Method for making photomask material by plasma induction

Abstract

A method of making fused silica includes generating a plasma, delivering reactants comprising a silica precursor into the plasma to produce silica particles, and depositing the silica particles on a deposition surface to form glass.

Description

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] The invention relates generally to photomasks. More specifically, the invention relates to a method for making pure and water-free fused silica and use of the fused silica as photomask material.

[0004] 2. Background Art

[0005] Photomasks are patterned substrates used in optical lithography processes for selectively exposing specific regions of a material to be patterned to radiation. FIG. 1A shows a photomask blank 1 which includes a substrate 3 made of high-purity quartz or glass. The most common type of glass used is soda line. Quartz is more expensive than soda line and is typically reserved for critical photomask applications. The substrate 3 is usually coated with a thin uniform layer of chrome or iron oxide 5. A chemical compound 7, known as “photo-resist,” is placed over the chrome or iron oxide layer 5. Although not shown, an anti-reflective coating may also be applied over the chrome or iron oxide layer 5 before applying the photo-resist 7. To form the photomask, a pattern is exposed onto the photo-resist 7 using techniques such as electron beam lithography. The pattern is then etched through the chrome or iron oxide layer 5. FIG. 1B shows a pattern etched in the chrome or iron oxide layer 5.

[0006] For production of integrated circuits, the finished photomask contains high-precision images of integrated circuits. The integrated circuit images are optically transferred onto semiconductor wafers using suitable exposure beams. The resolution of the projected image is limited by the wavelength of the exposure beam. Currently, advanced microlithography tools use 248 nm radiation (KrF) laser or 193 nm radiation (ArF) laser to print patterns with line width as small as 0.25 μm. New microlithography tools using 157 nm (F2) radiation are actively under development.

[0007] One of the primary challenges of developing 157 nm microlithography tools is finding a suitable material for the photomask substrate. Calcium fluoride is the main candidate for lens material at 157 nm but cannot be used as photomask material because it has a high coefficient of thermal expansion. Other fluoride crystal materials that have large band gaps and transmit at 157 nm are MgF2 and LiF. However, MgF2 has a high birefringence, and the manufacturing and polishing of LiF is unknown. Fused silica is used in 248 nm and 193 nm microlithography lenses. However, the fused silica produced by current processes is not adequate for use at 157 nm, primarily because transmission of the fused silica drops substantially at wavelengths below 185 nm. The drop in transmission has been attributed to the presence of residual water, i.e., OH, H2, and H2O, in the glass, where the residual water is due to the hydrogen-rich atmosphere in which the glass is produced. Residual water has also been found to promote fluorine migration in fluorine-doped glass. Therefore, a method for producing fused silica that does not contain residual water is desired.

[0008] High purity fused silica is commercially produced by the boule process. The boule process involves passing a silica precursor into a flame of a burner to produce silica soot. The soot is then directed downwardly into a refractory cup, where it is immediately consolidated into a dense, transparent, bulk glass, commonly called a “boule.” This boule can be used as lens and photomask material at appropriate wavelengths. Because of environmental concerns, the silica precursor is typically a hydrogen-containing organic compound, such as octamethyltetrasiloxane (OMCTS) or silane, and the conversion flame is typically produced by burning a hydrogen-containing fuel, such as CH4. Halogen-based silica precursors, particularly SiCl4, are other types of silica precursors that can be used in the process. Flame combustion of SiCl4 using hydrogen-containing fuel produces toxic and environmentally gases such as HCl.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

[0009] In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making fused silica which comprises generating a plasma, delivering reactants comprising a silica precursor into the plasma to produce silica particles, and depositing the silica particles on a deposition surface to form glass.

[0010] In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of making fluorine-doped glass which comprises generating a plasma, delivering reactants comprising a silica precursor and a fluorine compound into the plasma to form fluorine-doped silica particles, and depositing the fluorine-doped silica particles on a deposition surface to form glass.

[0011] In another embodiment, the invention relates to a photomask material produced by a method comprising generating a plasma, delivering reactants comprising a silica precursor into the plasma to form silica particles, and depositing the silica particles on a deposition surface to form glass.

[0012] In another embodiment, the invention relates to a photomask for use at 157 nm comprising a silica glass made by plasma induction.

[0013] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0014] FIG. 1A is a cross-section of a photomask blank.

[0015] FIG. 1B is a cross-section of a photomask.

