TR provided in the first substrate 10 and the pixel transistor (e.g., amplification transistor AMP) provided in the second substrate 20 are electrically coupled to each other, and titanium (Ti) or the like having a hydrogen absorption effect is formed as a barrier metal on the side surface and the bottom surface of the through-hole 51A in which the through-wiring line 54 penetrating the hydrogen diffusion prevention layer 71 is formed. This prevents diffusion of hydrogen atoms to side of the semiconductor substrate 11 via the through-hole 51A, thus making it possible to diffuse hydrogen atoms more selectively.
Hereinafter, description is given of second to fifth embodiments and Modification Examples 1 to 10. It is to be noted that, in following description, the same components as those of the foregoing first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals, and the descriptions thereof are omitted as appropriate.
That is, the third substrate 30 includes the through-wiring line 65 used for electric coupling between the second substrate 20 and the third substrate 30, and thus the second substrate 20 and the third substrate 30 are electrically coupled to each other by the through-wiring line 65, as illustrated in
As described above, even in a case of using the through-wiring line 65, as a structure for electrically coupling the second substrate 20 and the third substrate 30 to each other, in the imaging device 2 of the present embodiment, the imaging device 2 has effects similar to those of the foregoing first embodiment.
In this manner, in a case of providing an organic film that easily contains hydrogen atoms on the side of the light incident surface of the first substrate 10, it is preferable to provide the hydrogen diffusion prevention layer 73 also on the side of the back surface (surface 11S2) of the semiconductor substrate 11. This makes it possible to reduce the depinning of the photodiode PD due to the diffusion of hydrogen atoms from the back surface (surface 11S2) of the semiconductor substrate 11.
The fourth substrate 90 has a configuration, in which, for example, an interlayer insulating film 93 is stacked on a semiconductor substrate 91. It is to be noted that, similarly to the third substrate 30, a surface on side of a front surface of the fourth substrate 90 is attached to the third substrate 30. The semiconductor substrate 91 is configured by a silicon substrate. The fourth substrate 90 has a configuration in which a memory element 92 is provided in a portion of the semiconductor substrate 91 on side of the front surface (a surface 91S1). The fourth substrate 90 further includes, for example, a wiring layer 94 on the interlayer insulating film 93. The wiring layer 94 includes, for example, an insulating layer 95 and a plurality of pad electrodes 96 provided inside the insulating layer 95. The plurality of pad electrodes 96 is electrically coupled to the memory element 92. Each pad electrode 96 is formed by Cu (copper), for example. Each pad electrode 96 is exposed to a front surface of the wiring layer 94. Each pad electrode 96 is used to electrically couple the third substrate 30 and the fourth substrate 90 to each other and to attach the third substrate 30 and the fourth substrate 90 to each other. In addition, the pad electrode 96 need not necessarily be a plurality of pad electrodes; even one pad electrode is able to be electrically coupled to the logic circuit 32. The third substrate 30 and the fourth substrate 90 are electrically coupled to each other by junctions between pad electrodes 66 and 96.
As described above, in the imaging device having a three-dimensional structure, the fourth substrate 90 including a functional element such as a memory may be further stacked on the third substrate 30 including the logic circuit 32, as in the imaging device 3 of the present embodiment. In addition, on the third substrate 30, an organic film or the like may be formed, without being limited to the substrate including the functional element.
It is to be noted that, although
As described above, even in a case where the logic circuit 32 is formed in the first substrate 10, the imaging devices 5 and 6 have effects similar to those of the foregoing first embodiment.
In this manner, in the present modification example, the second substrate 20 and the third substrate 30 are electrically coupled to each other by the junctions between the pad electrodes 58 and 64 provided in the region facing the peripheral region 14. This makes it possible to reduce the possibility of inhibiting the miniaturization of an area per pixel, as compared with the case of bonding the pad electrodes 58 and 64 to each other in a region facing the pixel region 13. Thus, in addition to the effects of the foregoing first embodiment, it is possible to provide the imaging device 1 having a three-layered structure that does not inhibit the miniaturization of an area per pixel, while having a chip size equivalent to an existing chip size.
As illustrated in
The insulating layer 53 is configured by a plurality of blocks extending in the first direction V. The semiconductor substrate 21 extends in the first direction V, and is configured by the plurality of island-shaped blocks 21A arranged side by side in the second direction H orthogonal to the first direction V, with the insulating layer 53 interposed therebetween. Each block 21A includes, for example, the reset transistor RST, the amplification transistor AMP, and the selection transistor SEL. One readout circuit 22 shared by the four sensor pixels 12 is not arranged to squarely face the four sensor pixels 12, for example, and is arranged to be shifted in the second direction H.
In
In
In the present modification example, the one readout circuit 22 shared by the four sensor pixels 12 is not arranged to squarely face the four sensor pixels 12, for example, and is arranged to be shifted in the second direction H from a position squarely facing the four sensor pixels 12. In such a case, it may be possible to shorten the wiring line 25, or it may be possible to omit the wiring line 25 and to configure a source of the amplification transistor AMP and a drain of the selection transistor SEL using an impurity region in common. As a result, it is possible to reduce a size of the readout circuit 22 or to increase a size of another location inside the readout circuit 22.
In the present modification example, the semiconductor substrate 21 is configured by the plurality of island-shaped blocks 21A arranged side by side in the first direction V and the second direction H, with the insulating layer 53 interposed therebetween. Each block 21A includes, for example, a set of the reset transistor RST, the amplification transistor AMP, and the selection transistor SEL. In such a case, it is possible to cause the insulating layer 53 to suppress a crosstalk between the readout circuits 22 adjacent to each other, thus making it possible to suppress image quality degradation due to a decrease in resolution and color mixing on a reproduced image.
