Patent Application
20110073352
The present invention relates to a paired low-characteristic impedance power line and ground line structure.
This application claims priority on Japanese Patent Application No. 2008-134348 filed on May 22, 2008 in the Japanese Patent office, and the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
In electronic circuits, line for supplying high-speed high-power (hereinafter referred to as “power lines”) or connections to ground (hereinafter referred to as “ground lines”) conventionally use a wide independent wire or a solid wire.
When power is supplied through a wide independent wire or a solid wire, a large current easily flows, however frequency characteristics are unsatisfactory, power supply delay occurs during an instantaneous switch operation at a frequency greater than or equal to 1 GHz, and fluctuations of the power source and ground occur in the course of restoration, which adversely affects an adjacent circuit. As is well known in the art, the fluctuations cause the resonance of the power line and ground line, which leads to electromagnetic radiation. The scale of such a problem is expressed as the magnitude of the inductor component (hereinafter, referred to as loop inductance) due to the power source/ground loop circuit. This value is preferably less than or equal to 100 pH at a frequency greater than or equal to 1 GHz. At present, it takes a great deal of effort to reduce loop inductance by inlaying a decoupling capacitor at each location of the circuit board (for example, Patent Citation 1).
The present invention has been achieved in consideration of the above-described situation, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a paired low-characteristic impedance power line and ground line structure in which loop inductance is substantially 0.
A paired low-characteristic impedance power line and ground line structure of the present invention includes a laminated sheet in which a metal wiring layer having a power line and a ground line is provided on the surface of an insulating sheet, an insulating thin-film layer provided so as to cover the metal wiring layer, and a resistive layer provided on the surface of the insulating thin-film layer.
The insulating thin-film layer may be provided in accordance with the surface shape of the laminated sheet on which the metal wiring layer is provided, and the resistive layer may be provided in accordance with the surface shape of the insulating thin-film layer.
The resistive layer may be a film in which homogeneous films of a metal or a semiconductor, or clustered grains of a metal or a semiconductor having a sheet resistance of 10 to 1000Ω per square are layered.
The thickness of the resistive layer may be 20 to 1000 nm.
The thickness of the insulating thin-film layer may be 20 to 10000 nm.
The power line and the ground line may satisfy the relationships (i) and (ii):
The paired low-characteristic impedance power line and ground line structure of the present invention may further include a protective layer provided on the surface of the resistive layer.
According to the present invention, a paired low-characteristic impedance power line and ground line structure in which loop inductance is substantially 0 can be provided, and a power supply circuit which is suitable for a frequency of 100 GHz can be produced. A principle that loop inductance becomes 0 will be first described with reference to
In a DC circuit, a power source includes a Vdd power source, internal resistance Rinside of the power source, and load resistance Routside of a load circuit, and the direct-current voltage drop is described in Vdrop of the DC.
However, in an equivalent circuit of an alternating current, a Vdrop described in AC is applied due to the influence of parasitic inductance Lloop corresponding to the loop area of the circuit, and power (the effect of L is in proportion to the current change rate) may not be supplied to an instantaneous switch transistor.
In a circuit described as Transmission line, a paired power line and ground line are used as a transmission line, and the circuit loop area becomes 0, such that a change is made to a circuit system of a resistive parameter having characteristic impedance enables to follow an instantaneous switch. This is the principle of this proposal. There is a direct-current resistive component by time tpd at which electrical energy passes through the transmission line at light speed, and a reflection is made by a mismatch portion of the characteristic impedance. Therefore, in
Z
0=(1/π)(√μrμ0/∈r∈0)(1n(π(d−w)/(w+t)+1) (1)
As can be seen from Expression (1), it is difficult to produce a paired power line and ground line structure, in which Z0 is less than or equal to 30Ω so as to have practical dimensions.
The present invention provides a paired power line and ground line structure in which a resistive layer (metamaterial) using a Droude expression described below is arranged, and photon-surface plasmon exchange is carried out, such that Z0 becomes less than or equal to several Ω with practical dimensions, thereby realizing a low-characteristic impedance power supply which corresponds to a high-speed power source in a frequency band of 100 GHz.