[0016] FIG. 2 illustrates a system for producing fused silica by plasma induction.

[0017] FIG. 3 is a plot of fluorine concentration for a fluorine-doped glass made by plasma induction.

[0018] FIG. 4 is a chemical analysis of a silica glass made by plasma induction.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] Embodiments of the invention provide a method for producing a pure and water-free fused silica by plasma induction. The fused silica produced by the method of the invention can be used as substrate material for 157 nm photomasks or in other applications requiring water-free fused silica, e.g., infrared transmission.

[0020] Specific embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. FIG. 2 illustrates a system 2 for making fused silica by plasma induction. The system 2 includes an induction plasma torch 4 mounted on a reactor 6, e.g., a water-cooled, stainless reactor, and an injector 8 for injecting reactants into a plasma flame 10. In the illustrated embodiment, the injector 8 is inserted through the wall of the reactor 6. In other embodiments, the injector 8 may be inserted through the plasma torch 4 so as to inject the reactants through the plasma flame 10. The reactants comprise a silica precursor and oxygen (or oxidant). The silica precursor can be any silicon-containing compound which exists in gaseous form or that is easily vaporized. For 157 nm applications, the silica precursor is preferably free of hydrogen. One possible silica precursor for this process is SiCl4. SiCl4 yields large amounts of vapors at low temperatures

[0021] In one embodiment, a liquid feedstock of SiCl4 12 (or other silica precursor) is vaporized in a container 14, which may be an evaporator, vaporizer, bubbler, or other similar equipment for vaporizing the feedstock. An inert carrier gas 16 is bubbled through the liquid feedstock in the container 14. The carrier gas 16 entrains the SiCl4 vapors generated in the container 14 and transports the vapors to a tubing 18. The carrier gas 16 could be any nonflammable gas such as nitrogen, noble gases (argon, helium, neon, krypton, xenon), or fluorinated gases, e.g., CF4, chlorofluorocarbons, e.g., CFxCl4-x, where x ranges from 1 to 3, NF3, SF6, SiF4, C2F6, and F2. Preferably, the tubing 18 is heated to prevent condensation of the vapors. The tubing 18 is connected to a tubing 19, which is coupled to the injector 8.

[0022] A tubing 21 carries a stream of oxygen 23 to the tubing 19. The oxygen 23 mixes with the SiCl4 12 vapors, and the mixture is delivered to the injector 8. The injector 8 projects the SiCl4/O2 mixture into the plasma flame 10. Mass flow controllers 18a, 21a are provided to control the rate at which the SiCl4 12 vapors and oxygen 23 are delivered to the injector 8. The SiCl4/O2 mixture may be heated prior to being delivered to the injector 8. In alternate embodiments, other reactants, such as fluorinated gases, can be added to the SiCl4/O2 mixture. Alternatively, a dopant feed 25 inserted through the wall of the reactor 6 may be used to supply dopant materials toward or through the center of the plasma flame 10. Examples of dopant materials include, but are not limited to, fluorinated gases and compounds capable of being converted to an oxide of B, Al, Ge, K, Ca, Sn, Ti, P, Se, Er, or S. Examples of fluorinated gases include, but are not limited to, CF4, chlorofluorocarbons, e.g., CFxCl4-x, where x ranges from 1 to 3, NF3, SF6, and SiF4.

[0023] The plasma torch 4 reaction chamber includes a reaction tube 22 which defines a plasma production zone. Preferably, the reaction tube 22 is made of high-purity silica or quartz glass to avoid contaminating the fused silica being made with impurities. The reaction tube 22 receives plasma-generating gases 24 from a plasma-generating gas feed duct 26. Examples of plasma-generating gases include argon, oxygen, air, and mixtures of these gases. The reaction tube 22 is surrounded by an induction coil 28, which generates the induction current necessary to sustain plasma generation in the plasma production zone 24. The induction coil 28 is connected to a high-frequency generator (not shown). Water coolers 30 are provided for cooling the plasma torch 6 during the plasma generation.

[0024] In operation, the plasma-generating gases 24 are fed into the reaction tube 22. The induction coil 28 generates a high-frequency alternating magnetic field which ionizes the plasma-generating gases 24 inside the reaction tube 22 to produce the plasma flame 10. The injector 8 is then operated to project the SiCl4/O2 mixture into the plasma flame 10. SiCl4 is oxidized in the plasma flame 10 to produce silica particles, which are deposited on a substrate 32 on a rotating table 34. The substrate 32 is typically made of high purity fused silica. As previously mentioned, the dopant 25 may also supply a dopant material toward or through the plasma 10 to produce doped silica particles. In one embodiment, the heat generated by the plasma torch 6 is sufficient to heat the substrate 32 to consolidation temperatures, typically 1500 to 1800° F., so that the silica particles deposited on the substrate 32 immediately consolidate into glass 36.