In the present modification example, the one readout circuit 22 shared by the four sensor pixels 12 is not arranged to squarely face the four sensor pixels 12, for example, and is arranged to be shifted in the first direction V. In the present modification example, similarly to Modification Example 4, the semiconductor substrate 21 is further configured by the plurality of island-shaped blocks 21A arranged side by side in the first direction V and the second direction H, with the insulating layer 53 interposed therebetween. Each block 21A includes, for example, a set of the reset transistor RST, the amplification transistor AMP, and the selection transistor SEL. In the present modification example, the plurality of through-wiring lines 47 and the plurality of through-wiring lines 54 are further arranged also in the second direction H. Specifically, the plurality of through-wiring lines 47 is disposed between the four through-wiring lines 54 sharing a certain readout circuit 22 and the four through-wiring lines 54 sharing another readout circuit 22 adjacent to the certain readout circuit 22 in the second direction H. In such a case, it is possible to cause the insulating layer 53 and the through-wiring line 47 to suppress a crosstalk between the readout circuits 22 adjacent to each other, thus making it possible to suppress image quality degradation due to a decrease in resolution and color mixing on a reproduced image.
In the present modification example, the first substrate 10 includes the photodiode PD and the transfer transistor TR for each sensor pixel 12, and includes the floating diffusion FD shared by every four sensor pixels 12. Accordingly, in the present modification example, one through-wiring line 54 is provided for every four sensor pixels 12.
In the plurality of sensor pixels 12 arranged in matrix, four sensor pixels 12 corresponding to a region, which is obtained by shifting the unit region corresponding to four sensor pixels 12 sharing one floating diffusion FD by one sensor pixel 12 in the first direction V, is referred to as four sensor pixels 12A, for the sake of convenience. At this time, in the present modification example, the first substrate 10 includes the through-wiring line 47 shared by every four sensor pixels 12A. Accordingly, in the present modification example, one through-wiring line 47 is provided for every four sensor pixels 12A.
In the present modification example, the first substrate 10 includes the element separation section 43 that separates the photodiodes PD and the transfer transistors TR for the respective sensor pixels 12. When viewed from the normal direction of the semiconductor substrate 11, the element separation section 43 does not completely surround the sensor pixel 12, and has a gap (unformed region) in the vicinity of the floating diffusion FD (through-wiring line 54) and in the vicinity of the through-wiring line 47. In addition, the gap enables sharing of the one through-wiring line 54 by the four sensor pixels 12 as well as sharing of the one through-wiring line 47 by the four sensor pixels 12A. In the present modification example, the second substrate 20 includes the readout circuit 22 for every four sensor pixels 12 sharing the floating diffusion FD.
As illustrated in
In this system configuration, on the basis of a master clock MCK, the system control circuit 36 generates a clock signal, a control signal, or the like that serves as a criterion for an operation of the vertical drive circuit 33, the column signal processing circuit 34, the reference voltage supply section 38, the horizontal drive circuit 35, and the like, and provides the clock signal, the control signal, or the like to the vertical drive circuit 33, the column signal processing circuit 34, the reference voltage supply section 38, the horizontal drive circuit 35, and the like.
In addition, the vertical drive circuit 33 is formed in the first substrate 10 together with each of the sensor pixels 12 of the pixel region 13, and is further formed in the second substrate 20, as well, in which the readout circuit 22 is formed. The column signal processing circuit 34, the reference voltage supply section 38, the horizontal drive circuit 35, the horizontal output line 37 and the system control circuit 36 are formed in the third substrate 30.
It may be possible to use, as the sensor pixel 12, for example, a configuration including, in addition to the photodiode PD, the transfer transistor TR that transfers charges obtained by photoelectric conversion at the photodiode PD to the floating diffusion FD, although illustration is omitted here. In addition, it may be possible to use, as the readout circuit 22, for example, a three-transistor configuration including the reset transistor RST that controls an electric potential of the floating diffusion FD, the amplification transistor AMP that outputs a signal corresponding to an electric potential of the floating diffusion FD, and the selection transistor SEL for selecting a pixel, although illustration is omitted here.
In the pixel region 13, the sensor pixels 12 are two-dimensionally arranged; with respect to this pixel arrangement of m-row and n-column, the pixel drive lines 23 are wired for respective rows, and the vertical signal lines 24 are wired for respective columns. Each one end of the plurality of pixel drive lines 23 is coupled to a corresponding output end of the rows of the vertical drive circuit 33. The vertical drive circuit 33 is configured by a shift register or the like, and controls row address and row scanning of the pixel region 13 via the plurality of pixel drive lines 23.
The column signal processing circuit 34 includes, for example, ADCs (analog-to-digital conversion circuits) 34-1 to 34-m provided for respective pixel columns, i.e., for the respective vertical signal lines 24 of the pixel region 13, and converts analog signals outputted for respective columns from the sensor pixels 12 of the pixel region 13 into digital signals for outputting.
The reference voltage supply section 38 includes, for example, a DAC (digital-to-analog conversion circuit) 38A as a means to generate a reference voltage Vref of a so-called ramp (RAMP) waveform having a level that changes in an inclined manner as time elapses. It is to be noted that the means to generate the reference voltage Vref of the ramp waveform is not limited to the DAC 38A.
Under the control of a control signal CS1 provided from the system control circuit 36, the DAC 38A generates the reference voltage Vref of the ramp waveform on the basis of a clock CK provided from this system control circuit 36 to supply the generated reference voltage Vref to the ADCs 34-1 to 34-m.