A paired low-characteristic impedance power line and ground line structure has a laminated sheet 1 in which a metal wiring layer 20 having a power line 21 and a ground line 22 is provided on the surface of an insulating sheet 10, which has a base insulating sheet 11 and an underlayer base insulating sheet 12, an insulating thin-film layer 31 provided so as to cover the power line 21 and the ground line 22 conformally (that is, in accordance with the surface shape of the laminated sheet 1 on which the metal wiring layer 20 is provided), and a resistive layer 32 provided on the surface of the insulating thin-film layer 31 conformally (that is, in accordance with the surface shape of the insulating thin-film layer 31).
If necessary, a protective layer 33 (not shown) may be provided on the surface of the resistive layer 32.
The paired low-characteristic impedance power line and ground line structure may be embedded in a printed wiring board or the like.
The laminated sheet 1 is, for example, a printed wiring board.
The insulating sheet 10 is made of, for example, an organic insulating material, such as glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin, epoxy resin, polyester, PET (polyethylene terephthalate), PPC (polyester polycarbonate), polyvinylidene, polyimide, or polystyrene.
The thickness of the insulating sheet 10 may be set such that the insulating sheet 10 functions as a base material.
The power line 21 and the ground line 22 are expanded in a strip-shaped long-side direction of the metal wiring layer 20. One end portion of each of the power line 21 and the ground line 22 is connected to a power source 40, and the other end portion includes a branch and is connected to a load. The power line 21 and the ground line 22 are exposed at one portion 1a of the laminated sheet 1. In the planar layout, the length of the exposed portion is preferably less than or equal to 5 mm.
A single pair of the power line 21 and the ground line 22 may be provided, or as shown in
The power line 21 and the ground line 22 are preferably designed so as to substantially have the same low characteristic impedance from the power source 40 to the output end portion, and both end portions are connected to a decoupling capacitor. When a branch is present between the power source 40 to the output end portion, the characteristic impedance after the branch to the characteristic impedance before the branch is preferably 1/n where n is the number of branches.
The power line 21 and the ground line 22 preferably satisfy the following relationships (i) to (iii).
The width w of each of the power line 21 and the ground line 22 is preferably 10 μm to 1 mm, and 0.1 to 10 μm inside a chip.
The thickness t of each of the power line 21 and the ground line 22 is determined depending on the current capacity. When the current capacity is 300 mA, if the width w is 100 μm, the thickness t is preferably 20 μm.
The insulating thin-film layer 31 may be made of an organic insulating material.
In providing the insulating thin-film layer 31 conformally, coating, spin coating, sputtering, vapor deposition, or CVD may be used.
The insulating thin-film layer 31 electrically insulates the resistive layer 32, such that the power line 21 and the ground line 22 are electrically separated from each other and an appropriate voltage is applied between the power line 21 and the ground line 22.
The thickness of the insulating thin-film layer 31 is set so as to have a withstand voltage according to a voltage applied between the power line 21 and the ground line 22, which freely changes between 0.1 to 10 V.
The thickness of the insulating thin-film layer 31 is preferably as small as possible so as to disrupt the electromagnetic field balance between the power line and the ground line (that is, so as to promote photon-surface plasmon exchange described below). Therefore, the thickness of the insulating thin-film layer 31 is preferably 20 to 10000 nm.
The resistive layer 32 is preferably a film in which homogeneous films of a metal or a semiconductor, or clustered grains (crystal grains) of a metal or a semiconductor having sheet resistance 10 to 1000Ω per square are layered so as to produce the surface plasmon effect.
Examples of the metal or semiconductor include at least one selected from a group consisting of Fe, Al, Ni, Ag, Mg, Cu, Si, and C, or an alloy or a eutectoid containing at least two selected from the group.
The resistive layer 32 is formed on the surface of the insulating thin-film layer 31 by sputtering, vapor deposition, plating, ion plating, CVD, or spraying. The resistive layer 32 may be formed on the surface of the protective layer 33 to produce a resistive sheet, and then the resistive sheet may be attached to the surface of the laminated sheet 1 through the insulating thin-film layer 31.
