Integrated structures and methods of forming integrated structures.
Memory provides data storage for electronic systems. Flash memory is one type of memory, and has numerous uses in modern computers and devices. For instance, modern personal computers may have BIOS stored on a flash memory chip. As another example, it is becoming increasingly common for computers and other devices to utilize flash memory in solid state drives to replace conventional hard drives. As yet another example, flash memory is popular in wireless electronic devices because it enables manufacturers to support new communication protocols as they become standardized, and to provide the ability to remotely upgrade the devices for enhanced features.
NAND may be a basic architecture of integrated flash memory. A NAND cell unit comprises at least one selecting device coupled in series to a serial combination of memory cells (with the serial combination commonly being referred to as a NAND string). NAND architecture may be configured to comprise vertically-stacked memory cells. It is desired to develop improved NAND architecture, and improved methods of forming NAND architecture.
While some of the embodiments described below were motivated by a desire to improve NAND architecture, the improvements may have application beyond NAND architectures.
Some embodiments pertain to processing utilized to form slits which subdivide a memory structure into blocks. The slits extend through a plurality of stacked conductive levels and down to a conductive source line. Nitride barrier material is formed to line the slits. However, it is found that conductive stringers may be generated during the formation of the slits and undesirably short two or more of the stacked conductive levels to one another. Accordingly, an oxidative treatment is incorporated into the fabrication process. The oxidative treatment converts the conductive stringers into insulative structures to thereby remove the conductive stringers as a source for undesired shorting. The nitride barrier material is then formed after the oxidative treatment. Some embodiments include structures comprising detectable oxide (e.g., oxide formed during the oxidative treatment) between a nitride structure (e.g., the nitride barrier material) and a conductive level.
Example embodiments are described below with reference to
Referring to
The levels 18 and 20 may be of any suitable thicknesses; and may, for example, have thicknesses within a range of from about 10 nm to about 300 nm. In some applications, the levels 18 may be thinner than the levels 20. For instance, levels 18 may be about 20 nm thick and levels 20 may be about 30 nm thick.
The conductive levels 20 may include wordlines and control gates of flash devices. The stack 15 may comprise any suitable number of conductive levels. For instance, the stack may have 8 conductive levels, 16 conductive levels, 32 conductive levels, 64 conductive levels, etc.
The stack is over a select gate material 16, which is over an insulative material 14, which in turn is over a conductive source material 13.
In some embodiments the select gate material 16 may be source-side select gate material (SGS material). The SGS material 16 may comprise any suitable electrically conductive composition or combination of compositions; and may, for example, comprise p-type doped silicon and/or other suitable conductively-doped semiconductor material.
The insulative material 14 may comprise, for example, one or more oxides; such as, for example, one or more of aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, etc.
The source material 13 may comprise any suitable conductive material; and may, for example, comprise metal (e.g., copper, titanium, tungsten, etc.), metal-containing composition(s) (e.g., metal carbide, metal nitride, metal silicide, etc.) and/or conductively-doped semiconductor material (e.g., conductively-doped silicon, conductively-doped germanium, etc.).
The conductive source material 13 is supported by a base 12. A break is provided between the conductive source material 13 and the base 12 to indicate that there may be additional materials and/or integrated circuit structures between the base and the conductive source material 13.
The base 12 may comprise semiconductor material; and may, for example, comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of monocrystalline silicon. The base 12 may be referred to as a semiconductor substrate. The term “semiconductor substrate” means any construction comprising semiconductive material, including, but not limited to, bulk semiconductive materials such as a semiconductive wafer (either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials), and semiconductive material layers (either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials). The term “substrate” refers to any supporting structure, including, but not limited to, the semiconductor substrates described above. In some applications the base 12 may correspond to a semiconductor substrate containing one or more materials associated with integrated circuit fabrication. Such materials may include, for example, one or more of refractory metal materials, barrier materials, diffusion materials, insulator materials, etc.
In some embodiments the conductive material 13, insulative material 14, SGS material 16 and stack 15 may be considered to comprise an assembly formed over the substrate 12.
Memory cells 30 are along the conductive levels 20. In some embodiments, the conductive levels 20 may be considered to be vertically stacked, and similarly the memory cells 30 may be considered to be vertically stacked.
The illustrated memory cells include charge-storage structures 32, charge-blocking dielectric materials 33-35, and gate dielectric 36.