It is to be noted that each of the ADCs 34-1 to 34-m is configured to selectively perform an AD conversion operation corresponding to each operation mode of a normal frame rate mode in a progressive scanning system for reading information on all of the sensor pixels 12, and a high-speed frame rate mode for setting exposure time of the sensor pixel 12 to 1/N to increase a frame rate by N times, e.g., by twice, as compared with the time of the normal frame rate mode. The switching between the operation modes is executed by controls performed by control signals CS2 and CS3 provided from the system control circuit 36. In addition, instruction information for switching between the operation modes of the normal frame rate mode and the high-speed frame rate mode is provided from an external system controller (unillustrated) to the system control circuit 36.
All of the ADCs 34-1 to 34-m have the same configuration; description is given here referring to the example of the ADC 34-m. The ADC 34-m is configured to include a comparator 34A, an up/down counter (referred to as U/D CNT in the drawing) 34B, e.g., as a number-counting means, a transfer switch 34C, and a memory 34D.
The comparator 34A compares a signal voltage Vx of the vertical signal line 24 corresponding to a signal outputted from each sensor pixel 12 of an n-th column of the pixel region 13 and the reference voltage Vref of the ramp waveform supplied from the reference voltage supply section 38 with each other. For example, when the reference voltage Vref is larger than the signal voltage Vx, an output Vco becomes an “H” level, whereas, when the reference voltage Vref is equal to or less than the signal voltage Vx, the output Vco becomes an “L” level.
The up/down counter 34B is an asynchronous counter; under the control of the control signal CS2 provided from the system control circuit 36, the up/down counter 34B is provided with the clock CK from the system control circuit 36 simultaneously with the DAC 18A, and performs down (DOWN)-counting or up (UP)-counting in synchronization with the clock CK to thereby measure a comparison period from the start of a comparison operation to the end of the comparison operation in the comparator 34A.
Specifically, in the normal frame rate mode, when performing a reading operation of signals from one sensor pixel 12, the down-counting is performed upon a first reading operation to thereby measure comparison time upon the first reading, whereas the up-counting is performed upon a second reading operation to measure comparison time upon the second reading.
Meanwhile, in the high-speed frame rate mode, while holding a count result for the sensor pixel 12 of a certain row as it is, the down-counting is subsequently performed for the sensor pixel 12 of the next row upon a first reading operation from the previous count result to thereby measure comparison time upon the first reading, and the up-counting is performed upon a second reading operation to thereby measure comparison time upon the second reading.
Under the control of the control signal CS3 provided from the system control circuit 36, the transfer switch 34C, in the normal frame rate mode, is brought into an ON (closed) state upon completion of the counting operation of the up/down counter 34B for the sensor pixel 12 of the certain row to transfer, to the memory 34D, the count results of the up/down counter 34B.
Meanwhile, for example, in the high-speed frame rate of N=2, an OFF (open) state remains upon completion of the counting operation of the up/down counter 34B for the sensor pixel 12 of the certain row, and subsequently an ON state is obtained upon completion of the counting operation of the up/down counter 34B for the sensor pixel 12 of the next row to transfer, to the memory 34D, the count results of the up/down counter 34B for the vertical two pixels.
In this manner, analog signals supplied for respective columns from the respective sensor pixels 12 of the pixel region 13 via the vertical signal lines 24 are converted into N-bit digital signals by respective operations of the comparators 34A and the up/down counters 34B in the ADCs 34-1 to 34-m, and are stored in the memories 34D.
The horizontal drive circuit 35 is configured by a shift register or the like, and controls column address and column scanning of the ADCs 34-1 to 34-m in the column signal processing circuit 34. Under the control of the horizontal drive circuit 35, the N-bit digital signals having been subjected to the AD conversion in the respective ADCs 34-1 to 34-m are read to the horizontal output line 37 in order, and are outputted as imaging data via the horizontal output line 37.
It is to be noted that it may also be possible to provide, in addition to the above-described components, a circuit, etc. that performs various types of signal processing on the imaging data outputted via the horizontal output line 37, although no particular illustration is given because there is no direct relationship with the present disclosure.
In the imaging device 1 mounted with the column-parallel ADC according to the present modification example having the above configuration, the count results of the up/down counter 34B are able to be selectively transferred to the memory 34D via the transfer switch 34C. This makes it possible to control the counting operation of the up/down counter 34B and the reading operation of the count results of the up/down counter 34B to the horizontal output line 37 independently of each other.
It is to be noted that, in the foregoing first to fifth embodiments and Modification Examples 1 to 10 thereof, the electric conductivity type may be opposite. For example, in the descriptions of the foregoing first to fifth embodiments and Modification Examples 1 to 10 thereof, the p-type may be read as the n-type, and the n-type may be read as the p-type. Even in such a case, it is possible to obtain effects similar to those of the foregoing first to fifth embodiments and Modification Examples 1 to 10 thereof.
The imaging system 7 is an electronic apparatus including, for example, an imaging apparatus such as a digital still camera or a video camera, or a portable terminal apparatus such as a smartphone or a tablet-type terminal. The imaging system 7 includes, for example, an optical system 141, a shutter device 142, the imaging device 1, a DSP circuit 143, a frame memory 144, a display unit 145, a storage unit 146, an operation unit 147, and a power source unit 148. In the imaging system 7, the shutter device 142, the imaging device 1, the DSP circuit 143, the frame memory 144, the display unit 145, the storage unit 146, the operation unit 147, and the power source unit 148 are coupled to one another via a bus line 149.