The resistive layer 32 may be formed to have a strip-shaped line width by photolithography or the like.
The thickness of the resistive layer 32 is preferably 20 to 1000 nm.
The resistive layer 32 may have conductivity or insulation, but this is not a fundamental issue. Thus, the resistive layer 32 may have a pinhole (defect, void), or the cluster may have an electrically independent islet.
The paired low-characteristic impedance power line and ground line structure of the present invention may be embedded in a multilayer printed wiring board. In the case of a multilayer printed wiring board, lines are arranged in a vertical direction, and it has been confirmed that, if the lines are arranged at a distance corresponding to the width w of the lines, there is little influence on the photo-surface plasmon exchange.
With the paired low-characteristic impedance power line and ground line structure of the present invention, the loop inductance substantially becomes 0 since the resistive layer 32 is provided so as to cover the metal wiring layer 20 through the insulating thin-film layer 31. As a result, the characteristic impedance of the paired power line and ground line is reduced. Hereinafter, the principle will be described in detail.
According to the Droude's dielectric function and permeability function, ∈ω and μω are expressed by Expressions (2) to (5).
∈ω=1−(ωep2/ω2) (2)
ωep2≡(nee2)/(∈0m) (3)
μω=1−(ωmp2/ω2) (4)
ωmp2≡(npχ2)/(μ0m) (5)
Here, ne is the density of free electrons of the resistive layer, np is the density of unpaired electrons of the resistive layer, e is the charge amount of electrons, m is the electron mass, and χ is the spin probability of unpaired electrons.
A case is taken into consideration where the resistive layer has a morphology in which conductive particles having clustered particles of Fe having a radius of 1000 nm are linked at the number density of 1 particle/18 μm3.
When Fe has one free electron per atom, the density of free electrons of iron becomes 8.4×1022 electrons/cm3. Thus, the free electron density on the surface of iron becomes ⅔ power of 8.4×1022 electrons/cm3, that is, 1.9×1015 electrons/cm2. However, the free electron density of the surface becomes smaller than the value since the free electrons are trapped by the surface-absorbed atoms. If it is assumed that the rate of decrease of free electrons due to trapping is 10−3, the density of free electrons on the surface of iron becomes 1.9×1012 electrons/cm2.
The radius of the conductive particles is 1 μm=1×10−5 cm. However, the amount of free electrodes per particle becomes 2.39×103 electrons since the surface area of the conductive particles becomes 4π(1×10−5)2=12.6×10−10 cm2. In addition, since the density of conductive particles is 1 particle/18 μm3, the density of free electrons in the resistive layer becomes ne=1.32×1020 electrons/m3.
The electron mass is m=9.11×10−31 kg, the charge amount of electrons is e=1.6×10−19 C, and the vacuum dielectric constant ∈0=8.85×10−12 F/m. If these values and ne=1.32×1020 electrons/m3 are substituted in Expression (3), the relationship ωep2=1.32×1020×(1.6×10−19)2/(8.85×10−12×9.1×10−31)=0.42×1028, ωep=0.65×1014/s is established. Thus, ωep becomes the frequency of far ultraviolet light.
If ω is 1 GHz, the relation ∈ω=1−(6.5×1013)2/(2π×1×109)2=1−1.07×108=−1.07×108 is established by Expression (2), and a large value is obtained at ∈r<−108. When it comes to industrialization, although a large value can be substantially realized, ∈ω is set to −106 taking into consideration deterioration by two digits.
Meanwhile, it is assumed that μω is −10. This value is appropriate for the following reason.
As described above, the free electron density on the surface of iron is 1.32×1020 electrons/cm2. Of these, if the occurrence probability of unpaired electrons is 10−6, the density np of unpaired electrons on the surface of iron becomes 1.32×1014 electrons/cm2.
Then, the flux quantum χ=2.07×10−10 [Wb], and the vacuum permeability μ0=1.25×10−6 [N/A−2], so a high frequency is obtained by Expression (5), that is, ωmp2=1.32×1014×(2.07×10−15)2/(1.25×10−6×9.1×10−31)=4.97×1020/s2 and ωep=2.23×1010/s.