The charge-storage structures 32 may comprise, for example, floating gate material (for instance, doped or undoped silicon) or charge-trapping material (for instance, silicon nitride, metal dots, etc.).
The blocking dielectric materials 33-35 may comprise, for example, materials selected from silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, etc. For instance, in some embodiments material 34 is silicon nitride, and materials 33 and 35 are oxides (e.g., silicon dioxide, hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, etc.).
Gate dielectric 36 may comprise any suitable material (e.g., silicon dioxide).
Channel material 40 extends along stack 15, along the SGS material 16, and down to the conductive source material 13. The channel material may comprise any suitable composition or combination of compositions; and in some embodiments may comprise silicon (e.g., polycrystalline silicon).
Dielectric material 42 isolates SGS material 16 from the channel material 40. The dielectric material 42 may comprise any suitable composition (e.g., silicon dioxide).
The memory cells 30 include regions of the channel material 40 adjacent the charge-storage structures 32.
The illustrated memory cells are example NAND memory cell configurations. In other embodiments, other NAND memory cell configurations may be utilized.
Opening 50 may be formed utilizing any suitable processing; including, for example, one or more anisotropic etches. The opening 50 may be referred to as a first opening to distinguish it from another opening described later.
The opening 50 comprises a pair of opposing sidewalls 51 in the shown cross-sectional view. The opening 50 may have a continuous outer periphery (i.e., may be a closed shape when viewed from above) so that the illustrated sidewalls 51 are actually part of a single continuous sidewall that wraps entirely around the opening. The opening 50 may have any desired shape, and in some embodiments may correspond to a slit that extends in and out of the page relative to the cross-sectional view of
The opening 50 may have any suitable dimensions, and in some embodiments may have a width, W, along the illustrated cross-section within a range of from about 700 Å to about 3500 Å.
Although the sidewalls 51 are illustrated to be clean in
A problem with the conductive stringers is that they may short two or more vertically-stacked conductive lines to one another. For instance, each of the illustrated stringers 52 in
Some embodiments include methods of oxidizing the conductive stringers to convert them to insulative oxide and thereby alleviate the conductive shorting otherwise caused by the stringers. The oxidation may comprise any suitable methodology, such as, for example, in situ steam generation (ISSG). If ISSG is used, such may include a process temperature in excess of 700° C.; and may, for example, utilize O2, or a combination of O2 and H2.
The oxidation of the conductive stringers may form oxide detectable in a finished construction. The configuration of the oxide may vary depending on the conditions utilized for forming the oxide, on the particular materials along the sidewalls 51 of opening 50 and along the bottom of the opening, etc.
Referring to
The liner 60 may have a thickness, T, of from about 10 Å to about 50 Å along surfaces of conductive levels 20 in some embodiments.
Referring to
In some embodiments the insulative caps 62 may have thicknesses, T, of at least about 5 Å; and in some embodiments may have thicknesses within a range of from about 10 Å to about 50 Å.
Referring to
A nitride structure (e.g., liner) may be formed within opening 50. The nitride structure may be beneficial in that it may preclude undesired migration of contaminants into conductive circuit elements 20, 16 and/or 13 (i.e., the nitride structure may function as a barrier). The nitride structure may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of one or both of silicon oxynitride and silicon nitride. It may be preferable to form a nitride liner within opening 50 as opposed to entirely filling opening 50 with nitride due to costs, performance and/or stress considerations.
Referring to
The nitride structure may have any suitable thickness, T1, and in some embodiments may have a thickness within a range of from about 50 Å to about 200 Å.
The nitride structure 70 narrows the first opening 50 to form a second opening 72. In the shown embodiment the second opening 72 is filled with insulative material 74. Such insulative material may comprise oxide (for instance, silicon dioxide formed by spin-on methodology, CVD methodology, etc.) and may be referred to as an oxide fill. Although the opening 72 is shown filled with a single homogeneous material 74, in other embodiments the opening may be filled with one or more different materials, and in yet other embodiments at least some of the opening may remain empty (i.e., the opening 72 may not be entirely filled).
The oxide liner 60 of
Referring to
The oxide caps 62 of
Referring to
In some embodiments the oxidized stringer material 64 of
In some embodiments opening 50 of
Although various embodiments are described above with reference to NAND architectures, it is to be understood that aspects of the invention(s) described herein may extend to architectures other than NAND. Such other architectures may include memory architectures, logic architectures, etc.