The imaging device 1 outputs image data corresponding to incident light. The optical system 141 includes one or a plurality of lenses, and guides light (incident light) from a subject to the imaging device 1 to form an image on a light-receiving surface of the imaging device 1. The shutter device 142 is disposed between the optical system 141 and the imaging device 1, and controls periods of light irradiation and light shielding with respect to the imaging device 1 under the control of the operation unit 147. The DSP circuit 143 is a signal processing circuit that processes a signal (image data) outputted from the imaging device 1. The frame memory 144 temporarily holds the image data processed by the DSP circuit 143 in a frame unit. The display unit 145 includes, for example, a panel-type display device such as a liquid crystal panel or an organic EL (Electro Luminescence) panel, and displays a moving image or a still image captured by the imaging device 1. The storage unit 146 records image data of a moving image or a still image captured by the imaging device 1 in a recording medium such as a semiconductor memory or a hard disk. The operation unit 147 issues an operation command for various functions of the imaging system 7 in accordance with an operation by a user. The power source unit 148 appropriately supplies various types of power for operation to the imaging device 1, the DSP circuit 143, the frame memory 144, the display unit 145, the storage unit 146, and the operation unit 147 which are supply targets.
Next, description is given of an imaging procedure in the imaging system 7.
The imaging device 1 outputs light (image data) formed on the light-receiving surface via the optical system 141 and the shutter device 142 to the DSP circuit 143. As used herein, the image data refers to data for all pixels of pixel signals generated on the basis of charges temporarily held in the floating diffusion FD. The DSP circuit 143 performs predetermined signal processing (e.g., noise reduction processing, etc.) on the basis of the image data inputted from the imaging device 1 (step S104). The DSP circuit 143 causes the frame memory 144 to hold the image data having been subjected to the predetermined signal processing, and the frame memory 144 causes the storage unit 146 to store the image data (step S105). In this manner, the imaging in the imaging system 7 is performed.
In the present application example, the imaging device 1 is applied to the imaging system 7. This enables smaller size or higher definition of the imaging device 1, thus making it possible to provide a small or high-definition imaging system 7.
The technology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure (present technology) is applicable to various products. For example, the technology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may be achieved in the form of an apparatus to be mounted to a mobile body of any kind. Non-limiting examples of the mobile body may include an automobile, an electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, a motorcycle, a bicycle, any personal mobility device, an airplane, an unmanned aerial vehicle (drone), a vessel, and a robot.
The vehicle control system 12000 includes a plurality of electronic control units connected to each other via a communication network 12001. In the example depicted in
The driving system control unit 12010 controls the operation of devices related to the driving system of the vehicle in accordance with various kinds of programs. For example, the driving system control unit 12010 functions as a control device for a driving force generating device for generating the driving force of the vehicle, such as an internal combustion engine, a driving motor, or the like, a driving force transmitting mechanism for transmitting the driving force to wheels, a steering mechanism for adjusting the steering angle of the vehicle, a braking device for generating the braking force of the vehicle, and the like.
The body system control unit 12020 controls the operation of various kinds of devices provided to a vehicle body in accordance with various kinds of programs. For example, the body system control unit 12020 functions as a control device for a keyless entry system, a smart key system, a power window device, or various kinds of lamps such as a headlamp, a backup lamp, a brake lamp, a turn signal, a fog lamp, or the like. In this case, radio waves transmitted from a mobile device as an alternative to a key or signals of various kinds of switches can be input to the body system control unit 12020. The body system control unit 12020 receives these input radio waves or signals, and controls a door lock device, the power window device, the lamps, or the like of the vehicle.
The outside-vehicle information detecting unit 12030 detects information about the outside of the vehicle including the vehicle control system 12000. For example, the outside-vehicle information detecting unit 12030 is connected with an imaging section 12031. The outside-vehicle information detecting unit 12030 makes the imaging section 12031 image an image of the outside of the vehicle, and receives the imaged image. On the basis of the received image, the outside-vehicle information detecting unit 12030 may perform processing of detecting an object such as a human, a vehicle, an obstacle, a sign, a character on a road surface, or the like, or processing of detecting a distance thereto.
The imaging section 12031 is an optical sensor that receives light, and which outputs an electric signal corresponding to a received light amount of the light. The imaging section 12031 can output the electric signal as an image, or can output the electric signal as information about a measured distance. In addition, the light received by the imaging section 12031 may be visible light, or may be invisible light such as infrared rays or the like.
The in-vehicle information detecting unit 12040 detects information about the inside of the vehicle. The in-vehicle information detecting unit 12040 is, for example, connected with a driver state detecting section 12041 that detects the state of a driver. The driver state detecting section 12041, for example, includes a camera that images the driver. On the basis of detection information input from the driver state detecting section 12041, the in-vehicle information detecting unit 12040 may calculate a degree of fatigue of the driver or a degree of concentration of the driver, or may determine whether the driver is dozing.
The microcomputer 12051 can calculate a control target value for the driving force generating device, the steering mechanism, or the braking device on the basis of the information about the inside or outside of the vehicle which information is obtained by the outside-vehicle information detecting unit 12030 or the in-vehicle information detecting unit 12040, and output a control command to the driving system control unit 12010. For example, the microcomputer 12051 can perform cooperative control intended to implement functions of an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) which functions include collision avoidance or shock mitigation for the vehicle, following driving based on a following distance, vehicle speed maintaining driving, a warning of collision of the vehicle, a warning of deviation of the vehicle from a lane, or the like.
In addition, the microcomputer 12051 can perform cooperative control intended for automatic driving, which makes the vehicle to travel autonomously without depending on the operation of the driver, or the like, by controlling the driving force generating device, the steering mechanism, the braking device, or the like on the basis of the information about the outside or inside of the vehicle which information is obtained by the outside-vehicle information detecting unit 12030 or the in-vehicle information detecting unit 12040.