Similarly, if ω is 1 GHz, μω=1−(2.23×1010)2/(2π×1×109)2=1−0.125×102=−11 is obtained. From this, it can be seen that, even when μω is −10, this value is appropriate.
Then, t is set to 0.001 m, w is set to 0.005 m, and d is set to 0.008 m, and these values, μω=−10, and ∈ω=−106 are substituted in Expression (1), Z0=377×0.0032×0.943=1.13Ω is obtained.
This calculation is carried out on the assumption that all the free electrons and the magnetons effectively work at the resonance frequency for the free electrons or magnetons (unpaired electrons). Accordingly, it is not considered that the above-described calculation can be applied as it is. It is necessary to practically measure the number of effective free electrons or magnetons. Hereinafter, data which is obtained by measuring the effectiveness of an experimental model will be described. The electromagnetic field of a pair of electrical wires, that is, lines of electrical force or magnetic force which run over as a long distance as possible have weak coupling and easily exchange with other energy. That is, it is important that w is larger than t. A photon which is a quantization unit of an electromagnetic wave can be efficiently converted into other energy, for example, surface plasmon or surface magnon. A paired line structure having a circular shape in cross-section is effective. This still falls within the scope of the invention.
The resistive layer 32 is preferably provided conformally so as to cover the power line 21 and the ground line 22 as much as possible, such that the lines of electrical force and magnetic force which detour distantly are masked. If the electric field or magnetic field comes into contact with the metal surface or the semiconductor surface of the resistive layer 32, the free electrons undergo surface plasmon resonance, and the paramagnetic magnetons undergo surface magnon resonance, thereby absorbing photon energy. The propagation speed is a speed of the same order as lattice vibration, since plasmon and magnon are vibrations of electrons. That is, a speed (a speed slower by five digits than light speed) which is close to the speed of sound of a medium. For this reason, the energy density increases by five digits, as compared with light speed. With regard to the dielectric properties, since the resistive layer 32 is a thin film, the sheet resistance is high. In addition, as shown in
Hereinafter, an example will be described.
The cross-section of the resistive film was observed by using a transmission-type electron microscope (H9000NAR manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd.), and the thickness of the resistive layer was measured at five locations and averaged.
Two thin-film metal electrodes (length 10 mm, width 5 mm, and inter-electrode distance 10 mm) formed by depositing gold on quartz glass were used, a resistive film was placed on the electrodes, and a load of 50 g was applied to press an area of 10 mm×20 mm in the resistive film against the electrodes. In this state, inter-electrode resistance was measured by using a measurement current less than or equal to 1 mA. This value was set as sheet resistance.
As an example, a laminated sheet 1 of 4 μm with nickel/gold plating on a copper foil of 38 μm for an FR-4 printed wiring board shown in
Nickel was physically deposited on the surface of a polyimide film having a thickness of 25 μm serving as the protective layer 33 by magnetron sputtering to form the resistive layer 32 having a thickness of 25 nm (sheet resistance: 30Ω per square). Thus, the resistive sheet 30 was obtained. Then, the resistive sheet 30 was bonded to the laminated sheet 1 through an adhesive of 10 μm (corresponding to the insulating thin-film layer 31) in a tenting state. Comparison was performed with respect to the laminated sheet 1 with no resistive sheet 30.
When w=1 mm, t=43 μm, s=1 mm, d=2 mm, the thickness of the insulating sheet 10 t0=0.590 mm, the wire length 1=200 mm, and the tenting length=180 mm, the characteristic impedance and capacitance value between the power line 21 and the ground line 22 are shown in Table 1. Since the tenting state and the thickness of an adhesive (insulating thin-film layer 31) of 10 μm have no large effect, in this structure, Z0 becomes ½.
The present invention is not limited to the foregoing embodiment, and various modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention.
The paired low-characteristic impedance power line and ground line structure of the present invention can be embedded in a printed wiring board or the like.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2008-134348 | May 2008 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2009/059386 | 5/21/2009 | WO | 00 | 11/10/2010 |