The structures described herein may be incorporated into electronic systems. Such electronic systems may be used in, for example, memory modules, device drivers, power modules, communication modems, processor modules, and application-specific modules, and may include multilayer, multichip modules. The electronic systems may be any of a broad range of systems, such as, for example, cameras, wireless devices, displays, chip sets, set top boxes, games, lighting, vehicles, clocks, televisions, cell phones, personal computers, automobiles, industrial control systems, aircraft, etc.
Unless specified otherwise, the various materials, substances, compositions, etc. described herein may be formed with any suitable methodologies, either now known or yet to be developed, including, for example, atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), etc.
Both of the terms “dielectric” and “electrically insulative” may be utilized to describe materials having insulative electrical properties. The terms are considered synonymous in this disclosure. The utilization of the term “dielectric” in some instances, and the term “electrically insulative” in other instances, may be to provide language variation within this disclosure to simplify antecedent basis within the claims that follow, and is not utilized to indicate any significant chemical or electrical differences.
The particular orientation of the various embodiments in the drawings is for illustrative purposes only, and the embodiments may be rotated relative to the shown orientations in some applications. The description provided herein, and the claims that follow, pertain to any structures that have the described relationships between various features, regardless of whether the structures are in the particular orientation of the drawings, or are rotated relative to such orientation.
The cross-sectional views of the accompanying illustrations only show features within the planes of the cross-sections, and do not show materials behind the planes of the cross-sections in order to simplify the drawings.
When a structure is referred to above as being “on” or “against” another structure, it can be directly on the other structure or intervening structures may also be present. In contrast, when a structure is referred to as being “directly on” or “directly against” another structure, there are no intervening structures present. When a structure is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another structure, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other structure, or intervening structures may be present. In contrast, when a structure is referred to as being “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another structure, there are no intervening structures present.
Some embodiments include an integrated structure comprising a stack. The stack comprises alternating insulative levels and conductive levels. A first opening extends through the stack. A nitride structure is within the first opening and narrows the first opening to form a second opening. Detectable oxide is between the nitride structure and one or more of the conductive levels.
Some embodiments include an integrated structure comprising a conductive material. A select device gate material is over the conductive material and spaced from the conductive material by an insulative material. Vertically-stacked conductive levels are over the select device gate material. A first opening extends through the vertically-stacked levels to the conductive material and has opposing sidewalls along a cross-section. Nitride liners are along the opposing sidewalls of the first opening, and narrow the first opening to form a second opening. Detectable oxide is between at least one of the nitride liners and one or more of the vertically-stacked conductive levels.
Some embodiments include a method of forming an integrated structure. An assembly is formed to comprise a conductive material, a select device gate material over the conductive material and spaced from the conductive material by an insulative material, and a stack over the select device gate material and comprising alternating insulative levels and conductive levels. A first opening is formed to extend through the stack, through the select device gate material, through the insulative material and to the conductive material. The first opening has opposing sidewalls along a cross-section. The formation of the first opening generates conductive stringers along one or both of the sidewalls of the first opening. The conductive stringers are oxidized to convert them to insulative oxide. Nitride liners are formed along the sidewalls of the first opening and over the insulative oxide. The nitride liners narrow the first opening to form a second opening.
In compliance with the statute, the subject matter disclosed herein has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the claims are not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise example embodiments. The claims are thus to be afforded full scope as literally worded, and to be appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.
This patent resulted from a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/679,727, which was filed Aug. 17, 2017, and which is hereby incorporated herein by reference; which resulted from a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/187,632, which was filed Jun. 20, 2016, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,773,805, and which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
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8946808 | Lee | Feb 2015 | B2 |
9773805 | Li | Sep 2017 | B1 |
10083984 | Li | Sep 2018 | B2 |
20110031550 | Komori | Feb 2011 | A1 |
20140239303 | Zhu | Aug 2014 | A1 |
20140252363 | Liu | Sep 2014 | A1 |
20150333186 | Yoo | Nov 2015 | A1 |
20160225786 | Lee | Aug 2016 | A1 |
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20180358378 A1 | Dec 2018 | US |
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Parent | 15187632 | Jun 2016 | US |
Child | 15679727 | US |
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Parent | 15679727 | Aug 2017 | US |
Child | 16107294 | US |