In addition, the microcomputer 12051 can output a control command to the body system control unit 12020 on the basis of the information about the outside of the vehicle which information is obtained by the outside-vehicle information detecting unit 12030. For example, the microcomputer 12051 can perform cooperative control intended to prevent a glare by controlling the headlamp so as to change from a high beam to a low beam, for example, in accordance with the position of a preceding vehicle or an oncoming vehicle detected by the outside-vehicle information detecting unit 12030.
The sound/image output section 12052 transmits an output signal of at least one of a sound and an image to an output device capable of visually or auditorily notifying information to an occupant of the vehicle or the outside of the vehicle. In the example of
In
The imaging sections 12101, 12102, 12103, 12104, and 12105 are, for example, disposed at positions on a front nose, sideview mirrors, a rear bumper, and a back door of the vehicle 12100 as well as a position on an upper portion of a windshield within the interior of the vehicle. The imaging section 12101 provided to the front nose and the imaging section 12105 provided to the upper portion of the windshield within the interior of the vehicle obtain mainly an image of the front of the vehicle 12100. The imaging sections 12102 and 12103 provided to the sideview mirrors obtain mainly an image of the sides of the vehicle 12100. The imaging section 12104 provided to the rear bumper or the back door obtains mainly an image of the rear of the vehicle 12100. The imaging section 12105 provided to the upper portion of the windshield within the interior of the vehicle is used mainly to detect a preceding vehicle, a pedestrian, an obstacle, a signal, a traffic sign, a lane, or the like.
Incidentally,
At least one of the imaging sections 12101 to 12104 may have a function of obtaining distance information. For example, at least one of the imaging sections 12101 to 12104 may be a stereo camera constituted of a plurality of imaging elements, or may be an imaging element having pixels for phase difference detection.
For example, the microcomputer 12051 can determine a distance to each three-dimensional object within the imaging ranges 12111 to 12114 and a temporal change in the distance (relative speed with respect to the vehicle 12100) on the basis of the distance information obtained from the imaging sections 12101 to 12104, and thereby extract, as a preceding vehicle, a nearest three-dimensional object in particular that is present on a traveling path of the vehicle 12100 and which travels in substantially the same direction as the vehicle 12100 at a predetermined speed (for example, equal to or more than 0 km/hour). Further, the microcomputer 12051 can set a following distance to be maintained in front of a preceding vehicle in advance, and perform automatic brake control (including following stop control), automatic acceleration control (including following start control), or the like. It is thus possible to perform cooperative control intended for automatic driving that makes the vehicle travel autonomously without depending on the operation of the driver or the like.
For example, the microcomputer 12051 can classify three-dimensional object data on three-dimensional objects into three-dimensional object data of a two-wheeled vehicle, a standard-sized vehicle, a large-sized vehicle, a pedestrian, a utility pole, and other three-dimensional objects on the basis of the distance information obtained from the imaging sections 12101 to 12104, extract the classified three-dimensional object data, and use the extracted three-dimensional object data for automatic avoidance of an obstacle. For example, the microcomputer 12051 identifies obstacles around the vehicle 12100 as obstacles that the driver of the vehicle 12100 can recognize visually and obstacles that are difficult for the driver of the vehicle 12100 to recognize visually. Then, the microcomputer 12051 determines a collision risk indicating a risk of collision with each obstacle. In a situation in which the collision risk is equal to or higher than a set value and there is thus a possibility of collision, the microcomputer 12051 outputs a warning to the driver via the audio speaker 12061 or the display section 12062, and performs forced deceleration or avoidance steering via the driving system control unit 12010. The microcomputer 12051 can thereby assist in driving to avoid collision.
At least one of the imaging sections 12101 to 12104 may be an infrared camera that detects infrared rays. The microcomputer 12051 can, for example, recognize a pedestrian by determining whether or not there is a pedestrian in imaged images of the imaging sections 12101 to 12104. Such recognition of a pedestrian is, for example, performed by a procedure of extracting characteristic points in the imaged images of the imaging sections 12101 to 12104 as infrared cameras and a procedure of determining whether or not it is the pedestrian by performing pattern matching processing on a series of characteristic points representing the contour of the object. When the microcomputer 12051 determines that there is a pedestrian in the imaged images of the imaging sections 12101 to 12104, and thus recognizes the pedestrian, the sound/image output section 12052 controls the display section 12062 so that a square contour line for emphasis is displayed so as to be superimposed on the recognized pedestrian. The sound/image output section 12052 may also control the display section 12062 so that an icon or the like representing the pedestrian is displayed at a desired position.
The description has been given hereinabove of one example of the mobile body control system, to which the technology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may be applied. The technology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may be applied to the imaging section 12031 among components of the configuration described above. Specifically, the imaging device 1 according to any of the foregoing embodiment and modification examples thereof is applicable to the imaging section 12031. The application of the technology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure to the imaging section 12031 allows for a high-definition captured image with less noise, thus making it possible to perform highly accurate control utilizing the captured image in the mobile body control system.
In
The endoscope 11100 includes a lens barrel 11101 having a region of a predetermined length from a distal end thereof to be inserted into a body cavity of the patient 11132, and a camera head 11102 connected to a proximal end of the lens barrel 11101. In the example depicted, the endoscope 11100 is depicted which includes as a rigid endoscope having the lens barrel 11101 of the hard type. However, the endoscope 11100 may otherwise be included as a flexible endoscope having the lens barrel 11101 of the flexible type.