[0025] As shown, the rotating table 34 which supports the deposition substrate 32 is located within the reactor 6. The atmosphere in the reactor 6 is controlled and sealed from the surrounding atmosphere so that a glass that is substantially free of water is produced. In one embodiment, the atmosphere in the reactor 6 is controlled so that a water vapor content in the reactor 6 is less than 1 ppm by volume. This may be achieved, for example, by purging the reactor 6 with an inert gas or dry air and using a desiccant, such as zeolite, to absorb moisture.

[0026] The invention provides several advantages. One advantage of the invention is that a pure, water-free fused silica can be produced by plasma induction. This fused silica can be polished and used as photomask material for 157 nm microlithography tools and in other applications requiring water-free fused silica. Another advantage is that the fused silica can be produced in one step, i.e., deposition and consolidation into glass is done at the same time. Another advantage is the ability to achieve uniform doping of fluorine with no migration. FIG. 3 is a plot of fluorine concentration for a fluorine-doped piece of silica glass produced by the method described above. The silica glass has approximately 0.7 weight percent of fluorine, and there is no migration of fluorine. Another benefit is that the silica glass is very clean. In employing a refractory-free process, the glass is free of contamination. This is a huge advantage over the current fused silica process that uses refractories. FIG. 4 shows the chemical analysis of a glass made by plasma induction.

[0027] While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised which do not depart from the scope of the invention as disclosed herein. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the attached claims.

Claims

1. A method of making fused silica, comprising: generating a plasma; delivering reactants comprising a silica precursor into the plasma to produce silica particles; and depositing the silica particles on a deposition surface to form glass.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein delivering reactants comprising a silica precursor into the flame further comprises delivering a dopant material into the plasma to form doped silica particles.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the dopant material comprises a compound capable of being converted to an oxide of at least one member of the group consisting of B, Al, Ge, K, Ca, Sn, Ti, P, Se, Er, and S.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein the dopant material comprises a fluorine compound.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the fluorine compound is selected from the group consisting of CF4, CFxCl4-x, where x ranges from 1 to 3, NF3, SF6, SiF4, C2F6, and F2.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the plasma is generated by induction with a high frequency generator.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the silica precursor is substantially free of hydrogen.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the silica precursor comprises SiCl4.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the glass is formed in an enclosure having a water vapor content less than 1 ppm by volume.

10. A method of making fluorine-doped glass, comprising: generating a plasma; delivering reactants comprising a silica precursor and a fluorine compound into the plasma to form fluorine-doped silica particles; and depositing the fluorine-doped silica particles on a deposition surface to form glass.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the silica precursor and fluorine compound are delivered into the plasma in gaseous form.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein the silica precursor is substantially free of hydrogen.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the silica precursor comprises SiCl4.

14. The method of claim 10, wherein the fluorine compound is selected from the group consisting of CF4, CFxCl4-x, where x ranges from 1 to 3, NF3, SF6, SiF4, C2F6, and F2.

15. The method of claim 10, wherein the glass is formed in an enclosure having a water vapor content less than 1 ppm by volume.

16. A photomask material produced by a method comprising: generating a plasma; delivering reactants comprising a silica precursor into the plasma to form silica particles; and depositing the silica particles on a deposition surface to form glass.

17. The photomask material of claim 16, wherein the silica precursor is substantially free of hydrogen.

18. The photomask material of claim 17, wherein the silica precursor comprises SiCl4.

19. The photomask material of claim 16, wherein the glass is formed in an enclosure having a water vapor content less than 1 ppm by volume.

20. The photomask material of claim 16, further comprising delivering a dopant material into the plasma to form doped silica particles.

21. The photomask material of claim 20, wherein the dopant material comprises a fluorine compound.

22. The photomask material of claim 21, wherein the fluorine compound is selected from the group consisting of CF4, CFxCl4-x, where x ranges from 1 to 3, NF3, SF6, SiF4, C2F6, and F2.

23. A photomask for use at 157 nm comprising a silica glass made by plasma induction.