The lens barrel 11101 has, at a distal end thereof, an opening in which an objective lens is fitted. A light source apparatus 11203 is connected to the endoscope 11100 such that light generated by the light source apparatus 11203 is introduced to a distal end of the lens barrel 11101 by a light guide extending in the inside of the lens barrel 11101 and is irradiated toward an observation target in a body cavity of the patient 11132 through the objective lens. It is to be noted that the endoscope 11100 may be a forward-viewing endoscope or may be an oblique-viewing endoscope or a side-viewing endoscope.
An optical system and an image pickup element are provided in the inside of the camera head 11102 such that reflected light (observation light) from the observation target is condensed on the image pickup element by the optical system. The observation light is photo-electrically converted by the image pickup element to generate an electric signal corresponding to the observation light, namely, an image signal corresponding to an observation image. The image signal is transmitted as RAW data to a CCU 11201.
The CCU 11201 includes a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU) or the like and integrally controls operation of the endoscope 11100 and a display apparatus 11202. Further, the CCU 11201 receives an image signal from the camera head 11102 and performs, for the image signal, various image processes for displaying an image based on the image signal such as, for example, a development process (demosaic process).
The display apparatus 11202 displays thereon an image based on an image signal, for which the image processes have been performed by the CCU 11201, under the control of the CCU 11201.
The light source apparatus 11203 includes a light source such as, for example, a light emitting diode (LED) and supplies irradiation light upon imaging of a surgical region to the endoscope 11100.
An inputting apparatus 11204 is an input interface for the endoscopic surgery system 11000. A user can perform inputting of various kinds of information or instruction inputting to the endoscopic surgery system 11000 through the inputting apparatus 11204. For example, the user would input an instruction or a like to change an image pickup condition (type of irradiation light, magnification, focal distance or the like) by the endoscope 11100.
A treatment tool controlling apparatus 11205 controls driving of the energy device 11112 for cautery or incision of a tissue, sealing of a blood vessel or the like. A pneumoperitoneum apparatus 11206 feeds gas into a body cavity of the patient 11132 through the pneumoperitoneum tube 11111 to inflate the body cavity in order to secure the field of view of the endoscope 11100 and secure the working space for the surgeon. A recorder 11207 is an apparatus capable of recording various kinds of information relating to surgery. A printer 11208 is an apparatus capable of printing various kinds of information relating to surgery in various forms such as a text, an image or a graph.
It is to be noted that the light source apparatus 11203 which supplies irradiation light when a surgical region is to be imaged to the endoscope 11100 may include a white light source which includes, for example, an LED, a laser light source or a combination of them. Where a white light source includes a combination of red, green, and blue (RGB) laser light sources, since the output intensity and the output timing can be controlled with a high degree of accuracy for each color (each wavelength), adjustment of the white balance of a picked up image can be performed by the light source apparatus 11203. Further, in this case, if laser beams from the respective RGB laser light sources are irradiated time-divisionally on an observation target and driving of the image pickup elements of the camera head 11102 are controlled in synchronism with the irradiation timings. Then images individually corresponding to the R, G and B colors can be also picked up time-divisionally. According to this method, a color image can be obtained even if color filters are not provided for the image pickup element.
Further, the light source apparatus 11203 may be controlled such that the intensity of light to be outputted is changed for each predetermined time. By controlling driving of the image pickup element of the camera head 11102 in synchronism with the timing of the change of the intensity of light to acquire images time-divisionally and synthesizing the images, an image of a high dynamic range free from underexposed blocked up shadows and overexposed highlights can be created.
Further, the light source apparatus 11203 may be configured to supply light of a predetermined wavelength band ready for special light observation. In special light observation, for example, by utilizing the wavelength dependency of absorption of light in a body tissue to irradiate light of a narrow band in comparison with irradiation light upon ordinary observation (namely, white light), narrow band observation (narrow band imaging) of imaging a predetermined tissue such as a blood vessel of a superficial portion of the mucous membrane or the like in a high contrast is performed. Alternatively, in special light observation, fluorescent observation for obtaining an image from fluorescent light generated by irradiation of excitation light may be performed. In fluorescent observation, it is possible to perform observation of fluorescent light from a body tissue by irradiating excitation light on the body tissue (autofluorescence observation) or to obtain a fluorescent light image by locally injecting a reagent such as indocyanine green (ICG) into a body tissue and irradiating excitation light corresponding to a fluorescent light wavelength of the reagent upon the body tissue. The light source apparatus 11203 can be configured to supply such narrow-band light and/or excitation light suitable for special light observation as described above.
The camera head 11102 includes a lens unit 11401, an image pickup unit 11402, a driving unit 11403, a communication unit 11404 and a camera head controlling unit 11405. The CCU 11201 includes a communication unit 11411, an image processing unit 11412 and a control unit 11413. The camera head 11102 and the CCU 11201 are connected for communication to each other by a transmission cable 11400.
The lens unit 11401 is an optical system, provided at a connecting location to the lens barrel 11101. Observation light taken in from a distal end of the lens barrel 11101 is guided to the camera head 11102 and introduced into the lens unit 11401. The lens unit 11401 includes a combination of a plurality of lenses including a zoom lens and a focusing lens.
The number of image pickup elements which is included by the image pickup unit 11402 may be one (single-plate type) or a plural number (multi-plate type). Where the image pickup unit 11402 is configured as that of the multi-plate type, for example, image signals corresponding to respective R, G and B are generated by the image pickup elements, and the image signals may be synthesized to obtain a color image. The image pickup unit 11402 may also be configured so as to have a pair of image pickup elements for acquiring respective image signals for the right eye and the left eye ready for three dimensional (3D) display. If 3D display is performed, then the depth of a living body tissue in a surgical region can be comprehended more accurately by the surgeon 11131. It is to be noted that, where the image pickup unit 11402 is configured as that of stereoscopic type, a plurality of systems of lens units 11401 are provided corresponding to the individual image pickup elements.
Further, the image pickup unit 11402 may not necessarily be provided on the camera head 11102. For example, the image pickup unit 11402 may be provided immediately behind the objective lens in the inside of the lens barrel 11101.
The driving unit 11403 includes an actuator and moves the zoom lens and the focusing lens of the lens unit 11401 by a predetermined distance along an optical axis under the control of the camera head controlling unit 11405. Consequently, the magnification and the focal point of a picked up image by the image pickup unit 11402 can be adjusted suitably.
The communication unit 11404 includes a communication apparatus for transmitting and receiving various kinds of information to and from the CCU 11201. The communication unit 11404 transmits an image signal acquired from the image pickup unit 11402 as RAW data to the CCU 11201 through the transmission cable 11400.
In addition, the communication unit 11404 receives a control signal for controlling driving of the camera head 11102 from the CCU 11201 and supplies the control signal to the camera head controlling unit 11405. The control signal includes information relating to image pickup conditions such as, for example, information that a frame rate of a picked up image is designated, information that an exposure value upon image picking up is designated and/or information that a magnification and a focal point of a picked up image are designated.
It is to be noted that the image pickup conditions such as the frame rate, exposure value, magnification or focal point may be designated by the user or may be set automatically by the control unit 11413 of the CCU 11201 on the basis of an acquired image signal. In the latter case, an auto exposure (AE) function, an auto focus (AF) function and an auto white balance (AWB) function are incorporated in the endoscope 11100.
The camera head controlling unit 11405 controls driving of the camera head 11102 on the basis of a control signal from the CCU 11201 received through the communication unit 11404.
The communication unit 11411 includes a communication apparatus for transmitting and receiving various kinds of information to and from the camera head 11102. The communication unit 11411 receives an image signal transmitted thereto from the camera head 11102 through the transmission cable 11400.
Further, the communication unit 11411 transmits a control signal for controlling driving of the camera head 11102 to the camera head 11102. The image signal and the control signal can be transmitted by electrical communication, optical communication or the like.
The image processing unit 11412 performs various image processes for an image signal in the form of RAW data transmitted thereto from the camera head 11102.
The control unit 11413 performs various kinds of control relating to image picking up of a surgical region or the like by the endoscope 11100 and display of a picked up image obtained by image picking up of the surgical region or the like. For example, the control unit 11413 creates a control signal for controlling driving of the camera head 11102.
Further, the control unit 11413 controls, on the basis of an image signal for which image processes have been performed by the image processing unit 11412, the display apparatus 11202 to display a picked up image in which the surgical region or the like is imaged. Thereupon, the control unit 11413 may recognize various objects in the picked up image using various image recognition technologies. For example, the control unit 11413 can recognize a surgical tool such as forceps, a particular living body region, bleeding, mist when the energy device 11112 is used and so forth by detecting the shape, color and so forth of edges of objects included in a picked up image. The control unit 11413 may cause, when it controls the display apparatus 11202 to display a picked up image, various kinds of surgery supporting information to be displayed in an overlapping manner with an image of the surgical region using a result of the recognition. Where surgery supporting information is displayed in an overlapping manner and presented to the surgeon 11131, the burden on the surgeon 11131 can be reduced and the surgeon 11131 can proceed with the surgery with certainty.
The transmission cable 11400 which connects the camera head 11102 and the CCU 11201 to each other is an electric signal cable ready for communication of an electric signal, an optical fiber ready for optical communication or a composite cable ready for both of electrical and optical communications.
Here, while, in the example depicted, communication is performed by wired communication using the transmission cable 11400, the communication between the camera head 11102 and the CCU 11201 may be performed by wireless communication.
The description has been given above of one example of the endoscopic surgery system, to which the technology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is applicable. The technology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is suitably applicable to, for example, the image pickup unit 11402 provided in the camera head 11102 of the endoscope 11100, among the configurations described above. Applying the technology according to an embodiment of the present disclosure to the image pickup unit 11402 enables miniaturization or higher definition of the image pickup unit 11402, thus making it possible to provide the miniaturized or high-definition endoscope 11100.
Although the description has been given hereinabove of the present disclosure with reference to the first to fifth embodiments and Modification Examples 1 to 10 thereof, the application example, and the practical application examples, the present disclosure is not limited to the foregoing embodiment, etc., and various modifications may be made. It is to be noted that the effects described herein are merely illustrative. The effects of the present disclosure are not limited to those described herein. The present disclosure may have other effects than those described herein.
It is to be noted that the present disclosure may also have the following configurations. According to the present technology having the following configuration, a first hydrogen diffusion prevention layer is provided between a first semiconductor substrate including a sensor pixel that performs photoelectric conversion and configuring a first substrate and a second semiconductor substrate including a readout circuit that outputs a pixel signal based on charges outputted from the sensor pixel and configuring a second substrate, in a stacked body including the first substrate and the second substrate. Thus, hydrogen is selectively diffused to a desired region. This makes it possible to achieve both the noise characteristics and the photodiode characteristics.
An imaging device including:
a first substrate including, in a first semiconductor substrate, a sensor pixel that performs photoelectric conversion;
a second substrate including, in a second semiconductor substrate, a readout circuit that outputs a pixel signal based on charges outputted from the sensor pixel, the second substrate being stacked on the first substrate; and
a first hydrogen diffusion prevention layer provided between the first semiconductor substrate and the second semiconductor substrate.
The imaging device according to (1), in which the first hydrogen diffusion prevention layer has a film density in a range from 2.7 g/cm to 3.5 g/cm.
The imaging device according to (1) or (2), in which a stacked body including the first substrate and the second substrate further includes a hydrogen supplying layer on side closer to the second substrate than the first hydrogen diffusion prevention layer.
The imaging device according to any one of (1) to (3), in which
the first semiconductor substrate has one surface opposed to the second substrate and another surface opposed to the one surface, and
the stacked body including the first substrate and the second substrate includes the first hydrogen diffusion prevention layer on side of the one surface and further includes a second hydrogen diffusion prevention layer on side of the other surface, with respect to the first semiconductor substrate.
The imaging device according to any one of (1) to (4), in which
the stacked body including the first substrate and the second substrate includes, between the first semiconductor substrate and the second semiconductor substrate, an interlayer insulating film and a first through-wiring line provided inside the interlayer insulating film, and
the first substrate and the second substrate are electrically coupled to each other by the first through-wiring line.
The imaging device according to (5), in which the first through-wiring line includes a metal layer between the first through-wiring line and the interlayer insulating film, the metal layer including a metal having an oxygen absorption effect.
The imaging device according to any one of (1) to (6), in which the first substrate further includes a logic circuit that processes the pixel signal.
The imaging device according to any one of (1) to (7), in which
the sensor pixel includes a photoelectric conversion element, a transfer transistor electrically coupled to the photoelectric conversion element, and a floating diffusion that temporarily holds charges outputted from the photoelectric conversion element via the transfer transistor, and
the readout circuit includes a reset transistor that resets an electric potential of the floating diffusion to a predetermined electric potential, an amplification transistor that generates, as the pixel signal, a signal of a voltage corresponding to a level of the charges held in the floating diffusion, and a selection transistor that controls an output timing of the pixel signal from the amplification transistor.
The imaging device according to (8), in which
the first substrate includes, on the side of the one surface of the first semiconductor substrate opposed to the second substrate, the photoelectric conversion element, the transfer transistor, and the floating diffusion, and
the second substrate includes the readout circuit on side of one surface of the second semiconductor substrate, and is attached to the first substrate, with another surface, opposed to the one surface, of the second semiconductor substrate being opposed to the side of the one surface of the first semiconductor substrate.
The imaging device according to (9), in which the one surface of the first semiconductor substrate and the one surface of the second semiconductor substrate have mutually different interface state densities.
The imaging device according to any one of (1) to (10), further including a third substrate including, in a third semiconductor substrate, the logic circuit that processes the pixel signal, in which
the first substrate, the second substrate, and the third substrate are stacked in this order.
The imaging device according to (11), in which
the second substrate and the third substrate are electrically coupled to each other by a junction between pad electrodes in a case where the second substrate and the third substrate include the respective pad electrodes, and
the second substrate and the third substrate are electrically coupled to each other by a second through-wiring line penetrating the third semiconductor substrate in a case where the third substrate includes the second through-wiring line.
(13)
The imaging device according to any one of (9) to (12), further including the third substrate including, in the third semiconductor substrate, the logic circuit that processes the pixel signal, in which
the third substrate includes the logic circuit on side of one surface of the third semiconductor substrate, and is attached to the second substrate, with another surface, opposed to the one surface, of the third semiconductor substrate being opposed to the side of the one surface of the second semiconductor substrate.
The imaging device according to (13), in which the logic circuit includes a silicide on a front surface of an impurity diffusion region in contact with a source electrode or a drain electrode.
The imaging device according to any one of (12) to (14), in which
the sensor pixel includes the photoelectric conversion element, the transfer transistor electrically coupled to the photoelectric conversion element, and the floating diffusion that temporarily holds charges outputted from the photoelectric conversion element via the transfer transistor,
the readout circuit includes the reset transistor that resets an electric potential of the floating diffusion to a predetermined electric potential, the amplification transistor that generates, as the pixel signal, a signal of a voltage corresponding to a level of the charges held in the floating diffusion, and the selection transistor that controls an output timing of the pixel signal from the amplification transistor,
the stacked body including the first substrate and the second substrate includes, between the first semiconductor substrate and the second semiconductor substrate, the interlayer insulating film and the first through-wiring line provided inside the interlayer insulating film, and
a gate of the transfer transistor is electrically coupled to the logic circuit via the first through-wiring line and the pad electrodes or the second through-wiring line.
The imaging device according to any one of (13) to (15), including the interlayer insulating film between the first semiconductor substrate and the second semiconductor substrate, in which
the first substrate further includes, inside the interlayer insulating film, a gate wiring line extending in a direction parallel to the first substrate, and
the gate of the transfer transistor is electrically coupled to the logic circuit via the gate wiring line.
The imaging device according to (15) or (16), in which
the second substrate includes the readout circuit for every four of the sensor pixels, and
a plurality of the first through-wiring lines are arranged side by side in a strip shape in a first direction in a plane of the first substrate.
The imaging device according to (17), in which the sensor pixels are arranged in matrix in the first direction and a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, and
the second substrate further includes
This application claims the benefit of Japanese Priority Patent Application JP2018-238179 filed with the Japan Patent Office on Dec. 20, 2018, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
It should be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations, and alterations may occur depending on design requirements and other factors insofar as they are within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2018-238179 | Dec 2018 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2019/047885 | 12/6/2019 | WO |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2020/129712 | 6/25/2020 | WO | A |
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| 101471361 | Jul 2009 | CN |
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| Entry |
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| International Search Report issued in International Patent Application No. PCT/JP2019/047885 on Feb. 25, 2020 and English translation of same. 7 pages. |
| Written Opinion issued in International Patent Application No. PCT/JP2019/047885 on Feb. 25, 2020. 5 pages. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20210375966 A1 | Dec 2021 | US |
